To compare changes of biochemical indices between spring (Kavir) and winter (Azar2) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under low temperature, 14 days old wheat seedlings were exposed to cold. The seedlings were transferred into growth chamber for 9 days at 5/3 °C (day/night) as cold treatment, or at 20/18 °C as control. Proline content, total protein accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, were assayed in the leaf extracts of control and cold treated plants. The results showed that cold led to an accumulation of proline and an increase in protein level, especially in winter cultivar. Rapid increases in proline and protein accumulations were observed during early stages of cold stress. SOD activity displayed no significant differences between the two cultivars during the first 3 days after cold stress, while in Azar 2, the level of SOD activity was gradually increased after 3 days of cold stress. The POD and CAT activity were higher in plants grown at cold stress than in the controls; however, their rate was different in winter and spring wheat cultivars. In general, Azar2 showed relatively higher POD and CAT activity compared to Kavir. Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, cultivars respond differently under cold stress. Articles source: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Isolation and characterization of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) from...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The use of anaerobic digestate as fertilizer is considered beneficial since it provides plant nutrients and organic matter to soils. However, there is limited information about plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) in digestate. In this study, we isolated Bacillus and Pseudomonas from two types of anaerobic digestates, and selected three different plant growth promoting traits and antifungal activity to screen 200 bacteria isolated from each digestate. Then 6 isolates based on plant growth promoting traits were selected and inoculated with common wheat seeds to evaluate their plant growth promoting activity. Cultivable population of Bacillus and Pseudomonas were 2.20 × 10 6 and 6.98 × 10 4 CFU g-1 dry matter in mesophilic digestate, while were 6.86 × 10 5 and 5.65 × 10 4 CFU g-1 dry matter in thermophilic digestate. Twenty-five bacterial isolates from mesophilic digestate and 12 bacterial isolates from thermophilic digestate showed positive plant growth promoting traits or antifungal activity. In plant growth promoting assay, all isolates significantly promoted growth of wheat seedlings (p < 0.05). Seedlings stem length was increased from 28.5% to 38.6% by bacteria inoculation. In addition, bacteria inoculation increased seedlings stem weight from 113.3% to 214.2% and root weight from 108.6% to 207.2% as compared to un-inoculated control. The results showed that anaerobic digestate was a potential source for isolation of PGPB, and PGPB in digestate would be beneficial for plant growth with fertilizer application.
The Studies of Effect of Bio Fertilizers Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria, and Root...IIJSRJournal
A pot culture experiment was carried out and to the find out the effect of Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria and Root Nodule extract on the vegetative growth and biochemical changes in Black gram and Maize. The Black gram and Maize is vegetative parameters such as seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight had analyzed and biochemical studies of both Black gram and Maize was carried such as total chlorophyll content, leave soluble protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Among microbial inoculants, the Rhizobium + PB mixer was found most effective in terms of seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight and also showed increase total chlorophyll content, soluble protein and nitrate activities in both Black gram and Maize.
Effect of Different Concentrations of Glycerol on survival of Azotobacter chr...IIJSRJournal
The plant growth promoting rhizobacterias inoculants used in various formulations for different purpose. In addition to rhizobacterias, the formulation may also contain various additives. Furthermore, it is important to understand the interaction between bacteria and formulation materials. The formulation materials serve as cell protectants which enhance the shelf-life of bacteria. It is proved that the Rhizobium is the effective inoculants along with specific nutrient media for survival. Many researchers have shown that liquid rhizobial formulations are more beneficial than solid bio-fertilizer formulations. In the present work the survival of Azotobacter in liquid formulations were evaluated by using Glycerol at different concentration in Jenson’s broth. It was noted that survival of Azotobacter was concentration correlated. Lowest number of colonies in 5 mM in the medium containing glycerol (23 colonies at zero days and 5 colonies on 360th day) and highest number of colonies in 25 mM in the medium containing glycerol (38.66 colonies on zero day and 22 colonies on 360th day) (109 CFU/ml).
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators and Explant Type on Multiple Shoot Induc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Sesamum indicum L. is used as an important oil crop in the world. For establishing of a simple and a rapid system for in vitro culture of sesame shoot tips and hypocotyls explants were cultured on MS media with differtent combinations and concentrations of PGRs. On medium with 5 mgl-1BA plus 1 mgl-1 IAA and 1 mgl-1 ABA mutliple shoot induction on explants was occurred. Multiple shoot indution on medium supplemented with 2 mgl-1BA and 0.3 mgl-1 NAA happen with a short phase of callusing. Also MS medium with 3 mgl-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mgl-1 kinetin was a suitable medium for inducing of somatic embryogenic calli with the frequency of sub-culturing potential. Regenerated shoots on both media rooted on MS medium plus 1.5 mgl-1 NAA and 0.03 mgl-1 BA and whole regenerated plantlets formed.
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Isolation and characterization of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) from...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The use of anaerobic digestate as fertilizer is considered beneficial since it provides plant nutrients and organic matter to soils. However, there is limited information about plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) in digestate. In this study, we isolated Bacillus and Pseudomonas from two types of anaerobic digestates, and selected three different plant growth promoting traits and antifungal activity to screen 200 bacteria isolated from each digestate. Then 6 isolates based on plant growth promoting traits were selected and inoculated with common wheat seeds to evaluate their plant growth promoting activity. Cultivable population of Bacillus and Pseudomonas were 2.20 × 10 6 and 6.98 × 10 4 CFU g-1 dry matter in mesophilic digestate, while were 6.86 × 10 5 and 5.65 × 10 4 CFU g-1 dry matter in thermophilic digestate. Twenty-five bacterial isolates from mesophilic digestate and 12 bacterial isolates from thermophilic digestate showed positive plant growth promoting traits or antifungal activity. In plant growth promoting assay, all isolates significantly promoted growth of wheat seedlings (p < 0.05). Seedlings stem length was increased from 28.5% to 38.6% by bacteria inoculation. In addition, bacteria inoculation increased seedlings stem weight from 113.3% to 214.2% and root weight from 108.6% to 207.2% as compared to un-inoculated control. The results showed that anaerobic digestate was a potential source for isolation of PGPB, and PGPB in digestate would be beneficial for plant growth with fertilizer application.
The Studies of Effect of Bio Fertilizers Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria, and Root...IIJSRJournal
A pot culture experiment was carried out and to the find out the effect of Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria and Root Nodule extract on the vegetative growth and biochemical changes in Black gram and Maize. The Black gram and Maize is vegetative parameters such as seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight had analyzed and biochemical studies of both Black gram and Maize was carried such as total chlorophyll content, leave soluble protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Among microbial inoculants, the Rhizobium + PB mixer was found most effective in terms of seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight and also showed increase total chlorophyll content, soluble protein and nitrate activities in both Black gram and Maize.
Effect of Different Concentrations of Glycerol on survival of Azotobacter chr...IIJSRJournal
The plant growth promoting rhizobacterias inoculants used in various formulations for different purpose. In addition to rhizobacterias, the formulation may also contain various additives. Furthermore, it is important to understand the interaction between bacteria and formulation materials. The formulation materials serve as cell protectants which enhance the shelf-life of bacteria. It is proved that the Rhizobium is the effective inoculants along with specific nutrient media for survival. Many researchers have shown that liquid rhizobial formulations are more beneficial than solid bio-fertilizer formulations. In the present work the survival of Azotobacter in liquid formulations were evaluated by using Glycerol at different concentration in Jenson’s broth. It was noted that survival of Azotobacter was concentration correlated. Lowest number of colonies in 5 mM in the medium containing glycerol (23 colonies at zero days and 5 colonies on 360th day) and highest number of colonies in 25 mM in the medium containing glycerol (38.66 colonies on zero day and 22 colonies on 360th day) (109 CFU/ml).
Influence of Plant Growth Regulators and Explant Type on Multiple Shoot Induc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Sesamum indicum L. is used as an important oil crop in the world. For establishing of a simple and a rapid system for in vitro culture of sesame shoot tips and hypocotyls explants were cultured on MS media with differtent combinations and concentrations of PGRs. On medium with 5 mgl-1BA plus 1 mgl-1 IAA and 1 mgl-1 ABA mutliple shoot induction on explants was occurred. Multiple shoot indution on medium supplemented with 2 mgl-1BA and 0.3 mgl-1 NAA happen with a short phase of callusing. Also MS medium with 3 mgl-1 2,4-D and 0.5 mgl-1 kinetin was a suitable medium for inducing of somatic embryogenic calli with the frequency of sub-culturing potential. Regenerated shoots on both media rooted on MS medium plus 1.5 mgl-1 NAA and 0.03 mgl-1 BA and whole regenerated plantlets formed.
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The generation of pathogenic microorgannisms is overwhelming the potency, safety and cost of synthetic antibiotics. The study south insight for the use of plant materials to fight microbes and optimized antibiotic activity of pure, binary and ternary blends of ethanol extracts of flower of Mangifera india, Gongronema latifolium leaves, Citrus sinensis peel on Streptococcus aureus using the Simplex Lattice {3,3} mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM). Fourteen (14) blends of the plants' parts were produced and tested on the S. aureus. Inhibition zones inhibited by the extract blends ranged between 11-19 mm. Blends C and BC exhibited the highest value of 19 mm. Other blends equally exhibited some inhibition effects on the growth of the test microorganism, however, decreasing in values as their proportions in the blends carried. ANOVA on the data revealed that the model of the experiment was significant (p<0.05; R 2 =0.8350), the pure; A, B, C, and the ternary blends, ABC, were significant in the model (p<0.05). Although other blends were n ot statistically significant (p>0.05), the graphic and the equation indicated their positive contributions to the model. The model showed overall mean inhibition zone of 14.11 mm compared to 22.5 mm observed in Levofloxacin on the test organism. The study showed that ethanolic extracts of the plants' parts could provide the basis for engineering and synthesis of potent antibiotics.
Role of new generation plant bioregulators in fruitSindhu Reddy
In order meet out the emerging consumer demand and challenges towards fruit production, there is the need to explore new interventions. One among that is use of new generation plant growth regulators in fruit crops. Plant growth regulators (PGR), recently name has been changed to plant bio-regulators (PBR’s) are defined as organic compounds, other than nutrients, that in small concentrations, affect the physiological processes of plants. There are five classical growth hormones which have the specific function in growth and development were already commercially exploited in fruit crops, but use of new generation growth regulators in fruit crops are recent and emerging trend. New generation PBR’s includes brassinosteroids, Jasmonate, salicylic acid, polyamines, karrikins and strigolactones and retardants such as 1-MCP and prohexodione-Ca. These are utilized in fruit crops starting from propagation to improving quality also including biotic and abiotic stress resistant. Hence, new generation plant growth regulators are an effective alternative for future fruit production combating major production challenges.
Penelitian berkaitan dengan pengurangan intensitas cahaya akibat penutupan awan sbg bentuk pengaruh dari perubahan iklim thd kualitas benih dan perkecambahan kedelai
Using next generation sequencing to describe epiphytic microbiota associated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Its seems likely that agricultural management as diverse as certified organic and conventional IPM practices would impact the microbiota associated with crop surfaces differently. We sampled organic and conventionally managed apples at multiple time-points in a growing season and characterized the bacterial taxa associated with replicates of each treatment type. Surprisingly, no evidence of significant differences persisting across multiple time-points was observed. Significant differential abundance of certain taxa was documented but when it was, it was primarily associated with a single time-point making it difficult to understand if these observations resulted from an environmental or a treatment effect. Principal component analyses demonstrated that sampling time-point explained more of the differences between bacterial communities than treatment. Description of dominant shared bacterial families for both organic and conventional samples included Oxalobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae.
To study of the genetic variations among the Azospirillum lipoferu isolates u...ijsrd.com
Among free-living microorganisms, which can be practically used in agriculture, bacteria from the Azospirillum genus as well as other endophytes are nowadays thought of as the most active component of associative dinitrogen fixation. The investigation was carried out to study the characterization of Azospirillum lipoferu found in the soils of the ten agro-climatic zones which Karnataka, is classified. By using RAPD markers, 75 bands were scored out of which 78.6 % were found to be polymorphic. Statistical analysis of RAPD data enabled the classification of 10 Azospirillum isolates into two major groups. . In this, the cluster analysis based on 75 RAPD bands revealed that the ten A. lipoferu isolates examined clustered at a linkage distance of about 40 units on the dendrogram. There was no correlation between RAPD and geographical origin of isolates.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.7
ABSTRACT- Most of the Euphorbian plants secrete fluid which contain a proteolytic enzyme for defensive role against
insects, pests and hence eco physiological inheritance to sustain vegetation eventually in adverse environmental
conditions. Evaluation has been carried out on twenty five Euphorbian garden plants for their proteolytic activities using
casein as a substrate. Out of these, Euphorbia nerifolia, Euphorbia milli, Euphorbia tirucalli, Euphorbia lactea,
Synadenium granti, Jatropha curcas, Euphorbia nivulia, Euphorbia antiquoram, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Euphorbia
viguieri, E. heterophylla and E. leucocephala are the good enzyme source. Moderate activity found in Jatropha
integerrima, Jatropha multifida, Jatropha podagrica, Euphorbia pulcherrima, and Dalechampia scandens. While
different tissues of Acalypha hispida, Acalypha wilkesiana, Breynia nivosa, Cicca acida, Codiaeum variegatum, Drypetes
roxburghii are devoid of proteolytic activity. This paper describes in detail about name of plants, habitat and presence of
proteolytic enzyme in them. Results show that the out of twenty five plants 50% plant tissue synthesize protease in
appreciable amount, while 10% are not able to produce it. However 40% plants demonstrate only detectable amount of
protease. A comparative account of proteolytic activity reveals some promising plants good source of enzyme. Some
plants produce combination of cysteine and serine proteases. A single plant i.e. Euphorbia nerifolia latex contains
cysteine, serine, metallo-protease and aspartic proteases. In turn, these proteases may be used in various industrial uses in
general and cheese production Key-words- Garden Euphorb iiann a p plaarnttisc,u Clayr.s t e ine and serine protease, E. leucocephala, Euphorbia viguieri
Ultrastructural and physiological aspects of eucalyptus clones submitted to b...Innspub Net
This work aimed evaluate ultrastructural and physiological aspects of 35-days old eucalyptus, clones 13; 59 and 131, by submitting them to the following barium doses: null, 125; 250; 500 and 1000 ppm of barium solution, with four repetitions. Due to the exposition to barium, there was appearance of phytotoxicity on the leaves. Then, it was determined the following variables: Phloem of Diameter of Leaf and Root (PDL and PDR); Xylem of Diameter of Leaf and Root (XDL and XDR) and Thickness of Palisade Parenchyma (PP); Spad Index (SPADI); Inferior Face of Stomata Functionality of the Inferior Face (IFSF) and Stomach Density of the Inferior Face (SD). Barium negatively influenced the leaf ultrastructure of eucalyptus and its physiology. Eucalyptus clones 13; 59 and 131 are susceptible to barium solution. Barium caused root and ultrastructural leaves and root damages on eucalyptus clones. Xylem diameter of leaves of eucalyptus clones 13 and 59 were not harmed as exposed to Barium.
Controlled environment system and method for rapid propagation of saba banana...Innspub Net
Conventional propagation practices of banana challenge the production of disease-free planting materials. This study evaluates the use of misting system and different plant growth enhancers, Benzyl Amino Purine at 2mg/l and Napthalene Acetic Acid at 0.93g/L, on plantlet development of Saba banana (Musa balbisiana) macropropagated under glasshouse conditions. A total of 36 corms are equally distributed in three propagators. Four growth parameters are observed and analysed using factorial in Completely Randomized Design in first generation plantlets (GP1) and second generation plantlets (GP2). Results show that the use of misting system significantly increased (p<0.01) all the growth parameters tested during the first and second cycles. The growth enhancers significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (p<0.01), (GP1, GP2) and increased the number of shoots emerged (p<0.01) (GP1, GP2), shoot collar diameter (p<0.01) (GP1) (p<0.05) (GP2), and total leaf area (p<0.05) (GP1) (p<0.01) (GP2). The interaction of the two factors has significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (P ≤ 0.05), produced the most number of shoots (P ≤ 0.01) and the largest total leaf area (P ≤ 0.05) in GP2. The findings suggest that the combined use of misting system and plant growth enhancers accelerates the growth of macropropagated Saba banana.
Effect of Azotobactor inoculation with Nitrogen levels on Yield and Quality o...Santosh pathak
The important vegetable-cum-spice crops of Nepal botanically referred to as genus Capsicum.
The native to the Tropical South America and Brazil.
Two species such as C. annuum and C. frutescens are commonly cultivated throughout the world.
India-largest producer of chilli in the world (Khan and Raj, 2006)
Good source of vitamins A, C, E, B1and B2, Potassium, phosphorus and calcium
Enhancing the Nutritive Values of Agrowastes for Animal Feed Production Using...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Optimization of antibiotic activity of composites of ethanolic extracts of fl...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The generation of pathogenic microorgannisms is overwhelming the potency, safety and cost of synthetic antibiotics. The study south insight for the use of plant materials to fight microbes and optimized antibiotic activity of pure, binary and ternary blends of ethanol extracts of flower of Mangifera india, Gongronema latifolium leaves, Citrus sinensis peel on Streptococcus aureus using the Simplex Lattice {3,3} mixture experimental design of the response surface methodology (RSM). Fourteen (14) blends of the plants' parts were produced and tested on the S. aureus. Inhibition zones inhibited by the extract blends ranged between 11-19 mm. Blends C and BC exhibited the highest value of 19 mm. Other blends equally exhibited some inhibition effects on the growth of the test microorganism, however, decreasing in values as their proportions in the blends carried. ANOVA on the data revealed that the model of the experiment was significant (p<0.05; R 2 =0.8350), the pure; A, B, C, and the ternary blends, ABC, were significant in the model (p<0.05). Although other blends were n ot statistically significant (p>0.05), the graphic and the equation indicated their positive contributions to the model. The model showed overall mean inhibition zone of 14.11 mm compared to 22.5 mm observed in Levofloxacin on the test organism. The study showed that ethanolic extracts of the plants' parts could provide the basis for engineering and synthesis of potent antibiotics.
Role of new generation plant bioregulators in fruitSindhu Reddy
In order meet out the emerging consumer demand and challenges towards fruit production, there is the need to explore new interventions. One among that is use of new generation plant growth regulators in fruit crops. Plant growth regulators (PGR), recently name has been changed to plant bio-regulators (PBR’s) are defined as organic compounds, other than nutrients, that in small concentrations, affect the physiological processes of plants. There are five classical growth hormones which have the specific function in growth and development were already commercially exploited in fruit crops, but use of new generation growth regulators in fruit crops are recent and emerging trend. New generation PBR’s includes brassinosteroids, Jasmonate, salicylic acid, polyamines, karrikins and strigolactones and retardants such as 1-MCP and prohexodione-Ca. These are utilized in fruit crops starting from propagation to improving quality also including biotic and abiotic stress resistant. Hence, new generation plant growth regulators are an effective alternative for future fruit production combating major production challenges.
Penelitian berkaitan dengan pengurangan intensitas cahaya akibat penutupan awan sbg bentuk pengaruh dari perubahan iklim thd kualitas benih dan perkecambahan kedelai
Using next generation sequencing to describe epiphytic microbiota associated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Its seems likely that agricultural management as diverse as certified organic and conventional IPM practices would impact the microbiota associated with crop surfaces differently. We sampled organic and conventionally managed apples at multiple time-points in a growing season and characterized the bacterial taxa associated with replicates of each treatment type. Surprisingly, no evidence of significant differences persisting across multiple time-points was observed. Significant differential abundance of certain taxa was documented but when it was, it was primarily associated with a single time-point making it difficult to understand if these observations resulted from an environmental or a treatment effect. Principal component analyses demonstrated that sampling time-point explained more of the differences between bacterial communities than treatment. Description of dominant shared bacterial families for both organic and conventional samples included Oxalobacteraceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae and Enterobacteriaceae.
To study of the genetic variations among the Azospirillum lipoferu isolates u...ijsrd.com
Among free-living microorganisms, which can be practically used in agriculture, bacteria from the Azospirillum genus as well as other endophytes are nowadays thought of as the most active component of associative dinitrogen fixation. The investigation was carried out to study the characterization of Azospirillum lipoferu found in the soils of the ten agro-climatic zones which Karnataka, is classified. By using RAPD markers, 75 bands were scored out of which 78.6 % were found to be polymorphic. Statistical analysis of RAPD data enabled the classification of 10 Azospirillum isolates into two major groups. . In this, the cluster analysis based on 75 RAPD bands revealed that the ten A. lipoferu isolates examined clustered at a linkage distance of about 40 units on the dendrogram. There was no correlation between RAPD and geographical origin of isolates.
DOI: 10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.7
ABSTRACT- Most of the Euphorbian plants secrete fluid which contain a proteolytic enzyme for defensive role against
insects, pests and hence eco physiological inheritance to sustain vegetation eventually in adverse environmental
conditions. Evaluation has been carried out on twenty five Euphorbian garden plants for their proteolytic activities using
casein as a substrate. Out of these, Euphorbia nerifolia, Euphorbia milli, Euphorbia tirucalli, Euphorbia lactea,
Synadenium granti, Jatropha curcas, Euphorbia nivulia, Euphorbia antiquoram, Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Euphorbia
viguieri, E. heterophylla and E. leucocephala are the good enzyme source. Moderate activity found in Jatropha
integerrima, Jatropha multifida, Jatropha podagrica, Euphorbia pulcherrima, and Dalechampia scandens. While
different tissues of Acalypha hispida, Acalypha wilkesiana, Breynia nivosa, Cicca acida, Codiaeum variegatum, Drypetes
roxburghii are devoid of proteolytic activity. This paper describes in detail about name of plants, habitat and presence of
proteolytic enzyme in them. Results show that the out of twenty five plants 50% plant tissue synthesize protease in
appreciable amount, while 10% are not able to produce it. However 40% plants demonstrate only detectable amount of
protease. A comparative account of proteolytic activity reveals some promising plants good source of enzyme. Some
plants produce combination of cysteine and serine proteases. A single plant i.e. Euphorbia nerifolia latex contains
cysteine, serine, metallo-protease and aspartic proteases. In turn, these proteases may be used in various industrial uses in
general and cheese production Key-words- Garden Euphorb iiann a p plaarnttisc,u Clayr.s t e ine and serine protease, E. leucocephala, Euphorbia viguieri
Ultrastructural and physiological aspects of eucalyptus clones submitted to b...Innspub Net
This work aimed evaluate ultrastructural and physiological aspects of 35-days old eucalyptus, clones 13; 59 and 131, by submitting them to the following barium doses: null, 125; 250; 500 and 1000 ppm of barium solution, with four repetitions. Due to the exposition to barium, there was appearance of phytotoxicity on the leaves. Then, it was determined the following variables: Phloem of Diameter of Leaf and Root (PDL and PDR); Xylem of Diameter of Leaf and Root (XDL and XDR) and Thickness of Palisade Parenchyma (PP); Spad Index (SPADI); Inferior Face of Stomata Functionality of the Inferior Face (IFSF) and Stomach Density of the Inferior Face (SD). Barium negatively influenced the leaf ultrastructure of eucalyptus and its physiology. Eucalyptus clones 13; 59 and 131 are susceptible to barium solution. Barium caused root and ultrastructural leaves and root damages on eucalyptus clones. Xylem diameter of leaves of eucalyptus clones 13 and 59 were not harmed as exposed to Barium.
Controlled environment system and method for rapid propagation of saba banana...Innspub Net
Conventional propagation practices of banana challenge the production of disease-free planting materials. This study evaluates the use of misting system and different plant growth enhancers, Benzyl Amino Purine at 2mg/l and Napthalene Acetic Acid at 0.93g/L, on plantlet development of Saba banana (Musa balbisiana) macropropagated under glasshouse conditions. A total of 36 corms are equally distributed in three propagators. Four growth parameters are observed and analysed using factorial in Completely Randomized Design in first generation plantlets (GP1) and second generation plantlets (GP2). Results show that the use of misting system significantly increased (p<0.01) all the growth parameters tested during the first and second cycles. The growth enhancers significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (p<0.01), (GP1, GP2) and increased the number of shoots emerged (p<0.01) (GP1, GP2), shoot collar diameter (p<0.01) (GP1) (p<0.05) (GP2), and total leaf area (p<0.05) (GP1) (p<0.01) (GP2). The interaction of the two factors has significantly shortened the number of days to emergence (P ≤ 0.05), produced the most number of shoots (P ≤ 0.01) and the largest total leaf area (P ≤ 0.05) in GP2. The findings suggest that the combined use of misting system and plant growth enhancers accelerates the growth of macropropagated Saba banana.
Effect of Azotobactor inoculation with Nitrogen levels on Yield and Quality o...Santosh pathak
The important vegetable-cum-spice crops of Nepal botanically referred to as genus Capsicum.
The native to the Tropical South America and Brazil.
Two species such as C. annuum and C. frutescens are commonly cultivated throughout the world.
India-largest producer of chilli in the world (Khan and Raj, 2006)
Good source of vitamins A, C, E, B1and B2, Potassium, phosphorus and calcium
Enhancing the Nutritive Values of Agrowastes for Animal Feed Production Using...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online.
Evalution the changes of some biomolecules of two grapevine cultivars against...Innspub Net
Salinity is one of the limiting factor for grape growing in arid and semi-arid areas. Hence he effect of salinity on some physiological and biochemical characteristics of two seedless cultivars of grape namely Flame Seedless and Perlette under salinity stress were investigated. The design of the experiment was factorial arrangement in a complete randomized design with four replications. Five levels of salinity (0, 25, 50,75 and 100 m molar of NaCl) in irrigation water were surveyed on rooted cuttings of both cultivars. Results indicated that with increasing salinity levels photosynthesis, amount of soluble proteins and relative leaf water content was decreased and amount of proline and soluble sugars were increased. Ion leakage of cell membrane and malondialdehyde were increased with increased salinity. Withoute salinity application Perlette cultivar produced the best values for physiological and morphological indices. In general, Perlette cultivar proved more tolerance against salinity than Flame Seedless cultivar did. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
Evidencias científicas de la Medicina homeopática, HOMEOPATIA MEDICA, MEDICOS HOMEOPATICOS, HOMEOPATIA SI FUNCIONA, AMHB, MEDICOS HOMEOPATICOS BARCELONA, HOMEOPATIA NO ES UNA ESTAFA, HOMEOPATIA FUNCIONA, BENEFICIOS HOMEOPATIA, CELEBRIDADES QUE USAN HOMEOPATIA
Evaluation of seed storage proteins in common bean by some biplot analysisINNS PUBNET
In order to study of seed storage proteins, proteins samples of common bean genotypes were prepared by 0.2 M
NaCl of extracting soluble. Genotypes were located in two groups by cluster analysis using Wilks’ lambda
statistic. Two groups were different for yield components (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant
and seed weight). Factor analysis showed that two factors described 61% of total proteins variation. Correlated
bands with yield components characters had the highest coefficients for the first factor. This factor was named
“yield components proteins”. Protein bands via RM 58 and 64 had relationship with days to flowering.
Therefore, the second factor was named “phenologic proteins”. Genotypes were located in four groups by these
factors. Length, angle and presence of protein bands were important characteristics to explain graphical
information in GGE biplot compared to factor analysis. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-5-may-2013/
Effects of foliar application with salicylic acid on the biochemical paramete...INNS PUBNET
Low temperature is an important environmental factor that limits the survival, productivity and geographical distribution of plants. Oil seeds are the second global food resources among which Brassica napus L. is the third annual oil seed in the world. In cold stress, some biochemical and physiological reactions occur in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hence, the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on total chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde, and antioxidant enzymes activity and solute protein and proline contents were assessed in two canola varieties (Brassica napus L., cv RGS and LICORD) leaves exposed to cold stress during 0, 24, and 48 hours after salicylic acid treatment. They were first grown in a controlled growth room at 22/20 °C (day/night) for one month followed by SA spraying application (100, 200 and 400µM) and then plots were transferred to a cold environment (-2 °C) for 3 days. The results showed that the total chlorophyll content was decreased in RGS cultivars related to high salicylic acid concentration during the experiment. The results of antioxidant status showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and also lipid peroxidation were increased significantly after 48 hours compared first day. Catalase (CAT) activity was decreased 24 hours after salicylic acid treatment. Results showed an increase in protein content in both cultivars treated with SA, by contrast proline was greatly affected by salicylic acid treatment and its content was the highest 24 hours after treatment. According to the results of the present study indicated that application of salicylic acid has useful effects on the biochemical traits. Thereupon it may be effective for the improvement of plant growth in cold regions.
Effects of foliar application with salicylic acid on the biochemical paramete...Innspub Net
Low temperature is an important environmental factor that limits the survival, productivity and geographical distribution of plants. Oil seeds are the second global food resources among which Brassica napus L. is the third annual oil seed in the world. In cold stress, some biochemical and physiological reactions occur in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hence, the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on total chlorophyll content, malondialdehyde, and antioxidant enzymes activity and solute protein and proline contents were assessed in two canola varieties (Brassica napus L., cv RGS and LICORD) leaves exposed to cold stress during 0, 24, and 48 hours after salicylic acid treatment. They were first grown in a controlled growth room at 22/20 °C (day/night) for one month followed by SA spraying application (100, 200 and 400µM) and then plots were transferred to a cold environment (-2 °C) for 3 days. The results showed that the total chlorophyll content was decreased in RGS cultivars related to high salicylic acid concentration during the experiment. The results of antioxidant status showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POX), and also lipid peroxidation were increased significantly after 48 hours compared first day. Catalase (CAT) activity was decreased 24 hours after salicylic acid treatment. Results showed an increase in protein content in both cultivars treated with SA, by contrast proline was greatly affected by salicylic acid treatment and its content was the highest 24 hours after treatment. According to the results of the present study indicated that application of salicylic acid has useful effects on the biochemical traits. Thereupon it may be effective for the improvement of plant growth in cold regions.
Cellular signal transduction pathways under abiotic stressSenthil Natesan
Abiotic stresses, especially cold, salinity and drought, are the primary causes of crop loss worldwide. Plant adaptation to environmental stresses is dependent upon the activation of cascades of molecular networks involved in stress perception, signal transduction, and the expression of specific stress-related genes and metabolites. Plants have stress-specific adaptive responses as well as responses which protect the plants from more than one environmental stress. There are multiple stress perception and signaling pathways, some of which are specific, but others may cross-talk at various steps (Knight & knight ,2001).Many cold induced pathways are activated to protect plants from deleterious effects of cold stress, but till date, most studied pathway is ICE-CBF-COR signaling pathway (Miura and Furumoto,2013 ) . The Salt-Overly-Sensitive (SOS) pathway, identified through isolation and study of the sos1, sos2, and sos3 mutants, is essential for maintaining favorable ion ratios in the cytoplasm and for tolerance of salt stress (shi .et al ,2002). Both ABA-dependent and -independent signaling pathways appear to be involved in osmotic stress tolerance (Nakashima and shinozaki, 2013) .ROS play a dual role in the response of plants to abiotic stresses functioning as toxic by-products of stress metabolism, as well as important signal transduction molecules and the ROS signaling networks can control growth, development, and stress response ( Mahajan,s and Tuteja, 2005) .
Physiological and biochemical response of common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vu...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was established over three rainy seasons (2011, 2012 and 2013) at two locations (Shaban and Al-Qaidah) which represented the severe (SDS) and moderate (MDS) drought stress in the southern highlands of Yemen-Ibb. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replication. The main plots were: untreated or treated seeds with 0.5 mM salicylic acid (SA), the subplot were nine CIAT bean lines and three local cultivars. The results revealed that salicylic acid improved significantly the yield and yield traits of some genotypes. Accordingly, under severe drought stress, the bean genotypes categorized into three groups; The first group (MIB-156, MIB-156, G23818B and NSL) which were high yielding and low responsiveness genotypes to SA group (HY-LSAR); The second group (BFB-139, BFB-140 and BFB-141) that perform low yielding and high responsiveness genotypes to SA (LY-HSAR) and the third group (Taiz-304, Taiz-5 and Taiz-306) that perform low yielding and low responsiveness genotypes to SA group (LY-LSAR). It is concluded that the physiological mechanism of bean cultivars response of the high tolerant lines (LY-HSAR) and the medium tolerant lines to drought (LY-HSAR) to SA was similar by causing significant increase in dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic pigments content of leaves and accumulation of high proline content, total soluble sugars, total free amino acids, and soluble proteins, and also by maintain high relative water content (RWC%) and low leaf ion leakage (LIL%) in comparison to susceptible cultivars to drought (LY-LSAR).
Intrinsically disordered proteins in abiotic stress managementSukanthBS
This presentation will provide a clear understanding of what are intrinsically disordered proteins, why they are called so, what's their characteristics and their role, what's their importance in various life forms, how they help organisms in various growth conditions. in this presentation we concentrated on LEA proteins which are considered as one of the largest group of proteins under IDPs which are known to take a role in abiotic stress tolerance. we presented how they carry out this, and a few examples that carried out exhaustive research in this area.
this presentation will give you a clear understanding of INtrinsically disordered proteins for sure.
Exogenous application with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) or pro...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) like Azotobacter chrocoocum A101, Pseudomonas fluorescens, pseudomonas mendocina Palleroni 1970 and Azospirillum lipoferum N040 or proline on growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage percent (EL%), osmoprotectants such as proline and soluble sugars, activities of antioxidant enzymes like peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and catalase (CAT), oil percent and water use efficiency (WUE) of basil plants subjected to water stress. Plants were treated with two regimes of irrigation water, i.e., 100% of evapotranspiration (ETc) (control) and 60% of ETc and PGPR or proline. Growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, RWC, EL %, proline and soluble sugars concentrations, activities of antioxidant enzymes oil percent and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly altered by water stress and PGPR or proline treatments. Results indicated that PGPR or proline mitigated the water stress and significantly reduced the reduction in growth traits and leaf water content as compared to non-PGPR or proline-treated water-stressed plants. Water-stressed plants treated with PGPR or proline had significant higher photosynthetic pigments, proline and soluble sugars concentrations than water-stressed plants without PGPR or proline treatments. Higher POD, PPO and CAT activities were also observed in water-stressed plants treated by PGPR or proline than water-stressed plants without PGPR or proline treatments. Furthermore, water-stressed plants treated with PGPR or proline treatments had also significant higher oil percent and WUE as compared to water-stressed plants without PGPR or proline treatments. These results are important as the potential of PGPR or proline to alleviate the harmful effects of water stress and offers an opportunity to increase the resistance of basil plants to growth under drought conditions. The protective action of PGPR was more efficient than proline.
Genetic Variability for Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolic Content in Fo...CrimsonpublishersNTNF
Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were evaluated in 139 diverse genotypes of four pulse crops including 54 genotypes of chickpea (Cicer arietinum), 37 lentil (Lens culinaris), 21 pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), and 26 blackgram (Vigna mungo). Results indicate significant genotypic variation (p < 0.01) for total phenolic content (TPC) as well as antioxidant activity (AOA). Amongst the four major pulse crops tested, maximum mean phenolic content was recorded in blackgram genotypes (7.01mg GAE/g), followed by lentil (3.46mg GAE/g), pigeonpea (3.32mg GAE/g) and chickpea (2.30mg GAE/g). In general, the Mediterranean landraces of lentil had higher phenolic content as compared to the other lentil varieties and breeding lines. Amongst the chickpea genotypes the phenolic content ranged from 0.40 to 5.63mg GAE/g and comparatively higher value for phenolic content was recorded in desi types (2.67mg GAE/g) as compared to the Kabuli types (1.05mg GAE/g). The antioxidant activity (AOA) was assayed in mature dry seeds utilizing DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl) radical scavenging assay which ranged from 1.73 to 19.14μmole Trolox/g tissue. As observed for TPC, highest AOA was also recorded in blackgram genotypes (19.14μmole Trolox/g tissue), followed by pigeonpea (2.72μmole Trolox/g tissue), chickpea (2.05μmole Trolox/g tissue) and lentil (1.73μmole Trolox/g tissue). Highly significant genotypic as well as phenotypic correlation (p<0.01) was recorded between phenolic content and antioxidant activity in chickpea, lentil as well as blackgram (rG values ranging from 0.268 to 0.850 and rP from 0.253 to 0.817), however, surprisingly the values were non-significant in case of pigeonpea. Strongest genotypic correlation was recorded in chickpea (rG=0.850), followed by lentil (rG =0.744), and blackgram (rG =0.268). High broad-sense heritability (h2bs) (0.89 to 0.97) for phenol content was recorded which indicates that substantial portion of total variation for phenolic content is due to genetic effects.
— The diseases caused by bipartite Begomoviruses have emerged as overwhelming problem in various cropping systems of Pakistan. The study was conducted to evaluate the potential of induced resistance in mungbean to Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV) disease. In this work, resistance to MYMV infection was induced in mungbean plants by activating the Salicylic acid (SA) pathway using SA and Benzothiadiazole (BTH) as treatments. The resistance was characterized by evaluating symptom appearance and virus titter through ELISA. Elicitors i.e., SA and BTH were applied at different concentrations to enhance the innate resistance of mungbean by the induction of defense related compounds. All treatments were helpful in reducing plant infection but the most effective treatment was the combination of SA@5mM and BTH@150mg/L as compared to virus inoculated control. Three weeks analysis showed peak accumulation of defense related enzymatic antioxidants and phenols in the mungbean leaves treated with SA and BTH. Higher enzymatic activity was observed in elicitor treated plants followed by inoculation with MYMV. As the resistance increased due to the application of SA & BTH the enzymatic activities of SOD, POD, and CAT were also increased during second week after application of elicitors. This study revealed that SA and BTH are potential source for management of MYMV by enhancing the level of protection through induction of systemic acquired resistance.
molecular adaptations to psychrophily: insights into omic methodsKumar Purushotam
Habitats for the cold-adapted microorganisms represent a large proportion of the Earth’s area. Much of the oceans, which cover about 70% of Earth’s surface, are at an average temperature of -1 to +5 oC. Various mechanisms of adaptations to cold include cell membrane fluidity, genome plasticity,synthesis of cold shock proteins,and compatible solute accumulation. But these mechanisms of adaptations are not universal because of different ecological groups of psychrophiles and their niches. Recent progress in psychrophilic genomics, metagenomics, proteomics have helped a lot in understanding these adaptive mechanisms.Metagenomic and proteomic analyses have suggested that the cold-adapted enzymes have decreased internal hydrophobicity,H-bonding,proline content but increased surface unpaired charged residues. The genome sequence analysis of Colwellia psychrerthraea 34H has revealed different mechanisms, even for carbon and nutrient cycling. The comparative genome analysis suggested that psychrophilic life style is due to changes in overall genome and aminoacid composition, but, not by a unique set of genes.Cold induced proteins (CIPs) prevent formation of secondary mRNA structures during transcription/ translation coupling phases. Cold adapted enzymes have large conformational flexibility so as to increase KCat.Cold active gene products have a variety of applications in molecular biology,foods,cosmetics,and textiles.
Effect of mow procedure on physiological and biochemical properties of blood ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
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Bioaccumulation of Lead (Pb) content in three species bivalves in Jakarta Ba...Innspub Net
Environmental pollution by heavy metals has become a serious problem in Jakarta Bay. Mobilization of heavy metals as a result of anthropogenic activities has caused the release of heavy metals into the environment, one of which is Pb. Several methods already used to clean up the environment from these kinds of contaminants, but most of them are costly and difficult to get optimum results. In addition heavy metal pollutans in the waters are very stable and tend to be persistent. Recently, bioaccumators is an effective and affordable technological solution used to extract or remove inactive metals and metal pollutants from contaminated soil and water. This technology is environmental friendly and potentially cost effective using bivalves. These study objectives to analyzed the Pb content of three species of Jakarta Bay bivalves. The results showed that Pb content in the Eastern and Western Season bivalve tissue was significantly lowest in P. viridis (0,166 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,161 ± 0,155μg/g) compared the Pb concentration in A. antiquata (0,264 ± 0,015μg/g dan 0,247±0,044μg/g), and M. meretrix (0,270 ± 0,016μg/g dan 0,240 ± 0,053μg/g). In this study also showed that the concentration of heavy metal Pb in the bivalve shell of P. viridis was significantly lower than that of two species (A. antiquata and M. meretrix). Pb content in the Eastern Season bivalves did not significantly different from that in the Westerrn Season. This is caused by a weather anomaly where the rainy season occurs almos throughout year of 2020. The Pb content in the bivalves shell was significantly higher than in the body tissues. It is because Pb can replace calcium ions in the formation of animal bones or bivalve shells.
Interaction on the diet and substrate on the growth of Archachatina marginata...Innspub Net
Nine hundred juveniles of Archachatina marginata aged about two weeks, with an average live weight of 2.25 g with an average shell length of 20.12mm were monitored in culture for six (6) months on five types of substrates [S1 (soil collected in a cassava plantation: Manihot sp.), S2 (S1 with 10% oyster shell meal), S3 (S1 with 10% sawdust), S4 (S1 with 5% oyster shell meal and 5% sawdust) and S5 (uncultivated forest soil). Four diets including two industrial (D1 and D 2 of 12% and 16% calcium respectively) and two based on fodder (D3 and D4 based on leaves and fruit of the papaya (Carica papaya) on the one hand and a mixture of papaya leaves and taro (Xanthosoma maffafa) on the other hand, were used. In order to determine the best combinations inducing the best growth performance, 20 combinations were formed at the rate of 45 spat for each combination; three replicas of 15 spat each. This study showed that the combination of diet and livestock substrate influences the growth of Archachatina marginata. Although the best feed is D1 (74.68 g and 7.94cm) and the best substrate is S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm), the best combinations are D2S3 (69.37 g and 7.47cm), D1S4 (74.68 g and 7.94cm and D4S2 (77.12 g and 7.79cm). The combined effect of the high level of dietary calcium and that of the culture substrate does not promote good growth of snails. This work will help improve the production of African giant snails and provide important data for anyone wishing to engage in the breeding of these animals.
Nutritional assessment status of adult patients with multiple sclerosis: A na...Innspub Net
No previous research has assessed the nongenetic factors, especially the nutrition status of MS patients in Arab countries. Hence, this study aims to assess the nutritional status of MS patients among Arab adults. This study is a nationally representative cross-sectional study using a structured, online self-administered, validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) from 13 Arab countries. All data analyses were performed using STATA 16.0 and R for statistical computing version 4.0.4. A total of 813 participants were surveyed, most of the MS participants were female (68.4%), married (58.5%), non-smoker (72.6%) and 53.3% were diagnosed with MS for up to five years. MS participants did not consume the DRI of both the macro and the micronutrients including the energy requirements, except the dietary intake of the sodium which was insignificantly different from the DRI. Results also showed that most participants rarely consumed the main food items including bread, cereals, and most types of meat. While, more than 50% of the participants consumed fruit, vegetables, all types of chicken, fish, fresh soup, rice, and egg up to 3 times per month. On the other hand, milk and milkshake were consumed rarely; while, tea and herbal teas were the most common beverages. Nutrient deficiencies are very common among MS Arab patients. The finding of this study can establish a base for the development of a nutritional program for MS patients in accordance with the recommended DRI.
Evaluation of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts by-productsInnspub Net
Sensory evaluation or analysis is an invaluable tool in determining the consumers’ acceptability of a product developed and eventually its market success. This is a sequel test after the chemical analysis and microbiological procedures have been conducted. The study determined the level of acceptability of the by-product of Talisay (Terminalia catappa) nuts specifically; Talisay Nuts Polvoron, Glazed Talisay Nuts, and Sugar-coated Talisay Nuts using sensory evaluation as to appearance, taste, aroma, sweetness, and texture. The responses of the food inclined participants are described yielding from the Hedonic Tests conducted and statistically treated. Results concluded that the developed products are remarkably acceptable and marketable.
Germination and seedling growth of Moringa oleifera, Moringa stenopetala and ...Innspub Net
A germination test was carried out to identify plants that can germinate and survive in polluted soil (with and without ash) collected 2.5km east and 2.5km west, 20km west and 55km west (control) of the BCL Cu/Ni mine smelter in Selebi-Phikwe, Botswana. The experiment was carried out using Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala. Soil acidity and heavy metal stress reduced germination percentage, coefficient rate of germination, root and shoot growth and dry weight, root: shoot, vigour index and tolerance index of all species. Percentage reduction followed the order 2.5km west < 20km west < 2.5km east < 55km west. Phaseolus vulgaris, Moringa oleifera and Moringa stenopetala germinated in all soils. Their ability to germinate in polluted soil indicates tolerance to heavy metal and soil acidity stress and so they have potential for use in phytoremediation of polluted soils around the mine. Phaseolus vulgaris had the highest overall germination performance but there was no significant difference between the Moringas. Application of coal fly ash increased all the germination parameters and so coal fly ash has potential for use in amending polluted soil around the mine for phytoremediation purposes.
Identification and marketing of Marantaceae in the Ndjolé area, in central Ga...Innspub Net
The forests of the Congo Basin cover an area of 200 million hectares, of which just over 10% is in Gabon. In this country, crop products and non-timber forest products (NTFPs) are abundant because of its favourable climate. There is significant biodiversity and great potential for non-timber forest products. This study is interested in the identification and the supply chain of the Marantaceae, one of these NTFPs of plant origin in central Gabon, whose exploitation is national. Through a survey of the main actors in the sector and field visits in the locality of Bifoun, it emerges the existence of three large groups of exploited marantaceae, whose harvest and transport are mainly done by women, in various containers. The storage of this NTFPs does not exceed four days, with the risk of losing its commercial value due to drying out. The uses of this resource are multiple: processing cassava, cooking food, making handicrafts, etc. The income it provides to producers is mainly use towards small family expenses but helps to monetize the rural world. The difficulties inherent in the distance from harvesting points, the low price of the product and the impossibility of long-term storage of the marantaceae leaves constitute a brake on the development of this activity. It would therefore be wise to envisage the domestication of the species listed for a sustainable use of this plant genetic resource.
Ethnobotany of Oyster nut (Telfairia pedata) in Northern Tanzania | JBES 2022Innspub Net
Telfairia pedata (Sims) Hook is an important native climber plant commonly grown in East Africa. It bears nuts which are eaten either raw or cooked and is consumed mostly by expectant mothers, and as cooking oil. The survey was conducted between September 2019 to February 2020 in Sambaa, Meru, and Pare communities of Lushoto, Bumbuli, Arumeru and Same Districts, Northern Tanzania to assess the ethnobotany of T. pedata from a sample of 346 respondents using semi-structured questionnaires. Results indicate that, 21% of respondents used T. pedata for cooking with other staple foods while 18% claimed that the nuts are used by pregnant and lactating mothers for medicinal and breast milk stimulation and nine (9) percent indicated that the nuts are used for cultural and ritual purposes. Despite its importance, the cultivation of T. pedata in the study area is declining and the gap why such decline is experienced needs to be answered in further studies. Secondly, respondents within the 36-50 age groups reported the greatest diversity of uses of T. pedata 51% compared with those aged below 36 years old 21% signifying that the traditional knowledge known by younger aged groups may be declining. Thus, this gap of traditional knowledge between the groups should be addressed in order to improve utilization and conservation of this seriously declining yet important nut in the study area and other places of Tanzania.
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
This study reports the amphibian’s fauna sampled from the Biodiversity Conservation Area of the hydroelectric dam of Soubré city (southwestern Côte d’Ivoire). This study aims to provide a better understanding of the diversity of amphibians in this relict forest of 200 ha, in order to assess the ecological health of this ecosystem for conservation and sustainable management perspectives. During dry season (from 26 February to 4 March 2018) and rainy season (from 17 to 23 June 2018), we recorded 14 species of anurans grouped into eight genera and six families. The study sites comprise an amphibian fauna consisting mainly of savannah specialists and degraded forest (64.28% of total species richness). Based on the IUCN Red List, all species recorded are of least concern. Also, these species are well distributed in the different regions of Côte d’Ivoire and Africa. Thus, it is necessary to monitor the ecology of the species and to protect subsequently the different habitats of this area.
Genetic parameter estimates and diversity studies of upland rice (Oryza sativ...Innspub Net
Dearth of well-articulated information on genetic parameter estimates and diversity of upland rice limits the genetic improvement of rice. This study assessed the genetic parameter estimates and genetic diversity among 40 rice accessions using 26 agro-morphological traits. The trial was conducted in 2020 at the Njala University experimental site using 5 × 8 triple lattice design. The agro-morphological traits were analyzed using various multivariate and genetic parameter estimate techniques. Classification based on qualitative and quantitative traits grouped the germplasm into ten and five distinct clusters, respectively. Genotypes Buttercup-ABC, Buttercup-RARC, Jewulay, NERICA L4, Ndomawai, Sewulie and Painipainie produced earliest days to heading (81.8–97.2 days) and maturity (111.2 – 120.7 days). Genotypes Jasmine (3.036 t.ha-1), Rok 34 (3.238 t.ha-1) and Parmoi (2.663 t.ha-1) exhibited the highest grain yields. Principal component analysis (PCA) of qualitative traits exhibited four principal components (PCs) with eigenvalues > 1.0 and cumulative variation of 68.04%, whilst the PCA of quantitative traits had five PCs accounting for 81.73% of the total genetic variation. The findings indicate the presence of enough variability that could be exploited for the genetic improvement of rice varieties and the studied traits can be used for selection. Leaf blade length and width, culm diameter at basal internode, culm length, days to 50% heading, flag leaf girth, panicle number per plant, grain yield, and 100 grain weight had high heritability and genetic advance indicating the presence of additive gene action. Findings are relevant for conservation, management, short term recommendation for release and genetic improvement of rice.
Valorization of the duckweed (Spirodela polyrhyza) in the feeding of mono sex...Innspub Net
In order to evaluate the effect of Spirodela polyrhiza using in diets of Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings, an experiment was conducted on the farm “Awara” in the village of Agongo in Sèmè – Kpodji during 70 days. The initial average weight of fry is about 1g. The stocking density was 13 fry / m². Three experimental diets made with local by-products were tested: T0 (0% S. polyrhiza Meal), T1 (5% S. polyrhiza Meal) and T2 (mixed feed composed of 70% T0 and 30% fresh S. polyrhiza). At the end of the experiment, the survival rate was 100% for all treatments. The best zootechnical parameters were obtained with T1 with a final average weight of 11.67 ± 2.52 g and a consumption index of 1.17 ± 0.30. The highest gross profit margin was also obtained with T1. The lowest economic profitability was obtained.
Anthropogenic noise reduces bird species richness and diversity along a Rur-u...Innspub Net
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Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of winter and spring wheat cultivars under low temperature
1. Int. J. Agri. & Agri. R.
Tahmasebi and Pakniyat
Page 14
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of winter
and spring wheat cultivars under low temperature
Ahmad Tahmasebi, Hassan Pakniyat*
Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University,
Shiraz, Iran
Article published on October 12, 2015
Key words: Low temperature, Triticum aestivum, Superoxide dismutase, Peroxidase, Catalase.
Abstract
To compare changes of biochemical indices between spring (Kavir) and winter (Azar2) cultivars of wheat
(Triticum aestivum L.) under low temperature, 14 days old wheat seedlings were exposed to cold. The seedlings
were transferred into growth chamber for 9 days at 5/3 °C (day/night) as cold treatment, or at 20/18 °C as
control. Proline content, total protein accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and
peroxidase (POD) enzymes, were assayed in the leaf extracts of control and cold treated plants. The results
showed that cold led to an accumulation of proline and an increase in protein level, especially in winter cultivar.
Rapid increases in proline and protein accumulations were observed during early stages of cold stress. SOD
activity displayed no significant differences between the two cultivars during the first 3 days after cold stress,
while in Azar 2, the level of SOD activity was gradually increased after 3 days of cold stress. The POD and CAT
activity were higher in plants grown at cold stress than in the controls; however, their rate was different in winter
and spring wheat cultivars. In general, Azar2 showed relatively higher POD and CAT activity compared to Kavir.
Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, cultivars respond differently under cold stress.
* Corresponding Author: Hassan Pakniyat pakniyat@shirazu.ac.ir
International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)
ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 7, No. 4, p. 14-22, 2015
2. Int. J. Agri. & Agri. R.
Tahmasebi and Pakniyat
Page 15
Introduction
Low temperature is one of the most significant abiotic
stresses for agricultural plants, affecting both plant
development and yield (Kasuga et al., 1999; Lang et
al., 2005). It is a major factor in determining the
natural distribution of plants (Repo et al., 2008).
Cold tolerance is the result of a wide range of physical
and biochemical processes that allow functioning at
low temperatures, such as the induction of antifreeze
proteins (Yeh et al., 2000) and changes in the
membrane composition (Huner et al., 1987; Wang et
al., 2006).
During the cold treatment, the level of several
metabolites, including free amino acids, undergoes a
change. The cold-induced increases in the total amino
acid concentration derived mainly from the
accumulation of Pro, Glu and Gln in bluegrass
(Dionne et al., 2001). Proline is a proteinogenic
amino acid with an exceptional conformational
rigidity which accumulates in many plant species in
response to environmental stress (Szabados and
Savoure, 2010). Growth at low temperature may also
cause an excessive excitation of the electron transport
systems, possibly leading to an increase in the
concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS). If the
plants are not able to control the intracellular ROS
level, the membrane lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
may suffer damage, leading to the death of the cells
(Suzuki and Mittler, 2006; Krishnamurthy and
Rathinasabapathi, 2013). Plants have well-developed
defense systems against ROS, including both by
limiting the production of or quenching the ROS. For
this, plants detoxify ROS by up-regulating antioxidant
enzymes, like superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate
peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) (Raza et al.,
2007; Heidari and Golpayegani, 2012).
Several studies have been conducted on changes in
the antioxidant activity in plants under stress
conditions, including low temperature stress.
However, most of these studies focused on cold-
sensitive plants, such as rice (Huang and Guo, 2005),
sorghum (Badiani et al., 1997) or maize (Iannelli et
al., 1999). In this study, we compare the responses,
changes trend and the effect of cold duration on some
biochemical indices in winter and spring wheat
cultivars.
Material and methods
Plant Materials and treatment
Seeds of two wheat cultivars, Azar2 (winter wheat)
and Kavir (spring wheat), were planted and grown for
14 days in a growth chamber maintained at 20/18◦C
(day/night) under fluorescent white light (250 µmol
m−2 s−1), 12h photoperiod, 60% relative humidity. The
seedlings were then exposed to chilling at 5/3◦C
(day/night). The samples (leaves) were taken after 3,
6 and 9 days of the cold (chilling) stress for analyses.
Control plants were maintained in the constant
temperature of 20/18◦C (day/night).
Proline measurement
Free proline content was measured as described by
Bates et al. (1973). 100 mg of frozen plant material
was homogenized and extracted with 3% (w/v)
sulphosalicylic acid. After filtration, ninhydrin
reagent was added and dissolved with toluene and the
absorbance was measured at 520 nm. The
concentration of proline was calculated from a proline
standard curve. The concentration of proline was
expressed as µmol g-1 FW.
Protein content
Protein concentration was determined according to
Bradford (1976), using bovine serum albumin (BSA)
to standardize the method.
Enzyme assay
Superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1) activity assay was
measured, based on the method of Beauchamp and
Fridovich (1971). One unit of SOD activity (U) was
defined as the amount of enzyme required to cause
50% inhibition of the NBT photoreduction rate at 560
nm in the presence of riboflavin in the light. The
reaction mixture contained 50 mM potassium
phosphate buffer (pH 7.8), 75 µM NBT, 13 mM L-
Methionine, 0.1 mM EDTA and 4 µM Riboflavin.
3. Int. J. Agri. & Agri. R.
Tahmasebi and Pakniyat
Page 16
Catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) activity was assayed
spectrophotometrically by monitoring the decrease of
H2O2 at 240 nm according to Aebi (1984). The
reaction mixture consisted of 50mM potassium
phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, 33mM H2O2 and enzyme
fraction.
Peroxidase (POD) activity was assayed in a reaction
mixture containing 20 mM guaiacol, 10 mM H2O2 and
50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7) and
extract (Chance and Maehly, 1955). The reaction was
started by adding H2O2 and guaiacol, and the activity
determined by monitoring the increase in absorbance
at 420 nm as a result of guaiacol oxidation.
Statistical analysis
For each measurement, three individual plants were
used. The data for each variable was subjected to
analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant mean
differences (p<0.05) were detected using LSD’s pair-
wise comparisons. Statistical analyses were
performed using SAS (Version 9.1) software.
Results and discussion
The proline content of extended leaves was higher in
cold stressed than controlled treatment in both
cultivars (Table 1). Proline content in both cultivars
(Azar2 and Kavir) were increased during cold stress,
while, the rate of increase was higher in winter wheat
cultivar (Azar2) compared to the spring wheat (Kavir)
(Fig -1A). The proline content enhanced continuously
in winter wheat cultivar, Azar2, and it was %243
higher than their control plant at 3 days after cold
stress (Fig -1A). Under cold stress, Azar2 had a slight
increase of proline level after 3 days of cold stress, but
a sharp increase after 6 days. In addition, the mean
rate of increase in proline level at 5/3°C for Azar2 and
Kavir was 0.41 and 0.06 (μmol g-1 fr. wt d-1),
respectively (Fig 1B).
A B
Fig. 1. Effect of low temperature on proline content (A) in two cultivars of wheat (Azar2; Kavir). Rate of proline
(B) accumulation at low temperatures.
The present results show that a fast induction of
proline is an advantage because under low
temperature condition, it might enables winter
cultivar to prepare for the cold in comparison to the
spring cultivar. Numerous papers have been
published regarding correlations between proline
accumulation and frost tolerance (Patton et al.,
2007). Exogenous application of proline to plants,
before, during, or after stress exposure, has been
shown to increase stress tolerance (Ashraf and
Foolad, 2007). Several modes of action of proline
have been proposed. As an amphiphilic molecule
proline can bind to hydrophobic surfaces by its
hydrophobic moiety thus converting them to
hydrophilic ones. Such conversion enables the cell to
preserve the structural integrity of cytoplasmic
proteins under the dehydration conditions developed
under drought, salinity and frost stress (Papageorgiou
and Murata, 1995). Moreover, evidence for a function
of proline as a molecular chaperone enable to protect
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 3 6 9
Days after stress treatment
Proline(μmolg-1
fr.wt)
Azar2
stress
Azar2
control
Kavir
stress
Kavir
control
4. Int. J. Agri. & Agri. R.
Tahmasebi and Pakniyat
Page 17
protein integrity, a signaling molecule in defense
pathways (Szabados and Savoure, 2010) and a ROS
scavenger (Matysik et al., 2002; Hoque et al., 2008)
has been presented. Proline was shown to be a
relatively good marker in breeding programs.
The protein content in both tested cultivars increased
during cold stress, however, in comparison to their
controls, protein level in Azar2 increased more than
Kavir (Table 1). Protein accumulation in Azar2 and
Kavir increased by 2.92 and 1.25-fold compared to
their control after 3 days of cold stress, respectively
(Fig -2A). In cold condition, the final protein level in
Azar2 leaves was 6.63 (mg g-1 fr. wt) compared to 4.66
(mg g-1 fr. wt) in Kavir. The increase of protein
content, which was probably attributable in part to
the decrease of relative water content of cold stressed
plants. Soluble protein changes may involve changes
in water-binding proteins which would decrease free
cellular water. This would establish a free energy
gradient such that intracellular ice formation would
be less likely during lower temperatures (Levitt,
1980). The analysis of protein content at low
temperature condition, in both cultivars showed the
similar pattern. However, rate of protein content was
higher in Azar2 than Kavir after a 3-days stress (Fig -
2B). The more protein content of winter cultivar than
spring type may be due to it had a longer period of
vernalization requirement than spring habit, which
affected the expression of low temperature-induced
proteins (Fowler et al., 2001). Previous researches
have demonstrated that antifreeze proteins are
synthesized during low and freezing temperature (Yeh
et al., 2000; Galiba et al., 2009). Also, Mohapatra et
al. (1987) have reported that plants subjected to cold
acclimation, change their both the amount and the
type of polypeptides.
A B
Fig. 2. Effect of low temperature on protein content (A) in two cultivars of wheat (Azar2; Kavir). Rate of protein
(B) accumulation at low temperatures.
Tolerance to low temperature stress in crop plants has
been reported to be associated with an increase in
antioxidant enzymes activity (Szalai et al., 2009). In
the present study, the activities of tow antioxidant
enzymes SOD, CAT and POD were investigated in
Azar2 and Kavir cultivars under low temperature
condition.
SOD (superoxide dismutase) is a type of enzymes with
metals, whose function is to get rid of oxygen free
radicals or others and protect membrane systems
(Urquiaga and Leighton, 2000; Apel and Hirt, 2004).
In comparison to the control, SOD activity in both
cultivars, was not significantly changed by cold
treatment up to 3 days of exposure to cold stress, but
interestingly, the level of SOD activity was gradually
increased after 3 days of cold stress in Azar2 and the
mean cultivars SOD activity did not change very much
by the low temperature after exposure to 5/3◦C
(day/night) (Fig -3A,B). However, it is possible that
the maintenance of constant SOD levels could be
sufficient to ensure production against O2- produced
5. Int. J. Agri. & Agri. R.
Tahmasebi and Pakniyat
Page 18
during cold treatment due to the high SOD protein
turnover (Scandalios, 1993). In contrast, SOD activity
in Kavir was almost constant at low temperature
stress. The maximum level of SOD activity was
observed after 9 days of cold treatment in Azar2.
A B
Fig. 3. SOD activity of Azar2 (A) and Kavir (B) during low temperature and control conditions.
SOD activity, in the winter wheat cultivar, enhanced
after 3days of cold stress that it seems to be
attributable to an increased production of H2O2. In
contrast, compared with a growth temperature of
20/18°C, cold stress did not cause any significant
difference in the activity of SOD in the spring wheat
cultivar. Therefore, these results suggested that the
effect of cold stress on SOD activity depends on cold
duration. At initial time of cold stress, there was not
an increase in SOD activity, but it increased after
continuation of chilling. Similar observations were
demonstrated in other species, such as maize and rice
(Iannelli et al., 1999; Huang and Guo, 2005).
CAT (catalase) is enzyme that involved in scavenging
H2O2 that is produced under normal and stressful
conditions (Khedr et al., 2003). The activity of CAT in
leaves of both winter and spring wheat was similar to
the control condition. In contrast, CAT activity in
leaves for cold-stressed plants changed during the
experimental period in both cultivars. Cold stress
gradually increased leaf CAT activity of Azar2, while
that in Kavir, it decreased continuously after cold
condition (Fig -4A, B). At 3 days after cold stress, CAT
activity in winter cultivar, Azar2, increased 19%,
whereas in spring cultivar, Kavir, it decreased about
22% of their control plants.
A B
Fig. 4. CAT activity of Azar2 (A) and Kavir (B) during low temperature and control conditions.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 3 6 9
CATactivity(unitmgprotein-1)
Days after stress treatment
Azar2 stress
Azar2 control
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 3 6 9
CATactivity(unitmgprotein-1)
Days after stress treatment
Kavir stress
Kavir control
6. Int. J. Agri. & Agri. R.
Tahmasebi and Pakniyat
Page 19
According to the results, it could be argued that
although CAT may contribute to the detoxification of
ROS, its activity is not a direct key factor in the cold
tolerance of wheat. In addition, the reduction of CAT
activity is supposedly due to the inhibition of enzyme
synthesis or change in the assembly of enzyme
subunits under stress conditions. It may also be
associated with degradation caused by induced
peroxisomal proteases or may be due to the photo-
inactivation of the enzyme (Abedi and Pakniyat,
2010).
POD (perioxidase) are enzymes that catalyze
polyphenolic compounds into other products
(Urquiaga and Leighton, 2000; Apel and Hirt, 2004).
The activity of POD was monitored during cold stress.
The level of POD activity was increased by cold stress
as compared with the control (Table 1). However,
POD activity was higher in winter wheat cultivar than
in spring wheat cultivar. The winter wheat cultivar;
Azar2, maintained higher POD activity under low
temperature, while POD activity in Kavir decreased
sharply after 3 days (Fig -5A, B). In other words, after
3 days of cold stress, POD activity in Azar 2 was not
changed much by the low temperature treatment. In
contrast, the activity in Kavir was decreased by cold
after 3 days of stress. Otter and Polle (1994) have
suggested that peroxidases are known to utilize
phenolic compounds as a substrate, play a central role
for the synthesis of secondary metabolites such as
lignin. The enhanced scavenging ability for H2O2 in
tolerant cultivars inhibited the accumulation of ROS
and thus protects plants from lipid peroxidation of
membrane systems and oxidative damages under cold
stress. The results indicated that the tolerance for a
specific cultivar of wheat to stresses, such as low
temperature, depends upon its responses of
antioxidative system. On the whole, the increase in
POD might be considered as a key point for the
decomposition of H2O2, especially under CAT
inactivation.
Table 1. Average values of proline content, protein accumulation, SOD, CAT and POD activity in leaves of Azar2
and Kavir under control (20/18◦C) and cold (5/3◦C) conditions. Values are the means±SE (n=3) (pooled data for
all times).
Cultivar
Proline
(μmol g-1 fr. wt)
Protein
(mg g-1 fr. wt)
SOD
(unit mg protein-1)
CAT
(unit mg protein-1)
POD
(unit mg protein-1)
Control Treated Control Treated Control Treated Control Treated Control Treated
Azar2 0.86±0.09 3.57±0.39 1.83±0.06 5.77±0.26 2.58±0.27 10.27±0.61 2.42±0.18 2.65±0.13 1.07±0.14 5.18±0.27
Kavir 0.80±0.11 1.18±0.04 2.62±0.15 3.97±0.25 2.96±0.36 4.26±0.46 2.12±0.16 1.69±0.11 1.89±0.1 2.22±0.28
A B
Fig. 5. POD activity of Azar2 (A) and Kavir (B) during low temperature and control conditions.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 3 6 9
PODactivity(unitmgprotein-1)
Days after stress treatment
Azar2 stress
Azar2 control
7. Int. J. Agri. & Agri. R.
Tahmasebi and Pakniyat
Page 20
Conclusion
Low temperature significantly enhances the contents
of protein and proline, and induces the activities of
SOD, CAT (except in spring wheat) and POD in both
winter and spring wheat cultivars. However, the
winter cultivar responded more rapidly over the first
time of cold treatment than the spring cultivar. The
rates of proline and protein accumulation in the
winter cultivar are more than those in the spring
under cold stress. In addition, different responses to
cold stress were observed in the two cultivars, from
activities of antioxidant enzymes. The evidence from
this study strongly suggests that changes induced by
low temperature in the activities of antioxidant
enzymes depend not only on the temperature, but
also on the timing and duration of stress.
Acknowledgement
We thank Dr. Ebrahimie and Dr. Emam for their help
during the experiment.
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