This study evaluated the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus inoculation on biochemical and physiological characteristics of two wheat cultivars under salinity stress. Wheat plants were inoculated with Glomus intraradices and subjected to three salinity levels. Mycorrhizal inoculation improved plant growth, antioxidant enzyme activity, proline content, and relative water content under salinity stress. It increased superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase activities more in the cultivar Akbari. The results indicate that G. intraradices inoculation can alleviate the negative effects of salinity stress in wheat by enhancing osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense systems.
“Antimicrobial activity of rhizospheric bacteria of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) ...IOSRJPBS
The present study was carried out to explore the production of antibiotics from soil microbes of medicinal Plant Curcuma longa (Turmeric). Soil samples of the Curcuma longa rhizosphere regions were collected from the different region in Akola City, Western Vidharbh region of Maharashtra. The bacterial culture from the soil samples were collected by the serial dilution and spread plate technique. The total 16 culture have been isolated from the soil samples and out of total 16 only 3 have been characterized which are potent isolates. These 3 isolates are active against the selected pathogens, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S.aureus. These samples were labelled as S1,S2 and S3. The characterized 3 cultures were identified as Bacillus megatherium, Pseudomonas fluroscenes and Globicitella sulfidifacein by using Bergey’s manual of systemic bacteriology. The Rhizospheric bacterial crude extract of Bacillus megatherium, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Globicatella sulfidifaciens were found to be more or less active against almost all tested pathogenic strains. Hence Curcuma longa can be employed as source of natural antimicrobials that can serve as an alternative to conventional medicines.It was concluded that the best activity have been shown by the Curcuma longa rhizospheric isolates (S2) which is of Pseudomonas fluorescens against all three human pathogenic organisms (E.coli , S.aureus , P.aeroginosa ). The activity of rhizospheric isolates was showing best results against S. aureus
Seed management’s influences on nodulation and yield of improved variety of s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot study was carried out on an improved soybean variety (TGX 1448-2E) to assess the effects of seed management on its nodulation and yield. The experiment was in factorial combinations with six replicates at the teaching and research farm of University of Abuja. The factors were 2 soils, 2 levels of phosphorus fertilizer (-P and + P), and 2 seed sources (farmer’s and researcher’s managed seeds). P was applied as triple superphosphate at 30 kg P ha-1. Destructive sampling was done at 8 weeks after planting to record growth parameters and nodulation. At maturity, the number and weight of pods, weight of 50 seeds and total seed yield were recorded. The results showed that generally researchers’ managed seeds showed a significantly higher mean values than farmers’ managed seeds. The pod and total seed weight from researchers’ seeds were 106.26 g and 52.43 g per plant respectively against the farmers’ managed seed with pod weight of 80.23 g and total seed weight of 44.35 g per plant. P application influenced significantly the weight of nodules, pods and seeds per plant. This significant lower performance observed in farmers’ managed seeds could have resulted from factors such poor seed handling or mix up during harvesting or storage, poor quality seed selection for planting.
The Studies of Effect of Bio Fertilizers Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria, and Root...IIJSRJournal
A pot culture experiment was carried out and to the find out the effect of Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria and Root Nodule extract on the vegetative growth and biochemical changes in Black gram and Maize. The Black gram and Maize is vegetative parameters such as seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight had analyzed and biochemical studies of both Black gram and Maize was carried such as total chlorophyll content, leave soluble protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Among microbial inoculants, the Rhizobium + PB mixer was found most effective in terms of seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight and also showed increase total chlorophyll content, soluble protein and nitrate activities in both Black gram and Maize.
Effect of Different Concentrations of Glycerol on survival of Azotobacter chr...IIJSRJournal
The plant growth promoting rhizobacterias inoculants used in various formulations for different purpose. In addition to rhizobacterias, the formulation may also contain various additives. Furthermore, it is important to understand the interaction between bacteria and formulation materials. The formulation materials serve as cell protectants which enhance the shelf-life of bacteria. It is proved that the Rhizobium is the effective inoculants along with specific nutrient media for survival. Many researchers have shown that liquid rhizobial formulations are more beneficial than solid bio-fertilizer formulations. In the present work the survival of Azotobacter in liquid formulations were evaluated by using Glycerol at different concentration in Jenson’s broth. It was noted that survival of Azotobacter was concentration correlated. Lowest number of colonies in 5 mM in the medium containing glycerol (23 colonies at zero days and 5 colonies on 360th day) and highest number of colonies in 25 mM in the medium containing glycerol (38.66 colonies on zero day and 22 colonies on 360th day) (109 CFU/ml).
Impact of Maize Silks Extract, its Application Methods and Their Interaction ...IOSRJAVS
The current study was conducted during the growing season (2014 – 2015), at a private orchard at Safwan area in Basra province-Iraq; to study the effect of several concentrations of maize silks, their application methods and their interaction on some indicators of growth and yield of tomato plants cv. Wijdan. The experiment was factorial and included (24) factorial treatments (4*2*3) resulted from: four levels of maize silks and two application methods, each in three replicates. The results showed a superiority of (60 ml. L.-1) of maize silks extract on most studied characteristics, which was non-significantly differed from the concentration (40 ml. L.-1). For the methods of application, the applying to soil method was superior with most characteristics. Concerning the interaction, the treatment (60 ml. L.-1 maize extract level + applying to soil method) was superior in its effect on most characteristics of tomato plant cv. Wijdan.
“Antimicrobial activity of rhizospheric bacteria of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) ...IOSRJPBS
The present study was carried out to explore the production of antibiotics from soil microbes of medicinal Plant Curcuma longa (Turmeric). Soil samples of the Curcuma longa rhizosphere regions were collected from the different region in Akola City, Western Vidharbh region of Maharashtra. The bacterial culture from the soil samples were collected by the serial dilution and spread plate technique. The total 16 culture have been isolated from the soil samples and out of total 16 only 3 have been characterized which are potent isolates. These 3 isolates are active against the selected pathogens, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S.aureus. These samples were labelled as S1,S2 and S3. The characterized 3 cultures were identified as Bacillus megatherium, Pseudomonas fluroscenes and Globicitella sulfidifacein by using Bergey’s manual of systemic bacteriology. The Rhizospheric bacterial crude extract of Bacillus megatherium, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Globicatella sulfidifaciens were found to be more or less active against almost all tested pathogenic strains. Hence Curcuma longa can be employed as source of natural antimicrobials that can serve as an alternative to conventional medicines.It was concluded that the best activity have been shown by the Curcuma longa rhizospheric isolates (S2) which is of Pseudomonas fluorescens against all three human pathogenic organisms (E.coli , S.aureus , P.aeroginosa ). The activity of rhizospheric isolates was showing best results against S. aureus
Seed management’s influences on nodulation and yield of improved variety of s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot study was carried out on an improved soybean variety (TGX 1448-2E) to assess the effects of seed management on its nodulation and yield. The experiment was in factorial combinations with six replicates at the teaching and research farm of University of Abuja. The factors were 2 soils, 2 levels of phosphorus fertilizer (-P and + P), and 2 seed sources (farmer’s and researcher’s managed seeds). P was applied as triple superphosphate at 30 kg P ha-1. Destructive sampling was done at 8 weeks after planting to record growth parameters and nodulation. At maturity, the number and weight of pods, weight of 50 seeds and total seed yield were recorded. The results showed that generally researchers’ managed seeds showed a significantly higher mean values than farmers’ managed seeds. The pod and total seed weight from researchers’ seeds were 106.26 g and 52.43 g per plant respectively against the farmers’ managed seed with pod weight of 80.23 g and total seed weight of 44.35 g per plant. P application influenced significantly the weight of nodules, pods and seeds per plant. This significant lower performance observed in farmers’ managed seeds could have resulted from factors such poor seed handling or mix up during harvesting or storage, poor quality seed selection for planting.
The Studies of Effect of Bio Fertilizers Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria, and Root...IIJSRJournal
A pot culture experiment was carried out and to the find out the effect of Rhizobium, Phosphobacteria and Root Nodule extract on the vegetative growth and biochemical changes in Black gram and Maize. The Black gram and Maize is vegetative parameters such as seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight had analyzed and biochemical studies of both Black gram and Maize was carried such as total chlorophyll content, leave soluble protein and in vivo nitrate reductase activity. Among microbial inoculants, the Rhizobium + PB mixer was found most effective in terms of seed germination, shoot and root length, leaf fresh weight, leafs dry weight, shoot and root dry weight and also showed increase total chlorophyll content, soluble protein and nitrate activities in both Black gram and Maize.
Effect of Different Concentrations of Glycerol on survival of Azotobacter chr...IIJSRJournal
The plant growth promoting rhizobacterias inoculants used in various formulations for different purpose. In addition to rhizobacterias, the formulation may also contain various additives. Furthermore, it is important to understand the interaction between bacteria and formulation materials. The formulation materials serve as cell protectants which enhance the shelf-life of bacteria. It is proved that the Rhizobium is the effective inoculants along with specific nutrient media for survival. Many researchers have shown that liquid rhizobial formulations are more beneficial than solid bio-fertilizer formulations. In the present work the survival of Azotobacter in liquid formulations were evaluated by using Glycerol at different concentration in Jenson’s broth. It was noted that survival of Azotobacter was concentration correlated. Lowest number of colonies in 5 mM in the medium containing glycerol (23 colonies at zero days and 5 colonies on 360th day) and highest number of colonies in 25 mM in the medium containing glycerol (38.66 colonies on zero day and 22 colonies on 360th day) (109 CFU/ml).
Impact of Maize Silks Extract, its Application Methods and Their Interaction ...IOSRJAVS
The current study was conducted during the growing season (2014 – 2015), at a private orchard at Safwan area in Basra province-Iraq; to study the effect of several concentrations of maize silks, their application methods and their interaction on some indicators of growth and yield of tomato plants cv. Wijdan. The experiment was factorial and included (24) factorial treatments (4*2*3) resulted from: four levels of maize silks and two application methods, each in three replicates. The results showed a superiority of (60 ml. L.-1) of maize silks extract on most studied characteristics, which was non-significantly differed from the concentration (40 ml. L.-1). For the methods of application, the applying to soil method was superior with most characteristics. Concerning the interaction, the treatment (60 ml. L.-1 maize extract level + applying to soil method) was superior in its effect on most characteristics of tomato plant cv. Wijdan.
Effect of Different Sources of Nutrient on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmosc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The experiment was carried out at Nepal Polytechnic Institute field, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal to study the effect of different nutrient sources on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L Monech). Five different treatments; poultry manure, FYM, goat manure, chemical (as per N equivalent) and no fertilizer (control) were replicated four times. The experiment was arranged in Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD). The okra variety ArkaAnamika was used for experiment. The data were collected on the growth and yield parameters including plant height (cm), canopy (cm), numbers of leaves per plant, numbers of branches per plant, fruit length, diameter and yield. Results indicated that different nutrient sources had significant (P<0.05) affected on plant height, canopy, leaf number, branches and also in yield parameters. Based on the findings of the experiments, it can be concluded that application of poultry manure significantly increased the growth and yield performances on Abelmoschus esculentus L. Monech (okra) compared to other types of fertilizers. As the study reflected the use of no fertilizer results in the lowest vegetative growth and yield performances which indicates to use some nutrient sources for better growth and production of okra.
Comparison of Resistance to Fusarium wilts disease in Seeded and Regenerated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Plant tissue culture has been used as a tool for crop improvement in many different ways. Such as somaclonal variation that occurred in many different crops. In this study a program for disease resistance was established in sesame using somaclonal variation. As resistance to Fos is very important so different kinds and concentrations of Plant Growth Regulators were tested for producing of plantlet regenerated from apical shoot explants. The results showed that the combination of BA and NAA also BA and IAA with ABA could be used for regenerating sesame plantlets from apical shoots. The difference in BA concentrations had a positive effect on shoot and root regeneration and at least plant regeneration. So with combination of high level of BA and low level of NAA shooting from explants was dominant and with low level of BA and high level of NAA rooting was progressed. Regenerated plantlets and seeded planlets were compared for examining of resistance or susceptibility to Fos. The result showed that somaclonal variant resulted from regeneration of shoot and root of sesame could lead to producing resistant plantlets.
Abstract— There are considerable differences among plant species in the amount of nutrients required for biomass production, indicating the differential ability of the species to utilize nutrients for growth. Exploitation of this ability for nutrient absorption is a good option for nutrient management in organic agriculture. Different plant species growing in the wild habitats in the Western Ghats and wastelands of the western coasts were screened for phyto-accumulation capacity with respect to macro and micronutrients. Based on the analysis, phyto-accumulators of each nutrient was identified. Considering the overall nutrient concentration, ten plant species were identified as potential plants which can be utilized for nutrient management in organic farming. Plants like Mirabilis jalapa and Canna indica which are super accumulators and possess underground stems are promising plant species for nutrient harvesting as the above ground portion can be harvested without destroying the plants.
A Study on the Removal of Pesticide Residues on Potatoes Using Moringa oleife...AI Publications
Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant whose seeds possess strong coagulation properties capable of removing turbidity and heavy metals from water. In this study, the effectiveness of MO seeds as a potential pesticide removal apparatus for agricultural produce was investigated. The parameters of interest for each pesticide washing solution were pesticide-concentration reduction, cost, and taste alteration to the potatoes. Separate doses of 0.25 mL profenofos 500 EC were individually applied to distinct 250 g pesticide-free potato piles. A submersion of each tainted potato pile was carried out in one of the chosen pesticide baths (mineral water, 2% salt solution, 10% salt solution, vegetable bath wash, and 10 g MO seed) for 10 min, followed by a 10 second mineral water bath rinse. Remaining profenofos residue concentrations on potatoes were quantified using the quick, easy, cheap, rugged, and simple QuEChERs method coincided with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The experiments showed that the MO seed was the most effective at removing profenofos at 52.9% followed by the vegetable bath at 47.3%. Neither method caused an alteration in food taste, but the MO seed method is significantly cheaper at 2,000/L IDR ($0.14 USD) compared to the vegetable bath at IDR 10,668/L ($0.77 USD) at the time of the experiment, respectively.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Effect of environmental pollution on the quality of an edible plant Alternant...Premier Publishers
The present study is the comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents and microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb collected from unpolluted and polluted site. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts (unpolluted and polluted site) of A philoxeroides that showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, aminoacids, diterpenes, tannin, terpenoids, protein, steroid, oxalate, coumarin and quinones. The ethanol extract showed higher number of phytochemical constituents when compared to the other extract of unpolluted site. The microbial load is also enumerated in the unpolluted and polluted site. In conclusion, phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of many phytoconstituents in ethanol extract and the microbial load is less in the unpolluted site when compared to the polluted site.
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of winter and spring wheat...Innspub Net
To compare changes of biochemical indices between spring (Kavir) and winter (Azar2) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under low temperature, 14 days old wheat seedlings were exposed to cold. The seedlings were transferred into growth chamber for 9 days at 5/3 °C (day/night) as cold treatment, or at 20/18 °C as control. Proline content, total protein accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, were assayed in the leaf extracts of control and cold treated plants. The results showed that cold led to an accumulation of proline and an increase in protein level, especially in winter cultivar. Rapid increases in proline and protein accumulations were observed during early stages of cold stress. SOD activity displayed no significant differences between the two cultivars during the first 3 days after cold stress, while in Azar 2, the level of SOD activity was gradually increased after 3 days of cold stress. The POD and CAT activity were higher in plants grown at cold stress than in the controls; however, their rate was different in winter and spring wheat cultivars. In general, Azar2 showed relatively higher POD and CAT activity compared to Kavir. Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, cultivars respond differently under cold stress. Articles source: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Bioremediation Through The Use of Indigenous Natural Resources vis-a-vis Its ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge and water spillage of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Oryza sativa was selected as a test species. The recommended doses of chemical fertilizers (70:35:35) and different concentration of sodium fluoride (25 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F) were used for first set of experiment and the second set were treated with vermicompost, compost, bacterial consortia and different concentration of sodium fluoride(25 ; 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F). Among all of the species Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium were resistant and survived under fluoride polluted condition. One unique thing was observed from these experiment that paddy which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) which was above the control set. Moreover, stress enduring metabolites viz. proline content of flag leaves were lowest recorded under indigenous organic inputs treated plots as compared to chemical fertilizer treated plots. Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. From the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) value of paddy clearly depicted that the crop of those plots were treated with indigenous organic inputs were more resistant for enduring stress condition. In these experiment combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride within plant parts especially in grains (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO), where fluoride was within permissible range as well as they reduced the fluoride content within the soil (2.57-16.44 mg Kg-1. as recommended by FAO, EPA, and WHO) as was noted by measuring the fluoride in the plant parts and soil after the experiment. Therefore, bacterial consortia could be an alternative for bioremediation of fluoride.
Considering the effects of chemical herbicide application, biomarkers have
now become more widely considered for controlling weeds. Allelopathy demonstrates
the potential for this through the release of trace elements from decomposable plant
leaves, seeds, stems and strains. In order to investigate the effects of aqueous extract
of sunflower on the germination and morphological characteristics of Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis seedlings as three common weeds in sugar
beet fields, a research experiment was carried out in the laboratory of Islamic Azad
University, Neishabour, in 2016 as a factorial in the form of completely randomized
design with four replications. The experimental treatments were aqueous extract of
sunflower (zero, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%), the type of weed in three levels (Rumex
acetosa, Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis), respectively. The results showed
that the highest percentage and rate of germination were observed in non-use of
sunflower extract (irrigation with distilled water), which in Rumex acetosa 97 and 33
percent were higher respectively, in comparison to Lepidium draba and Convolvulus
arvensis. In the study of stem fresh weight, fresh and dry weight of roots, it showed
that the field bindweed plant was more resistant compared to Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba. The lowest germination and seedling traits were obtained in 100% of
sunflower aqueous extract, which affected the weeds of the Ivy and Blacks, and the
sorrel was more resistant. According to the results, sunflower extract as a strong
combination for weed control can have promising results for sustainable agriculture.
Fruit crops like mango, citrus, avocado, litchi, temperate fruits, nuts, etc. suffer from the severe problem of irregular bearing or cropping periodicity as well as staggered or erratic flowering behaviour, leading to considerable loss of their production potential. Some of the fruit crops are worst sufferers of cropping periodicity. In fruit crops production serious problems is biennial bearing or irregular bearing leading to considerable loss of their production potentials. Alternate bearing tree (or branch) is one that does not bear a regular crop year after year; rather, heavy yields are followed by extremely light ones and vice-versa, While Flower initiation is very important because it is the first step towards attaining fruit. Biennial cycle is very usual, so that an “on-year” (large yields) is followed by an “off-year” (little or no yield). Alternate bearing means "a condition at which high or optimum fruit production in on year and certain year bear little or no fruit (off year), but growth regulators such as paclobutrazol reported to be effective on inducing flowering off year.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER ...Dr Dama
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER VERMICOMPOST IN COMPARISON WITH PRESS MUDCAKE.
Mushan L.C*. Rao K.R.**, Shagalolu V.V*. and Dama L.B*@.
Influence of an Uchkun Preparation to some Agricultural Crops which are Grown...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The effect of an Uchkun preparation on growth, development and yield of cotton under water deficit and wheat in saline soil conditions were studied. The field experiments showed that the pre-sowing seed treatment by Uchkun at a dose of 1.0 liter per ton of seed contributes to the stimulation of growth and development of cotton in ontogeny and increases the yield of raw cotton to 2.5 quintal per hectare (qu/ha). The harvest increases of 4.7-6.3 qu/ha in the case of treatment of wheat seeds by spraying method in the tillering phase by the same dose, and at pre-plant treatment of seeds the harvest increases of 3.8-5.2 qu/ha depending on the type of wheat. It was found that the plant origin preparation Uchkun improves the adaptation of plants to unfavorable conditions, such as drought, high temperatures, and soil salinity.
The present study investigates the growth and developmental changes of Pearlmillet [(Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.)] and Ragi [Eleusine coracana (Gaertn )] under pot culture experiments with different concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts (5, 10, 20, 30 and 50g/l) of Teak. Teak leaf extracts showed an inhibitory and stimulatory effects on germination, seedling length, biomass, pigments and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi. The 5g/l concentration of extract stimulated the seed germination, seedling growth and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi.. The higher concentrations (10, 20, 30and 50g/l) showed an inhibitory effects in all the parameters studied in the two economically important cereals. The degree of retardation was dependent on the concentration of the Teak leaf extracts. Root length, Shoot length, Biomass and Biochemical constituents of ragi seedlings were highly reduced at 50g/l concentrations of aqueous leaf
extracts of Teak. Between pearl millet and ragi seedlings, more allelopathic influence was observed in ragi than pearl millet seedlings.
The journal is an open access, international, double-blind peer-reviewed journal publishing research articles, Invited reviews, short communications, and letters to the Editor in the field of agriculture, fisheries, veterinary, biology, and closely related disciplines. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences is being published online biannually as of 2007. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences aims to create an environment for researchers to introduce, share, read, and discuss recent scientific progress. We adopt the policy of providing open access to readers who may be interested in recent developments.
Effect of Different Sources of Nutrient on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmosc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The experiment was carried out at Nepal Polytechnic Institute field, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal to study the effect of different nutrient sources on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L Monech). Five different treatments; poultry manure, FYM, goat manure, chemical (as per N equivalent) and no fertilizer (control) were replicated four times. The experiment was arranged in Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD). The okra variety ArkaAnamika was used for experiment. The data were collected on the growth and yield parameters including plant height (cm), canopy (cm), numbers of leaves per plant, numbers of branches per plant, fruit length, diameter and yield. Results indicated that different nutrient sources had significant (P<0.05) affected on plant height, canopy, leaf number, branches and also in yield parameters. Based on the findings of the experiments, it can be concluded that application of poultry manure significantly increased the growth and yield performances on Abelmoschus esculentus L. Monech (okra) compared to other types of fertilizers. As the study reflected the use of no fertilizer results in the lowest vegetative growth and yield performances which indicates to use some nutrient sources for better growth and production of okra.
Comparison of Resistance to Fusarium wilts disease in Seeded and Regenerated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Plant tissue culture has been used as a tool for crop improvement in many different ways. Such as somaclonal variation that occurred in many different crops. In this study a program for disease resistance was established in sesame using somaclonal variation. As resistance to Fos is very important so different kinds and concentrations of Plant Growth Regulators were tested for producing of plantlet regenerated from apical shoot explants. The results showed that the combination of BA and NAA also BA and IAA with ABA could be used for regenerating sesame plantlets from apical shoots. The difference in BA concentrations had a positive effect on shoot and root regeneration and at least plant regeneration. So with combination of high level of BA and low level of NAA shooting from explants was dominant and with low level of BA and high level of NAA rooting was progressed. Regenerated plantlets and seeded planlets were compared for examining of resistance or susceptibility to Fos. The result showed that somaclonal variant resulted from regeneration of shoot and root of sesame could lead to producing resistant plantlets.
Abstract— There are considerable differences among plant species in the amount of nutrients required for biomass production, indicating the differential ability of the species to utilize nutrients for growth. Exploitation of this ability for nutrient absorption is a good option for nutrient management in organic agriculture. Different plant species growing in the wild habitats in the Western Ghats and wastelands of the western coasts were screened for phyto-accumulation capacity with respect to macro and micronutrients. Based on the analysis, phyto-accumulators of each nutrient was identified. Considering the overall nutrient concentration, ten plant species were identified as potential plants which can be utilized for nutrient management in organic farming. Plants like Mirabilis jalapa and Canna indica which are super accumulators and possess underground stems are promising plant species for nutrient harvesting as the above ground portion can be harvested without destroying the plants.
A Study on the Removal of Pesticide Residues on Potatoes Using Moringa oleife...AI Publications
Moringa oleifera (MO) is a plant whose seeds possess strong coagulation properties capable of removing turbidity and heavy metals from water. In this study, the effectiveness of MO seeds as a potential pesticide removal apparatus for agricultural produce was investigated. The parameters of interest for each pesticide washing solution were pesticide-concentration reduction, cost, and taste alteration to the potatoes. Separate doses of 0.25 mL profenofos 500 EC were individually applied to distinct 250 g pesticide-free potato piles. A submersion of each tainted potato pile was carried out in one of the chosen pesticide baths (mineral water, 2% salt solution, 10% salt solution, vegetable bath wash, and 10 g MO seed) for 10 min, followed by a 10 second mineral water bath rinse. Remaining profenofos residue concentrations on potatoes were quantified using the quick, easy, cheap, rugged, and simple QuEChERs method coincided with High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The experiments showed that the MO seed was the most effective at removing profenofos at 52.9% followed by the vegetable bath at 47.3%. Neither method caused an alteration in food taste, but the MO seed method is significantly cheaper at 2,000/L IDR ($0.14 USD) compared to the vegetable bath at IDR 10,668/L ($0.77 USD) at the time of the experiment, respectively.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
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Effect of environmental pollution on the quality of an edible plant Alternant...Premier Publishers
The present study is the comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents and microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb collected from unpolluted and polluted site. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts (unpolluted and polluted site) of A philoxeroides that showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, aminoacids, diterpenes, tannin, terpenoids, protein, steroid, oxalate, coumarin and quinones. The ethanol extract showed higher number of phytochemical constituents when compared to the other extract of unpolluted site. The microbial load is also enumerated in the unpolluted and polluted site. In conclusion, phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of many phytoconstituents in ethanol extract and the microbial load is less in the unpolluted site when compared to the polluted site.
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
Comparative analysis of some biochemical responses of winter and spring wheat...Innspub Net
To compare changes of biochemical indices between spring (Kavir) and winter (Azar2) cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under low temperature, 14 days old wheat seedlings were exposed to cold. The seedlings were transferred into growth chamber for 9 days at 5/3 °C (day/night) as cold treatment, or at 20/18 °C as control. Proline content, total protein accumulation, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) enzymes, were assayed in the leaf extracts of control and cold treated plants. The results showed that cold led to an accumulation of proline and an increase in protein level, especially in winter cultivar. Rapid increases in proline and protein accumulations were observed during early stages of cold stress. SOD activity displayed no significant differences between the two cultivars during the first 3 days after cold stress, while in Azar 2, the level of SOD activity was gradually increased after 3 days of cold stress. The POD and CAT activity were higher in plants grown at cold stress than in the controls; however, their rate was different in winter and spring wheat cultivars. In general, Azar2 showed relatively higher POD and CAT activity compared to Kavir. Regarding antioxidant enzymes activities, cultivars respond differently under cold stress. Articles source: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Bioremediation Through The Use of Indigenous Natural Resources vis-a-vis Its ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— An assessment was undertaken to study the combating capacity of bacterial consortia isolated from different sources viz. oil spillage sludge and water spillage of petrol pump and rhizosphere of rice plant against the fluoride toxicity under field condition. Oryza sativa was selected as a test species. The recommended doses of chemical fertilizers (70:35:35) and different concentration of sodium fluoride (25 , 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F) were used for first set of experiment and the second set were treated with vermicompost, compost, bacterial consortia and different concentration of sodium fluoride(25 ; 50 , 100 , 200 , 300 , 400 and 500 mg Kg-1 F). Among all of the species Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium were resistant and survived under fluoride polluted condition. One unique thing was observed from these experiment that paddy which were grown under indigenous organic inputs treated plots gave maximum yield under T1 treatment (25 mg Kg-1 F) which was above the control set. Moreover, stress enduring metabolites viz. proline content of flag leaves were lowest recorded under indigenous organic inputs treated plots as compared to chemical fertilizer treated plots. Data were significantly different at 5% level using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. From the Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) value of paddy clearly depicted that the crop of those plots were treated with indigenous organic inputs were more resistant for enduring stress condition. In these experiment combination of vermicompost, compost and bacterial consortia were capable of reducing the amount of fluoride within plant parts especially in grains (< 0.3 mg Kg-1 as recommended by EPA, FAO and WHO), where fluoride was within permissible range as well as they reduced the fluoride content within the soil (2.57-16.44 mg Kg-1. as recommended by FAO, EPA, and WHO) as was noted by measuring the fluoride in the plant parts and soil after the experiment. Therefore, bacterial consortia could be an alternative for bioremediation of fluoride.
Considering the effects of chemical herbicide application, biomarkers have
now become more widely considered for controlling weeds. Allelopathy demonstrates
the potential for this through the release of trace elements from decomposable plant
leaves, seeds, stems and strains. In order to investigate the effects of aqueous extract
of sunflower on the germination and morphological characteristics of Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis seedlings as three common weeds in sugar
beet fields, a research experiment was carried out in the laboratory of Islamic Azad
University, Neishabour, in 2016 as a factorial in the form of completely randomized
design with four replications. The experimental treatments were aqueous extract of
sunflower (zero, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%), the type of weed in three levels (Rumex
acetosa, Lepidium draba and Convolvulus arvensis), respectively. The results showed
that the highest percentage and rate of germination were observed in non-use of
sunflower extract (irrigation with distilled water), which in Rumex acetosa 97 and 33
percent were higher respectively, in comparison to Lepidium draba and Convolvulus
arvensis. In the study of stem fresh weight, fresh and dry weight of roots, it showed
that the field bindweed plant was more resistant compared to Rumex acetosa,
Lepidium draba. The lowest germination and seedling traits were obtained in 100% of
sunflower aqueous extract, which affected the weeds of the Ivy and Blacks, and the
sorrel was more resistant. According to the results, sunflower extract as a strong
combination for weed control can have promising results for sustainable agriculture.
Fruit crops like mango, citrus, avocado, litchi, temperate fruits, nuts, etc. suffer from the severe problem of irregular bearing or cropping periodicity as well as staggered or erratic flowering behaviour, leading to considerable loss of their production potential. Some of the fruit crops are worst sufferers of cropping periodicity. In fruit crops production serious problems is biennial bearing or irregular bearing leading to considerable loss of their production potentials. Alternate bearing tree (or branch) is one that does not bear a regular crop year after year; rather, heavy yields are followed by extremely light ones and vice-versa, While Flower initiation is very important because it is the first step towards attaining fruit. Biennial cycle is very usual, so that an “on-year” (large yields) is followed by an “off-year” (little or no yield). Alternate bearing means "a condition at which high or optimum fruit production in on year and certain year bear little or no fruit (off year), but growth regulators such as paclobutrazol reported to be effective on inducing flowering off year.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER ...Dr Dama
STUDY OF FUNGAL, BACTERIAL AND ACTINOMYCETES POPULATION IN TENDU LEAF LITTER VERMICOMPOST IN COMPARISON WITH PRESS MUDCAKE.
Mushan L.C*. Rao K.R.**, Shagalolu V.V*. and Dama L.B*@.
Influence of an Uchkun Preparation to some Agricultural Crops which are Grown...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The effect of an Uchkun preparation on growth, development and yield of cotton under water deficit and wheat in saline soil conditions were studied. The field experiments showed that the pre-sowing seed treatment by Uchkun at a dose of 1.0 liter per ton of seed contributes to the stimulation of growth and development of cotton in ontogeny and increases the yield of raw cotton to 2.5 quintal per hectare (qu/ha). The harvest increases of 4.7-6.3 qu/ha in the case of treatment of wheat seeds by spraying method in the tillering phase by the same dose, and at pre-plant treatment of seeds the harvest increases of 3.8-5.2 qu/ha depending on the type of wheat. It was found that the plant origin preparation Uchkun improves the adaptation of plants to unfavorable conditions, such as drought, high temperatures, and soil salinity.
The present study investigates the growth and developmental changes of Pearlmillet [(Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.)] and Ragi [Eleusine coracana (Gaertn )] under pot culture experiments with different concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts (5, 10, 20, 30 and 50g/l) of Teak. Teak leaf extracts showed an inhibitory and stimulatory effects on germination, seedling length, biomass, pigments and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi. The 5g/l concentration of extract stimulated the seed germination, seedling growth and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi.. The higher concentrations (10, 20, 30and 50g/l) showed an inhibitory effects in all the parameters studied in the two economically important cereals. The degree of retardation was dependent on the concentration of the Teak leaf extracts. Root length, Shoot length, Biomass and Biochemical constituents of ragi seedlings were highly reduced at 50g/l concentrations of aqueous leaf
extracts of Teak. Between pearl millet and ragi seedlings, more allelopathic influence was observed in ragi than pearl millet seedlings.
The journal is an open access, international, double-blind peer-reviewed journal publishing research articles, Invited reviews, short communications, and letters to the Editor in the field of agriculture, fisheries, veterinary, biology, and closely related disciplines. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences is being published online biannually as of 2007. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences aims to create an environment for researchers to introduce, share, read, and discuss recent scientific progress. We adopt the policy of providing open access to readers who may be interested in recent developments.
The experiment was conducted at the experimental farm and laboratory of Institute of
Sustainable Agrotechnology, University Malaysia Perlis, Padang Besar, Perlis, Malaysia, with the objective
toinvestigate the inhibitory and stimulatory effects of aqueous extract of mungbean on seed germination and
seedling growth of three crop species, mungbean, sweet corn and okra. Different treatments of mungbean
aqueousextracts (vegetative fresh, vegetative after 2 weeks drying, vegetative after 4 weeks drying, flowering
fresh, flowering after 2 weeks drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, flowering fresh, flowering after 2 weeks
drying, flowering after 4 weeks drying, maturity fresh, maturity after 2 weeks drying, maturity after 4 weeks
drying and water as control) were used to test their effect on the test species. The experiment was randomly
distributed and according to Completely Randomized Design(CRD) with five replicates. The results showed the
fresh vegetative aqueous extract of mungbean had a significant effect (stimulatory) on germination percent and
growth parameters such as number of root, root length and shoot height, of the three crop species. The study
revealed that the aqueous extract of mungbean have different effects (inhibitory and stimulatory) on the
seedlings and the mode of action depends on the associated plant species.Our results suggest that the aqueous
extract of mungbean from the different growth stages and drying periods have an allelopathic effect.
Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on the growth, nutrient uptake, root in...Innspub Net
The effect of Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi on growth, nutrient uptake and root infectivity was determined in Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri) seedlings raised under four phosphorus regimes in sand culture and also in sand/nitrosol sterile and unsterile conditions. Inoculation with AM fungi increased the plant height, leaf number and stem girth in relation to un-inoculated seedlings grown under equivalent P concentrations. An increase in plant height, leaf number and stem girth also occurred in both inoculated sterile and un-sterile sand/nitrosol media in relation to un-inoculated sterile and unsterile media. Arbuscular mycorrhiza also increased the leaf area and the root, leaf and stem fresh and dry weights and also caused an increase in the uptake of phosphorus and potassium in the leaf tissues. It also favoured mycorrhizal infectivity of roots and increased the root absorptive surface area. This study indicates that AM fungi improves the capacity of tropical fruit to absorb and utilize plant nutrients possibly by increasing the effective root surface area from which available form of nutrients are absorbed and also by increasing access of roots by bridging the depletion zones. Inoculating seedlings with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi helps to alleviate the adverse effects of global warming and climate change. As a low-cost technology, arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation is recommended as part of the regular practice for incorporating into nursery media used for tropical fruit seedling propagation.
Effect of potassium fertilization and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) in the ...Innspub Net
A field study was conducted at the college of Agriculture, Baghdad University- Jadiriyah to investigate the effect of adding potassium fertilizer and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) on the population density of two sucking pests of cucumber, cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci during the spring season/2016. Results indicated that potassium sulphate (50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) and organic nutrient (0.8 and 1.6ml/l) reduced both the population density of B. tabaci and T. tabaci nymphs depending on the fertilizer level of the user, the treatment 150 kg/ha for the potassium fertilizer and 1.6 ml/L for organic nutrient was the highest among others when minimized density of nymphs by 1.62 nymphs of B. tabaci/disk leaf and 0.38 nymph of T. tabaci / disk leaf. suggesting a possible increase in cucumber resistance to this pest as a result of the treatments, and the result showed the infestation with B. tabaci was higher in the second half of May, the average number of nymph were 5.35 nymph/ disk leaf, while the highest number of T. tabaci was observed in the first half of May, the average number reached to 2.73 nymph/ disk leaf. The result showed the interaction treatment K150A1.6 was significant superior of percentage of K and increased of content in leaves of Fe, Cu and Zn.
Physiological stress indicates the environmental pressures which affect the
plant physiology and change it. The experiment was conducted as split plot in
randomized complete block design with three replications on safflower (Carthamus
tinctorius) from 2015 to 2016. Treatments were: 1) Irrigation: without stress (irrigation
after 70 mm evaporation from evaporation pan class A) and drought stress (irrigation
after 150 mm evaporation from pan class A) was considered as the main factor and
the concentration of salicylic acid with three levels (0.100 and 200 mg L-1) as the first
sub-factor. The second sub-factor includes the concentrations of three levels of
potassium sulphate (0.05 and 1 mg L-1). The interaction between drought stress and
potassium sulphate and also potassium sulphate and salicylic acid were significant on
the induction of plant height. With regard to this, the comparison between salicylic
acid and potassium sulphate interaction on the safflower plant height and the highest
plant height (107.3 cm) was obtained by using 200 mg salicylic acid plus 1 mg L-1 of
potassium sulphate. The combined analysis of data indicated that interaction between
potassium sulphate × salicylic acid on the grain yield was significant. The highest grain
yield (1550 kg ha-1) belonged to the foliar application of 100 mg salicylic acid and 0.5
mg L-1 of potassium sulphate interaction. The interaction of salicylic acid and
potassium sulphate was significant on the biological yield, and the highest biological
yield was obtained with 200 mg L-1 of salicylic acid and 0.5 mg L-1 of potassium
sulphate. Therefore, in order to compensate for some of the harmful effects of stress
and enable the plant to return to normal growing conditions after re-watering, foliar
application of such chemical compounds on plant can be effective and plays an
important role on the resistance of plant to drought.
Isolation, identification of antagonistic rhizobacterial strains obtained fro...Shazia Shahzaman
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), are associated with roots, found in the rhizosphere and can directly or indirectly enhance the plant growth. In this study soil was collected from rhizosphere of chickpea fields of different areas of Rawalpindi division of Pakistan. PGPR were isolated, screened and characterized. Eight isolates of rhizobacteria (RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RTR, RT and RK) were isolated from Rawalpindi division and were characterized. The antagonistic activity of these PGPR isolates against root infecting fungi (Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium spp.,) was done and production of indole acetic acid (IAA), siderophore and P-solubilization was evaluated. The isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD and RT were found to be positive in producing siderophore, IAA and P-solubilization. Furthermore, most of the isolates showed antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum, and Verticillium spp. The rhizobacterial isolates RHA, RPG, RFJ, RC, RRD, RTR, RT and RK were used as bio-inoculants that might be beneficial for chickpea cultivation as the rhizobacterial isolates possessed the plant growth promoting characters i.e. siderophore, IAA production, phosphate solubilization. In in vitro tests, Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus spp. inhibited the mycelial growth of the fungal root pathogens. The isolates (RHA and RPG) also significantly increased (60-70%) seed germination, shoot length, root length of the chickpea. The incidence of fungi was reduced by the colonization of RHA and RPG which enhanced the seedling vigor index and seed germination. The observations revealed that isolates RHA and RPG is quite effective to reduce the fungal root infection in greenhouse, and also increases seed yields significantly. These rhizobacterial isolates appear to be efficient yield increasing as well as effective biocontrol agent against fungal root pathogen.
4 ijfaf nov-2017-2-allelopathic effect of eucalyptusAI Publications
Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Gezira, Sudan in season 2014/15 to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh) leaf on seed germination and seedling growth of some poaceous crops. Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus on seed germination of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), millet (Pennisetum glaucum [L.] R. Br.), maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum vulgare L.). Six concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%) of the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus were prepared from the stock solution (50 g / l). Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The seeds were examined for germination at three days after initial germination. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the allelopathic effects of Eucalyptus leaf powder on seedling growth of the same crops. The leaf powder of Eucalyptus was incorporated into the soil at rate of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% on w/w bases in pots. Treatments, for each crop, were arranged in completely randomized design with four replicates. The experiments were terminated at 30 days after sowing and the plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings were measured as well as plant fresh and dry weight. Data were subjected to analysis of variance procedure. Means were separated for significance using Duncan`s Multiple Range Test at p 0.5. The results showed that the leaf aqueous extract of Eucalyptus significantly reduced seed germination of the tested poaceous crops and there was direct negative relationship between concentration and germination. Also, the results showed that incorporating leaf powder of Eucalyptus into the soil significantly decreased plant height, number of leaves and root length of crop seedlings as well as seedling fresh and dry weight. In addition, the reduction in seedling growth was increased as the leaf powder increased in the soil. Based on results supported by different studies, it was concluded that Eucalyptus has allelopathic effects on seed germination and seedling growth of the poaceous crops.
Bioremediating Effect of Glomus Hoi and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa on the Organic...IJEAB
This study analyzed the degrading effect of Glomus hoi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the organic content and heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil using Amaranthus cruentus as the test plant. This study was carried out to determine if agricultural activities can be improved using any or both of the micoorganisms. Eight different treatment layouts were used with three replicates for each level of pollution in the treatment layout. Ninety six (96) pots, each containing three kilograms of soil from both sterilized and unsterilized soil were used for the study. Fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum from propagated Arbuscular mycorrhiza was inoculated to a set of twenty four (24) experimental pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil before A. cruentus seedlings were transplanted to them. Another set of twenty four (24) pots containing both sterilized and unsterilized soil were injected with thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before transplanting A. cruentus seedlings to them. The third set of twenty four (24) pots received dual inoculation of both fifty (50) grams of soil inoculum containing G. hoi and thirty (30) mL of P. aeruginosa inoculum solution before A. cruentus were transplanted to them. The residual twenty four (24) pots served as the control. Thereafter, pot preparation was arranged in the screenhouse in a randomized block design. The A. cruentus seedlings were raised in nursery for a period of two weeks before they were transplanted to the pots, seedlings were left for 3 days to overcome transplanting shock before contaminating the soil with refinery effluent at various concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% v/w. The seedlings were allowed to grow for eight weeks before the termination of the experiment. The pre planting analysis of soil showed that heavy metals analyses (zinc and iron) of sterilized soil had a lower concentration to the unsterilized. The soil pH ranged from 6.3 to 6.8. It also revealed that organic matter and organic carbon content ranged from 0.8% to 1.3% and 0.4% to 1.7%. However, after the experiment, it was discovered in this study that treatments without any microorganism inoculation in sterilized and unsterilized soil had a higher level of % organic carbon and % organic matter content compared to the other treatments that were inoculated with one or two micro-organisms across all the levels of effluent concentration. Heavy metals of soil in all the soil samples were found to increase as the petrochemical effluent increased in concentration. The results obtained were analyzed using Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) and other descriptive statistics. This study opined that the combined use of G. hoi and P. aeruginosa was more effective in improving the organic contentand the reduce heavy metals of oil refinery effluent polluted soil than when either is used singly.
Exogenous application with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) or pro...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) like Azotobacter chrocoocum A101, Pseudomonas fluorescens, pseudomonas mendocina Palleroni 1970 and Azospirillum lipoferum N040 or proline on growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage percent (EL%), osmoprotectants such as proline and soluble sugars, activities of antioxidant enzymes like peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and catalase (CAT), oil percent and water use efficiency (WUE) of basil plants subjected to water stress. Plants were treated with two regimes of irrigation water, i.e., 100% of evapotranspiration (ETc) (control) and 60% of ETc and PGPR or proline. Growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, RWC, EL %, proline and soluble sugars concentrations, activities of antioxidant enzymes oil percent and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly altered by water stress and PGPR or proline treatments. Results indicated that PGPR or proline mitigated the water stress and significantly reduced the reduction in growth traits and leaf water content as compared to non-PGPR or proline-treated water-stressed plants. Water-stressed plants treated with PGPR or proline had significant higher photosynthetic pigments, proline and soluble sugars concentrations than water-stressed plants without PGPR or proline treatments. Higher POD, PPO and CAT activities were also observed in water-stressed plants treated by PGPR or proline than water-stressed plants without PGPR or proline treatments. Furthermore, water-stressed plants treated with PGPR or proline treatments had also significant higher oil percent and WUE as compared to water-stressed plants without PGPR or proline treatments. These results are important as the potential of PGPR or proline to alleviate the harmful effects of water stress and offers an opportunity to increase the resistance of basil plants to growth under drought conditions. The protective action of PGPR was more efficient than proline.
Influence of vermicomposted soil amendments on plant growth and dry matter pa...Premier Publishers
The present experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effects of different vermicompost substitutions for vlei soil in seedling nursery production. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seeds were planted in five treatment groups including without vermicompost, 25% vermicompost, 50% vermicompost, 75% vermicompost and 100% vermicompost. Vlei soils were incorporated into the experiment making up the different supplements. There was significant (P<0.05) influence of vermicompost amendments. Tallest seedlings were recorded from V50%(13.2cm) and V75%(12.6cm) and means from treatments V25%, V50% and V75% were significantly higher than treatment V0%. Treatment V100% recorded the highest number of leaves(5.88). Highest root fresh weight was recorded from V50%(2.16g). All treatments revealed a significant difference amongst the treatments with V50% having the highest shoot dry weight of 2.22g. The means for treatments V50% and V75% were significantly higher than the treatment V0%. The highest fresh weight (11.31g) was recorded from V50%. All means for plant dry weight with vermicompost amendments were significantly higher than no vermicompost treatment (V0%). A ratio of 1:1 vermicompost and vlei gave the best results. These finding indicate that instead of using vermicompost alone, its use in mixtures with vlei gives the same effect.
Diversity of drought tolerance and seed yield in sunflower (Helianthus annuus...Innspub Net
Randomized complete block design with four replications in two drought and non-drought environments was used for this study. Drought resistance indices were calculated based on seed yield in stress and non-stress conditions. The results showed that GMP and STI were the best drought resistance indices so had the positive and significant correlation with Yp and Ys. Three dimensional graph showed that RFG5*AF80, G-543 and Farokh were the drought resistant hybrids. These hybrids had the highest amount of Yp, Ys, GMP and STI that revealed the highest yield potential as well as drought tolerance in these genotypes. Because of that these hybrids have promised potential to cultivate in drought prone environments. Regression analysis revealed that the traits grain filling rate, grain filling duration and water use efficiency accounted for 97.0% of total variation exist in seed yield. Path coefficient analysis demonstrated the highest and positive direct effect of grain filling rate and grain filling duration on seed yield in sunflower hybrids. Water use efficiency had low direct effect while high indirect effects via grain filling duration on seed yield. Therefore, the study revealed the importance of total grain filling rate and grain filling duration as indirect selection criteria for genetic improvement of seed yield in sunflower breeding programs especially in early generations. On the other hand, indirect effects of water use efficiency through grain filling duration on seed yield have promising result in selection programs. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
Cold Plasma Technique in Controlling Contamination and Improving the Physiolo...J. Agricultural Machinery
Today, almost half of the total human food, especially in Asia, is directly supplied from grains, and nearly 70% of the cultivated area of the world, which is one billion hectares, is used for growing grains. Therefore, non-destructive methods must be found and developed to increase seed quality in agriculture and industry. Cold plasma is a novel and efficient method that can be used in the agricultural and food sectors for the inactivation of surface microorganisms and the excitation of seeds. This review presents a summary of the effectiveness of cold plasma treatment on the characteristics of four important cereal plants: wheat, rice, corn, and barley. The focus is on the effects of this treatment on seed germination, surface property changes, water uptake of seeds, growth parameters of root, shoot, and seedling length, biomass parameters, and metabolic activities. By examining the research conducted by the researchers, it can be seen that the cereal seeds treated with cold plasma had better germination power, water absorption, shoot length, growth efficiency, shoot and root weight, and metabolic activity. This review can provide insight into the promising trends in utilizing plasma as a method to decrease the prevalence of harmful plant diseases transmitted through seeds and reduce the dormancy of hard seeds.
Effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer (slf) prepared from sargassum wightii and...researchagriculture
The effect of Seaweed Liquid Fertilizer (SLF) of Sargassum wightii and Hypnea musciformis were evaluated on the seedling growth and biochemical parameters of the pulse, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L). The seeds of C. tetragonoloba soaked in SLF performed better when compared to the water soaked controls in terms of growth and certain biochemical attributes. The seeds were sown in soil and SLF were added to soil bed in four different concentrations separately (0.5%, 1%, 2% and 5% w/v). C. tetragonoloba seedlings showed positive response at 0.5% concentration of aqueous seaweed extracts in almost all the growth parameters studied. Similarly, a significant increase in the content of photosynthetic pigments and biochemical constituents such as soluble protein and starch was noted. The use of Sargassum and Hypnea extracts proved to be effective.
Article Citation:
Thambiraj J, Lingakumar K and Paulsamy S.
Effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) prepared from Sargassum wightii and Hypnea musciformis on the growth and biochemical constituents of the pulse, Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L).
Journal of Research in Agriculture (2012) 1(1): 065-070.
Full Text:
http://www.jagri.info/documents/AG0023.pdf
Similar to Biochemical and Physiological Characteristics Changes of Wheat (20)
Effect of seaweed liquid fertilizer (slf) prepared from sargassum wightii and...
Biochemical and Physiological Characteristics Changes of Wheat
1. ISSN No. (Print): 0975-1130
ISSN No. (Online): 2249-3239
Biochemical and Physiological Characteristics Changes of Wheat
Cultivars under Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Salinity Stress
Rosa Ghoochani*, Mehrnaz Riasat**, Sima Rahimi*** and Amir Rahmani****
*Department of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch, Damghan, Iran
**Scientific Board Member of Agriculture and Natural Researches, Center of Fars Province, Shiraz, Iran
***Department of Crop Production and Plant Breeding, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
****Department of Plant Biotechnology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
(Corresponding author: Rosa Ghoochani)
(Received 29 May, 2015, Accepted 15 July, 2015)
(Published by Research Trend, Website: www.researchtrend.net r.ghoochani@gmail.com)
ABSTRACT: This study was performed to evaluate changes in antioxidant enzymes activity, free proline,
relative water content (RWC) and physiological traits of four wheat (Triticum aestivum L) cultivars (Akbari
and Darab) inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus intraradices, under three salinity
stress including control (without salinity), 7 and14 ds m-1
. All growth parameters including shoot fresh weight
(10.17%), shoot (15.6%) and root (25.2%) dry weight were higher in inoculated plants compared to non-
inoculated ones. Salinity stress decreased root colonization percent and the highest root colonization observed
in the cultivar Abari. Mycorrhizal inoculation enhanced RWC, proline content, pigment content, total
protein, superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), peroxidase activity (POD) and catalase activity (CAT). The
higher POD (9.77 Umg-1
), SOD (19.80 Umg-1
) and CAT (9.82 Umg-1
) obtained for Akbari cultivar than Darab
cultivar. Salinity stress enhanced activity of all enzymes. The results indicated that Glomus intraradices
inoculation can alleviate the deleterious effects of salinity stress on wheat cultivars through improving
osmotic adjustment via accumulation of more proline and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The
cultivar Akbari had higher antioxidant activity than other cultivar and consequently can be used in breeding
programs for salinity stress.
Keywords: Antioxidant, Glomus intraradices, Osmotic adjustment, Antioxidant,
INTRODUCTION
The symbiosis of plants and microorganisms plays an
important role in sustainable agriculture and natural
ecosystems. Interactions between plants and AM fungi
results in disease and/or the mutualistic symbiosis
(García-Garrido and Ocampo 2002). Penetration to the
root and the intracellular growth of the AM fungi
involve complex sequences of biochemical and
cytological events and intracellular modifications
(Bonfante 2001).
It has been proven that AM fungi affect not only the
plant growth but also contribute in plant tolerance to
biotic and abiotic stresses (Augé 2001). These fungi are
obligatory symbiotic soil organisms that colonize roots
of most crops and improve their performance (Saed-
moucheshi et al. 2013) by increasing nutrients supply to
the plants and reducing abiotic stress's effects (Qiu-Dan
et al. 2013).
It has been reported that plant inoculation with
mycorrhizal fungi increases antioxidant enzymes in
shoots and roots (Alguacil et al. 2003). On the other
hand, mechanisms such as enhanced osmotic
adjustment and leaf hydration, reduced oxidative
damage and improved nutritional status have been
proposed for the contribution of AM-host plants
symbiosis in drought tolerance (Ghouchani et al. 2014).
Plants response to abiotic stresses such as salinity is
complex and include molecular and biochemical
changes in whole plant (Condon et al. 2004). Salinity
decreases the photosynthesis apparatuses of plants,
causes changes in chlorophyll content and components,
damage to photosynthetic apparatus (Iturbe-Ormaetxe
et al. 1998) and also inhibits the enzymatic and
photochemical activities in Calvin cycle (Monakhova
and Chernyad'ev 2002). Environmental stresses change
the balance between the production of reactive oxygen
species (ROS) including super oxide radical (O2-),
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (OH-
) and
the antioxidant defense systems result in the
accumulation of ROS and consequently oxidative stress
to proteins, membrane lipids and other cellular
components (Saed-Moucheshi, Shekoofa, and
Pessarakli 2014b). The antioxidant defense systems in
plant cells include enzymatic components such as
superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and
peroxidase (POD) and also non-enzymatic constituents.
Biological Forum – An International Journal 7(2): 000-000(2015)
2. Ghoochani, Riasat, Rahimi and Rahmani 300
The toxic superoxide radical is usually dismutated by
superoxide dismutase (SOD) to H2O2, a product which
is relatively stable and detoxified by catalase (CAT)
and peroxidase (POD) (Saed-Moucheshi et al. 2014a).
Higher activities of several enzymes during drought
stress period have been found in AM compared to non-
mycorrihzal (NM) plants (Augé 2001). It is well-known
that osmotic regulators such as proline, potassium and
soluble sugar are small molecules relevant for
evaluating osmotic adjustment ability and drought
resistance in plants (Chen and Gallie 2004).
Due to importance of salinity stress issue, this study
was performed to evaluate changes in antioxidant
enzyme activity, free proline, relative water content and
physiological traits of wheat during salinity stress
conditions and to investigate the response of different
cultivars under mycorrhizal inoculation and salinity
stress.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Experimental procedures
The experiment was carried out in the agriculture and
natural resources center of Iazd, Iran in 2014-2015. A
factorial experiment based on completely randomized
design with three replications was used. The factors
studied were salinity stress (three levels control, 7 and
14 ds m-1
) of soil; cultivars consist of two wheat
cultivar Akbari (resistance) and Darab (susceptible);
and mycorrhizal inoculation (inoculation and control).
The fungus used in the present experiment was Glomus
intraradices Schenck & Smith. Mycorrhizal inoculum
was prepared through the trap culture in maize (Zea
mays L.) with spores of G. intraradices. The mixture of
trap culture medium was obtained from autoclaved
soil/quartz-sand (<1mm) (4:1, v/v).
The soil samples were air dried, passed through 2 mm
sieve and mixed uniformly. The physio-chemical
properties of the soil were sandy loam, field capacity
(%) 25.3, pH 7.9 (soil: distilled water, 1:1), electrical
conductivity (dS m-1
) 0.5, carbonate calcium
equivalent (%) 11.6, total organic matter (%) 1.34, total
kjeldahl nitrogen (%) 0.06, Olsen phosphorus (mg kg-1
)
4.7 and 1M NH4OAc-extractable potassium 240 (mg
kg-1
), DTPA-Extractable of Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn 5,
2,11.3 and 1.7 respectively (mg kg-1
) (Page et al.,
1982). In addition, field capacity (FC) of the soil
samples was determined by pressure plate.
The pots with 240g weight, 23cm diameter, and 20cm
height were filled with 5kg washed and sieved soil
(mentioned above) without purification or sterilization.
All pots received 150 mg N kg-1
soil (urea 46%) and 20
mg P kg-1
soil (K2HPO4.3H2O) and some
microelements up to 5 mg kg-1
. The seeds were treated
with ethanol 98% for about 20s and then were washed
three times with distilled water and kept at 20°C for a
week. About 5cm of surface soil of each pot was
removed and in mycorrhizal treatments, 50g inoculums
(containing spore numbers of 8g-1
substrate and root
colonization of 85 percent) was placed and incorporated
with the remained soil and then 3cm of removal soil
was added to the pots, after that eight seeds were
planted at equal distances. Finally whole residual of
removal soil was added to the pot. After germination,
seedlings were thinned to four plants in each pot.
Pots weighed daily and according to decreased weight
of each pot, decalcified water (for control treats) and
water contain solved NaCl were added up to FC. The
salinity treatments were applied at the tillering stage
and the irrigation until this time was the same for all
pots. The temperature during experiment ranged from
15 to 28°C, with a 16/8 h light/dark period.
After nearly 5 months from the sowing date and at the
beginning of reproductive period, shoots were removed
and content of pots (mycorrhizal roots plus soil
possessing fungal spores and mycelia) were maintained
in polyethylene bags at 4°C. Simultaneously, some pots
were kept without any spore inoculation for preserving
microbial association and used for control treatments.
B. Root colonization and leaf area measurements
Total fresh root and shoot weights of pots were
measured separately. Shoot weight was also measured
after drying at 65°C for 72. To assess rate of AMF
colonization of root, sub-samples of fresh roots were
fixed in formalin/acetic acid/alcohol solution (FAA).
After washing roots in 8% KOH and staining with blue
ink (Pelican) and lactoglycerol (v/v) (based on
Kormanik and McGraw (1982) method) the grid-line
intersect method was used to measure percentage of
AMF colonization of root. Plants leaves were measured
with the ruler and leaf area was calculated using
following equation:
Leaf area = maximum leaf length × maximum leaf
diameter × 0.75.
C. Relative water content (RWC)
Twenty-two days after applying water regimes, the
plant shoot of the smallest plant in each pot was
sampled and immediately weighed as shoot fresh
weight (FW). After being immersed in distilled water
for 24h, turgid weight (TW) of plant shoot was
measured. Then, leaves were kept in oven for 24h at
60°C and shoots dry weight (DW) were measured.
Relative water content was calculated by following
standard formula (Zhou and Yu 2010):
=
−
−
× 100
D. Pigments content
Twenty two days after applying water stress treatments,
one plant sample was randomly selected in each pot and
total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and
carotenoid content of flag leaf were determined
according to Arnon (1949).
3. Ghoochani, Riasat, Rahimi and Rahmani 300
Pigments were extracted in 80% cold acetone and the
absorbance of the extractions was measured
spectrophotometrically at 645, 663, and 470 nm
wavelength and subsequently, pigments content were
determined based on the following standard formulas
(Lichtenthaler and Buschmann 2001):
Total chlorophyll (mg/ml) = 20.2 (A645) + 8.02 (A663)
Chlorophyll a (mg/ml) = 12.7 (A663) - 2.69 (A645)
Chlorophyll b (mg/ml) = 22.9 (A645) - 4.68 (A663)
Carotenoid (mg/ml) = (1000A470 - 3.27[Chl a] -
104[Chl b])/227
Where, A is recorded number in spectrophotometer and
Chla and Chl b denote for chlorophyll a and chlorophyll
b content.
E. Proline measurement
Free proline was extracted from fresh leaves according
to the method of Bates et al (1973). Leaf samples (0.5g)
were homogenized in 10mL of 3% (w/v) aqueous
sulphosalicylic acid and the solution filtered using a
Whatman No. 2 filter paper. Two mLs of solution was
then mixed with 2mLs acid ninhydrin and 2mLs glacial
acetic acid in a test tube, and incubated at 100°C water
bath for 1 h. The reaction was terminated by placing the
mixture in an ice bath. Free proline of solution was
finely extracted with 4 mLs toluene. The absorbance
was recorded at 520 nm and proline concentration was
determined as μmol g-1
fresh weight using a standard
curve.
F. Measurement of total protein and antioxidant
enzymes activity
Leaf samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen and kept
refrigerated at -80°C. Frozen leaves were ground to fine
powder with a mortar and pestle in liquid nitrogen
andwere extracted with ice-cold 0.1M Tris-HCl buffer
(pH 7.5) containing 5% (w/v) sucrose and 0.1% 2-
mercaptoethanol (3:1 buffer volume/fresh weight). The
homogenate was centrifuged at 12000 × g for 20 min at
4°C and the supernatant was used to measure protein
content and enzymes activity. Enzyme extraction was
carried out at 4°C.
The protein content was estimated according to the
method of Bradford (1972), using bovine serum
albumin (BSA) as a standard and observance of 595
nm.
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibits the
photochemical reduction of nitrobluetetrazolium (NBT)
(Beauchamp and Fridovich 1971), this ability used to
determine its activity (Dhindsa, Plumb-Dhindsa, and
Thorpe 1981). For SOD assay, the reaction mixture
contained 50mM K-phosphate buffer (pH 7.8), 13mM
methionine, 75μM NBT, 0.1μM EDTA, 4μM riboflavin
and extracted enzyme. The reaction started by adding
riboflavin after which the tubes were placed under two
15 W fluorescent lamps for 15 min. A complete
reaction mixture lacking enzyme, which gave the
maximal colour, considered as control.
A non-irradiated complete reaction mixture was used
as a blank. One unit of SOD activity was defined as the
amount of enzyme required to cause 50% inhibition of
the reduction of NBT as monitoredat 560 nm
(Giannopolitis and Ries 1977).
Peroxidase (POD) activity was assayed (Polle et al.
1994) at 436 nm by its ability to convert guaiacol to
tetraguaiacol (ε =26.6mM cm-1
). The reaction mixture
contained 100m M K-phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 20.1m
Mguaiacol, 10mM H2O2 and enzyme extract. The
increase in absorbance was recorded by adding H2O2 at
436 nm for 5 min. The activity of Catalase (CAT) was
determined by monitoring the disappearance of H2O2 at
240 nm (ε = 40mM cm-1
) according to the method of
Aebi (1984). The reaction mixture contained 50mM K-
phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 33mM H2O2 and enzyme
extract.
G. Statistical analysis
Normality test for all data was done using Minitab
software (v.14) and the data for colonization and RWC
were ArcSin to achieve a normal distribution. The main
effects of water stress, cultivars and mycorrhizal
inoculation and their interactions were tested using
analysis of variance (ANOVA). Least Significant
Difference (LSD) was used for mean comparison of
main effects. The mean comparisons for interactions
were made using slice procedure and Pearson
correlation test was performed to identify the
correlations among traits using SAS (Statistical
Analysis Software).
RESULTS
A. Physiological traits and mycorrhizal colonization
Salinity stress decreased all growth parameters
including Biological yield, shoot dry weight and root
fresh weight and also caused significant decrease in
root colonization (RC) for all cultivars (Table 1).
Highest Biological yield, shoot dry weight and root
fresh weight and also root colonization were observed
when no stress (control) was applied while the lowest
ones were recorded for 14 ds/m salinity level.
Compared with control treatments, traits measured in
inoculated plants were higher than non-inoculated
counterparts. The interactions of mycorrhiza
inoculation × drought stress for root colonization and
mycorrhiza inoculation × cultivar, drought stress ×
cultivar and mycorrhiza inoculation × drought stress ×
cultivar for fresh root weight were significant (P>0.05;
data not presented). Regardless of salinity treatments
and cultivars, mycorrhizal inoculation increased
biological yield about 14.17% in inoculated plants
compared to non-inoculated ones. Shoot dry weight
(15.6%) and root fresh weight (25.2%) were also higher
in inoculated cultivars. Akbari cultivar showed a higher
colonization with mycorrhiza.
4. Ghoochani, Riasat, Rahimi and Rahmani 300
B. Relative water content (RWC)
Analysis of variance showed significant difference
(P<0.01) for all main factors related to RWC. In
general, inoculated plants showed higher amounts of
RWC (74.3%) compared to non-inoculated (70.5%)
ones. Salinity stress treatments decreased RWC. To
illustrate, the highest (83.3%) and lowest (55.5%) RWC
were recorded for control salinity and 14 ds/m,
respectively. Among cultivars, the highest RWC
(75.1%) was observed for Akbari while the lowest one
(70.1%) was obtained for the cultivar Darab (Table 1).
Fig. 1. Total chlorophyll content (A), Carotenoid (B) and Chlorophyll a (C) and chlorphyll b (D)for wheat cultivars
under different salinity stress inoculated or non-inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi.
Table 1: Mean comparison for morpho- and physiological measured traits.
Fungus Cultivar Stress
Relative
water
content
Root weight
(gr/plant)
Shoot dry
weight
(gr/plant)
Biologic yield
(gr/plant)
Colonization
(%)
Inoculat
ed
Akbari
Control 0.86478 3.256 13.126 15.95 48.50
7 ds/m 0.84559 4.783 14.570 22.90 50.14
14 ds/m 0.61579 0.796 5.2160 9.570 35.91
Darab
Control 0.88690 3.131 16.233 25.40 52.22
7 ds/m 0.78937 1.299 9.7060 15.90 45.83
14 ds/m 0.57541 0.672 3.2830 3.410 32.38
Non-
Inoculat
ed
Akbari
Control 0.82024 3.432 11.423 16.50 15.08
7 ds/m 0.82542 3.834 10.316 19.00 12.83
14 ds/m 0.69064 1.566 8.5000 13.47 10.68
Darab
Control 0.83972 4.737 14.363 24.00 16.39
7 ds/m 0.75105 1.846 7.4900 15.00 13.91
14 ds/m 0.68806 0.611 6.3860 7.000 7.816
Least significant difference 0.09 0.89 2.03 3.65 7.98
A
D
B
D
C
5. Ghoochani, Riasat, Rahimi and Rahmani 300
C. Pigments' content
Total chlorophyll: There were no significant different
for inoculation and all interaction related to total
chlorophyll content but effects of stress and cultivar
were significant. Controls had maximum content of
total chlorophyll (14.68) and sever salinity stress
showed minimum content (6.76; Fig. 2A). Darab had
higher (12.25) content of total chlorophyll than that in
Akbari (11.71).
Carotenoids: content of carotenoids for all main
effects of stress, inoculation and cultivar and also for
stress × cultivar interaction were significant. Sever
salinity showed maximum negative effect on
carotenoids content that was 37.91% lower than control
(Fig. 1B). Inoculated plants showed high content for
carotenoids (19.79) while non-inoculated plant showed
lower content (15.43). Darab showed higher amount of
Carotenoids (18.30) than Akbari cultivar (16.16).
Chlorophyll a: Results of analysis of variance showed
no significance difference (p>0.05) related to
chlorophyll a (Cha) content inoculated and non-
inoculated plant but the main effect of stress and
cultivar was significant (Fig. 1C). In general, salinity
stresses decreased the amount of cha and the lowest cha
was recorded for sever salinity stress (14 ds/m). Darab
cultivar showed higher content of Chathan Akbari
cultivar.
Chlorophyll b: effects of stress (p<0.01), inoculation
(p<0.05), cultivar (p<0.01) and stress × cultivar
interaction (p<0.01) on content of chlorophyll b (Chb)
were significant. Stresses caused decrease in Ch b but
effect of sever salinity level was higher than others
(Fig. 1D). Higher content of Ch b was recorded
inoculation condition in compare with non-inoculation
condition. Akbari had a higher Chb content than Darab.
C. Antioxidant enzymes activity and protein content
Except the main effect of cultivar on Peroxidase
activity, the effects of other main factors(Stress and
inoculation treatments) on antioxidant enzymes activity
were significant. higher activity of POD (9.77 Umg-1
),
SOD (19.80 Umg-1
) and CAT (9.82 Umg-1
) obtained for
Akbari cultivarthan Darab (Fig. 2B,C,D). Salinity stress
enhanced activity of all enzymes. The activity of
Peroxidase, Catalase and Superoxide dismutase were
22.87, 15.46 and 22.43% respectively higher in
inoculated plants than their non-inoculated
counterparts.
Protein content in stresses condition was higher than
control (Fig. 2A). In control (without stress) non-
inoculated plants showed lower protein content than
inoculated ones. There was no difference between
stressful conditions and control, and also for Darab and
Akbari cultivars related to total protein content.
Fig. 2. Protein (A), POD (B), CAT (C), and SOD (D) activity for wheat cultivars under different salinity stress
inoculated or non-inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi.
A B
C D
6. Ghoochani, Riasat, Rahimi and Rahmani 300
D. Proline content
The effect of main factors and all interactions except
mycorrhizal inoculation × stress on proline content
were significant. Salinity stress increased the amount of
free proline especially under the severe salinity stress
(10.1 µmg-1
). The amount of proline at this salinity
level was about 2 fold higher than other treatments (Fig.
3). Significant difference was observed between Darab
and Akbari cultivar for proline, where Akbari cultivar
had higher amount of free proline (7.27 μm g-1
) than the
other cultivar (4.69μm g-1
).
Fig. 3. Protein (A), POD (B), CAT (C), and SOD (D) activity for wheat cultivars under different salinity stress
inoculated or non-inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi.
DISCUSSION
In the present study, growth characteristics including
biological yield, shoot dry weight and root fresh weight
were considerably higher in inoculated plants under all
conditions. It has been well-established that AM
symbiosis protects host plants against negative effects
of abiotic stresses due to nutritional, physical and
cellular improvements (Ruiz-Lozano 2003). In addition,
the AM symbiosis increases host plant growth due to
improved plant nutrition and also water uptake via
external hyphae in inoculated roots (Sweatt and Davies
Jr 1984). The beneficial effects of different mycorrhizal
fungi on plant growth under stressful conditions have
been demonstrated in wheat (Al-Karaki 1998) and other
plant species (Ruiz-Sánchez et al. 2010). Higher growth
characteristics are likely due to uptake more nutrient
especially potassium (K) and phosphorus (P) (Roldán et
al. 2008) and also water absorption in mycorrhizal
plants. Potassium plays a key role in salinity stress
condition and is known to be the cationic solute
responsible for stomatal movements in response to
changes in leaf water status (Ruiz-Lozano 2003). Many
salinity-adapted species have a highly developed root
system which may be considered as a mechanism of
drought tolerance (Roldán et al. 2008).
Because of its extended root system, the cultivar Akbari
can uptake more water and consequently, tolerate
drought stress condition. By increasing salinity stress
level, root colonization in inoculated plants decreased
but decreasing ratio for Akbari was lower than other
cultivar. It can be concluded that Akbari could be a
suitable candidate for consideration inbreeding
programs for achieving higher wheat-AM symbiosis
and producing higher salinity tolerate cultivars. The
declining of colonization rate in response to increasing
salinity stress level indicates that salinity stress
suppresses the colonization of AM fungi.
Proline content in plants leaves increased with the
increase in the severity of salinity stress in both
inoculated and non-inoculated cultivars, confirming the
positive effects of proline in salinity tolerance. Osmotic
adjustment is considered to be an important component
of salinity tolerance mechanisms in plants. Under
salinity stress conditions, higher plants accumulate
small molecules including organic solutes and inorganic
ions to increase osmotic adjustment (Wu and Xia
2006). Plants with higher osmotic regulators absorb
more water from soil in water-deficit conditions (due to
the salinity stress) than those with lower amounts of
osmotic adjustment regulators. Many plants species
decrease the osmotic potential of their cells by
synthesizing and accumulating compatible osmolytes,
such as proline participating in the osmotic adjustment
(Ruiz-Sánchez et al. 2010). In present study, inoculated
plants contained higher proline concentration (35%)
than non-inoculated ones indicating the effects of
mycorrhizal symbiosis on osmotic adjustments and
increasing drought tolerance in plants.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Control 7ds/m 14ds/m Control 7ds/m 14ds/m
Akbari Darab
Proline(µm/gr) Inoculated Non-InoculatedLSD=2.32
7. Ghoochani, Riasat, Rahimi and Rahmani 300
The highest proline concentration in both inoculated
and non-inoculated plants and all salinity levels was
observed in the cultivar Akbari. There are also
conflicting reports about higher (Subramanian and
Charest 1995) or lower (Wu and Xia 2006)
concentration of amino acids and proline in plant-AM
fungi under abiotic stresses conditions. Ruiz-Sánchez et
al. (2010) reported lower accumulation of free proline
in mycorrhizal rice than non-mycorrhizal plants.
Changes in the protein and chlorophyll content, the
concentration of antioxidants and the activity of
oxidative enzymes are symptomatic for oxidative stress
(Smirnoff 1993). In present study, total protein content
of inoculated and non-inoculated cultivars increased
with increasing the severity of salinity stress probably
duo to plants response to enhance enzymatic and non-
enzymatic protein to regulate the osmotic adjustment in
plant cells. In the control level of salinity, the response
of wheat cultivars to protein content was not
significantly different but in the severe stresses levels,
sensitive cultivar (Darab) showed lower protein than
resistant one (Akbari) indicating the role of total protein
content in enhancing drought tolerance. Total protein
content of inoculated wheat cultivars showed that
mycorrhizal symbiosis affects biochemical component
concentrations in the host plants which can
induceabiotic stress tolerance which is in agreement
with the result of Subramanian and Charest (1995)and
Ruiz-Sánchez et al. (2010).
In the present study, chlorophyll concentrations were
significantly reduced by increasing severity of drought
treatments due to suppression of enzymes responsible
for the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments.
Chlorophyll concentrations have often been higher in
the leaves of control and abiotic stressed mycorrhizal
plants than non-mycorrhizal ones (Augé 2001). The
results of this study showed higher chlorophyll content
for inoculated plants relative to non-inoculated ones.
Higher chlorophyll content and growth parameters of
inoculated cultivars are likely due to alleviating water
stress and increased mineral uptakes. Increased
chlorophyll content in the leaves of mycorrhizal plants
under stress conditions has been reported by Colla et al.
(2008), Kaya et al. (2009) and Hajiboland et al. (2010).
Relative water content (RWC) of inoculated plants was
significantly higher than that of control plants up to 9%
regardless of salinity levels and cultivars. Higher RWC
of inoculated wheat cultivars could be due to either
increased water uptake by mycorrhizal hyphae or
higher proline or other components which interfere in
osmotic adjustment. Salinity stress decreased RWC of
all cultivars while the resistant (Abari) showed higher
RWC than sensitive one (Darab)maybe due to their
mechanism to uptake higher water or preventing water
loss from their shoots. As it was expected, water stress
caused decreases in RWC for all cultivars and
inoculated treatments. Safir, Boyer, and Gerdemann
(1972) concluded that AM symbiosis probably affects
the water relations of soybean plants indirectly through
improved phosphorus (P) nutrition. There are reports
thatAM symbiosis may postpone declines in leaf
relative water content of wheat in abiotic
conditions(Panwar 1993) and changes in shoot water
content relationships (Bethlenfalvay et al. 1987).
Antioxidant enzymes such as POD, SOD and CAT are
of known indicators to evaluate the status of oxidation-
reduction in plants(Dhanda, Sethi, and Behl 2004).AM
symbiosis affects reactive oxygen metabolism and
antioxidant production, but the exact mechanisms
involved are still unclear (Wu and Xia 2006). Salinity
stress induces ROS, as a result of lipid peroxidation,
cause oxidative damages to plants cells. Superoxide
dismutases catalyze the dismutation of superoxide into
oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, a product which is
relatively stable and detoxified by CAT and POD
(Grant and Loake 2000). Therefore, higher activity of
antioxidant enzymes is related to higher stress tolerance
in plants. Our results showed higher activity for
enzymatic antioxidant such as POD, CAT and SOD for
inoculated wheat plants compared with non-inoculated
ones regardless of salinity stress and cultivars effects.
Higher activity of antioxidant enzymes in inoculated
plants is related to the role of mycorrhizal symbiosis in
biochemical and molecular changes in plant cells.
Higher activity of antioxidant enzyme caused
removalof more ROS and decreased oxidative damages
and stress in plants cells; hence inoculated cultivars are
more tolerant than non-inoculated ones due to higher
antioxidant activity. Increasing antioxidant enzymes
activity with respect to increasing water stress levels
indicates the role of these enzymes in drought tolerance
mechanisms. In the preset study highest SOD activity in
inoculated cultivars was recorded for Azar2 in all water
regimes. The same results were also observed for CAT
and POD in other cultivars. It is assumed that
inoculated plants produce antioxidant enzymes as a
defense mechanism simultaneously with starting
mycorrhizal symbiosis that is beneficial response for
plants and therefore, inoculated plants can quickly
response to stresses.
In general, the activity of POD and CAT enzymes were
lower compared to the activity of SOD enzyme. The
activities of several enzymes have been compared in
mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal plants during drought
stress conditions (Augé 2001). An increase in several
antioxidant enzymes has been reported in the shoots of
mycorrhizal plants in semiarid conditions (Alguacil et
al. 2003). In the results of Roldán et al. (2008) there
was no significant effect on SOD activities for the AM-
colonization compared to control plants of Juniperus
oxycedrus while the effect of this fungi on POD
activity, shoot and root dry mater was significant. In
their research, SOD activity decreased as stress levels
increased in inoculated plants but the POD activity was
higher and remained nearly constant during the stress
period.
8. Ghoochani, Riasat, Rahimi and Rahmani 300
CONCLUSION
The results showed that AM symbiosis had significant
effects on wheat physiological traits and antioxidant
enzymes activity. It seems that the AM symbiosis
increases osmotic adjustment by enhancing
accumulation of free proline in shoots that could
contribute in maintaining more water in the shoots.
Higher activities of antioxidant enzymes in inoculated
cultivars caused more productivity and protect plants
cells from deleterious effects of salinity stress. The
results also indicated that inoculating wheat cultivars
with Glomus intraradices can alleviate the deleterious
effects of salinity stress through improving osmotic
adjustment via accumulation of more proline and
increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The
cultivar Abari had higher antioxidant activity than other
cultivar (Darab) and consequently can be used in wheat
breeding programs for salinity stress.
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