GCT of bone presentation by prof.Ahmad shaheen,M.D. prof.of orthopedic surger...ahmad shaheen
GCT is one of the most common benign bone tumors,characterized by high incidence of local recurrence.
the pathogenesis,pathology,clinical presentation and treatment options will be discussed.
GCT of bone presentation by prof.Ahmad shaheen,M.D. prof.of orthopedic surger...ahmad shaheen
GCT is one of the most common benign bone tumors,characterized by high incidence of local recurrence.
the pathogenesis,pathology,clinical presentation and treatment options will be discussed.
Dear all,
This ppt contains the cause, types, clinical and radiological features, treatment and complication of fracture of Greater Tuberosity and Surgical neck of Humerus. I hope this is useful to you.
Thank you
Dear all,
This ppt contains the cause, types, clinical and radiological features, treatment and complication of fracture of Greater Tuberosity and Surgical neck of Humerus. I hope this is useful to you.
Thank you
This subject presented at 2020 in Nineveh college medicine in Mosul with some students and best to you to download it then convert it to ppt because contain many pictures , video and important notes uptodate
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. Bone tumors develop when cells
in the bone divide without control,
forming a mass of tissue. Most bone
tumors are benign. However, they
may still weaken bone and lead to
fracture or cause other problems.
Bone cancer destroys normal bone
tissue and may spread to other parts
of the body (called metastasis). Its
may be asymptomatic asincidental
finding or symptomatic as pain ,
4. Plain x-ray is the Best initial modality and Should include views in 2 planes . 80 – 90
% of cases can be diagnosed with it.
Benign lesions
Well-defined or sclerotic border
Sharp zone of transition
Small size or multiple lesions
Confinement by natural barriers (eg, growth plate, cortex)
Lack of destruction of the cortex
Lack of extension into the soft tissue
Aggressive lesions
Poor definition
Cortical destruction "moth-eaten"
Speculated or interrupted periosteal reaction
Extension into the soft tissue
Large size
The absence of these findings does not exclude an aggressive lesion
6. NON-OSSIFYING FIBROMA
the commonest benign lesion of bone.
developmental defect in which a nest of fibrous tissue
appears within the bone and persists for some years
before ossifying.
It is asymptomatic and is almost always encountered
in children as an incidental finding on x-ray.
The usual sites are the metaphyses of long bones.
On x-ray there is oval radiolucent area in or adjacent
to the cortex.
Treatment: except for a pathological fracture,
treatment is unnecessary.
7.
8. OSTEOID OSTEOMA
Presents during the second decade.
Proximal femur and tebia is the most common site.
Progressively increasing pain that is worse at night and unrelated to
activity .Pain sometime relieved by aspirin or other NSAIDs, usually
within 20 to 25 minutes
25 percent of osteoid osteomas are not obvious on plain radiographs
X-ray show Small, round lucency (nidus) with a sclerotic margin
DDX: Stress fracture , Bone infections
TX:
Asymptomatic
Observed with serial examinations and radiographs every four to six
months
Symptomatic
Radiofrequency ablation or Surgical resection Treatment
9.
10. CHONDROMA (ENCHONDROMA)
Islands of cartilage may persist in the metaphyses of bones formed by
endochondral ossification;
The lesional tissue is indistinguishable from normal hyaline cartilage,
but there is often a central area of degeneration and calcification.
Chondromas are usually asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on
x-ray or after a pathological fracture.
They are seen at any age (mostly in young people) and in any bone
preformed in cartilage.
On x-ray central, sometimes expanded, radiolucent area near the bone
end with tiny flecks of calcification within the lucent area.
There is a small but significant risk of malignant change
Treatment by curettage if symptomatic
11.
12. OSTEOCHONDROMA
(CARTILAGECAPPED EXOSTOSIS)
This, one of the commonest ‘tumours’ of bone.
The commonest sites are the fast-growing ends of long bones and
the crest of the ilium.
Multiple lesions may develop as part of a heritable disorder –
hereditary multiple exostosis.
The patient is usually a teenager or young adult when the lump is
first discovered.
The exostosis may go on enlarging up to the end of the normal
growth period for that bone; any further enlargement after that is
suggestive of malignant change.
on x-ray is a well-defined bony protuberance (exostosis) emerging
from the metaphysis. large lesions undergo cartilage degeneration and
calcification and then the x-ray shows the bony exostosis surrounded
by blotches of calcified material.
13.
14. CHONDROMYXOID FIBROMA
Rare, benign, cartilage-forming tumor of the tubular long bones
mostly lower limbs .
One-quarter of cases occur in the proximal tibia .
Usually presents in the teens.
Patients seldom complain and the lesion is usually discovered by
accident.
On x-ray: Eccentric, lobulated or bubbly lesion in the metaphysis
with Sclerotic border.
Differential diagnosis :Nonossifying fibroma Aneurysmal bone
cyst Chondroblastoma Osteomyelitis Fibrous dysplasia.
Treatment :Curettage and bone grafting but there is 20% risk of
reccurance.
15.
16. FIBROUS DYSPLASIA
Fibrous dysplasia is a developmental disorder in which areas of
trabecular bone are replaced by fibrous tissue, osteoid and woven
bone.
Malignant transformation to fibrosarcoma occurs in 5–10% of
patients with polyostotic lesions, but only rarely in monostotic
lesions.
Small, single lesions are asymptomatic. Large lesions may cause
pain and bone deformity.
X-ray show Cyst-like areas in the metaphysis or shaft have a hazy
(so-called ground-glass) appearance. The weight-bearing bones
may be bent, and one of the classic features is the ‘shepherd’s
crook’ deformity of the proximal femur.
Differential diagnosis: Nonossifying fibroma Unicameral bone
cyst Aneurysmal bone cyst Chondromyxoid fibroma.
Treatment: Small lesions need no treatment. Those that are large
and painful or threatening to fracture (or have fractured) can be
17.
18. SIMPLE BONE CYST
It appears during childhood.
most commonly appear in the proximal humerus or femur.
The condition is usually discovered after a pathological
fracture or as an incidental finding on x-ray.
x-ray show a large bubble inside the bone. It may occupy the
entire metaphysis but it does not extend beyond the physeal
plate.
Differential diagnosis: - Aneurysmal bone cyst - Fibrous
dysplasia.
Treatment :
Asymptomatic lesions in older children can be left alone .
Active’ cysts (those in young children, usually abutting against
the physeal plate and obviously enlarging in sequential x-
19.
20. ANEURYSMAL BONE CYST
Occurs chiefly in the spine and the metaphyses of
long bones, It may expand the bone and cause marked
thinning of the cortex.
usually affecting young adults.
There is no risk of malignant transformation.
X-ray: In a growing tubular bone the cyst is always
situated in the metaphysis and may resemble a simple
cyst.
In adults it can be mistaken for a giant-cell tumour
but, unlike the latter, its boundary stops well short of
the articular margin .
Treatment: cyst should be thoroughly curetted and
21.
22. GIANT-CELL TUMOR
Giant-cell tumour is a lesion of uncertain origin that appears
after the end of bone growth.
Most commonly in the distal femur, proximal tibia, proximal
humerus and distal radius.
About one-third of these tumors remain truly benign; one-third
become locally invasive and one third metastasize.
Present as pain at the end of a long bone; sometimes there is
slight swelling.
Pathological fracture occurs in 10–15% of cases.
x-ray show a ‘cystic’ (i.e. radiolucent) area situated eccentrically
at the end of a long bone. Unlike any of the other ‘cystic’ lesions,
it always extends right up to the subchondral bone plate.
Treatment : well defined lesion with benign histology could be
treated by curettage and bone grafting While aggressive lesions
25. OSTEOSARCOMA
In its classic form, osteosarcoma is a highly malignant tumour
arising within the bone and spreading rapidly outwards to the
periosteum and surrounding soft tissues.
Osteosarcoma occurs predominantly in children and adolescents.
It may affect any bone but most commonly the long-bone
metaphyses, especially around the knee and at the proximal end of
the humerus.
Pain is usually the first symptom; it is constant, worse at night and
gradually increases in severity. Sometimes the patient presents with a
lump.
On examination there may be some swelling and local tenderness.
In late cases there is a palpable mass and the overlying tissues may
look inflamed
26. On x-ray
Some tumours are entirely osteolytic, others show alternating
areas of lysis and increased bone density.
The tumour margins are poorly defined. Often the cortex is
breached and the tumour extends into the adjacent tissues.
Streaks of new bone appear, radiating outwards from the
cortex – the so-called ‘sunburst’ effect.
Where the tumour emerges from the cortex, reactive new bone
forms in the angle between periosteum and cortex (Codman’s
triangle).
Other imaging studies:
-Radio-isotope scans may reveal skip lesions, but a negative scan does
not exclude them. -CT and MRI reliably show the extent of the tumour.
-Chest x-rays or pulmonary CT to detect lung metastases.
DDx: Chronic bone infection, large gouty tophi and stress
27.
28. TREATMENT
A biopsy should always be performed before commencing treatment;
it must be planned to allow for complete removal of the track when the
tumour is excised.
The pathological specimen is examined to assess the response to
preoperative chemotherapy.
Multi-agent chemotherapy is given for 8–12 weeks and then, provided
the tumour is resectable and there are no skip lesions, a wide resection
is carried out.
If tumour necrosis is marked (more than 90%), chemotherapy is
continued for another 6–12 months; if the response is poor, a different
chemotherapeutic agent is substituted.
Pulmonary metastases, especially if they are small and peripherally
situated, may be completely resected with a wedge of lung tissue.
Long-term survival after wide resection and chemotherapy is higher
29. CHONDROSARCOMA
Chondrosarcoma occurs either as a primary
tumour or as a secondary change in a pre-
existing benign chondroma or
osteochondroma.
Chondrosarcomas have their highest incidence
in the fourth and fifth decades, and men are
affected more.
Patients may complain of a dull ache or a
gradually enlarging lump. or as a pathological
fracture.
X-ray examination shows a radiolucent area
30.
31. TREATMENT
wide excision and prosthetic
replacement.
amputation.
The tumour does not respond
to either radiotherapy or
chemotherapy.
32. EWING’S SARCOMA
Ewing’s sarcoma is believed to arise from endothelial cells
in the bone marrow.
It occurs most commonly between the ages of 10 and 20
years.
Occure usually in a tubular bone and especially in the
tibia, fibula or clavicle.
The patient presents with pain – often throbbing in
character – and swelling. generalized illness and pyrexia.
X-ray usually shows an area of bone destruction which is
predominantly in the mid diaphysis. New bone formation
may extend along the shaft and sometimes it appears as
fusiform layers of bone around the lesion – the so-called
33.
34. TREATMENT
The condition which should be excluded as
rapidly as possible is bone infection.
Biopsy is the essential step to recognize this as a
malignant round-cell tumour, distinct from
osteosarcoma.
a course of preoperative neoadjuvant
chemotherapy; then wide excision if the tumour is
in a favourable site.
If it is less accessible radiotherapy followed by
local excision and then a further course of
chemotherapy for 1 year.
35. METASTATIC BONE DISEASE
After 50 years, bone metastases are seen more frequently
than all primary malignant bone tumours together.
The commonest source is carcinoma of the breast; next in
frequency are carcinomas of the prostate, kidney, lung,
thyroid, bladder and gastrointestinal tract.
In about 10% of cases no primary tumour is found.
The commonest sites for bone metastases are the
vertebrae, pelvis, the proximal half of the femur and the
humerus.
Metastases are usually osteolytic, and pathological
fractures are common while osteoblastic lesions are
uncommon; they usually occur in prostatic carcinoma.
36. Pain is the commonest – and often the only – clinical feature.
Some deposits remain clinically silent and are discovered
incidentally on x-ray, or after a pathological fracture.
Symptoms of hypercalcaemia may occur (and are often
missed) in patients with skeletal metastases. These include
anorexia, nausea, thirst, polyuria, abdominal pain, general
weakness and depression.
The ESR may be increased and the haemoglobin
concentration is usually low. The serum alkaline phosphatase
concentration is often increased, and in prostatic carcinoma
the acid phosphatase also is elevated.
On x-ray examination skeletal deposits usually appear as
rarefied areas in the medulla or patches of bone destruction
in the cortex. Vertebral collapse is also common.
37.
38. TREATMENT
By the time a patient has developed
secondary deposits, the prognosis for survival
is almost hopeless.
Occasionally, radical treatment (by combined
surgery and radiotherapy) of a solitary
secondary deposit and of its parent primary
may be rewarding and even apparently
curative.
In the great majority of cases, and certainly
in those with multiple secondaries,treatment
39. MULTIPLE MYELOMA
Multiple myeloma is a malignant B-cell
lymphoproliferative disorder of the marrow, with
plasma cells predominating.
myeloma is one of the commonest causes of
osteoporosis and vertebral compression fracture in
men over the age of 45 years.
The patient, typically aged 45–65 years.
presents with weakness, backache, bone pain or a
pathological fracture and Hypercalcaemia symptoms.
Associated features of the marrow cell disorder are
plasma protein abnormalities, increased blood
viscosity and anaemia.
40. X-rays often show nothing more than
generalized osteoporosis . The ‘classical’
lesions are multiple punched-out defects in the
skull, pelvis and proximal femur, a crushed
vertebra, or a solitary lytic tumour in a large-
bone metaphysis.
Treatment include:
Pain control.
General supportive measures include
correction offluid balance.
Treatment of pathological fractures.