This study evaluated 50 wheat genotypes for drought tolerance at the seedling stage. Several physiological and morphological traits were measured under drought and control conditions, including relative water content, chlorophyll content, cell membrane stability, fresh/dry weight, root/shoot length, and root/shoot ratio. The genotypes ETAD232, ETAD19, and ETAD211 generally performed best under drought conditions based on these traits, maintaining higher relative water content, chlorophyll content, and membrane stability compared to other genotypes. ETAD232 in particular displayed strong performance across multiple traits. The study aims to identify drought tolerant wheat germplasm that can be used to improve drought tolerance in breeding programs.
ABSTRACT- Germination one of the most important stages of development, the basic requirement for having the proper
density is farm. In order to choose wheat lines tolerant to drought during seed germination factorial experiment in a
randomized complete block design with three replications were run Agricultural Research Center in Tehran. The
treatments included 40 genotypes of wheat and different levels of PEG (zero, 3-, 6- and 9-charge time). Traits such as root
length, coleoptile length, stem length, the root / shoot ratio, root dry weight and the percentage of germination rate were
measured. The results showed that all traits of drought stress significantly reduced the decline in all the traits of a potential
change of 3 bar to 6 bar, and the results showed that the root length of shoot length other traits for drought levels was
significant, but the interaction was not significant cultivar × drought. With increasing stress, most traits are reduced, the
minimum impact of drought on root to shoot ratio and root dry weight was the most affected.
Key-words- Polyethylene glycol, Osmotic stress, Germination, Wheat, Genotype
Morphological and physiological attributes associated to drought tolerance of...Innspub Net
The experiment was conducted to assess the differential morpho-physiological response to stimulated water deficit and to determine the relationship between some of these morphological and physiological traits and yield components of eighteen durum wheat genotypes grown in pots under lathhouse condition. Water deficit significantly affected gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. It reduced the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) measured both at anthesis and grain-filling stages. Similarly, the value of initial fluorescence (Fo) was increased while variable fluorescence (Fv), maximum fluorescence (Fm) and optimum quantum yield fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were decreased under water deficit. RWC of the leaves was decreased by 36.7% while SLA increased by 12.6% due to moisture stress relative to the well-watered control. No significant correlations were found between chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and grain yield under water deficit condition. Similarly, no significant correlations were found between leaf gas exchange parameters and grain yield. On the other hand, peduncle length and excursion were positively correlated with grain yield while negatively correlated with drought susceptibility index under water deficit condition. Leaf posture and rolling had also a profound effect on grain yield and other attributes. Erect-leaved genotypes had more grain yield, HI, kernel numbers per spikelet and grain-filling rate but had lower kernel weight than droopy leaved. Similarly, genotypes exhibited strong leaf rolling under water deficit condition had more grain yield, kernel numbers per spike and water use efficiency. The genetic variability found for leaf posture, leaf rolling, peduncle length and excursion among the Ethiopian durum wheat genotypes suggests the opportunity for selection superior and adapted genotype in water-limited environments. These can be achieved by integrating these morphological traits as indirect selection in conjunction with other yield components. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-2-april-2011-2/
Responses of wheat seedling to varying moisture conditions and relationship b...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The following study was conducted to estimate the genotypic differences among 30 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under different moisture regimes and relationship between morphological and molecular characterization. Eight seedling parameters root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root dry weight (RDW), shoot dry weight (SDW), chlorophyll rate (CR) and survival rate (SR) were studied at four different soil moisture conditions (T 1 40%,T 2 60%,T 3 80%,T 4 100%) using two factor factorial complete randomized design (CRD). Significant differences among genotypes were observed by analysis of variance. For heritability estimates, survival rate showed lowest heritability under all the treatments. Principal components analysis accounted 81.4% variation in T 1 , 81.9% in T2, 87.7% in T3 and 84.7% in T4 conditions in first PC. Selected diverse genotypes were further fingerprinted with 10 ISSR markers. A total of 74 DNA fragments were detected and 72.7% of was polymorphic. The amplified DNA fragments were ranged from 4 (UBC-809) to 11 (UBC-808). PIC values were ranged from 0.32 to 0.81. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into 4 clusters on the basis of molecular and phenotypic characterization under T4 normal conditions whereas under T1 (moisture stress) conditions genotypes were grouped into 5 clusters explaining genotypic differences under different moisture conditions. The present results showed that phenotypic difference in wheat seedling expression under different water regimes is accompanied with molecular basis, which offer a prospective to enhance wheat adaptation under moisture stress conditions.
Effects of Water Deficiency on the Physiology and Yield of Three Maize GenotypesAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
Three maize genotypes research experiment was carried out in the experimental farm of University of Debrecen, Hungary. The genotypes were subjected to two different treatments, (irrigated and non-irrigated) where the irrigated was the control experiment. Physiological parameters (SPAD, LAI, HEIGHT) and grain yield (kg ha-1) were measured and statistically computed. From our results, SPAD, LAI and HEIGHT values were significantly affected by water stress in the three studied genotypes. Grain yield was reduced in two of the studied genotypes (S.Y Zephir and S.Y Chorintos). But no significant difference was notice in the KWS 4484 cultivar. LAI was not affected in the second measurement in the S.Y Chorintos genotype and, plant height did not record any difference in the first measurement in the KWS 4484 cultivar. Our results suggest second experiment to specifically look at the critical stage in the genotypes growth where water stress has the severe effect on the studied genotypes.
Evaluation of viable selection criteria at the seedling stage in corn genotyp...Innspub Net
Drought is the only factor which causes a more drastic effect on crop plant. Corn is a drought-sensitive crop their yield is influenced at every single phase of growth and development by limited water availability. Corn. A total of 90 accessions were screened and evaluated at different water levels 100% (T1), 40% (T2) and 30% (T3) of field capacity (FC). Evaluation of corn genotypes was done against six seedling parameters (root length, shoot length, fresh root weight, fresh shoot weight, dry root weight and dry shoot weight). The analysis of variance indicated that all the traits under all water levels revealed significantly and the principal component analysis depicted diverse results for different treatments. The results showed that the genotypes Lala Musa, Akbar, Sahiwal-2002, Sultan, Pearl, 15005,15077,14972,15110 under 100% FC level performed well and genotypes 14933,15023,14968,15055, 15005, MMRI yellow, Lala Musa, Pearl, Akbar, Akhgoti, 15067 and Sultan under 40% FC and the genotypes Desi Fsd, 15075, Lala Musa, 14930, 14976, 15132, 15048, Sultan and 15005 performed best in 30% FC. Some corn genotypes Akhgoti, Lala Musa, Sultan, and 15005 performed better under all three water levels. The information on seedling parameters is best suited to screen viable genotypes for baseline information for on-ward corn breeding and research programs on water stress tolerance.
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
ABSTRACT- Germination one of the most important stages of development, the basic requirement for having the proper
density is farm. In order to choose wheat lines tolerant to drought during seed germination factorial experiment in a
randomized complete block design with three replications were run Agricultural Research Center in Tehran. The
treatments included 40 genotypes of wheat and different levels of PEG (zero, 3-, 6- and 9-charge time). Traits such as root
length, coleoptile length, stem length, the root / shoot ratio, root dry weight and the percentage of germination rate were
measured. The results showed that all traits of drought stress significantly reduced the decline in all the traits of a potential
change of 3 bar to 6 bar, and the results showed that the root length of shoot length other traits for drought levels was
significant, but the interaction was not significant cultivar × drought. With increasing stress, most traits are reduced, the
minimum impact of drought on root to shoot ratio and root dry weight was the most affected.
Key-words- Polyethylene glycol, Osmotic stress, Germination, Wheat, Genotype
Morphological and physiological attributes associated to drought tolerance of...Innspub Net
The experiment was conducted to assess the differential morpho-physiological response to stimulated water deficit and to determine the relationship between some of these morphological and physiological traits and yield components of eighteen durum wheat genotypes grown in pots under lathhouse condition. Water deficit significantly affected gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. It reduced the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (gs) measured both at anthesis and grain-filling stages. Similarly, the value of initial fluorescence (Fo) was increased while variable fluorescence (Fv), maximum fluorescence (Fm) and optimum quantum yield fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were decreased under water deficit. RWC of the leaves was decreased by 36.7% while SLA increased by 12.6% due to moisture stress relative to the well-watered control. No significant correlations were found between chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and grain yield under water deficit condition. Similarly, no significant correlations were found between leaf gas exchange parameters and grain yield. On the other hand, peduncle length and excursion were positively correlated with grain yield while negatively correlated with drought susceptibility index under water deficit condition. Leaf posture and rolling had also a profound effect on grain yield and other attributes. Erect-leaved genotypes had more grain yield, HI, kernel numbers per spikelet and grain-filling rate but had lower kernel weight than droopy leaved. Similarly, genotypes exhibited strong leaf rolling under water deficit condition had more grain yield, kernel numbers per spike and water use efficiency. The genetic variability found for leaf posture, leaf rolling, peduncle length and excursion among the Ethiopian durum wheat genotypes suggests the opportunity for selection superior and adapted genotype in water-limited environments. These can be achieved by integrating these morphological traits as indirect selection in conjunction with other yield components. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-1-number-2-april-2011-2/
Responses of wheat seedling to varying moisture conditions and relationship b...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The following study was conducted to estimate the genotypic differences among 30 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes under different moisture regimes and relationship between morphological and molecular characterization. Eight seedling parameters root length (RL), shoot length (SL), root fresh weight (RFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW), root dry weight (RDW), shoot dry weight (SDW), chlorophyll rate (CR) and survival rate (SR) were studied at four different soil moisture conditions (T 1 40%,T 2 60%,T 3 80%,T 4 100%) using two factor factorial complete randomized design (CRD). Significant differences among genotypes were observed by analysis of variance. For heritability estimates, survival rate showed lowest heritability under all the treatments. Principal components analysis accounted 81.4% variation in T 1 , 81.9% in T2, 87.7% in T3 and 84.7% in T4 conditions in first PC. Selected diverse genotypes were further fingerprinted with 10 ISSR markers. A total of 74 DNA fragments were detected and 72.7% of was polymorphic. The amplified DNA fragments were ranged from 4 (UBC-809) to 11 (UBC-808). PIC values were ranged from 0.32 to 0.81. Cluster analysis grouped the genotypes into 4 clusters on the basis of molecular and phenotypic characterization under T4 normal conditions whereas under T1 (moisture stress) conditions genotypes were grouped into 5 clusters explaining genotypic differences under different moisture conditions. The present results showed that phenotypic difference in wheat seedling expression under different water regimes is accompanied with molecular basis, which offer a prospective to enhance wheat adaptation under moisture stress conditions.
Effects of Water Deficiency on the Physiology and Yield of Three Maize GenotypesAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
Three maize genotypes research experiment was carried out in the experimental farm of University of Debrecen, Hungary. The genotypes were subjected to two different treatments, (irrigated and non-irrigated) where the irrigated was the control experiment. Physiological parameters (SPAD, LAI, HEIGHT) and grain yield (kg ha-1) were measured and statistically computed. From our results, SPAD, LAI and HEIGHT values were significantly affected by water stress in the three studied genotypes. Grain yield was reduced in two of the studied genotypes (S.Y Zephir and S.Y Chorintos). But no significant difference was notice in the KWS 4484 cultivar. LAI was not affected in the second measurement in the S.Y Chorintos genotype and, plant height did not record any difference in the first measurement in the KWS 4484 cultivar. Our results suggest second experiment to specifically look at the critical stage in the genotypes growth where water stress has the severe effect on the studied genotypes.
Evaluation of viable selection criteria at the seedling stage in corn genotyp...Innspub Net
Drought is the only factor which causes a more drastic effect on crop plant. Corn is a drought-sensitive crop their yield is influenced at every single phase of growth and development by limited water availability. Corn. A total of 90 accessions were screened and evaluated at different water levels 100% (T1), 40% (T2) and 30% (T3) of field capacity (FC). Evaluation of corn genotypes was done against six seedling parameters (root length, shoot length, fresh root weight, fresh shoot weight, dry root weight and dry shoot weight). The analysis of variance indicated that all the traits under all water levels revealed significantly and the principal component analysis depicted diverse results for different treatments. The results showed that the genotypes Lala Musa, Akbar, Sahiwal-2002, Sultan, Pearl, 15005,15077,14972,15110 under 100% FC level performed well and genotypes 14933,15023,14968,15055, 15005, MMRI yellow, Lala Musa, Pearl, Akbar, Akhgoti, 15067 and Sultan under 40% FC and the genotypes Desi Fsd, 15075, Lala Musa, 14930, 14976, 15132, 15048, Sultan and 15005 performed best in 30% FC. Some corn genotypes Akhgoti, Lala Musa, Sultan, and 15005 performed better under all three water levels. The information on seedling parameters is best suited to screen viable genotypes for baseline information for on-ward corn breeding and research programs on water stress tolerance.
Estimation of genetic parameters and gene actions of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor...Innspub Net
A study of sorghum tolerance to low P condition was conducted in two experiments : (1) in nutrient solution and
(2) in acid soil. The aim of this study was to obtain information on the genetic variability and heritability of agronomic characters that could be used as selection criteria in low P condition and to obtain information on gene action that controlled agronomic characters of sorghum.The plant materials used in this experiment were F2 segregating population derived from the cross between B69 and Numbu. The first experiment was conducted in the green house of Bogor Agricultural University. B69, Numbu and F2 population were grown hidroponically for 14 days. Composition of the nutrient solution used in the experiment followed the method suggested by Ohki with modification of P concentration. P is given in the form of KH2PO4: 0.001 mM. The results showed that shoot dry weight (SDW) and total dry weight (TDW) had high estimate of heritability and moderate genotypic
coefficient of variance (GCV), thus these characters can be used for criteria selection for low P tolerance at seedling stage. The significant value of skweness from the distribution shoot dry weight in F2 segregants, indicate the presence of complementary epistasis gene action, whereas normal distribution of total dry weight showed additive gene action. The second experiment was conducted in acid soils of Bogor District Experimental Field Tenjo, Bogor. The results showed that stem diameter, panicle weight and grain yield per plant had high heritability and wide GCV value, indicating these characters can be used as the selection criteria in selecting
sorghum genotypes for low P tolerance in acid soil. Based on the skewness values, all of the agronomy characters
observed in this study were influenced by additive gene action. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Influence of phosphorous acid application on the accumulation of total phenol...Innspub Net
One mechanism used by coconut plant to protect itself against Phytophthorakatsurae is linked to total
polyphenols production. This study aimed to investigate the impact of phosphorous acid plant treatment on the
production of total polyphenols in coconuthusk, as part of chemical control.The study was conducted on two
coconuts cultivars (EGD and PB 121+) with four doses of phosphorous acid [Control, 2.8 g (TA), 5.6 g (TB), 11.2 g
(TC)]. At each sampling, the husks were processed and extracts were prepared for total polyphenols assays. There
was significant difference between EGD and PB 121+ total polyphenols production (p<0.001).The interaction
between coconut variety and phosphorous acid doses was also significant.The interaction EGD and TC had the
highest total polyphenols accumulation of 4838.5 µg/g of fresh weight (FW). For PB121+, the highest total polyphenols accumulation of 6433.71 µg/g FW was obtained from the interaction between PB121+ and T0. From this observation, it could be statedthat phosphorous acid only triggers the treated plantdefense mechanisms to produce total phenolic compounds when attacked by a pathogen. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-3-september-2015-ijaar/
Seed Setting Efficiency, Leaf Relative Water Content and Yield Traits of some...Premier Publishers
A potted experiment was conducted in the screen house between February and April, 2017. Seeds of five cowpea varieties were obtained and placed in plastic buckets of 7-liter capacity, perforated at the bottom and filled with top soil. Three soil moisture level treatments of Severe Stress (SS), Mild Stress (MS) and Non-Stress (NS) conditions were imposed. Pots were weighed in the morning of each day for the period of eight weeks to obtain daily cumulative water transpired. The experiment was a 5 x 3 factorial combination arranged using completely Randomized Design with six replications. Some of the Growth and Yield indices measured were, Leaf Relative Water Content (%), Seed Setting Efficiency (Ef), Crop Growth Rate (CGR), Pod Growth Rate (PGR), Water use efficiency (WUE), and Seed Yield (kg/ha). From the study, water stress negatively affects leaf relative water content, seed setting efficiency and cowpea yield by inducing reproductive organ abortion during reproductive development of cowpea. Consequently, the crop seed setting efficiency is lowered. Poor seed yield of cowpea under the severe water stress condition occurred as a result of reduced rate of assimilates production caused by water stress which reduced water potential in cowpea leaf and pods. Varieties exhibiting higher (WUE) were recorded more at non stress level and this was recorded for all the varieties except for Oloyin Brown which had higher (WUE) under mild-stress condition. At severe water stress conditions, most of the varieties recorded lower (WUE) except in varieties IT98K-503-1. Water stress reduced leaf relative water content and grain yield of cowpea. Among the varieties evaluated, IT98K-503-1 performed better at Non stress condition with higher seed setting efficiency (1.94), leaf relative water content (86.9%), and seed yield (14.8kg/ha).
Comparison of Resistance to Fusarium wilts disease in Seeded and Regenerated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Plant tissue culture has been used as a tool for crop improvement in many different ways. Such as somaclonal variation that occurred in many different crops. In this study a program for disease resistance was established in sesame using somaclonal variation. As resistance to Fos is very important so different kinds and concentrations of Plant Growth Regulators were tested for producing of plantlet regenerated from apical shoot explants. The results showed that the combination of BA and NAA also BA and IAA with ABA could be used for regenerating sesame plantlets from apical shoots. The difference in BA concentrations had a positive effect on shoot and root regeneration and at least plant regeneration. So with combination of high level of BA and low level of NAA shooting from explants was dominant and with low level of BA and high level of NAA rooting was progressed. Regenerated plantlets and seeded planlets were compared for examining of resistance or susceptibility to Fos. The result showed that somaclonal variant resulted from regeneration of shoot and root of sesame could lead to producing resistant plantlets.
Evaluation of vernalization requirement in wheat inbred lines and cultivars u...Innspub Net
An understanding of vernalization requirement is a prerequisite for the development of cold tolerant cultivars for
high stress regions. Vernalization requirement in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has not been adequately
addressed. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to understand how the vernalization dates are
related to cold tolerance, phenological development and photosynthesis in four inbred lines (inbred line 1, 2, 3
and 4) and two wheat cultivars (Mironovskaya-808 and Pishtaz). These genotypes were subjected to vernalization temperature (5 C) on 30.11.2012, 17.12.2012, 09.01.2013, 13.02.2013 and 08.03.2013 as different vernalization dates. Control plants were grown under 25/20 C, day/night condition. Final leaf number was determined at intervals throughout the growth period to measure vernalization status. Number of days until heading was registered and lethal temperature (LT50) was determined. Photosynthesis rate was measured at the end of winter and flowering stages. According to the results the individual effect of genotype and vernalization date was significant on final leaf number, number of days until flowering and LT50. However, photosynthesis rate was just affected by vernalization date. In addition, interaction between vernalization date and genotype was significant on final leaf number, number of days until flowering and LT50. These results support the hypothesis that vernalization responses regulate phenological growth and affect cold tolerance through their influence on the rate of plant development.
Glyphosate resistance trait into soybean Cuban varieties: agronomical assessm...Innspub Net
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was one of the first major applications of genetic engineering in field crops and offered farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds. Weeds are a problem for soybean production in Cuba, so our work aim was the GTS 40-3-2 event introgression into Cuban varieties. Two local cultivars were crossed with transgenic genotypes that carry the event. From F1 to F3 generations, individual plants that produced more than 60 g of seeds per plant were chosen to obtain next generation. Individual lines were selected from F4 generation. F5 and F6 generations of five selected transgenic lines and their relatives were chosen to evaluate seven
agronomic traits throughout the summers of 2012 and 2013. A Random Block experimental design was done. First flowering (R1) and maturity (R8) stages of all genotypes were affected by planting date. Plant height of I1B2- 3, I1B4, I36B4 and RP5 lines ranged from 80 to 111 cm. I1B2-2 and I1B2-3 lines would be suitable for mechanized harvesting because they had the insertion of the first pod at 14.63 cm and 13.93 cm respectively. I36B4 line produced the greatest number of pods per plant (127). Transgenic lines produced more than 180 seeds per plant and 100-seed weight ranged from 13.75 g to 17.46 g. Seed yield per plant of transgenic lines and their parents IncaSoy36, CEB2 and CEB4 weren’t statistically different. These results could be a start point for other studies
involving larger areas, different planting dates and localities. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Selection of Drought Tolerant Mutant of Amaranthus Cruentus L. in Green HousePremier Publishers
Water deficit is one of the significant environmental factors limiting plant production. This stress occurs during drought period. The aim of this study was to select gamma irradiation-induced drought tolerant mutant drought lines during vegetative stage. Seeds of the reference cultivar were gamma irradiated using the gamma irradiated facility at the IAEA to induce genetic variation. Four selected lines based on their high biomass (L2, L17, L18 and L23) and the reference cultivar (L0) were grown under four irrigation frequencies: 2, 4, 8 and 12 days with 200 ml as standard water regime for 24 days after transplanting. Completely randomized block design with 3 repetitions was applied. Data related to Relative Plant Height Growth, Relative Leaf Number Growth, Relative Shoot Fresh Mass Growth and Relative Root Length Growth were determined. The results indicated a significant effect of water deficit on all considered parameters by limiting the growth. Reduction observed were less accentuated in lines L2. Line L2 showed a significant difference for root growth indicating the adaptability of drought. Based on drought tolerant index, L2 was the most tolerant. At this stage, lines L2 appeared to be the most promising for the creation of new drought-tolerant amaranth varieties.
Selection of Drought Tolerant Mutant of Amaranthus Cruentus L. in Green HousePremier Publishers
Water deficit is one of the significant environmental factors limiting plant production. This stress occurs during drought period. The aim of this study was to select gamma irradiation-induced drought tolerant mutant drought lines during vegetative stage. Seeds of the reference cultivar were gamma irradiated using the gamma irradiated facility at the IAEA to induce genetic variation. Four selected lines based on their high biomass (L2, L17, L18 and L23) and the reference cultivar (L0) were grown under four irrigation frequencies: 2, 4, 8 and 12 days with 200 ml as standard water regime for 24 days after transplanting. Completely randomized block design with 3 repetitions was applied. Data related to Relative Plant Height Growth, Relative Leaf Number Growth, Relative Shoot Fresh Mass Growth and Relative Root Length Growth were determined. The results indicated a significant effect of water deficit on all considered parameters by limiting the growth. Reduction observed were less accentuated in lines L2. Line L2 showed a significant difference for root growth indicating the adaptability of drought. Based on drought tolerant index, L2 was the most tolerant. At this stage, lines L2 appeared to be the most promising for the creation of new drought-tolerant amaranth varieties.
Xingxinag, G., M. Li, G. Zongjung, L. Changsong and S. Zuowen, 2009. Allelopathic effects of Hemisterpa lyrata on the germination and growth of wheat, sorghum, cucumber, rape and radish seeds .Weed. Biol. Manage., 9: 243‒249.
Loss due to diseases range from 20 to 30 %, in case of severe infection, total crop may be lost.
Estimated global loss due to insect pests in potential yields of all crops is -14%.
In India losses due to insect pests ranges from 10 to 20 %
Abiotic stresses reduce average yield of crops by upto50% (Bray EA 1997)
Annually about 42% of the crop productivity is lost due to various abiotic stress factors (Oerkeet.al.,1994).
Influence of water stress and rhizobial inoculation on growth and yield of se...Innspub Net
Two season’s field experiment and single season screen house experiment were conducted to assess the effect of water stress periods and rhizobial inoculation in five P. vulgaris cultivars. The experiment consisted of two levels of rhizobia (with and without inoculation), two stress levels (with and without water stress) and five cultivars of P. vulgaris (KAT B9, KAT B1, F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought line and JESCA). Results showed that rhizobial inoculation significantly increased plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) at vegetative and flowering in field experiment. Furthermore, water stress treatments significantly reduced plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) in both growth stages at field experiment. For screen house experiment rhizobial inoculation significantly increased leaf area (cm2), number of leaves, stem girth (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) at both growth stages. Additionally, water stress treatments significantly reduced number of leaves, stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) in both growth stages. Varieties F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought Line and JESCA had significantly superior measurements reflected in increased plant height (cm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) as compared with KAT B9 and KAT B1. Furthermore, significant interactive effects were also seen between rhizobial inoculation x stress level and tested bean cultivars on plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, shoot dry weight and seed yields.
Criteria for the Selection of Vegetable Growth-Promoting Bacteria to be appli...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
In order to define which are the most important criteria for the selection of plant Growth-Promoting bacterial strains of the Hibiscus sabdariffa L. crop (Roselle), bacterial strains isolated from the roots of Roselle plants of two varieties (Creole and Spider) were used, collected in the community of Río de los Peces, municipality of Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca and seeds of the same varieties. To characterize the varieties, the following were determined: total germination percentage (TGP), germination speed (GS), the root length(RL), the stem length (SL), the dry root biomass (DRB), the dry stem biomass (DSB) and the chlorophyll content (CC). Three types of LED lamps were used to illuminate the seedlings. The seeds inoculated with cells of six selected bacterial strains were grown in a greenhouse to determine: the stem length (SL) at 3, 45 and 65 days after sowing (das). The treatments were distributed under a completely random design and comparison of means (Tukey, p = 0.05). The TGP, DSB and DRB parameters were not useful in the selection process of the strains that promoted plant growth to a greater degree. The GS and SL to be considered safe criteria or not, what is important is the relationship of what happens at the time of germination and development of the seedlings in the laboratory and greenhouse. The SL of the plants in the greenhouse showed differences between strains, but not regarding the control and also only observed in the first days of development (3 das). The CC did not prove to be a good selection criterion either. The lamp composed of 15% white light, 27% blue light and 58% red light was the one that most promoted root growth.
Effect of Different Sources of Nutrient on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmosc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The experiment was carried out at Nepal Polytechnic Institute field, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal to study the effect of different nutrient sources on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L Monech). Five different treatments; poultry manure, FYM, goat manure, chemical (as per N equivalent) and no fertilizer (control) were replicated four times. The experiment was arranged in Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD). The okra variety ArkaAnamika was used for experiment. The data were collected on the growth and yield parameters including plant height (cm), canopy (cm), numbers of leaves per plant, numbers of branches per plant, fruit length, diameter and yield. Results indicated that different nutrient sources had significant (P<0.05) affected on plant height, canopy, leaf number, branches and also in yield parameters. Based on the findings of the experiments, it can be concluded that application of poultry manure significantly increased the growth and yield performances on Abelmoschus esculentus L. Monech (okra) compared to other types of fertilizers. As the study reflected the use of no fertilizer results in the lowest vegetative growth and yield performances which indicates to use some nutrient sources for better growth and production of okra.
— This study summarizes the results of 30 years of our experiments with Vicia faba L seeds. Our long-term practical observations of different Vicia faba L. cultivars points out the method useful for the higher yield of seeds in terms of their viability and thus higher crop production. Our experiments led to the following important findings regarding of seed viability: 1. Individual and group variability of seeds; 2. Storage condition before germination; and 3. The condition of their germination. All these three influential conditions is possible to optimalize by method of storage effect described in this our report resulting in the improvement of crop production. This is especially important in case of seeds that are rare and/or expensive, i.e. seeds that are genetically modified or with rearranged karyotypes. Keywords— seed color, higher germination, improvement of viability, higher crop production.
Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizer on growth, yield and...Innspub Net
The tomato is the one of the most famous crops in Pakistan. It is used and consumed as fresh as well as in processed form. Its botanical name is Solanum lycopersicon Mill. The proposed study had been conducted in the year 2017-2018 in order to find the best combination of water soluble NPK fertilizers as compared to control. Five different types of water soluble fertilizers were collected from different sources and were applied at 5% concentration during the entire growing period of the tomato crop. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and three replications of each. Different vegetative, reproductive and bio-chemical parameters were recorded and analyzed statistically at 5% level of significance. The treatments were compared using LSD test. It was concluded that different NPK water soluble fertilizers showed variation in physical and bio chemical parameters in tomato plants as compared to control. The plants showed variation in plant height, No. of fruit per plant, fruit yield per hectare, Individual fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, No. of diseased fruit per plant, date of first harvest, Fruit color Fruit length (cm), fruit size (cm), fruit firmness, total NPK contents, vitamincmg Chlorophyll concentration, pH, (TSS), Electricity conductivity (EC) and Titratable acidity Among all the water soluble treatments, the T3 treatment (WSF 20:20:20) yielded the comparatively better results as compared to other WSF treatments. So it was concluded that T3 was the recommended water soluble fertilizer for tomato.
Genetic studies of genotypic responses to water stress in upland cotton (Goss...INNS PUBNET
The present study was carried out to examine the potential in cotton germplasm for breeding water stress tolerant plant material, and understand the genetic basis of different morphological traits related to water stress tolerance. Portioned analysis of variance was employed to obtain good parents for this purposes. The parental genotypes MNH-512, Arizona-6218, CIM-482, MS-39, and NIAB-78 were crossed in complete diallel fashion and F0 seeds of 20 hybrids and five parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2010. Simple regression analysis of F1 data revealed that additive-dominance model was quite adequate for all morphological traits. The unit slope of regression lines number of bolls (b = 1.07 ± 9.14), boll weight (b = 0.99 ± 0.11), yield per plant (b = 0.96 ± 0.31), plant height (b = 1.10 ± 0.34), leaf area index (b = 0.82 ± 0.27), and ginning percentage (b = 1.01 ± 0.12) suggested that the epistatic component was absent in the inheritance of all characters studied. The result of various plant characters including seed yield showed drastic effects of water stress as compared with those assessed in non-stressed condition. Leaf area index in the analysis of variance suggested that additive variation was more important for the character. Narrow leaf varieties NIAB-78 and CIM-482 were water stress tolerant while varieties Arizona-6218, MNH-512 and MS-39 were broader leaf showing less resistant to water stress. The information derived from these studies may be used to develop drought tolerant cotton material that could give economic yield in water stressed conditions of cotton belt. Full articles at: http://innspubnet.blogspot.com/2016/08/diversity-and-distribution-of-anuran-in.html
Genotypic variation for agronomical and physiological traits affecting drough...Premier Publishers
The main objective of this study was to evaluate drought resistant genotypes previously developed in CIAT and local cultivars for yield traits and to identify agronomical and physiological traits associated with drought stress environments under the local environment in Yemen. The study materials were selected (16 genotypes) based on phenotypic, physiological traits and drought tolerance indexes in 2006 and 2007, then evaluated in 2008, 2009 and 2010 at three locations representing low rainfall drought (LRD) stress at the southern highland region (SHR) at Ibb – Yemen. Both experiments were subjected to medium to severe drought stress. Genotypes responded differently to drought stress and normal conditions; accordingly these bean genotypes categorized into four groups. The most important group, the group that includes MIB-154, MIB-155, Ser-72, BFB-141, SXB-416, Ser-111, Ser-88, NSL and Taiz-305 genotypes. This group expressed uniform superiority under both normal and drought conditions. The most important group, the group that includes MIB-154, MIB-155, Ser-72, BFB-141, SXB-416, Ser-111, Ser-88, NSL and Taiz-305 genotypes. This group expressed uniform superiority under both normal and drought conditions. Among phenotypic, physiological traits and drought tolerance indexes; delayed leaf senescence (DLS), growth recovery tolerance (LRT), grain filling index (GFI), seed production efficiency (SPE), stomatal conductance, early maturity and stress tolerance index (STI) were found to be the most suitable indices for screening bean lines for drought tolerance under both NS and SD environments as they were highly correlated with both (Yp) and (Ys). Moreover, stability indices analysis of the promising genotypes eight location x three years (2011, 2012 and 2013); proved that genotypes MIB-155, MIB-156, BFB-141, SXB-416 and NSL has high yields with low response indices.
Seed Setting Efficiency, Leaf Relative Water Content and Yield Traits of some...Premier Publishers
A potted experiment was conducted in the screen house between February and April, 2017. Seeds of five cowpea varieties were obtained and placed in plastic buckets of 7-liter capacity, perforated at the bottom and filled with top soil. Three soil moisture level treatments of Severe Stress (SS), Mild Stress (MS) and Non-Stress (NS) conditions were imposed. Pots were weighed in the morning of each day for the period of eight weeks to obtain daily cumulative water transpired. The experiment was a 5 x 3 factorial combination arranged using completely Randomized Design with six replications. Some of the Growth and Yield indices measured were, Leaf Relative Water Content (%), Seed Setting Efficiency (Ef), Crop Growth Rate (CGR), Pod Growth Rate (PGR), Water use efficiency (WUE), and Seed Yield (kg/ha). From the study, water stress negatively affects leaf relative water content, seed setting efficiency and cowpea yield by inducing reproductive organ abortion during reproductive development of cowpea. Consequently, the crop seed setting efficiency is lowered. Poor seed yield of cowpea under the severe water stress condition occurred as a result of reduced rate of assimilates production caused by water stress which reduced water potential in cowpea leaf and pods. Varieties exhibiting higher (WUE) were recorded more at non stress level and this was recorded for all the varieties except for Oloyin Brown which had higher (WUE) under mild-stress condition. At severe water stress conditions, most of the varieties recorded lower (WUE) except in varieties IT98K-503-1. Water stress reduced leaf relative water content and grain yield of cowpea. Among the varieties evaluated, IT98K-503-1 performed better at Non stress condition with higher seed setting efficiency (1.94), leaf relative water content (86.9%), and seed yield (14.8kg/ha).
Comparison of Resistance to Fusarium wilts disease in Seeded and Regenerated ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Plant tissue culture has been used as a tool for crop improvement in many different ways. Such as somaclonal variation that occurred in many different crops. In this study a program for disease resistance was established in sesame using somaclonal variation. As resistance to Fos is very important so different kinds and concentrations of Plant Growth Regulators were tested for producing of plantlet regenerated from apical shoot explants. The results showed that the combination of BA and NAA also BA and IAA with ABA could be used for regenerating sesame plantlets from apical shoots. The difference in BA concentrations had a positive effect on shoot and root regeneration and at least plant regeneration. So with combination of high level of BA and low level of NAA shooting from explants was dominant and with low level of BA and high level of NAA rooting was progressed. Regenerated plantlets and seeded planlets were compared for examining of resistance or susceptibility to Fos. The result showed that somaclonal variant resulted from regeneration of shoot and root of sesame could lead to producing resistant plantlets.
Evaluation of vernalization requirement in wheat inbred lines and cultivars u...Innspub Net
An understanding of vernalization requirement is a prerequisite for the development of cold tolerant cultivars for
high stress regions. Vernalization requirement in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has not been adequately
addressed. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to understand how the vernalization dates are
related to cold tolerance, phenological development and photosynthesis in four inbred lines (inbred line 1, 2, 3
and 4) and two wheat cultivars (Mironovskaya-808 and Pishtaz). These genotypes were subjected to vernalization temperature (5 C) on 30.11.2012, 17.12.2012, 09.01.2013, 13.02.2013 and 08.03.2013 as different vernalization dates. Control plants were grown under 25/20 C, day/night condition. Final leaf number was determined at intervals throughout the growth period to measure vernalization status. Number of days until heading was registered and lethal temperature (LT50) was determined. Photosynthesis rate was measured at the end of winter and flowering stages. According to the results the individual effect of genotype and vernalization date was significant on final leaf number, number of days until flowering and LT50. However, photosynthesis rate was just affected by vernalization date. In addition, interaction between vernalization date and genotype was significant on final leaf number, number of days until flowering and LT50. These results support the hypothesis that vernalization responses regulate phenological growth and affect cold tolerance through their influence on the rate of plant development.
Glyphosate resistance trait into soybean Cuban varieties: agronomical assessm...Innspub Net
Glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean was one of the first major applications of genetic engineering in field crops and offered farmers a vital tool in fighting weeds. Weeds are a problem for soybean production in Cuba, so our work aim was the GTS 40-3-2 event introgression into Cuban varieties. Two local cultivars were crossed with transgenic genotypes that carry the event. From F1 to F3 generations, individual plants that produced more than 60 g of seeds per plant were chosen to obtain next generation. Individual lines were selected from F4 generation. F5 and F6 generations of five selected transgenic lines and their relatives were chosen to evaluate seven
agronomic traits throughout the summers of 2012 and 2013. A Random Block experimental design was done. First flowering (R1) and maturity (R8) stages of all genotypes were affected by planting date. Plant height of I1B2- 3, I1B4, I36B4 and RP5 lines ranged from 80 to 111 cm. I1B2-2 and I1B2-3 lines would be suitable for mechanized harvesting because they had the insertion of the first pod at 14.63 cm and 13.93 cm respectively. I36B4 line produced the greatest number of pods per plant (127). Transgenic lines produced more than 180 seeds per plant and 100-seed weight ranged from 13.75 g to 17.46 g. Seed yield per plant of transgenic lines and their parents IncaSoy36, CEB2 and CEB4 weren’t statistically different. These results could be a start point for other studies
involving larger areas, different planting dates and localities. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
Selection of Drought Tolerant Mutant of Amaranthus Cruentus L. in Green HousePremier Publishers
Water deficit is one of the significant environmental factors limiting plant production. This stress occurs during drought period. The aim of this study was to select gamma irradiation-induced drought tolerant mutant drought lines during vegetative stage. Seeds of the reference cultivar were gamma irradiated using the gamma irradiated facility at the IAEA to induce genetic variation. Four selected lines based on their high biomass (L2, L17, L18 and L23) and the reference cultivar (L0) were grown under four irrigation frequencies: 2, 4, 8 and 12 days with 200 ml as standard water regime for 24 days after transplanting. Completely randomized block design with 3 repetitions was applied. Data related to Relative Plant Height Growth, Relative Leaf Number Growth, Relative Shoot Fresh Mass Growth and Relative Root Length Growth were determined. The results indicated a significant effect of water deficit on all considered parameters by limiting the growth. Reduction observed were less accentuated in lines L2. Line L2 showed a significant difference for root growth indicating the adaptability of drought. Based on drought tolerant index, L2 was the most tolerant. At this stage, lines L2 appeared to be the most promising for the creation of new drought-tolerant amaranth varieties.
Selection of Drought Tolerant Mutant of Amaranthus Cruentus L. in Green HousePremier Publishers
Water deficit is one of the significant environmental factors limiting plant production. This stress occurs during drought period. The aim of this study was to select gamma irradiation-induced drought tolerant mutant drought lines during vegetative stage. Seeds of the reference cultivar were gamma irradiated using the gamma irradiated facility at the IAEA to induce genetic variation. Four selected lines based on their high biomass (L2, L17, L18 and L23) and the reference cultivar (L0) were grown under four irrigation frequencies: 2, 4, 8 and 12 days with 200 ml as standard water regime for 24 days after transplanting. Completely randomized block design with 3 repetitions was applied. Data related to Relative Plant Height Growth, Relative Leaf Number Growth, Relative Shoot Fresh Mass Growth and Relative Root Length Growth were determined. The results indicated a significant effect of water deficit on all considered parameters by limiting the growth. Reduction observed were less accentuated in lines L2. Line L2 showed a significant difference for root growth indicating the adaptability of drought. Based on drought tolerant index, L2 was the most tolerant. At this stage, lines L2 appeared to be the most promising for the creation of new drought-tolerant amaranth varieties.
Xingxinag, G., M. Li, G. Zongjung, L. Changsong and S. Zuowen, 2009. Allelopathic effects of Hemisterpa lyrata on the germination and growth of wheat, sorghum, cucumber, rape and radish seeds .Weed. Biol. Manage., 9: 243‒249.
Loss due to diseases range from 20 to 30 %, in case of severe infection, total crop may be lost.
Estimated global loss due to insect pests in potential yields of all crops is -14%.
In India losses due to insect pests ranges from 10 to 20 %
Abiotic stresses reduce average yield of crops by upto50% (Bray EA 1997)
Annually about 42% of the crop productivity is lost due to various abiotic stress factors (Oerkeet.al.,1994).
Influence of water stress and rhizobial inoculation on growth and yield of se...Innspub Net
Two season’s field experiment and single season screen house experiment were conducted to assess the effect of water stress periods and rhizobial inoculation in five P. vulgaris cultivars. The experiment consisted of two levels of rhizobia (with and without inoculation), two stress levels (with and without water stress) and five cultivars of P. vulgaris (KAT B9, KAT B1, F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought line and JESCA). Results showed that rhizobial inoculation significantly increased plant height (cm), leaf area (cm2), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) at vegetative and flowering in field experiment. Furthermore, water stress treatments significantly reduced plant height (cm), stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) in both growth stages at field experiment. For screen house experiment rhizobial inoculation significantly increased leaf area (cm2), number of leaves, stem girth (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) at both growth stages. Additionally, water stress treatments significantly reduced number of leaves, stem diameter (mm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) in both growth stages. Varieties F9 Kidney Selection, F8 Drought Line and JESCA had significantly superior measurements reflected in increased plant height (cm), shoot and root dry weight (g-1 plant) and seed yields (kg-1 ha) as compared with KAT B9 and KAT B1. Furthermore, significant interactive effects were also seen between rhizobial inoculation x stress level and tested bean cultivars on plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, shoot dry weight and seed yields.
Criteria for the Selection of Vegetable Growth-Promoting Bacteria to be appli...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
In order to define which are the most important criteria for the selection of plant Growth-Promoting bacterial strains of the Hibiscus sabdariffa L. crop (Roselle), bacterial strains isolated from the roots of Roselle plants of two varieties (Creole and Spider) were used, collected in the community of Río de los Peces, municipality of Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca and seeds of the same varieties. To characterize the varieties, the following were determined: total germination percentage (TGP), germination speed (GS), the root length(RL), the stem length (SL), the dry root biomass (DRB), the dry stem biomass (DSB) and the chlorophyll content (CC). Three types of LED lamps were used to illuminate the seedlings. The seeds inoculated with cells of six selected bacterial strains were grown in a greenhouse to determine: the stem length (SL) at 3, 45 and 65 days after sowing (das). The treatments were distributed under a completely random design and comparison of means (Tukey, p = 0.05). The TGP, DSB and DRB parameters were not useful in the selection process of the strains that promoted plant growth to a greater degree. The GS and SL to be considered safe criteria or not, what is important is the relationship of what happens at the time of germination and development of the seedlings in the laboratory and greenhouse. The SL of the plants in the greenhouse showed differences between strains, but not regarding the control and also only observed in the first days of development (3 das). The CC did not prove to be a good selection criterion either. The lamp composed of 15% white light, 27% blue light and 58% red light was the one that most promoted root growth.
Effect of Different Sources of Nutrient on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmosc...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The experiment was carried out at Nepal Polytechnic Institute field, Bharatpur, Chitwan, Nepal to study the effect of different nutrient sources on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L Monech). Five different treatments; poultry manure, FYM, goat manure, chemical (as per N equivalent) and no fertilizer (control) were replicated four times. The experiment was arranged in Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD). The okra variety ArkaAnamika was used for experiment. The data were collected on the growth and yield parameters including plant height (cm), canopy (cm), numbers of leaves per plant, numbers of branches per plant, fruit length, diameter and yield. Results indicated that different nutrient sources had significant (P<0.05) affected on plant height, canopy, leaf number, branches and also in yield parameters. Based on the findings of the experiments, it can be concluded that application of poultry manure significantly increased the growth and yield performances on Abelmoschus esculentus L. Monech (okra) compared to other types of fertilizers. As the study reflected the use of no fertilizer results in the lowest vegetative growth and yield performances which indicates to use some nutrient sources for better growth and production of okra.
— This study summarizes the results of 30 years of our experiments with Vicia faba L seeds. Our long-term practical observations of different Vicia faba L. cultivars points out the method useful for the higher yield of seeds in terms of their viability and thus higher crop production. Our experiments led to the following important findings regarding of seed viability: 1. Individual and group variability of seeds; 2. Storage condition before germination; and 3. The condition of their germination. All these three influential conditions is possible to optimalize by method of storage effect described in this our report resulting in the improvement of crop production. This is especially important in case of seeds that are rare and/or expensive, i.e. seeds that are genetically modified or with rearranged karyotypes. Keywords— seed color, higher germination, improvement of viability, higher crop production.
Effect of foliar application of water soluble fertilizer on growth, yield and...Innspub Net
The tomato is the one of the most famous crops in Pakistan. It is used and consumed as fresh as well as in processed form. Its botanical name is Solanum lycopersicon Mill. The proposed study had been conducted in the year 2017-2018 in order to find the best combination of water soluble NPK fertilizers as compared to control. Five different types of water soluble fertilizers were collected from different sources and were applied at 5% concentration during the entire growing period of the tomato crop. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments and three replications of each. Different vegetative, reproductive and bio-chemical parameters were recorded and analyzed statistically at 5% level of significance. The treatments were compared using LSD test. It was concluded that different NPK water soluble fertilizers showed variation in physical and bio chemical parameters in tomato plants as compared to control. The plants showed variation in plant height, No. of fruit per plant, fruit yield per hectare, Individual fruit weight, fruit weight per plant, No. of diseased fruit per plant, date of first harvest, Fruit color Fruit length (cm), fruit size (cm), fruit firmness, total NPK contents, vitamincmg Chlorophyll concentration, pH, (TSS), Electricity conductivity (EC) and Titratable acidity Among all the water soluble treatments, the T3 treatment (WSF 20:20:20) yielded the comparatively better results as compared to other WSF treatments. So it was concluded that T3 was the recommended water soluble fertilizer for tomato.
Genetic studies of genotypic responses to water stress in upland cotton (Goss...INNS PUBNET
The present study was carried out to examine the potential in cotton germplasm for breeding water stress tolerant plant material, and understand the genetic basis of different morphological traits related to water stress tolerance. Portioned analysis of variance was employed to obtain good parents for this purposes. The parental genotypes MNH-512, Arizona-6218, CIM-482, MS-39, and NIAB-78 were crossed in complete diallel fashion and F0 seeds of 20 hybrids and five parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications during 2010. Simple regression analysis of F1 data revealed that additive-dominance model was quite adequate for all morphological traits. The unit slope of regression lines number of bolls (b = 1.07 ± 9.14), boll weight (b = 0.99 ± 0.11), yield per plant (b = 0.96 ± 0.31), plant height (b = 1.10 ± 0.34), leaf area index (b = 0.82 ± 0.27), and ginning percentage (b = 1.01 ± 0.12) suggested that the epistatic component was absent in the inheritance of all characters studied. The result of various plant characters including seed yield showed drastic effects of water stress as compared with those assessed in non-stressed condition. Leaf area index in the analysis of variance suggested that additive variation was more important for the character. Narrow leaf varieties NIAB-78 and CIM-482 were water stress tolerant while varieties Arizona-6218, MNH-512 and MS-39 were broader leaf showing less resistant to water stress. The information derived from these studies may be used to develop drought tolerant cotton material that could give economic yield in water stressed conditions of cotton belt. Full articles at: http://innspubnet.blogspot.com/2016/08/diversity-and-distribution-of-anuran-in.html
Genotypic variation for agronomical and physiological traits affecting drough...Premier Publishers
The main objective of this study was to evaluate drought resistant genotypes previously developed in CIAT and local cultivars for yield traits and to identify agronomical and physiological traits associated with drought stress environments under the local environment in Yemen. The study materials were selected (16 genotypes) based on phenotypic, physiological traits and drought tolerance indexes in 2006 and 2007, then evaluated in 2008, 2009 and 2010 at three locations representing low rainfall drought (LRD) stress at the southern highland region (SHR) at Ibb – Yemen. Both experiments were subjected to medium to severe drought stress. Genotypes responded differently to drought stress and normal conditions; accordingly these bean genotypes categorized into four groups. The most important group, the group that includes MIB-154, MIB-155, Ser-72, BFB-141, SXB-416, Ser-111, Ser-88, NSL and Taiz-305 genotypes. This group expressed uniform superiority under both normal and drought conditions. The most important group, the group that includes MIB-154, MIB-155, Ser-72, BFB-141, SXB-416, Ser-111, Ser-88, NSL and Taiz-305 genotypes. This group expressed uniform superiority under both normal and drought conditions. Among phenotypic, physiological traits and drought tolerance indexes; delayed leaf senescence (DLS), growth recovery tolerance (LRT), grain filling index (GFI), seed production efficiency (SPE), stomatal conductance, early maturity and stress tolerance index (STI) were found to be the most suitable indices for screening bean lines for drought tolerance under both NS and SD environments as they were highly correlated with both (Yp) and (Ys). Moreover, stability indices analysis of the promising genotypes eight location x three years (2011, 2012 and 2013); proved that genotypes MIB-155, MIB-156, BFB-141, SXB-416 and NSL has high yields with low response indices.
Development of drought tolerant maize cultivars is prerequisite to achieving stable grain yield in
drought–prone ecologies of Nigeria’s Guinea savanna. However, success has been limited mainly due
to lack of maize genotypes that show clear differences in response to well defined moisture deficit
condition. Two sets of drought tolerant (DT) maize germplasm were evaluated under screenhouse and
field conditions between 1999 and 2002. In the screenhouse study, performances of the genotypes
were compared under well-watered condition and moisture deficit imposed at different growth stages.
Under field conditions, the first set comprising 11 accessions along with a check were evaluated for 4
growing seasons while the second set which comprised 3 DT varieties were evaluated along with 2
check varieties using monthly plantings between April and August of 2001 and 2002, respectively. In
the first set, post anthesis moisture deficit significantly reduced grain yield by 25 to 73.5% in the open
pollinated varieties (OPVs) and by 20 to 64% in the hybrids. Grain yield under field conditions ranged
from 2.48 to 3.49, 2.82 to 3.73 and 3.58 to 4.76 tons/ha-1 for 1999, 2000 and 2001 full growing seasons,
respectively, and 2.03 to 2.50 tons/ha-1 for 2000 late growing season. In the second set, pre and post
anthesis moisture deficits reduced grain yield by 77.6 and 95.8%, respectively, of well watered
condition while in the field, grain yields in the genotypes were highest for plantings made in April and
July (1.90 - 2.5 t/ha), lowest for August (0.7 -1.8 t/ha) when moisture deficit coincided with
reproductive phase. Yield stability exhibited under moisture deficit and on the field by 8522-2, Oba
super 2 and AK9943-DMRSR in the first set as well as DT-SR-Y C0 and DT-SR-W C0 in the second set,
indicates their suitability either as cultivars per se or as potential source of DT alleles for
development of DT maize varieties for Nigeria’s savanna ecologies.
Improving the growth of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) by magnetized wat...Innspub Net
Magnetic water is considered one of several physical factors affects plant growth and development. A pot experiment was carried out in research farm of the Shahre-Rey Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran during summer 2012 to comparison between magnetic and non magnetic water on some traits of cowpea. Results showed that Irrigation with magnetized water increased leaf, stem and root fresh and dry weight as well as total biomass as compared to ordinary water. Magnetic water also raised stomatal conductance, water use efficiency (WUE) (in term of total biomass produced to amount of water consumed), leaf area, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf area ratio (LAR), and root weight ratio (RWR) than that the control. However magnetized water decreased shoot root ratio (SRR) and also had not significant effect on leaf weight ratio (LWR) and stem weight ratio (SWR) as compared to non magnetized water. The stimulatory impact of magnetic water may be ascribed to the increasing of root growth and stomatal conductance which increase absorption and assimilation of nutrients. It appears that irrigation with magnetic water may be considered a promising technique to improving growth and WUE of cowpea. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-3-number-1-january-2013-2/
Diversity of drought tolerance and seed yield in sunflower (Helianthus annuus...Innspub Net
Randomized complete block design with four replications in two drought and non-drought environments was used for this study. Drought resistance indices were calculated based on seed yield in stress and non-stress conditions. The results showed that GMP and STI were the best drought resistance indices so had the positive and significant correlation with Yp and Ys. Three dimensional graph showed that RFG5*AF80, G-543 and Farokh were the drought resistant hybrids. These hybrids had the highest amount of Yp, Ys, GMP and STI that revealed the highest yield potential as well as drought tolerance in these genotypes. Because of that these hybrids have promised potential to cultivate in drought prone environments. Regression analysis revealed that the traits grain filling rate, grain filling duration and water use efficiency accounted for 97.0% of total variation exist in seed yield. Path coefficient analysis demonstrated the highest and positive direct effect of grain filling rate and grain filling duration on seed yield in sunflower hybrids. Water use efficiency had low direct effect while high indirect effects via grain filling duration on seed yield. Therefore, the study revealed the importance of total grain filling rate and grain filling duration as indirect selection criteria for genetic improvement of seed yield in sunflower breeding programs especially in early generations. On the other hand, indirect effects of water use efficiency through grain filling duration on seed yield have promising result in selection programs. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-5-may-2015-jbes/
Hassan Abdi1*, M. Taheri Mazandarani2
1, 2Research Instructor, Department of Seed and Plant Improvement, Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Tehran, Iran
ABSTRACT- In order to study drought tolerance indices and identify drought tolerant genotypes in wheat, 40 improved
wheat varieties (three digits and thirty-seven new lines) in a randomized complete block design with three replications
under normal conditions and drought stress (50% flowering) in 2011-2012 on Agriculture and Natural Resources Research
Center of Tehran province were studied. Under normal grain yield and drought tolerance quantitative indicators such as
the average productivity, geometric mean productivity, stress tolerance, harmonic mean, sensitivity to stress, stress
tolerance index were calculated. 6, 37, 38 and 39 genotype with the highest values of mean productivity, geometric mean,
harmonic and stress tolerance index were average. 5, 19 and 40 genotypes maximum of sensitivity to stress and drought
tolerance and sensitivity respectively. Biplot analysis showed that genotype vectors in the vicinity of 37.38 and 39
indicators mean productivity, geometric mean productivity, stress tolerance index and harmonic mean as drought tolerant
genotypes. Evaluation shows that the studied genotypes 37.38, 39 and 27 were tolerant.
Key-words- Bread wheat, Stress tolerance indices
Comparative Effect of Root Pruning and Pythium irregulare on Water Use Effici...Premier Publishers
A pot experiment was conducted in a glasshouse to compare the effects of root pruning and Pythium irregulare on water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat under drought conditions. The results showed that Pythium had no effect on transpiration (3.35 l) and grain yield (7.4 g) when compared with controls. The transpiration of root pruned plants was less than in controls between the time of root pruning and the start of the drought treatment. Root pruned plants had significantly higher transpiration than controls during the drought. Root pruning treatment significantly (P < 0.05) decreased total grain weight, grain number, WUE and harvest index. The extra water available in the root pruned pots at the end of experiment was not enough to bring the grain yield and WUE up to controls. Root pruning possibly did more than just restrict the ability to uptake all water. This experiment showed the importance of the stage at which root damage occurs and how it affects total WUE.
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A field experiment was established over three rainy seasons (2011, 2012 and 2013) at two locations (Shaban and Al-Qaidah) which represented the severe (SDS) and moderate (MDS) drought stress in the southern highlands of Yemen-Ibb. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replication. The main plots were: untreated or treated seeds with 0.5 mM salicylic acid (SA), the subplot were nine CIAT bean lines and three local cultivars. The results revealed that salicylic acid improved significantly the yield and yield traits of some genotypes. Accordingly, under severe drought stress, the bean genotypes categorized into three groups; The first group (MIB-156, MIB-156, G23818B and NSL) which were high yielding and low responsiveness genotypes to SA group (HY-LSAR); The second group (BFB-139, BFB-140 and BFB-141) that perform low yielding and high responsiveness genotypes to SA (LY-HSAR) and the third group (Taiz-304, Taiz-5 and Taiz-306) that perform low yielding and low responsiveness genotypes to SA group (LY-LSAR). It is concluded that the physiological mechanism of bean cultivars response of the high tolerant lines (LY-HSAR) and the medium tolerant lines to drought (LY-HSAR) to SA was similar by causing significant increase in dry matter accumulation, photosynthetic pigments content of leaves and accumulation of high proline content, total soluble sugars, total free amino acids, and soluble proteins, and also by maintain high relative water content (RWC%) and low leaf ion leakage (LIL%) in comparison to susceptible cultivars to drought (LY-LSAR).
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Evaluation of wheat genotypes for drought tolerance
1. Bilal et al. 2015, J Green Physiol Genet Genom 1:1 (11-21)
Evaluation of wheat genotypes for drought tolerance
Muhammad Bilal1
, Rashid Mehmood Rana1
, Shoaib Ur Rehman1
,
Farrukh Iqbal1
, Junaid Ahmed1
, Muhammad Ali Abid2
, Zaka
Ahmed1
and Azhar Hayat3
OPEN ACCESS
CITATION: Bilal M, Rana
RM, Rehman SU, Iqbal F,
Ahmed J, Abid MA, Ahmed Z,
and Hayat A (2015) Evaluation
of wheat genotypes for drought
tolerance. J Green Physiol
Genet Genom 1:1-10
Authors’ Affiliation:
1
Department of Plant Breeding
and Genetics, PMAS Arid
Agriculture University,
Rawalpindi
2
Department of Plant Breeding
and Genetics, Bahauddin
Zakariya University, Multan
3
Department of Statistics,
Bahauddin Zakariya University,
Multan
¶
Corresponding author:
E-mail:
shoaib.rehman10@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT:
Drought stress is one of the main abiotic constraints for wheat.
Water deficit stress especially at early developmental stage
affects forthcoming physiological and morphological attributes
of wheat and considerably lessens overall performance of
wheat. Breeding for drought stress tolerance can be possible
with the help of conventional breeding tools. There is a dire
need to notify water deficit stress tolerant germplasm which
perform better under drought conditions. Fifty wheat genotypes
were screened for drought tolerance when evaluated for three
physiological and three morphological attributes. Out of all the
studied attributes and genotypes, ETAD232, ETAD19 and
ETAD211, shoot length, seedling length, root shoot ratio and
relative water contents contributed more towards diversity.
These genotypes and attributes could be exploited for drought
tolerance wheat breeding programs.
Key Words: Drought stress, Genetic diversity, Principal
component analysis
INTRODUCTION: Wheat is regarded as vital cereal and it is
one of the most important cereal crops of world. It is mainly
grown in rain-fed conditions in which drought and heat stress
occurs frequently which ultimately results in yield reduction
(Rana et al., 2013). Plants may also experience water deficit
problem in certain period of time even in habitats with
relatively high rainfall (Balouchi, 2014). Water deficit is a
common environmental phenomenon encountered by wheat all
over the world (Nouri et al., 2011).
Drought stress is one of the most important
yield limiting factors for crops such as wheat.
Long period of water stress leads to lessen in
the performance of wheat in arid and semi arid
regions (Nezhadahmadi et al., 2013).
Moderate to stern water deficit
condition significantly affects different
morpho-physiological attributes in wheat such
as chlorophyll contents, relative water
contents or water potential, dry matter yield
etc (Ehdaie et al., 1991). Since genotypic
variations for the attributes have been reported
for different crops including wheat, these
attributes have been utilized to recognize
drought tolerant germplasm in different crops.
Drought tolerance is a quantitative attribute,
with a complex phenotype, often confounded
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2. Bilal et al. 2015, J Green Physiol Genet Genom 1:1 (11-21)
by plant phenology, and there is no
undeviating technique for measuring it. This
makes it easier said than done to recognize
drought tolerant genotypes (Takeda and
Matsuoka, 2008). Gan et al., 2003 reported
that drought tolerant wheat genotypes had
higher relative water content, chlorophyll a/b
contents and dry matter weight than water
susceptible wheat genotypes but the selection
criterion must be identified that are allied with
better yield under drought stress, having a
sky-scraping heritability and can be measured
simply and precisely in a large group of
individuals. Several researchers concluded
that those genotypes are desirable and
sustainable which performs best under both
normal and stress conditions (Nezhadahmadi
et al., 2013).
One of the main goals of plant
breeders is to make genotypes suitable to
changing needs and environment by ensuring
a healthy yield. For this they have to exploit
different genotypes. Mostly plant breeders are
utilizing principal component analysis as a
pattern finding process because it is more
useful (Sajjad et al., 2011).
Germplasm diversity evaluation based
on morphological attributes requires a high
degree of accuracy of field trials through
design and analysis. In this study, the effects
of water stress on wheat at seedling stage were
carried out to scrutinize the genetic variation
by treatments. The relative water contents,
chlorophyll a/b ratio, cell membrane stability,
fresh and dry seedling weight, and root and
shoot length and root shoot ratio were
analyzed and compared with those of
untreated seedlings.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty
wheat genotypes were utilized to evaluate
genetic diversity of wheat for drought
tolerance. The experiment was conducted at
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics,
PMAS Arid Agriculture University,
Rawalpindi (Table 1). Wheat seeds were sown
in disposable plastic pots with three
replications in growth chamber at 18/24°C
day/night temperature with 60% relative
humidity. Fifteen seeds were sown and
thinned after one week to get final population
of 10 uniform seedlings per pot. Moisture
level was maintained by adding water daily in
the morning. Two weeks after sowing, one set
of seedlings was subjected to drought shock
by limiting irrigation for one week, while the
other set was provided with an adequate
amount of water. One week after stress
treatment, the data were collected for
following parameters from stressed as well as
unstressed seedlings.
Table 1: Wheat genotypes used in current
study
Sr. # Genotypes Sr. # Genotypes
1 AAS11 26 ETAD51
2 CHAKWAL50 27 ETAD55
3 MILLAT11 28 ETAD170
4 PUNJAB11 29 ETAD211
5 SEHER06 30 ETAD213
6 SHAFAQ06 31 ETAD215
7 FSD08 32 ETAD218
8 CB2 33 ETAD219
9 CB5 34 ETAD225
10 CB24 35 ETAD226
11 CB28 36 ETAD230
12 CB32 37 ETAD232
13 CB39 38 ETAD233
14 CB40 39 ETAD236
15 CB51 40 ETAD239
16 CB321 41 LLR2
17 ETAD1 42 LLR18
18 ETAD4 43 LLR31
19 ETAD7 44 LLR42
20 ETAD8 45 WC2
21 ETAD19 46 WC5
22 ETAD30 47 WC11
23 ETAD48 48 WC16
24 ETAD49 49 WC18
25 ETAD50 50 WC19
Relative water contents: Youngest emerging
wheat seedling leaves of uniform size were
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3. Bilal et al. 2015, J Green Physiol Genet Genom 1:1 (11-21)
detached to measure relative water contents
(RWC). Leaves were detached, fresh weight
was recorded spontaneously. Those leaves
were then dipped in 15 ml of distilled water
for 24 hours in test tubes at room temperature
to allow rehydration and turgid weight was
calculated. Following rehydration, the leaves
were wrapped in aluminum foil and dried in
hot air oven for 48 hours at 75 °C to measure
dry weight. Same procedure was applied to
both stresses as well as normal seedlings.
RWC % was calculated by using below
mentioned formula following (Rahimi et al.,
2010).
RWC% =
FW −DW
TW −DW
× 100
Chlorophyll contents: Chlorophyll of
stresses as well as normal seedlings was
extracted in 80% acetone and chlorophyll
concentration was obtained by measuring its
absorbance at λ 645 nm and λ 663 nm in as
spectrophotometer and calculations were
made using following functions formulated by
(Arnon, 1949)
Chla = 12.7A663 ̵ 2.69A645
Chlb = 22.9A645 ̵ 4.68A663
Cell membrane stability: Cell membrane
stability (CMS) of the roots of stressed as well
as control wheat at seedling stage was
determined by relative electrolyte leakage
method following (Bajji et al., 2002). Roots of
water stressed and control seedling were
washed with tap water to remove attached soil
particles. The roots were then excised to get
equal weight (0.1g each) and rinsed with
double distilled water to get rid of electrolytes
from root surface. Root samples were dipped
in 20 ml distilled water in test tubes overnight
at room temperature. The test tubes were
gradually shaken and conductivity of the
solution was measured after 24 h using an
electrolyte meter (YSI Model 32). Samples
were then killed in an autoclave at 110 °C for
10 min and allowed cool down to room
temperature to measure final conductivity
(complete electrolyte leakage). CMS was
calculated by using following equation.
CMS% = {(1 − T1/T2)/(1 − C1/C2)} × 100
Whereas, T refer to treatment; C refers to
control; 1 refer to initial conductance reading;
2 refer to final conductance reading.
Seedling fresh and dry weight: Fresh
seedlings taken from water stressed as well as
control pots and weighed in grams
immediately using electrical weighing
balance. The seedlings were then oven dried at
70 °C for 48 hours to calculated dry seedling
weight in grams (Bashan and de-Bashan,
2005).
Root and shoot length: Root and shoot
length for both conditions (water stress and
control) were measured in centimeter by using
scale (Bashan and de-Bashan, 2005).
Root/shoot ratio: Root/shoot ration was
calculated by dividing root length to shoot
length.
Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics and
principal component analysis (PCA) were
carried out with the help of SPSS V 16 and
XLSTAT respectively as outlined by Umer et
al., 2014.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Fifty wheat
genotypes screened for aforementioned
parameters and their performance was
13
4. Bilal et al. 2015, J Green Physiol Genet Genom 1:1 (11-21)
compared for drought tolerance. The ratio of
RWC under drought versus control conditions
was calculated and used to assess the genotype
response under stress as compared to control.
The results indicated eight genotypes showing
increment in their RWC under drought as
compared to control seedlings. The most
promising genotypes were ETAD232 with
1.631 drought/control ratio followed by WC5
with 1.204. Other genotypes showing
increased RWC are ETAD215, LLR2, WC16,
ETAD49, ETAD211 and ETAD8 with 1.178,
1.091, 1.043, 1.012, 1.009 and 1.005
respectively. Whereas, AAS11,
CHAKWAL50, ETAD170 and PUNJAB11
showed maximum reduction in their drought
to control ratio with 0.402, 0.476, 0.476 and
0.520 respectively (Figure 1). The ratio of
chlorophyll a/b ratio under drought versus
control conditions was calculated and used to
assess the genotype response under stress as
compared to control. The results indicated that
ETAD232 showed maximum chlorophyll a/b
ratio with 3.787 followed by ETAD211,
ETAD248, and ETAD239 with 3.757, 3.325
and 2.774 respectively. Minimum chlorophyll
a/b ratio was shown by genotypes CB32,
ETAD30, ETAD215 and ETAD230 with
0.110, 0.242, 0.283 and 0.341 respectively
(Figure 2). The percentage of cell membrane
stability drought versus control conditions was
calculated and used to evaluate the genotype
response under drought stress. Genotype
ETAD232 showed maximum cell membrane
stability with 85.972% followed by genotype
WC19 with 82.532%. Other promising
genotypes are CB51, LLR2 and ETAD7
which showed values more than 80% having,
82.123%, 81.237% and 81.236% respectively.
Whereas notorious genotypes in this regard
were ETAD239, ETAD226, ETAD213 and
ETAD170 with 27.949%, 37.089%, 41.262%
and 41.586% respectively (Figure 3). Fifty
wheat genotypes were also screened for fresh
seedling weight and their performance was
compared for drought tolerance. The ratio of
fresh seedling weight under drought versus
control conditions was calculated and used to
assess the genotype response under stress as
compared to control. Most promising
genotype which showed maximum ratio was
ETAD232 with 0.987 followed by WC19 with
0.565. Whereas MILLAT11, ETAD8, ETAD7
and PUNJAB11 showed maximum reduction
fresh seedling ratio having 0.0212, 0.0312,
0.0346 and 0.0352 respectively (Figure 4).
Figure 1: Percent relative water contents variation under drought stress condition as
compared to control seedlings
14
5. Bilal et al. 2015, J Green Physiol Genet Genom 1:1 (11-21)
Figure 2: Percent chlorophyll a/b ratio variation under drought stress condition as
compared to control seedlings
Figure 3: Percent cell membrane stability of wheat genotypes
Figure 4: Percent fresh seedling weight variation under drought stress condition as
compared to control seedlings
15
6. Bilal et al. 2015, J Green Physiol Genet Genom 1:1 (11-21)
Figure 5: Percent dry seedling weight variation under drought stress condition as
compared to control seedlings
The ratio of dry seedling weight under drought
versus control conditions was calculated and
used to assess the genotype response under
stress as compared to control. The results
illustrated that ETAD236 showed maximum
ratio with 4.273 followed by ETAD19,
ETAD232 and ETAD215 with 2.271, 2.266
and 2.189 respectively. Whereas minimum dry
seedlings weight ratio were shown by
MILLAT11, ETAD226, ETAD7 with 0.236,
0.247 and 0.265 respectively (Figure 5). The
ratio of root length under drought versus
control conditions was calculated and used to
assess the genotype response under stress as
compared to control. The results demonstrated
that AAS11 showed maximum ratio for root
length with 1.077 value followed by LLR2,
ETAD232, ETAD55 with 1.075, 1.073 and
1.06. Whereas the genotypes which showed
lowest ratio for root length was ETAD51
followed ETAD236 with 0.989 and 1.0007
respectively. Other low ratio genotypes were
ETAD230, ETAD239, ETAD211 and LLR18
having 1.001, 1.002, 1.010 and 1.013
respectively (Figure 6).
Figure 6: Percent root length variation under drought stress condition as compared to
control seedlings
16
7. Bilal et al. 2015, J Green Physiol Genet Genom 1:1 (11-21)
The ratio of shoot length under
drought versus control conditions was
calculated and used to assess the genotype
response under stress as compared to control.
Results illustrated that ETAD19 showed
maximum ratio for shoot length with 1.1 value
followed by CB28 with 1.030. Other
promising genotypes were WC18, ETAD248,
CB321 and CB51 with 1.022, 1.005, 1 and 1
respectively. ETAD213, ETAD211, ETAD1
and CB2 showed minimum shoot length ratio
with 0.877, 0.887, 0.9 and 0.9 respectively
(Figure 7). The ratio of root/shoot length
under drought versus control conditions was
calculated and used to assess the genotype
response under stress as compared to control.
Results illustrated that, ETAD232 showed
maximum root/shoot length ratio with 1.179
followed by ETAD213 with 1.171. Other
prominent genotypes were LLR2, ETAD170,
ETAD1 and ETAD233 with 1.169, 1.164,
1.151 and 1.442 respectively (Figure 8).
Figure 7: Percent shoot length variation under drought stress condition as compared to
control seedlings
Figure 8: Percent variation in root/shoot length ratio under drought stress condition as
compared to control seedlings
17
8. Bilal et al. 2015, J Green Physiol Genet Genom 1:1 (11-21)
Table 2: Eigen values and proportion of variability
Principal Component Analysis: Out of nine
principal components (PCs), first 4
components exhibited eigen values greater
than 1 which can be regarded as significant
while rest (Table 2). First 2 PCs exhibited
49.371% variation in these genotypes. First
PC accounted for 31.096% variation followed
by 2nd
PC with 18.275% variation (Table 2).
First PC was highly related to studied
attributes such as fresh seedling weight; shoot
length, root length/shoot length ratio and
seedling length (Table 2). This implies that
PC1 is a weighted mean of these four
attributes. The attributes of significant vitality
in 2nd
PC was relative water contents and cell
membrane stability (Table 3).
Table 3: Squared cosines of the variables
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
RWC 0.01 0.73 0.03 0.02 0.00
FSDLW 0.53 0.01 0.00 0.12 0.00
DSDLW 0.09 0.08 0.01 0.66 0.00
RL 0.07 0.00 0.83 0.04 0.02
SL 0.87 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.00
RT/SHT 0.57 0.00 0.38 0.01 0.00
SDL 0.64 0.08 0.18 0.03 0.01
chlA/chlB 0.00 0.37 0.05 0.08 0.47
CMS 0.03 0.37 0.00 0.19 0.32
RWC= relative water contents, FSDLW= fresh seedling
weight, DSLW= dry seedling weight, RL= root length, SL=
Shoot length, RT/SHT= root shoot ratio, SDL= seedling
length, chlA/chlB= chlorophyll A and B. CMS= cell
membrane stability.
The projection of pattern of the attributes on
PC1 depicted that the vital drought tolerance
contributing attributes are relative water
contents, chlorophyll a/b, and fresh and dry
seedling weight (Figure 9) as they congested
far away from the point of origin hence of
more breeding value. The projection of
genotypes exhibited population structure
(Figure 10 and 11).
Figure 9: Projection pattern of attributes
RWC= relative water contents, FSDLW= fresh seedling
weight, DSLW= dry seedling weight, RL= root length, SL=
Shoot length, RT/SHT= root shoot ratio, SDL= seedling
length, chlA/chlB= chlorophyll A and B. CMS= cell
membrane stability
According to the observation on axes PC1 and
PC2, the genotype ETAD232 is in contrast to
the ETAD170, AAS11, and ETAD226.
ETAD19 is opposite to ETAD211, ETAD248,
CB51, ETAD215, ETAD55 and ETAD8 are
in contrast with WC18, CB28, CB321,
LLR42, CB40 and ETAD239 (Figure 11).
RWC
FSDLW
DSDLW
RL SLRT/SHT
SDLl
chlA/chl
B
CMS
-1
-0.75
-0.5
-0.25
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
-1 -0.75 -0.5 -0.25 0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
F2(18.28%)
F1 (31.10 %)
Variables (axes F1 and F2: 49.37 %)
18
10. Bilal et al. 2015, J Green Physiol Genet Genom 1:1 (11-21)
Whereas on the basis of PC2 and PC3 , the
contrasting genotypes are, ETAD232 and
ETAD170. LLR2 is opposite to CB51.
ETAD215, WC5, ETAD233 and ETAD248
are in contrast to ETAD211, ETAD8,
ETAD51, SHAFAQ06, and ETAD30.
MILLAT11, CB40, ETAD213, LLR42 and
ETAD211 are opposite to the ETAAD239,
LLR18 CHAKWAL50 and CB32 (Figure 11).
From figure 10 and 11 it is clear that
ETAD232 congested away from point of
origin on the graph hence more diversified
among rest of all. On the other hand wheat
genotypes clogging very near to the point of
origin are less diversified hence of less
breeding value. From figures 10 and 11 it is
clear that wheat genetic background is
becoming narrowing due to extensive
breeding for selected number of genotypes.
(Sajjad et al., 2011) also reported similar
results in his findings.
CONCLUSION: After evaluating wheat
germplasm on given attributes i.e. shoot
length, seedling length, relative water contents
and root shoot ratio were noted as vital traits
for drought tolerance breeding programs. The
range of variation for the given traits was
higher in the germplasm and could be utilized
for transgressive segregation but the
germplasm utilized in present investigation
were structured. Hybridization among
diversified genotypes could make the breeding
material free of population structure. This
hybridization could be carried out for the
development of promising genotypes and
could be utilized to create variability for
forthcoming wheat improvement programs.
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