Induction of pathogenesis related proteins and phenol in chickpea plants treated with bio agents in response to infection by fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri
This document summarizes a study that investigated the induction of pathogenesis-related proteins and phenols in chickpea plants in response to infection by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri. Treatments with biocontrol agents (bio-root care, non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizobium leguminisarum) induced acquired resistance against the pathogen. Plants treated with the bioagents accumulated higher levels of phenols and pathogenesis-related proteins like peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, and glucanase compared to control plants. The highest levels of phenols, peroxidase activity, and accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins occurred in plants treated
INVESTIGATE THE OPTIMAL PRODUCTION CONDITIONS OF FUMONISIN B1sin74
This document investigates the optimal conditions for producing the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) from local isolates of the fungus Fusarium verticillioides. Thirteen local F. verticillioides isolates from maize were screened for their ability to produce FB1 using ELISA and TLC techniques. Isolate FV1 produced the highest level of FB1 (175.39 ppb) on patty maize medium. The study found that the optimal production conditions for solid state fermentation included using patty maize medium with 30% moisture, incubating at 20°C for 21 days.
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the nematicidal efficacy of a biocontrol agent, Pseudomonas flourescens for the management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyneincognita on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv.‘Avarodhi’ under glasshouse conditions. All the treatments were found to significantly improve the growth and physiological parameters of chickpea and reduction in pathological parameters as compare to untreated inoculated control. The highest improvement was observed in those plants treated with P. flourescens alone. Concomitant and sequential inoculation of P. flourescens with M.incognita also showed significant improvement in growth parameters of chickpea. Least enhancement in growth parameters was observed in those plants inoculated with nematode alone. It may be due to the nematcidal behaviour of P. flourescens against root-knot nematode, M. incognita. Hence, it may be concluded that P. flourescens as biocontrol agent is better substitute against chemical nematicides for the sustainable management of M. incognita and reduce environmental hazards.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for th...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus,
Colletotrichum
falcatum
. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for
identifying effective antifungal compound against
C.
falcatum.
Among the plants
screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of
Psoralea corylifolia
alone inhibited 100
per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under
in vitro
conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes
viz.
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Bacillus megaterium
and
Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus
which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts
exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC
-
MS
analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the
presence of
7H
-
furo [3,2
-
G] (1) benzopyran
-
7
-
one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be
the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8
–
methoxypsoralen formed during
biosynthesis.
Allium sativum (garlic) has potential as a biological control agent. The document reviews the biology of garlic and studies on its ability to control pests and pathogens. Garlic extracts have shown to inhibit fungal growth and reduce disease severity in tomatoes and downy mildew of cucumbers. Crude garlic extract provided over 90% control of sorghum ergot under greenhouse and field conditions. Results indicate garlic extracts are promising as natural, effective and environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides for controlling agricultural diseases and insects.
Seed treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens was found to be the most effective in minimizing disease incidence and maximizing yield in chickpeas. It recorded the lowest incidence of wilt disease (11.26%) and root rot (1.43%), as well as a high yield of 7.02 q/ha. Seed treatment with the fungicide Tebuconazole also performed well with low disease incidence and a yield of 6.62 q/ha. Maximum germination (95%) and seedling vigor were observed with Benomyl and Tebuconazole treatments. Overall, treatments with bioagents like P. fluorescens or fungicides effectively controlled seed-borne diseases, improved seed quality parameters, and
Isolation and characterization of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) from...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) from two types of anaerobic digestates - mesophilic and thermophilic. Higher numbers of cultivable Bacillus and Pseudomonas bacteria were found in the mesophilic digestate. A total of 200 bacteria isolates from each digestate were screened for plant growth promoting traits. 25 isolates from the mesophilic digestate and 12 from the thermophilic digestate showed traits like phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, auxin production, or antifungal activity. Six selected isolates were then tested on wheat seedlings and all significantly promoted growth, increasing stem length by 28.5-38.6%
Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of winter and spring wheat...Innspub Net
To compare changes of biochemical indices between spring (Kavir) and winter (Azar2) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under low temperature, 14 days old wheat seedlings were exposed to cold. The seedlings were transferred into growth chamber for 9 days at 5/3 °C (day/night) as cold treatment, or at 20/18 °C as control. Proline content, total protein accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, were assayed in the leaf extracts of control and cold treated plants. The results showed that cold led to an accumulation of proline and an increase in protein level, especially in winter cultivar. Rapid increases in proline and protein accumulations were observed during early stages of cold stress. SOD activity displayed no significant differences between the two cultivars during the first 3 days after cold stress, while in Azar 2, the level of SOD activity was gradually increased after 3 days of cold stress. The POD and CAT activity were higher in plants grown at cold stress than in the controls; however, their rate was different in winter and spring wheat cultivars. In general, Azar2 showed relatively higher POD and CAT activity compared to Kavir. Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, cultivars respond differently under cold stress. Articles source: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
INVESTIGATE THE OPTIMAL PRODUCTION CONDITIONS OF FUMONISIN B1sin74
This document investigates the optimal conditions for producing the mycotoxin fumonisin B1 (FB1) from local isolates of the fungus Fusarium verticillioides. Thirteen local F. verticillioides isolates from maize were screened for their ability to produce FB1 using ELISA and TLC techniques. Isolate FV1 produced the highest level of FB1 (175.39 ppb) on patty maize medium. The study found that the optimal production conditions for solid state fermentation included using patty maize medium with 30% moisture, incubating at 20°C for 21 days.
A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the nematicidal efficacy of a biocontrol agent, Pseudomonas flourescens for the management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyneincognita on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cv.‘Avarodhi’ under glasshouse conditions. All the treatments were found to significantly improve the growth and physiological parameters of chickpea and reduction in pathological parameters as compare to untreated inoculated control. The highest improvement was observed in those plants treated with P. flourescens alone. Concomitant and sequential inoculation of P. flourescens with M.incognita also showed significant improvement in growth parameters of chickpea. Least enhancement in growth parameters was observed in those plants inoculated with nematode alone. It may be due to the nematcidal behaviour of P. flourescens against root-knot nematode, M. incognita. Hence, it may be concluded that P. flourescens as biocontrol agent is better substitute against chemical nematicides for the sustainable management of M. incognita and reduce environmental hazards.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for th...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus,
Colletotrichum
falcatum
. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for
identifying effective antifungal compound against
C.
falcatum.
Among the plants
screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of
Psoralea corylifolia
alone inhibited 100
per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under
in vitro
conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes
viz.
,
Pseudomonas fluorescens
,
Bacillus megaterium
and
Gluconacetobacter
diazotrophicus
which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts
exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC
-
MS
analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the
presence of
7H
-
furo [3,2
-
G] (1) benzopyran
-
7
-
one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be
the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8
–
methoxypsoralen formed during
biosynthesis.
Allium sativum (garlic) has potential as a biological control agent. The document reviews the biology of garlic and studies on its ability to control pests and pathogens. Garlic extracts have shown to inhibit fungal growth and reduce disease severity in tomatoes and downy mildew of cucumbers. Crude garlic extract provided over 90% control of sorghum ergot under greenhouse and field conditions. Results indicate garlic extracts are promising as natural, effective and environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides for controlling agricultural diseases and insects.
Seed treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens was found to be the most effective in minimizing disease incidence and maximizing yield in chickpeas. It recorded the lowest incidence of wilt disease (11.26%) and root rot (1.43%), as well as a high yield of 7.02 q/ha. Seed treatment with the fungicide Tebuconazole also performed well with low disease incidence and a yield of 6.62 q/ha. Maximum germination (95%) and seedling vigor were observed with Benomyl and Tebuconazole treatments. Overall, treatments with bioagents like P. fluorescens or fungicides effectively controlled seed-borne diseases, improved seed quality parameters, and
Isolation and characterization of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) from...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This document summarizes a study that isolated and characterized plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) from two types of anaerobic digestates - mesophilic and thermophilic. Higher numbers of cultivable Bacillus and Pseudomonas bacteria were found in the mesophilic digestate. A total of 200 bacteria isolates from each digestate were screened for plant growth promoting traits. 25 isolates from the mesophilic digestate and 12 from the thermophilic digestate showed traits like phosphate solubilization, siderophore production, auxin production, or antifungal activity. Six selected isolates were then tested on wheat seedlings and all significantly promoted growth, increasing stem length by 28.5-38.6%
Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of winter and spring wheat...Innspub Net
To compare changes of biochemical indices between spring (Kavir) and winter (Azar2) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under low temperature, 14 days old wheat seedlings were exposed to cold. The seedlings were transferred into growth chamber for 9 days at 5/3 °C (day/night) as cold treatment, or at 20/18 °C as control. Proline content, total protein accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, were assayed in the leaf extracts of control and cold treated plants. The results showed that cold led to an accumulation of proline and an increase in protein level, especially in winter cultivar. Rapid increases in proline and protein accumulations were observed during early stages of cold stress. SOD activity displayed no significant differences between the two cultivars during the first 3 days after cold stress, while in Azar 2, the level of SOD activity was gradually increased after 3 days of cold stress. The POD and CAT activity were higher in plants grown at cold stress than in the controls; however, their rate was different in winter and spring wheat cultivars. In general, Azar2 showed relatively higher POD and CAT activity compared to Kavir. Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, cultivars respond differently under cold stress. Articles source: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
09.Estimation of phytohormones in normal and infected onion leaves by Alterna...Annadurai B
1. The document estimates auxin content in normal and infected onion leaves affected by the fungus Alternaria cepulae. Auxin content decreases in normal leaves as growth advances but increases in infected leaves in the lesion area, peaking at 16 days after inoculation.
2. Several phytohormones, including indole acetic acid, indole butyric acid, and naphthalene acetic acid, inhibited the growth of A. cepulae in culture and the activity of endoPG enzymes.
3. The results suggest phytohormones play a role in plant disease resistance by inhibiting fungal growth and enzyme activity.
To study of the genetic variations among the Azospirillum lipoferu isolates u...ijsrd.com
Among free-living microorganisms, which can be practically used in agriculture, bacteria from the Azospirillum genus as well as other endophytes are nowadays thought of as the most active component of associative dinitrogen fixation. The investigation was carried out to study the characterization of Azospirillum lipoferu found in the soils of the ten agro-climatic zones which Karnataka, is classified. By using RAPD markers, 75 bands were scored out of which 78.6 % were found to be polymorphic. Statistical analysis of RAPD data enabled the classification of 10 Azospirillum isolates into two major groups. . In this, the cluster analysis based on 75 RAPD bands revealed that the ten A. lipoferu isolates examined clustered at a linkage distance of about 40 units on the dendrogram. There was no correlation between RAPD and geographical origin of isolates.
This document summarizes a study that characterized Fusarium graminearum isolates obtained from corn and barley feedstuff samples collected from dairy farms in northeastern Iran. The study found that Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. were the most common fungi isolated from the corn and barley samples. Fusarium spp. were found in 85.93% of corn samples and 26.56% of barley samples. Of the Fusarium isolates, 8 (11.11%) were confirmed to be F. graminearum using PCR. Five of these F. graminearum isolates were found to produce trichothecene mycotoxins using toxin gene-specific PCR primers
Though Maize and Sorghum are known as susceptible to Aflatoxin contamination, but Rice is no-way different, more particularly when the crop is grown in coastal ecosystem and flood prone areas.
Successful colonization of roots and Plant growth promotion of sorghum (Sorgh...Premier Publishers
Pseudomonas putida (P29) and Azotobacter chroococcum (Azb19) are the efficient promising strains selected from in vitro plant growth promoting studies. These two strains were tested for their ability to promote growth of sorghum and colonize sorghum roots. Seed bacterization with P29 and Azb19 resulted in increased plant height, shoot height, root volume, leaf area and total plant dry mass. Further, bacterial inoculation also significantly increased macro-and micro-nutrient uptake by sorghum plants. Using electroporation method, pure cultures of P29 and Azb19 were transformed with pHC 60 plasmid containing gfp gene. Transformants detected by colony PCR were used to study the colonization pattern on roots of sorghum. Confocal fluorescence scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to locate the inoculants on or inside roots. Root colonization in sorghum by P29 was internal whereas Azb19 was detected on root surface. GFP-tagged Pseudomonas was predominantly detected at the root differentiation zone. In case of Azb19 small aggregates of micro-colonies were observed on the surface of the roots. The efficient sorghum root colonization by these inoculants clearly demonstrated that the introduced strains could successfully inhabit the rhizosphere and thus resulting in increased nutrient uptake. Inoculation with P29 resulted in increased uptake of P (288.5%), K (179.1%), Fe (242.7%), and Zn (168.1%) as compared to Azb19 where the uptake of P, K, Fe, Mn, and Zn increased by 142.6%, 161.6%, 199.5%, and 121.9%, respectively. On the other hand, inoculation with Azb19 could enhance better uptake of N (163.6%) as compared to P29 (133.3%). The strains also differed in their mode of root colonization.
The Studies of Effect of Bio Fertilizers Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria, and Root...IIJSRJournal
A pot culture experiment was carried out and to the find out the effect of Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria and Root Nodule extract on the vegetative growth and biochemical changes in Black gram and Maize. The Black gram and Maize is vegetative parameters such as seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight had analyzed and biochemical studies of both Black gram and Maize was carried such as total chlorophyll content, leave soluble protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Among microbial inoculants, the Rhizobium + PB mixer was found most effective in terms of seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight and also showed increase total chlorophyll content, soluble protein and nitrate activities in both Black gram and Maize.
1. The document discusses several plants and their phytochemicals that have antimicrobial properties. It describes the introduction, types of phytochemicals, and mechanism of action of phytochemicals.
2. Specific plants discussed in detail include clove, garlic, ginger, cinnamon, onion, and nutmeg. For each plant, it provides the scientific name, parts used, geographical source, key chemical constituents, antimicrobial uses, and proposed mechanisms of action.
3. The phytochemicals in these plants like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and essential oils can inhibit microbes through various means such as interfering with metabolic processes, modulating gene expression, and damaging microbial cell
DETECTION OF FUSARIUM SPECIES THAT PRODUCE FUMONISIN B1 IN MAIZE KERNELS USINGsin74
This study aimed to identify Fusarium species associated with maize kernels in Baghdad, Iraq and their ability to produce the mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 (FB1) using traditional and molecular methods. 88 maize grain samples were collected and eight fungal genera were isolated, with Aspergillus being the most predominant. Of the 109 Fusarium isolates identified, F. verticillioides was the most frequent species. Species-specific PCR revealed that 13 of 77 F. verticillioides isolates and 1 of 9 F. proliferatum isolates possessed genes coding for their identification and the fum1 gene associated with FB1 production. This research helps characterize the mycobiota of
Microbial Production Of Alkaline Proteases And Evaluation Of Its Performances...Shafkat Shamim Rahman
A high alkaline protease producing bacterial strain was isolated and identified a local soil sample. The organism was gram positive and forms spore during adverse condition in the growth medium. After various tests it was suggested and the features agreed with the description of Bacillus subtilis. It was also identified as B. subtilis with 99.9% identity by API 50 CHB. The enzyme hydrolyses a number of proteins including azocasein which suggests that it is an extracellular alkaline protease. The experimentally determined isoelectric point was 5.1 and the optimal enzyme activity was at 60°C and at pH 8.5. The esterase preferentially hydrolyzed short-chain fatty acids. Native enzyme preparations typically showed a Michaelis constant (Km) and Vmax of 0.40mM and 12,200 U mg)-1, respectively. This microbial enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, dialysis, DEAE cellulose chromatography and electrophoretic analysis. Enzyme purity was tested by SDS-PAGE. Quantitative estimation has shown that 40mL of culture supernatant could dehair 2×1 cm of leather completely in 9 hours. In future the tanneries will use a combination of chemical and enzymatic processes. In practical applications, protease is a useful enzyme for promoting the hydrolysis of proteins and showing significant industrial applications.
— The microbiological content of Lettuce (a vegetable), commonly vended in the Benin metropolis of Edo state were evaluated. Five vending locations were chosen for the study. Whole and soft rot samples were purchased and analysed for microbiological composition. Results showed high counts in soft rot samples in lettuce. Nutrient agar plated lettuce samples had bacterial counts in the range of 2.0x 103 to 4.7x10 7. Pseudomonas species was the dominant species found in lettuce samples. Bacillus species was isolated from one location in the lettuce samples. Mac Conkey agar plated lettuce plated had bacterial counts in the range of 2.3 x 10 3 to 5.7x 10 7. Enterobacter species, E. coli, and Klebsiella species were the dominant species isolated. Though, Proteus species was isolated from lettuce samples obtained from location five only. The study observes that consuming soft rot samples could pose a risk of introducing pathogens to the consumer due to their high microbial counts and could be detrimental to the health of the consumer.
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...IJEABJ
Chitosan play an important role as an antifungal against Botrytis cinerea and the effect was a concentration dependent. The obtained results of in vitro experiment demonstrated that chitosan (4%) decreased radial growth of B. cinereato 2 %. Invivo the severity of infection reduced from 59.8 and 100.0 to 9.7, 33.8 and 40.1 in first, second and third week’s storage periods at 13C, respectively. Also, chitosan coating (4%) significantly caused an increase in fruit firmness whereas TSS was decreased with an increase by increasing in storage time. However,Vitamin C gave fluctuated results by increasing storage time. Gamma irradiation at 2.5 KGy reduced severity (%) of infected fruits from 55.5, 100 and 100 to 31.7, 45.9 and 49.9 and in healthy fruits severity (%) reduced from 48.9, 100 and 100 to 23.3, 25.1 and 29.1 in different storage periods 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. Similarly, chitosan as well as gamma irradiation combination induced a significant increase of peroxidase enzyme (POD) activity. Induced changes in surface morphology and damage of cell structure caused by using chitosan shown by scanning electron microscopy. Also, gamma irradiation causes changes in hyphea structure and in surface morphology but combination of gamma irradiation with chitosan was more effective in altering fungus morphology and cell structure damage and no spore forming. This providing the efficiency of combination on reducing disease severity (%) of strawberry.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa WS-1 shows potential as a biopesticide for managing fruit rot and die back disease in chili caused by Colletotrichum capsici. In laboratory experiments, P. aeruginosa WS-1 inhibited the growth of C. capsici in dual plate cultures and produced antifungal compounds including chitinases, proteases, hydrogen cyanide, and siderophores. In greenhouse tests, treatment of chili seedlings with P. aeruginosa WS-1 prior to inoculation with C. capsici resulted in similar disease control as the fungicide carbendazim. This suggests that P. aeruginosa WS-1 could provide effective biological control of the disease under field conditions.
This document summarizes research on the clonal propagation of female Garcinia indica plants. G. indica is a medicinally valuable tree found in western India. The fruits contain compounds with anti-obesity and other health benefits. The research aimed to develop an in vitro propagation method for elite female plants to enable conservation and mass multiplication. Explants were surface sterilized and cultured on basal medium supplemented with growth regulators. Contamination was a major challenge overcome through testing of antimicrobial agents. Shoots were induced from nodal explants and multiplied on medium with BAP and TDZ. Shoots were elongated and rooted in vitro and ex vitro to obtain plantlets for hardening. The optimized protocol achieved clonal propagation of
This document describes a study that established an efficient protocol for in vitro regeneration and genetic transformation of Pelargonium graveolens (geranium). Maximum callus proliferation was obtained on medium supplemented with combinations of 20 μM IBA + 10 μM kinetin, 20 μM IBA + 10 μM BAP, or 20 μM IAA + 10 μM kinetin. Plantlets were regenerated from callus under 16 hours of light per day. The regenerated plantlets were successfully acclimatized and transferred to soil. Genetic transformation of geranium was demonstrated using Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing a binary vector.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extracts of Cochlospermum...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of
Choclospermum planchonii leaf were tested against some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms.
The phytochemical screenings of the extracts were also carried out. The leaf extracts of the plant exhibited
antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii and reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 28923),
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853. The methanolic leaf extracts
exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 0.31
and 1.25 mg/ml; and its zones of inhibition on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 13
mm. The petroleum ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) ranging between 2.50mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml and its inhibition zone ranging between 4mm and 8mm. The
phytochemical constituents present in the plant were alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and
sterols. The methanolic extracts of the leaf exhibited potentially biological activity than other extracts. This
indicates that the plant leaf could be useful in the treatment of human infections caused by these pathogens. The
antibacterial activities of the methanolic leaf extract may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds.
A transgenic crop plant contains a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted, instead of the plant acquiring them through pollination. The inserted gene sequence (known as the transgene) may come from another unrelated plant, or from a completely different species: for example, transgenic Bt corn, which produces its own insecticide, contains a gene from a bacterium. Plants containing transgenes are often called genetically modified or GM crops.
What is the need of transgenic plants?
A plant breeder tries to assemble a combination of genes in a crop plant which will make it as useful and productive as possible. The desirable genes may provide features such as higher yield or improved quality, pest or disease resistance, or tolerance to heat, cold and drought. This powerful tool enables plant breeders to do what they have always done - generate more useful and productive crop varieties containing new combinations of genes - but this approach expands the possibilities beyond the limitations imposed by traditional cross pollination and selection techniques.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses molecular farming, which involves using plants or other organisms to produce valuable proteins or pharmaceuticals. It provides a brief history of molecular farming beginning in 1986. It then discusses various host systems used, including bacteria, yeast, algae, plant cell cultures, transgenic plants, and whole plants or animals. The costs of production are much lower for plant systems compared to other methods. Key plant expression systems include transgenic plants, plant cell suspensions, transplastomic plants, transient expression systems, and hydroponic cultures. Many therapeutic proteins, industrial enzymes, antibodies, and vaccines have been produced in different plant host systems. Some early commercial products included avidin, beta-glucuronidase, and trypsin. Leading
protease activity of extracellular enzyme produced by b. subtilis isolated fr...IJEAB
Background: Proteases produced by enzymatic method are more environments friendly than chemical process, and they have tremendous potential in the leather industry and in other several industries. In this study extracellular protease producing non pathogenic Bacillus subtilis was isolated from soil sample and relationship between sporulation and extracellular protease synthesis in large scale cultivation was studied. The enzyme was further characterized, purified, and tested for potential application. Result: The molecular weight of the protease was found to be ~30 KDa. Enzyme activity was checked on the presence of different metal ions and effectors. The enzyme was slightly modulated by MG++ ion, and significantly by Hg++ ion, while Zn++ ion slightly decrease the proteolytic activity. Sulfahydryl reagents, DTT slightly and β-ME significantly inhibit the enzyme. EDTA showed no effect on the enzyme suggesting that the enzyme might not be metalloprotease. PMSF, a known serine protease inhibitor was seen to totally inhibit the enzyme which indicates that the enzyme is a serine protease. The optimum enzyme activity was observed after 22 hours of incubation of B. subtilis at 37o C. Conclusions: Crude enzyme contains 285 units of enzyme which have direct dehairing activity. The enzyme was also seen to be able to remove blood and curry stain from clothes; making it a very promising candidate to be used in a leather and detergent industry. Apart from protease the bacterium was also seen to have lipase and collagenase activity. So, the bacteria are potentially good candidate for industrial application.
Bio efficacy of pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from chickpea fields as plan...Shazia Shahzaman
Chickpea is an economically important food crop, which is subjected to infection by a host of fungal, viral and bacterial pathogens. Thirty isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens were isolated from the rhizosphere of Chickpea fields. These were tested against F. oxysporum in dual culture method. Among these, four (Pf 1, Pf 3, Pf 5 and Pf
8) isolates were showed bright fluorescence under UV light were further tested. All the cultural and biochemical studies confirmed them to be P. fluorescens. The isolates also showed positive response for siderophore production and plant growth promoting activity on Chickpea cultivar Bital 98. Among these isolates Pf 3 and Pf 5 shown significant results by increasing root length and shoot length. Both the Pf 3 and Pf 5 isolates were found significantly superior than other isolates in increasing the shoot length (12.7 cm) and root length (24.5 cm) over control. The isolates Pf 3 was recorded high vigor index (3830) followed by Pf 5 (3648). The least vigor index was recorded by Pf 1 (2631).
11.[31 36]integration of bioagent and bioproduct for the management of root-k...Alexander Decker
The study assessed the effectiveness of the bioagent Paecilomyces lilacinus and the bioproduct Radiant, alone and in combination, for managing the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on eggplant. In vitro, both P. lilacinus and Radiant significantly reduced juvenile mortality and egg hatching of M. incognita at various concentrations and exposure times, with the combination of P. lilacinus and Radiant being most effective. In a greenhouse study, the combination treatment significantly increased plant growth and reduced nematode reproduction factors, followed by the sequential and individual treatments. The results suggest that P. lilacinus and Radiant have potential for controlling root
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
09.Estimation of phytohormones in normal and infected onion leaves by Alterna...Annadurai B
1. The document estimates auxin content in normal and infected onion leaves affected by the fungus Alternaria cepulae. Auxin content decreases in normal leaves as growth advances but increases in infected leaves in the lesion area, peaking at 16 days after inoculation.
2. Several phytohormones, including indole acetic acid, indole butyric acid, and naphthalene acetic acid, inhibited the growth of A. cepulae in culture and the activity of endoPG enzymes.
3. The results suggest phytohormones play a role in plant disease resistance by inhibiting fungal growth and enzyme activity.
To study of the genetic variations among the Azospirillum lipoferu isolates u...ijsrd.com
Among free-living microorganisms, which can be practically used in agriculture, bacteria from the Azospirillum genus as well as other endophytes are nowadays thought of as the most active component of associative dinitrogen fixation. The investigation was carried out to study the characterization of Azospirillum lipoferu found in the soils of the ten agro-climatic zones which Karnataka, is classified. By using RAPD markers, 75 bands were scored out of which 78.6 % were found to be polymorphic. Statistical analysis of RAPD data enabled the classification of 10 Azospirillum isolates into two major groups. . In this, the cluster analysis based on 75 RAPD bands revealed that the ten A. lipoferu isolates examined clustered at a linkage distance of about 40 units on the dendrogram. There was no correlation between RAPD and geographical origin of isolates.
This document summarizes a study that characterized Fusarium graminearum isolates obtained from corn and barley feedstuff samples collected from dairy farms in northeastern Iran. The study found that Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus spp. were the most common fungi isolated from the corn and barley samples. Fusarium spp. were found in 85.93% of corn samples and 26.56% of barley samples. Of the Fusarium isolates, 8 (11.11%) were confirmed to be F. graminearum using PCR. Five of these F. graminearum isolates were found to produce trichothecene mycotoxins using toxin gene-specific PCR primers
Though Maize and Sorghum are known as susceptible to Aflatoxin contamination, but Rice is no-way different, more particularly when the crop is grown in coastal ecosystem and flood prone areas.
Successful colonization of roots and Plant growth promotion of sorghum (Sorgh...Premier Publishers
Pseudomonas putida (P29) and Azotobacter chroococcum (Azb19) are the efficient promising strains selected from in vitro plant growth promoting studies. These two strains were tested for their ability to promote growth of sorghum and colonize sorghum roots. Seed bacterization with P29 and Azb19 resulted in increased plant height, shoot height, root volume, leaf area and total plant dry mass. Further, bacterial inoculation also significantly increased macro-and micro-nutrient uptake by sorghum plants. Using electroporation method, pure cultures of P29 and Azb19 were transformed with pHC 60 plasmid containing gfp gene. Transformants detected by colony PCR were used to study the colonization pattern on roots of sorghum. Confocal fluorescence scanning microscope (CLSM) was used to locate the inoculants on or inside roots. Root colonization in sorghum by P29 was internal whereas Azb19 was detected on root surface. GFP-tagged Pseudomonas was predominantly detected at the root differentiation zone. In case of Azb19 small aggregates of micro-colonies were observed on the surface of the roots. The efficient sorghum root colonization by these inoculants clearly demonstrated that the introduced strains could successfully inhabit the rhizosphere and thus resulting in increased nutrient uptake. Inoculation with P29 resulted in increased uptake of P (288.5%), K (179.1%), Fe (242.7%), and Zn (168.1%) as compared to Azb19 where the uptake of P, K, Fe, Mn, and Zn increased by 142.6%, 161.6%, 199.5%, and 121.9%, respectively. On the other hand, inoculation with Azb19 could enhance better uptake of N (163.6%) as compared to P29 (133.3%). The strains also differed in their mode of root colonization.
The Studies of Effect of Bio Fertilizers Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria, and Root...IIJSRJournal
A pot culture experiment was carried out and to the find out the effect of Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria and Root Nodule extract on the vegetative growth and biochemical changes in Black gram and Maize. The Black gram and Maize is vegetative parameters such as seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight had analyzed and biochemical studies of both Black gram and Maize was carried such as total chlorophyll content, leave soluble protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Among microbial inoculants, the Rhizobium + PB mixer was found most effective in terms of seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight and also showed increase total chlorophyll content, soluble protein and nitrate activities in both Black gram and Maize.
1. The document discusses several plants and their phytochemicals that have antimicrobial properties. It describes the introduction, types of phytochemicals, and mechanism of action of phytochemicals.
2. Specific plants discussed in detail include clove, garlic, ginger, cinnamon, onion, and nutmeg. For each plant, it provides the scientific name, parts used, geographical source, key chemical constituents, antimicrobial uses, and proposed mechanisms of action.
3. The phytochemicals in these plants like alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, and essential oils can inhibit microbes through various means such as interfering with metabolic processes, modulating gene expression, and damaging microbial cell
DETECTION OF FUSARIUM SPECIES THAT PRODUCE FUMONISIN B1 IN MAIZE KERNELS USINGsin74
This study aimed to identify Fusarium species associated with maize kernels in Baghdad, Iraq and their ability to produce the mycotoxin Fumonisin B1 (FB1) using traditional and molecular methods. 88 maize grain samples were collected and eight fungal genera were isolated, with Aspergillus being the most predominant. Of the 109 Fusarium isolates identified, F. verticillioides was the most frequent species. Species-specific PCR revealed that 13 of 77 F. verticillioides isolates and 1 of 9 F. proliferatum isolates possessed genes coding for their identification and the fum1 gene associated with FB1 production. This research helps characterize the mycobiota of
Microbial Production Of Alkaline Proteases And Evaluation Of Its Performances...Shafkat Shamim Rahman
A high alkaline protease producing bacterial strain was isolated and identified a local soil sample. The organism was gram positive and forms spore during adverse condition in the growth medium. After various tests it was suggested and the features agreed with the description of Bacillus subtilis. It was also identified as B. subtilis with 99.9% identity by API 50 CHB. The enzyme hydrolyses a number of proteins including azocasein which suggests that it is an extracellular alkaline protease. The experimentally determined isoelectric point was 5.1 and the optimal enzyme activity was at 60°C and at pH 8.5. The esterase preferentially hydrolyzed short-chain fatty acids. Native enzyme preparations typically showed a Michaelis constant (Km) and Vmax of 0.40mM and 12,200 U mg)-1, respectively. This microbial enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, dialysis, DEAE cellulose chromatography and electrophoretic analysis. Enzyme purity was tested by SDS-PAGE. Quantitative estimation has shown that 40mL of culture supernatant could dehair 2×1 cm of leather completely in 9 hours. In future the tanneries will use a combination of chemical and enzymatic processes. In practical applications, protease is a useful enzyme for promoting the hydrolysis of proteins and showing significant industrial applications.
— The microbiological content of Lettuce (a vegetable), commonly vended in the Benin metropolis of Edo state were evaluated. Five vending locations were chosen for the study. Whole and soft rot samples were purchased and analysed for microbiological composition. Results showed high counts in soft rot samples in lettuce. Nutrient agar plated lettuce samples had bacterial counts in the range of 2.0x 103 to 4.7x10 7. Pseudomonas species was the dominant species found in lettuce samples. Bacillus species was isolated from one location in the lettuce samples. Mac Conkey agar plated lettuce plated had bacterial counts in the range of 2.3 x 10 3 to 5.7x 10 7. Enterobacter species, E. coli, and Klebsiella species were the dominant species isolated. Though, Proteus species was isolated from lettuce samples obtained from location five only. The study observes that consuming soft rot samples could pose a risk of introducing pathogens to the consumer due to their high microbial counts and could be detrimental to the health of the consumer.
Evaluate the Efficiency of Gamma Irradiation and Chitosan on Shelf-Life of St...IJEABJ
Chitosan play an important role as an antifungal against Botrytis cinerea and the effect was a concentration dependent. The obtained results of in vitro experiment demonstrated that chitosan (4%) decreased radial growth of B. cinereato 2 %. Invivo the severity of infection reduced from 59.8 and 100.0 to 9.7, 33.8 and 40.1 in first, second and third week’s storage periods at 13C, respectively. Also, chitosan coating (4%) significantly caused an increase in fruit firmness whereas TSS was decreased with an increase by increasing in storage time. However,Vitamin C gave fluctuated results by increasing storage time. Gamma irradiation at 2.5 KGy reduced severity (%) of infected fruits from 55.5, 100 and 100 to 31.7, 45.9 and 49.9 and in healthy fruits severity (%) reduced from 48.9, 100 and 100 to 23.3, 25.1 and 29.1 in different storage periods 1, 2 and 3 weeks, respectively. Similarly, chitosan as well as gamma irradiation combination induced a significant increase of peroxidase enzyme (POD) activity. Induced changes in surface morphology and damage of cell structure caused by using chitosan shown by scanning electron microscopy. Also, gamma irradiation causes changes in hyphea structure and in surface morphology but combination of gamma irradiation with chitosan was more effective in altering fungus morphology and cell structure damage and no spore forming. This providing the efficiency of combination on reducing disease severity (%) of strawberry.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa WS-1 shows potential as a biopesticide for managing fruit rot and die back disease in chili caused by Colletotrichum capsici. In laboratory experiments, P. aeruginosa WS-1 inhibited the growth of C. capsici in dual plate cultures and produced antifungal compounds including chitinases, proteases, hydrogen cyanide, and siderophores. In greenhouse tests, treatment of chili seedlings with P. aeruginosa WS-1 prior to inoculation with C. capsici resulted in similar disease control as the fungicide carbendazim. This suggests that P. aeruginosa WS-1 could provide effective biological control of the disease under field conditions.
This document summarizes research on the clonal propagation of female Garcinia indica plants. G. indica is a medicinally valuable tree found in western India. The fruits contain compounds with anti-obesity and other health benefits. The research aimed to develop an in vitro propagation method for elite female plants to enable conservation and mass multiplication. Explants were surface sterilized and cultured on basal medium supplemented with growth regulators. Contamination was a major challenge overcome through testing of antimicrobial agents. Shoots were induced from nodal explants and multiplied on medium with BAP and TDZ. Shoots were elongated and rooted in vitro and ex vitro to obtain plantlets for hardening. The optimized protocol achieved clonal propagation of
This document describes a study that established an efficient protocol for in vitro regeneration and genetic transformation of Pelargonium graveolens (geranium). Maximum callus proliferation was obtained on medium supplemented with combinations of 20 μM IBA + 10 μM kinetin, 20 μM IBA + 10 μM BAP, or 20 μM IAA + 10 μM kinetin. Plantlets were regenerated from callus under 16 hours of light per day. The regenerated plantlets were successfully acclimatized and transferred to soil. Genetic transformation of geranium was demonstrated using Agrobacterium tumefaciens containing a binary vector.
Evaluation of the Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extracts of Cochlospermum...iosrjce
The antibacterial activities of the methanolic, hot water, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of
Choclospermum planchonii leaf were tested against some clinical bacterial isolates and reference organisms.
The phytochemical screenings of the extracts were also carried out. The leaf extracts of the plant exhibited
antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus
aureus, Shigella flexneri, and Salmonella typhii and reference strains of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 28923),
Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853. The methanolic leaf extracts
exhibited the highest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging between 0.31
and 1.25 mg/ml; and its zones of inhibition on the various test microorganisms ranging between 8mm and 13
mm. The petroleum ether extracts had the weakest antibacterial activity, its minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) ranging between 2.50mg/ml and 5.00mg/ml and its inhibition zone ranging between 4mm and 8mm. The
phytochemical constituents present in the plant were alkaloids, tannins, saponins, cardiac glycosides, and
sterols. The methanolic extracts of the leaf exhibited potentially biological activity than other extracts. This
indicates that the plant leaf could be useful in the treatment of human infections caused by these pathogens. The
antibacterial activities of the methanolic leaf extract may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds.
A transgenic crop plant contains a gene or genes which have been artificially inserted, instead of the plant acquiring them through pollination. The inserted gene sequence (known as the transgene) may come from another unrelated plant, or from a completely different species: for example, transgenic Bt corn, which produces its own insecticide, contains a gene from a bacterium. Plants containing transgenes are often called genetically modified or GM crops.
What is the need of transgenic plants?
A plant breeder tries to assemble a combination of genes in a crop plant which will make it as useful and productive as possible. The desirable genes may provide features such as higher yield or improved quality, pest or disease resistance, or tolerance to heat, cold and drought. This powerful tool enables plant breeders to do what they have always done - generate more useful and productive crop varieties containing new combinations of genes - but this approach expands the possibilities beyond the limitations imposed by traditional cross pollination and selection techniques.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The document discusses molecular farming, which involves using plants or other organisms to produce valuable proteins or pharmaceuticals. It provides a brief history of molecular farming beginning in 1986. It then discusses various host systems used, including bacteria, yeast, algae, plant cell cultures, transgenic plants, and whole plants or animals. The costs of production are much lower for plant systems compared to other methods. Key plant expression systems include transgenic plants, plant cell suspensions, transplastomic plants, transient expression systems, and hydroponic cultures. Many therapeutic proteins, industrial enzymes, antibodies, and vaccines have been produced in different plant host systems. Some early commercial products included avidin, beta-glucuronidase, and trypsin. Leading
protease activity of extracellular enzyme produced by b. subtilis isolated fr...IJEAB
Background: Proteases produced by enzymatic method are more environments friendly than chemical process, and they have tremendous potential in the leather industry and in other several industries. In this study extracellular protease producing non pathogenic Bacillus subtilis was isolated from soil sample and relationship between sporulation and extracellular protease synthesis in large scale cultivation was studied. The enzyme was further characterized, purified, and tested for potential application. Result: The molecular weight of the protease was found to be ~30 KDa. Enzyme activity was checked on the presence of different metal ions and effectors. The enzyme was slightly modulated by MG++ ion, and significantly by Hg++ ion, while Zn++ ion slightly decrease the proteolytic activity. Sulfahydryl reagents, DTT slightly and β-ME significantly inhibit the enzyme. EDTA showed no effect on the enzyme suggesting that the enzyme might not be metalloprotease. PMSF, a known serine protease inhibitor was seen to totally inhibit the enzyme which indicates that the enzyme is a serine protease. The optimum enzyme activity was observed after 22 hours of incubation of B. subtilis at 37o C. Conclusions: Crude enzyme contains 285 units of enzyme which have direct dehairing activity. The enzyme was also seen to be able to remove blood and curry stain from clothes; making it a very promising candidate to be used in a leather and detergent industry. Apart from protease the bacterium was also seen to have lipase and collagenase activity. So, the bacteria are potentially good candidate for industrial application.
protease activity of extracellular enzyme produced by b. subtilis isolated fr...
Similar to Induction of pathogenesis related proteins and phenol in chickpea plants treated with bio agents in response to infection by fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri
Bio efficacy of pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from chickpea fields as plan...Shazia Shahzaman
Chickpea is an economically important food crop, which is subjected to infection by a host of fungal, viral and bacterial pathogens. Thirty isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens were isolated from the rhizosphere of Chickpea fields. These were tested against F. oxysporum in dual culture method. Among these, four (Pf 1, Pf 3, Pf 5 and Pf
8) isolates were showed bright fluorescence under UV light were further tested. All the cultural and biochemical studies confirmed them to be P. fluorescens. The isolates also showed positive response for siderophore production and plant growth promoting activity on Chickpea cultivar Bital 98. Among these isolates Pf 3 and Pf 5 shown significant results by increasing root length and shoot length. Both the Pf 3 and Pf 5 isolates were found significantly superior than other isolates in increasing the shoot length (12.7 cm) and root length (24.5 cm) over control. The isolates Pf 3 was recorded high vigor index (3830) followed by Pf 5 (3648). The least vigor index was recorded by Pf 1 (2631).
11.[31 36]integration of bioagent and bioproduct for the management of root-k...Alexander Decker
The study assessed the effectiveness of the bioagent Paecilomyces lilacinus and the bioproduct Radiant, alone and in combination, for managing the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on eggplant. In vitro, both P. lilacinus and Radiant significantly reduced juvenile mortality and egg hatching of M. incognita at various concentrations and exposure times, with the combination of P. lilacinus and Radiant being most effective. In a greenhouse study, the combination treatment significantly increased plant growth and reduced nematode reproduction factors, followed by the sequential and individual treatments. The results suggest that P. lilacinus and Radiant have potential for controlling root
Integration of bioagent and bioproduct for the management of root knot nematodeAlexander Decker
The study assessed the effectiveness of the bioagent Paecilomyces lilacinus and the bioproduct Radiant, alone and in combination, for managing the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on eggplant. In vitro, both P. lilacinus and Radiant significantly reduced juvenile mortality and egg hatching of M. incognita at various concentrations and exposure times, with the combination of P. lilacinus and Radiant being most effective. In a greenhouse study, the combination treatment significantly increased plant growth and reduced nematode reproduction factors, followed by the sequential and individual treatments. The results suggest that P. lilacinus and Radiant have potential for controlling root
11.[31 36]integration of bioagent and bioproduct for the management of root-k...Alexander Decker
1. The study assessed the effectiveness of the bioagent Paecilomyces lilacinus and the bioproduct Radiant, alone and in combination, for managing the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on eggplant.
2. Under in vitro conditions, both 1% Radiant and 100% P. lilacinus caused significant mortality of M. incognita juveniles and reduction in egg hatching over time.
3. In a greenhouse study, the combination of P. lilacinus and Radiant significantly reduced the reproduction of M. incognita on eggplant and increased plant growth parameters, followed by the individual and sequential treatments of Radiant and
Pseudomonas alcaligenes, potential antagonist against fusarium oxysporum f.s...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on isolating and characterizing the potential of Pseudomonas alcaligenes as a biocontrol agent against Fusarium wilt disease in tomatoes. Three Pseudomonas isolates (KtS1, TrN2, TmA1) were obtained from plant rhizospheres. Biochemical and 16S rRNA gene analysis identified the isolates as P. alcaligenes. In laboratory tests, the P. alcaligenes isolates strongly inhibited the growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt, by over 80%. When applied to tomato plants under greenhouse conditions, the P. alcaligen
THE EFFECTS OF HELPING BACTERIA (PSEUDOMONAS SPP.) IN NITROGEN GREEN BEANS F...IJSIT Editor
Some- bacteria settle in the rhizosphere of legume plants and enhance the performance of ribosome
bacteria to nitrogen fixation and nodulation. In this paper, we used four isolated from two species of
Pseudomonas containing P.putida, P.fluorescens Chao, P.Flouresence Tabriz, P.flouresence B119 and Rhizobium
leguminosarumbv.phaseoli. In a factorial experiment with complete randomized blocks were used 5 levels of
helping bacteria(Pseudomonas spp.) and two rhizobium levels, four replicates were employed. Jamaran418
green bean was utilized as host plant. At the end, nodulation, growth and plant’s nitrogen indexes were
measured. The results showed that all above mentioned helping bacteria enhance the growth and nodulation
performance of green bean. It should be said that P.putida had the highest effect on the green bean
nodulation increase along with rhizobium (130%) followed by P.fluorescens Tabriz, P. fluorescens Chao and
P.fluorescens B119, ( 83, 63 and 17%, respectively). Also, we observed 45, 33, 22 and 8% performance
increase under the effect of P.putida, P. fluorescens Chao, P. fluorescens Tabriz and P. fluorescens B119,
respectively.
Identification and evaluation of antifungal compounds from botanicals for the...researchagriculture
Red rot is a devastating disease in sugarcane caused by fungus, Colletotrichum falcatum. In this study, eighteen different botanicals were screened for identifying effective antifungal compound against C. falcatum. Among the plants screened, 15 per cent aqueous leaf extract of Psoralea corylifolia alone inhibited 100 per cent growth of both mycelium as well as spore germination under in vitro conditions. The extract did not exhibit any inhibitory effect to the beneficial microbes viz., Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus megaterium and Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus which are normally used in sugarcane. The effective plant extracts exhibiting 100 per cent antifungal activity was subjected to TLC, HPLC and GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactive antifungal compound. It revealed the presence of 7H-furo [3,2-G] (1) benzopyran-7-one as main bioactive compound which is thought to be the intermediate of antifungal compound, 8 – methoxypsoralen formed during biosynthesis.
Article Citation:
Rajkumar D and Murugesan R.
Identification and Evaluation of Antifungal Compounds from Botanicals for the Control of Sugarcane Red Rot Pathogen, Colletotrichum falcatum.
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2013) 2(1): 164-172.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0044.pdf
In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Con...AI Publications
Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) is cultivated as a condiment for its aromatic leaves for culinary purposes and utilized as a medicinal plant for many diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of marjoram extract by the 2, 2–diphenyl–1–picrylhydrazyl–hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging method while total phenolic and flavonoid contents were quantified by spectrophotometry using Folin−Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride colorimetric methods, respectively. The extraction yield of sweet marjoram obtained by maceration in absolute ethanol at a ratio of 1/5 (w/v) for 24h at room temperature was 8.41 ± 0.76 % (w/w). The obtained results showed that the investigated extract contained a higher amount of phenolics: 164.96 ± 4.61 mg GAE/g of dry plant, lower flavonoid contents: 44.61 ± 2.08 mg QE/g of dry plant, and exhibited a strong antioxidant activity (IC50 value: 40.09 µg/ml) almost like those of the used standard products, namely ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Based on the obtained results, marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) features a potential application as natural antioxidants that could be exploited by the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Phytochemical property and oral toxicity safety of Chrysophyllum caimito and ...Open Access Research Paper
The century-old practice of herbal medication in animals still persists in local communities despite the contemporary advances in veterinary health care today. The numerous benefits including convenience of use, accessibility, inexpensiveness and insignificant side effects when compared to synthetic veterinary medicines in which drug resistance and residuals are linked. This research work aimed to elucidate the presence of bioactive components and determine the margin of safety of Chrysophyllum cainito (Caimito) and Psidium guajava (Guava) ethanolic bark extracts which are among the selection of documented herbals reliably utilized for gastro-intestinal sicknesses in farm animals. Qualitative phytochemical screening exemplified the presence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, xanthoproteins, steroids and coumarin. Avian acute oral toxicity testing denoted that 2000mg/kg dosage was adequate and safe to use in Sasso chickens as substantiated by insignificant effect to body weight, SGOT and uric acid values and the non-appearance of toxicity symptoms including death. The secondary metabolites demonstrated in these plants explicate the pharmacological activities which can be utilized as potential alternatives to current medication strategies in animals.
Isolation, identification of antagonistic rhizobacterial strains obtained fro...Shazia Shahzaman
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are associated with roots, found in the rhizosphere and can directly or indirectly enhance the plant growth. In this study soil was collected from rhizosphere of chickpea fields of different areas of Rawalpindi division of Pakistan. PGPR were isolated, screened and characterized. Eight isolates of rhizobacteria (RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RTR, RT and RK) were isolated from Rawalpindi division and were characterized. The antagonistic activity of these PGPR isolates against root infecting fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium spp.,) was done and production of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore and P-solubilization was evaluated. The isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD and RT were found to be positive in producing siderophore, IAA and P-solubilization. Furthermore, most of the isolates showed antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillium spp. The rhizobacterial isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD, RTR, RT and RK were used as bio-inoculants that might be beneficial for chickpea cultivation as the rhizobacterial isolates possessed the plant growth promoting characters i.e. siderophore, IAA production, phosphate solubilization. In in vitro tests, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus spp. inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal root pathogens. The isolates (RHA and RPG) also significantly increased (60-70%) seed germination, shoot length, root length of the chickpea. The incidence of fungi was reduced by the colonization of RHA and RPG which enhanced the seedling vigor index and seed germination. The observations revealed that isolates RHA and RPG is quite effective to reduce the fungal root infection in greenhouse, and also increases seed yields significantly. These rhizobacterial isolates appear to be efficient yield increasing as well as effective biocontrol agent against fungal root pathogen.
Effect of different amino acids on the morphology and bio-chemical attributes...Innspub Net
Amino acids have become a crucial part of feed for better growth and yield of Solanaceous vegetables. Economically accessible Amino acid stimulants can enhance the fertilizer absorption and maximize the uptake of water and nutrients. The experimental trial was carried out to find the impact of foliar feeding of Ezabian and Imino-x on flourishment and production of green chilli (Capsicum frutescens L.). Experiment was designed according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Moreover, seven treatments and four replications will be considered. Each treatment will contain ten plants. Vegetative, reproductive and biochemical parameters of chilli Wonder Hot, variety will be observed for data collection. Results revealed that Maximum plant height (63.5cm), highest fruit weight (5.39g), highest TSS value (11.51 Brix°) and highest pH value (5.68) was observed in T6 while T6 had maximum number of branches (28), highest value of fruit length (12.49cm), maximum fruit yield/plant (1113g), maximum fruit yield/ hectare (51.15tons), highest fresh root weight is 8.18, highest dry root weight 5.88, highest fresh shoot weight 77.7, highest dry shoot weight 33.57, highest value of 100 seeds weight (0.325g), and maximum chlorophyll concentration (75.68). However, highest concentration of Titratable acidity (0.3593g/L), maximum value of electrical conductivity (3.98S/m) highest value of fruit firmness (7.1 lb) as compared to other treatments Hence, it was concluded that foliar application of Ezabian and Imino-x @ Ezabian20mL+Imino-x20mL per liter of water increased yield characters up to maximum and this dose can be recommended to farmers to get more yield and profit.
Management of potato virus Y (PVY) in potato by some biocontrol agents under ...Open Access Research Paper
The study was conducted to test the activity of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Rhodotorula sp and fermented neem extract to protect potato plants against potato virusY disease development under field conditions. Infected potato tubers were soaked in P. fluorescens, Rhodotorula sp suspensions and in fermented neem extracts separately and sown in the field in completely randomized block design. The development of virus symptoms and the accumulation of virus in the plant based on Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were followed. The results obtained showed that the treatment of potato tubers with the three agents have significantly accelerated plant emergence, 5-6 days early than non treated ones, and improved plant growth, the plant dry weights ranged from 120-177 g/plant compared to 42 g/plant in non treated plants. The enhancement of plant growth was found associated with reduction in disease severity based on symptoms development and restriction of virus concentration as proved by ELISA absorbance of 405 nm, 0.14-0.23 compared with 2.50 in non treated plants. The results indicated that the use of bioagent to induce systemic resistance provide an efficient tool, as insecticide alternative to manage potato virus Y in potato. Check out more by following link https://innspub.net/management-of-potato-virus-y-pvy-in-potato-by-some-biocontrol-agents-under-field-conditions/
International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB)ijcsity
International Journal of Advances in Biology (IJAB) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal, addresses the impacts and challenges of Biology. The journal documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Biological sciences and applications.
RESIDUAL ESTIMATION OF ISOPROTURON, ATRAZINE AND GRAIN PROTECTANTS IN STORED ...ijabjournal
This study was carried out to see the occurrence and level of pesticide residues in stored wheat grain samples. Wheat grains were collected from different godowns located in Faisalabad district. Weedicide residues in wheat grains were analyzed by using thin plate liquid chromatography and validated high
performance liquid chromatography. On the basis of extent of inhibition of the Hill reaction, it was found that the level of atrazine was (0-0.028 ngkg-1) and the level of isopproturon was (0-0.024 ngkg-1) in test samples. The calculated values were below the Maximum Residue Limit (MEL) i.e. 100 ngkg-1 for atrazine and 2200 ngkg-1 for isoproturon. It was found that presence of herbicide residues in stored wheat was negligible. Further, on wheat grain samples placed in jars and treated with deltamethrin and cypermethrin @0.4 and 0.8% concentration. The persistency data was calculated after 1 hour, 7, 15 and 30 days of treatment. The grain protectants were continuously degraded with the passage of time and after the 30 days
the amount of residues of the grain protectants was found to be very small. It was concluded that the use of the grain protectants in the powder form in combination with other botanicals on stored wheat samples is feasible to reduce the insect pest in stored grains.
The objective of this study was to examine the antiviral activity of native lactoferrin against Potato virus x, the most important virus that severely affects potato crop and productivity in Egypt, using tissue culture technique and spraying the plants in greenhouse by the aqueous solution of lactoferrin.
Diverse distribution-study-of-c-14-through-out-the-major-crops-of-punjab-paki...Ijcem Journal
This study measured the distribution of carbon-14 (C-14) in wheat and maize plants that were treated with C-14 labeled malathion pesticide. Greater C-14 content was found in the roots of wheat and leaves of maize. Maize showed a higher absorption of pesticides than wheat, possibly due to its larger fat content and higher transpiration rate. Some C-14 remained in the soil after planting. The study demonstrates how labeled pesticides translocate and accumulate in different plant tissues and soil over time.
Antimicrobial activity of fruit extracts of xylopia aethiopica and its combin...Alexander Decker
This study investigated the antimicrobial activity of ethanol and aqueous extracts of Xylopia aethiopica fruits alone and in combination with four conventional antibiotics against several bacterial pathogens. Phytochemical analysis of the fruits revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, phlobatannins, tannins, phenols, anthraquinones, saponins and steroids. The ethanol extract showed activity against some bacteria but not others, while the aqueous extract was only active against one bacterium. Combining the extracts with antibiotics resulted in synergism in 39.3% of cases, antagonism in 57.1% and indifference in 3.6%. Gentamycin combined with the extracts had the highest synerg
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Induction of pathogenesis related proteins and phenol in chickpea plants treated with bio agents in response to infection by fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.18, 2013
www.iiste.org
Induction of Pathogenesis Related Proteins and Phenol in
Chickpea Plants Treated with Bio-Agents in Response to Infection
by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri
Firas T. Rasheed1, Hameed A. Hadwan1 and Farkad A. Fattah2*
1. Integrated Management of Plant Production and Protection Center, Plant Protection
Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad, Iraq
2. Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad,Baghdad,Iraq
*E-mail of the corresponding author: farkad.fatah@gmail.com
Abstract
Soil and seed treatments with bio-agents, bio root care (BRC), non pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum (NFo) and
Rhizobium leguminisarum (R.l) indicated induced acquired resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri
(Foc) in chickpea plants. This induced resistance was manifested by the accumulation of phenols and
pathogenesis related protein in treated plants compared with control treatments (BRC, NFo and R.l and plants
inoculated with the pathogen alone and untreated plants). Significantly (p=0.05), the highest rate of
accumulation of phenols, 286.5µg gfw-1 and peroxidase activity, 68.3min-1 gfw-1 when soil was treated with NFo
before inoculation with Foc compared with other test treatments. Maximum accumulation of phenols, 228.0 µg
gfw-1 was at day 5 after Foc inoculation, and maximum peroxidase activity 62.3 min-1 gfw-1 was at day 4 after
Foc inoculation. The highest rate of phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity was scored when seeds were treated
with BRC and NFo with no significant differences. PAL activity was 139.6 for BRC and 141.3 nM cinnamic
acid min-1 gfw-1 for NFo and scored maximum activity of 99.7 nM cinnamic acid min-1 gfw-1 at day 5 after Foc
inoculation. The highest rate of glucanase activity was 33.5 µM min-1 gfw-1 when seeds were treated with BRC
compared with other test treatments and scored maximum activity of 29.0 and 29.5 µM min.-1 gfw-1 at day 4 and
5, respectively, after Foc inoculation.
1. Introduction
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important pulse crops worldwide. The global chickpea area was
about 11 million ha with production of 8.8 million tons and an average yield of nearly 800 kg ha-1 (Gaur, et al.,
2010). The importance of chickpea is because of its role in human food and domestic animal feed and increase of
soil fertility especially in dry lands. Iraq is considered as one of the major chickpea producing countries
comprising 1% of world production (Gaur, et al., 2010). In Iraq, chickpea cultivation is still limited because of
its low yield and not complies to mechanical harvesting and high susceptibility to infection by pathogen.
The wide spread of Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri (Padwick) Matu & Satu (Foc) in
more than 33 countries is considered as one of the most important diseases which limit chickpea production
( Pande, et al., 2012 ). The high incidence of chickpea Fusarium wilt was often observed in Nineveh province,
Iraq and the increased demands for food prompted the use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers which achieved
part of this aim. But because of the disadvantage of these chemicals on human and animal health, its high coast
and the emergence of resistance in pathogen, research has focused on alternative control methods such as
biological control and induced systemic resistance in plant against several diseases (Kaur, et al., 2007). Induced
systemic resistance was reported against different plant pathogens since the thirties of the last century (Chester,
1933). Increased pathogenesis related proteins (PRP) like chitinases, β,1-3 glucanse, peroxidase and
Phenylalanin ammonia lyase (PAL) played an important role in inhibition of F.oxysporum f.sp.ciceri when
plants were treated with Pseudomonas flourescens (Saikia, et al., 2004). Recent study indicated that treatment of
seeds of two chickpea cultivars (ILC-482) susceptible and cv (INRAT87/1) moderate resistance with two
isolates of Rhizobium before inoculation with Foc induced the production of PAL and isoflavon reductase (IFR)
and increased phenolic compounds (Arfaoui, et al., 2005). Chickpea seedlings treated with Rhizobium isolates
before inoculation with Foc showed increased accumulation of PAL and production of chalcone and IFR
(Arfaoui,et al.,2007).
This study was conducted to determine the effects of BRC, NFo and R. leguminisarum (R.l) on phenols and
PRP accumulation in F.oxysporum f.sp. ciceri infected chickpea plants.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biological Materials
2.1.1. Chickpea Plants
Chickpea, Cicer arietinum L. cv "Marakishi" susceptible to Foc was obtained from the local market and was
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2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.18, 2013
www.iiste.org
used in the experiments.
2.1.2. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri
This pathogen was isolated from chickpea plants with the characteristic Fusarium wilt symptoms from Nenivah
province (400 km north of Baghdad) and propagated on potato dextrose agar medium and identified. The fungus
was stored in autoclaved soil at 4 C and used in the experiments.
2.1.3. Non Pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum
A non pathogenic F.oxysporum isolate (NFo) was isolated from chickpea plants from Nenivah province. This
isolate caused no disease symptoms on inoculated chickpea cv Marakishi.
2.1.4. Rhizobium leguminisarum (R.l)
This bacterial isolate was obtained from the Integrated Management of Plant Production and Protection, Plant
Protection Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad, Iraq. This isolate was originally isolated from chickpea
plants with active bacterial nodules.
2.1.5. Bio-Root Care (BRC)
BRC bio pesticides (Dr. Ragan laboratories, Chennal, India) is a mixture consisting of various bio control agents
such as: Pseudomonas flourescens, Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, Bacillus subtilis and Paceilomyces
lilacinus.
3. Experimental Work
3.1. Chickpea Sowing and Treatments
Chickpea seeds were surface sterilized with 2% sodium hypochlorite solution for 10 min, and washed with
sterile distilled water. Seeds then were planted in plastic pots (18cm diam, 3 seeds pot-1) and maintained in a
plastic house. When seedlings were 30 days old, the soil was treated with 100 ml of 1×106 spores ml-1 of NFo,
1×108 spores ml-1 of R.l and BRC (5g kg soil-1). After 24 hours the pots were treated with suspension of Foc
1×103 spores ml-1. Soil treated with NFo, R. leguminisarum, BRC, Foc and intact healthy plant represents
control treatment. Chickpea seeds were similarly treated with the bio agents and the pathogen. Phenol content
and activities of PAL, chitinase, β,1-3-glucansae and peroxidase were estimated at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7and 8 days
after Foc inoculation.
3.2. Estimation of Phenol and Pathogenesis Related Proteins
3.2.1. Estimation of Phenol
Fresh plant samples, 1g were homogenized in 10 ml of 80% methanol and agitated for 15 min at 70 C (Zieslin
and Ben–Zaken, 1993). One ml of the methanolic extract was added
was kept at 25 C. The absorbance of the developed blue color was measured using a spectrophotometer at 725
nm. Catechol was used as a standard. The amount of phenol was expressed as phenol equivalents in µg gfw-1.
3.2.2. Assay of Peroxidase (PO)
Fresh plant samples, 1g were homogenized in 2ml of 0.1M phosphate buffer, pH 6.5 at 4C. The homogenate was
filtered through 4-layers of cheese cloth and the filtrate was centrifuged at 6000g at 4C for 20 min and the
supernatant was used as the enzyme source. Enzyme extract (100µl) and 1.5ml of 0.05M pyrogallol were
measured by a spectrophotometer at wave length 420nm. In reference cuvette, contain 100µl of boiled
inactivated enzyme extract and 1.5ml of pyrogallol. To initiate the reaction 100µl of (1%, v/v) H2o2 was added.
The changes in absorbance at 420nm were recorded at 30 sec intervals for 3 min. The enzyme activity was
expressed as changes in absorbance min−1 gfw−1 (Hammerschmidt, et al., 1982).
3.2.3. Determination of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) Activity
Fresh plant material 1g were homogenized in 5ml of ice cold 0.1M sodium borate buffer (pH 7.0) containing
0.1g of polyvenylpyrrolidone. The extract was filtered through cheese cloth and the filtrate was centrifuged at
20000g for 30 min. The supernatant was used to determined PAL activity as the rate of conversion of Lphenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid at 290 nm (Dickerson et al., 1984). Sample containing 0.4 ml of enzyme
extract was incubated with 0.5ml of 0.1M borate buffer (pH 8.8) and 0.5ml of 12mM L-phenylalanine in the
same buffer for 30min at 30C. The amount of trans-cinnamic acid was calculated using its extinction coefficient
of 9630 M cm-1 (Dickerson et al., 1984). Enzyme activity was expressed as n mol trans-cinnamic acid min−1
gfw−1.
3.2.4. Assay of β -1, 3-glucanase
Β-1,3-glucanase activity was assayed by the laminarin dinitrosalicylic acid method (Pen et al., 1991). Chickpea
plant samples 1g was extracted with 5 ml of 0.05 M (pH 5.0) sodium acetate buffer and centrifuged at 10000g
for 15 min at 4C. The supernatant was used in the enzyme assay. The reaction mixture consisted of 62.5µl of 4%
laminarin and 62.5µl of the enzyme extract. The reaction was carried out at 40C for 10 min. The reaction was
then stopped by adding 375µl of dinitrosalicylic acid and heating for 5 min using a boiling water path, and was
diluted with 4.5ml of water, vortexes and its absorbance was measured at 500 nm. The blank was the crude
enzyme preparation mixed with laminarin with zero time incubation. The enzyme activity was expressed as µ
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Vol.3, No.18, 2013
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mol equivalent glucose released min−1 gfw−1
3.3. Statistical Analysis
The data were subjected to analysis of variance and means were separated by the least significant method at
(p=0.05) using GenStat 12th Edition.
4. Resuts
4.1. Estimation of Phenol
Significantly (p=0.05), the maximum accumulation of phenols, 286.5µg.g fw-1 was observed in chickpea cv
Marrakeshi when soil and seeds were treated with NFo before inoculation with Foc compared with other test
treatments. This was followed by 275.35µg gfw-1 for BRC treatment and 196.5µg gfw-1 for R.leguminisarum.
These treatment were significantly outperformed the test control treatment, BRC, NFo and R. leguminisarum,
Foc alone and untreated plants (Table 1). The accumulation of phenols was higher in all test treatments
compared with the untreated control plants which showed no marked change in phenol content. The highest
accumulation of phenol, 228.0 µg gfw-1 in all treatment was observed on day 5 with a significant difference
compared with the other test periods. The highest significant phenol accumulation, 294.7 and 292.2µg gfw-1
respectively, when seeds were treated with NFo and BRC respectively compared with R.l, 210.6µg gfw-1 and
outperformed all the test control treatments. The highest average phenol, 204.4µg gfw-1 in all treatment was
observed on day 5 with a significant difference compared with the other test period except that at day 4 (Table 1).
More phenol was significantly accumulated when the bio agent treated plants were challenged with Foc
compared with pathogen unchallenged treatments and controls.
4.2. Assay of Peroxidase (PO)
S0il treatment with NFo caused significantly (p=0.05) the highest average rate of peroxidase activity, 68.3min-1
gfw-1 (absorbance) compared with 65.8min-1 gfw-1 BRC treatment (Table 2). The latter treatment showed
significantly more PO activity than R.l treatment which recorded 44.7 min-1 gfw-1. However, this treatment were
superior over all test control treatments (pathogen unchallenged BRC, NFo, and R.l and the pathogen alone and
healthy plants). Significantly highest average ∆ absorbance 62.3min-1 gfw-1 was reached at 4 days after Foc
compared with other test periods after Foc inoculation. Results of seed treatments were similar to those of soil
treatments. Treatment with NFo showed significantly (p=0.05) the highest ∆ absorbance of 71.5 min-1 gfw-1
followed by seed treatment with BRC and R.l scoring 70.3 min-1 gfw-1 and 48.1 min-1 gfw-1 respectively.
Pathogen challenged treatments BRC, NFo and R.l showed significant highest PO activity compared to the test
control treatments. Significantly highest average activity was recorded at 4 days after Foc inoculation compared
with the other test period after pathogen inoculation.
4.3. Determination of PAL Activity
Significantly more PAL activity, 141.3 and 139.6 nM cinnamic acid min-1 gfw-1 was recorded in chickpea plants
when the seeds were treated with NFo and BRC respectively followed by 104.4 nM cinnamic acid min-1 gfw-1
for R.l treatment. The enzyme activity was more in the bio agent treatments compared with the other control
treatments. Significantly (p=0.05) highest rates of PAL activity was reached at day 5 after Foc inoculation for all
the test treatments, scoring 99.7 nM cinnamic acid min-1 gfw-1 compared with other test time periods after Foc
inoculation.
4.4. Assay of β-1, 3-glucanase
The highest rate of glucanase activity in chickpea plants was when soil was treated with BRC before inoculation
with Foc reaching 31.1µM min-1gfw-1 with a significant difference compared with NFo and R. l treatments
(Table 4). The enzyme activity in NFo treated plants before inoculation with Foc, 27.7µM min-1gfw-1 was
superior over to R.l treatment, 23.3µM min-1 gfw-1. These treatments intern were significantly superior over
control treatments. The highest rate of glucanase activity, 29.0 and 29.5µM min-1 gfw-1 were at 4 and 5 days after
Foc inoculation for all treatment with a significant difference compared with the other test time periods. In the
seed treatment experiment, the highest rate of glucanase activity was when chickpea seeds were treated with
BRC before inoculation with Foc recording 33.5µM min-1 gfw-1 with a significant difference compared with
treatments with NFo and R. l. while treatments with NFo before inoculation with Foc was 30.0 µM min-1g fw-1,
R.l scored significantly less enzyme activity, 24.0µM min-1 gfw-1. The highest rate of glucanase activity was
significantly more, 26.2 and 26.6µM min-1 gfw-1 in the fourth and fifth days following Foc inoculation
respectively, compared with other test time periods.
5. Discussion
Results of this study indicated that bio agent treatment when chickpea plants were inoculated with the wilt
pathogen Foc caused increased phenol accumulation in chickpea plants. Furthermore, the highest rate of phenol
accumulation was in day 5 after bio agent treatment. These results were similar to and support previous reports
indicated that seedling root treated with P.flourescens before Foc inoculation induced resistance in chickpea
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plants against Foc, and the phenolic compound in chickpea plants treated with bio agent before treated with Foc
inoculation was significant more compared with control treatment ( Saikia, et al., 2004). Chickpea seedlings
treated with two Rhizobium isolates before Foc treatment led to increase phenolic compound, peroxidase, and
poly phenol peroxidase significantly compared with control treatment (Arfaoui, et al., 2005). The results of this
study, however, was different from results of other previous studies indicated that the highest rate of phenol
accumulation was in day 6 after chickpea seedling roots were treated with P. flourescens before Foc inoculation
(Saikia, et al., 2004) and 3 days after chickpea root were treatment with Rhizobium before Foc (Arfaoui, et al.,
2005). The reason for these different results is perhaps duo to the different chickpea cultivars, the bio agent used
in this study and experiment conditions. The accumulation of phenolic compound and the increased of its
concentration in short time in plants led to increase plant resistance to pathogen as it works to inhibit enzymes
secreted by plant pathogens. Enzymes such as cellulase, pectinases, laccase, xylanase and others, plays
significant role of pathogen-host interaction and inhibit the process of oxidative phosphorylation, deprive
minerals, proteins and anti-oxidant in plant tissue (Jersh, et al.,1989; Scalbert,1991).
The increased peroxidase activity in chickpea plants treated with bio agent in this study which reached its
highest level in day 4 after Foc inoculation were consistent with the results of previous studies indicate that
chickpea seedling root treated with P. flourescens before Foc led to increase peroxidase activity significantly
compared with control treatment with maximum activity at day 3 day after Foc inoculation (Saikia, et al. 2004).
Chickpea seedlings root treated with two isolates of R.leguminisarum before Foc inoculation caused maximum
increase in peroxidase activity in day 4 after Foc treatment (Arfaoui, et al., 2005). Another study indicated that
chickpea seedlings root treated with non pathogenic F. oxysporum f.sp.ciceri and another isolate of F.oxysporum
(Chickpea is a non host) before treated with Foc led to increase peroxidase activity in chickpea root at day 4
after Foc treatment (Cachinero, et al., 2002).The results of this study indicated that the maximum increase of
peroxidase activity was in day 4 which were different from other previous report indicated that the maximum
peroxidase activity was in day 3 after Foc treatment. The reason for this difference is probably due to
the
different test plant and the bio agent isolates used as well as experimental conditions. Peoxidase affects defense
mechanisms in plant in response to plant pathogens by deposition and polymerization of proteins, lignin and
sobarin in the cell walls and vessels, transmission of an antioxidant during the invasion of pathogens
(Mehdy,1994; Bradly, et al., 1992; Dicko, et al., 2006). It also affects the oxidation of some compounds and
converted it into more toxic compounds like oxidation of phenols to quinone (Chen, et al., 2000; lavania, 2002)
and IAA oxidation (Beffa, et al., 1990).
The results of this study also indicated that increased PAL activity as a result of treatement with the bio agents
BRC, NFo and R.leguminisarum before plant inoculation with Foc were consistent with previous results stating
that the treatment of the seeds of two chickpea varieties susceptible and resistance to Foc with T. harzianum led
to increased PAL activity (Jayalakshmi, et al., 2011). Treatment of chickpea seedlings roots with P. flourescens
before inoculation with Foc led to increase in PAL which reached the highest rate in day 4 after Foc treatment
(Saikia, et al., 2004). PAL is considered as one of the most important enzymes, because of its responsibility for
the manufacture of phenolics, coumarin and cinnamic acid which are associated with resistance to pathogens as
well as its role in configure legnin, oxidation of phenols and bio manufacturing of phenyl propanoid and
flavonoid (MacDonalds and D’Cunha, 2007).
The increased glucanase activity as a result of treatment with bio agents before Foc inoculation and the
highest rate of increase in the day 4 and day 5 after Foc treatement, may be linked to resistance to disease
pathogens. These results were also consistent with results of previous studies which indicated that chickpea
seedling root treated with P. flourescens before Foc led to significant increase in glucanase activity compared
with control treatment and the maximum activity was reached at day 3 after Foc inoculation (Saikia, et al., 2004).
Also chickpea seedling root treated with non pathogenic F. oxysporum f.sp. ciceri and another isolate of
Fusarium oxysporum (chickpea is a non host) before treated with Foc led to increase glucanase activity in
chickpea root at day 4 after Foc treatment (Cachinero, et al., 2002). The highest rate of PAL activity was in day
4 and 5 after Foc inoculation was differed from other study indicated that the highest increased rate of PAL was
recorded 3 days after Foc treatment (Saikia, et al., 2004; Cachinero,et al., 2002). β-1,3-glucanase is considered
as one of the PRP Which leads to destruction of β-1,3-glucane which is one of the main components of the
various cell walls of pathogen especially in fungi (Leubner-Metzger and Meins, 1999). This enzyme affects plant
pathogen directly by hydrolyzing cell walls or indirectly by stimulating the cell to release materials derived from
the cell wall which work as inducers of other defense mechanisms (Meins, et al., 1992; Boller,et al.,1988;
Bowles, 1990).
The increased accumulation of phenol and PRP in chickpea plants following soil or seed bio agent treatments
in this study was reflected on the significantly (p=0.05) low percentages of Fusarium wilt disease incidence
(data are not presented) compared with treated but Foc challenged chickpea plants.
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Acknowledgment
The authors would like to thank the Integrated Management of Plant Production and Protection Centre, Plant
Protection Directorate, Ministry of Agriculture, Baghdad, Iraq for granting a study leave to the first author.
Thank is also to Abdulkader Khudair and Emad A. Slaiby (Integrated Management of Plant Production and
Protection Centre) for their valuable assistance.
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Table 1. Phenol accumulation in chickpea, Cicer arietinum L. plants grown in pots after induction by bio agents
against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceri
Phenol (µg gfw-1) after inoculation with Foc (day)
Mean
Soil treatment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
BRC+ Foc
88
205
245
360
365
320
318
302
275.3
BRC (Contro)
90
110
125
180
192
180
165
143
147.6
NFo + Foc
90
198
250
370
368
355
339
322
286.5
NFo (Control)
92
106
130
182
200
191
168
148
152.1
R. l + Foc
87
180
197
230
248
218
211
201
196.7
R. l (Control)
86
94
105
123
137
118
108
103
109.3
Foc (Control)
90
165
192
218
227
198
168
149
175.8
Control
85
88
86.6
88
86
86
87
88
86
143. 166.
228. 208.
218.6
195.3
Mean
88.5
2
2
0
5
LSD (P = 0.05) for days = 2.7, for treatment = 2.7, for inter action = 7.8
182.1
Phenol (µg gfw-1) after inoculation with Foc (day)
Seed treatment
Mean
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
BRC+ Foc
104
215
265
375
372
348
338
321
292.2
(Control) BRC
106
105
108
106
107
108
108
107
106.8
NFo + Foc
107
208
257
377
375
363
342
329
294.7
Control) NFo(
106
106
107
106
107
107
108
107
106.7
R. l + Foc
102
191
208
248
257
237
224
218
210.6
R. l (Control)
103
103
104
103
103
104
104
103
103.3
Foc (Control)
90
165
192
218
227
198
168
149
175.8
Control
85
88
86
86
87
88
86
88
86.6
147. 165.
204. 194.
202.3
184.7 177.6
Mean
100.4
5
8
4
1
LSD (P = 0.05) for days = 2.5, for treatment = 2.5, for inter action = 7.3
Each number represent three replicate, each replicate is 3 pots with 2 plants. Bio agents was added (100ml kg
soil-1) after 30 days of germination as follows: NFo isolate (106 spore ml-1), R. leguminisarum suspension (108
spore ml-1), BRC (5g kg-1). After 24h, spore suspension of Foc was added (100ml kg soil-1) with concentration
(103 spore ml-1). Chickpea seeds cv Marakishi were treated with bio agent and Foc as above. Total content of
phenol was estimated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 days after inoculated with Foc. BRC = Biopesticide Bio Root Care,
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NFo = Non pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum , Foc = Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri , R.l = Rizobium
leguminisarum.
Table 2. Change in peroxidase activity in chickpea, Cicer arietinum L. plants grown in pots after induction by
bio agents against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceri
Change in absorbtion (min-1gfw-1) after inoculation with Foc
Soil treatment
Mean
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
16
39
81
101
92
80
62
56
BRC+ Foc
65.8
BRC (Contro)
16
30
44
56
50
41
31
25
36.6
NFo + Foc
18
44
83
105
94
83
63
57
68.3
NFo (Control)
15
32
47
60
53
47
37
29
40.0
R. l + Foc
15
29
51
66
60
50
48
39
44.7
R. l (Control)
15
27
36
46
37
31
28
22
30.2
Foc (Control)
15
24
37
49
43
38
34
27
33.3
Control
15
15
16
16
16
16
15
15
15.5
Mean
15.6
30.0
49.3
62.3
55.6
48.2
39.7
33.7
LSD (P = 0.05) for days = 1.0, for treatment = 1.0, for inter action = 2.9
Change in absorbtion (min-1gfw-1) after inoculation with Foc
Seed treatment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
23
45
85
105
97
82
68
58
BRC+ Foc
Mean
70.3
BRC (Contro)
21
23
22
22
22
21
23
23
22.1
NFo + Foc
25
49
86
108
99
84
65
56
71.5
NFo (Control)
21
22
23
22
22
22
22
22
22.0
R. l + Foc
20
32
53
72
65
52
49
42
48.1
Control)( R .l
19
21
22
21
21
22
22
21
21.5
Foc (Control)
15
24
37
49
43
38
34
27
33.3
Control
15
15
16
16
16
16
15
15
15.5
Mean
20.1
28.3 43.0
51.8
48.0
42.1
36.8
33.0
LSD (P = 0.05) for days = 1.1, for treatment = 1.1, for inter action = 3.3
Each number represent three replicate, each replicate is 3 pots with 2 plants. Bio agents was added (100ml kg
soil-1) after 30 days of germination as follows: NFo isolate (106 spore ml-1), R. leguminisarum suspension (108
spore ml-1), BRC (5g kgl-1). After 24h, spore suspension of Foc was added (100ml kg soil-1) with concentration
(103 spore ml-1). Chickpea seeds cv Marakishi were treated with bio agent and Foc as above. Total content of
phenol was estimated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 days after inoculated with Foc. BRC = Biopesticide Bio Root Care,
NFo = Non pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum , Foc = Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri , R.l = Rizobium
leguminisarum.
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Table 3. Change in phenylalanine ammonia- lyase activity in chickpea, Cicer arietinum L. plants grown in pots
after induction by bio agents against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri
Cinnamic acid (nM min-1gfw-1) after inoculation with Foc
Mean
Soil treatment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
BRC+ Foc
40
132
138
151
163
148
123
118
126.6
Foc (Control)
44
70
82
90
87
72
60
52
69.6
NFo + Foc
42
128
136
138
152
146
132
128
125.2
NFo (Control)
43
68
81
87
82
67
59
49
67.1
R. l + Foc
39
88
102
108
123
119
114
109
100.2
R. l (Control)
39
46
57
62
59
51
47
42
50.3
Foc (Control)
41
70
85
93
88
77
62
48
70.5
Control
42
44
44
43
44
42
42
41
42.6
Mean
41.3
80.7
89.9
96.4
99.7
90.2
79.8
73.4
LSD (P = 0.05) for days = 1.7, for treatment = 1.7 for inter action = 4.9
Cinnamic acid (nM min-1gfw-1) after inoculation with Foc
Seed treatment
Mean
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
BRC+ Foc
52
140
157
166
175
157
138
132
139.6
BRC (Control)
51
54
52
54
55
53
54
52
53.1
NFo + Foc
54
136
158
169
177
162
147
128
141.3
NFo (Control)
49
52
51
54
51
53
51
50
51.3
R. l + Foc
44
92
108
122
133
121
112
104
104.4
R. l (Control)
45
47
47
48
47
46
45
45
46.2
Foc (Control)
41
70
85
93
88
77
62
48
70.5
Control
42
44
44
43
44
42
42
41
42.6
Mean
47.2
79.3 87.2
93.0
96.2
88.8
81.3
75.0
LSD (P = 0.05) for days = 1.8, for treatment = 1.8, for inter action = 5.3
Each number represent three replicate, each replicate is 3 pots with 2 plants. Bio agents was added (100ml kg
soil-1) after 30 days of germination as follows: NFo isolate (106 spore ml-1), R. leguminisarum suspension (108
spore ml-1), BRC (5g kgl-1). After 24h, spore suspension of Foc was added (100ml kg soil-1) with concentration
(103 spore ml-1). Chickpea seeds cv Marakishi were treated with bio agent and Foc as above. Total content of
phenol was estimated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 days after inoculated with Foc. BRC = Biopesticide Bio Root Care,
NFo = Non pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum , Foc = Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri , R.l = Rizobium
leguminisarum.
73
9. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.18, 2013
www.iiste.org
Table 4. Change in glucanase activity in chickpea, Cicer arietinum L. plants cultivated in pots after induction by
bio agents against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri
µM min-1 gfw -1 after inoculation with Foc
Mean
Soil treatment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
14
28
32
41
47
38
31
18
31.1
BRC+ Foc
Foc (Control)
14
18
22
27
29
22
21
19
21.5
NFo + Foc
14
25
31
37
42
31
25
17
27.7
NFo (Control)
14
21
26
27
31
23
22
16
22.5
R. l+ Foc
14
19
23
31
32
28
22
18
23.3
R. l (Control)
14
15
17
21
23
20
19
16
18.1
Foc (Control)
14
20
26
25
29
23
21
18
22.0
Control
13
14
13
13
14
14
14
14
13.6
Mean
13.8
20
23.7
29
29.5
24.8
21.8
17
LSD (P = 0.05) for days = 1.3, for treatment = 1.3, for inter action = 3.7
µM min-1 gfw -1 after inoculation with Foc
Seed treatment
Mean
BRC+ Foc
1
15
2
29
3
34
4
46
5
49
6
41
7
35
8
19
Foc (Control)
16
16
17
16
17
16
16
18
16.5
NFo + Foc
16
27
32
41
43
34
29
18
30.0
NFo (Control)
16
17
17
17
18
17
17
18
17.1
R. l + Foc
14
18
25
32
32
27
22
16
24.0
R. l (Control)
15
16
16
16
15
16
16
16
15.7
Foc (Control)
14
20
26
25
29
23
21
18
22.0
Control
13
14
13
13
14
14
14
14
13.6
33.5
Mean
14.8
19.6 22.5 26.2 26.6 23.5
21.2
17.8
LSD (P = 0.05) for days = 1.2, for treatment = 1.2, for inter action = 3.4
Each number represent three replicate, each replicate is 3 pots with 2 plants. Bio agents was added (100ml kg
soil-1) after 30 days of germination as follows: NFo isolate (106 spore ml-1), R. leguminisarum suspension (108
spore ml-1), BRC (5g kgl-1). After 24h, spore suspension of Foc was added (100ml kg soil-1) with concentration
(103 spore ml-1). Chickpea seeds cv Marakishi were treated with bio agent and Foc as above. Total content of
phenol was estimated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 days after inoculated with Foc. BRC = Biopesticide Bio Root Care,
NFo = Non pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum , Foc = Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceri , R.l = Rizobium
leguminisarum.
74
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