Bone cancer primarily arises from metastatic cancers, most commonly from the breast, lung, thyroid, prostate, or kidney. Symptoms include pain, potential fractures, and can lead to significant bodily damage, while diagnosis involves medical history, examinations, and imaging. Treatment options vary by cancer type and include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, with notable risks and side effects associated with each approach.

1. Bone CancerBy: Sylvia GuzikowskiBiology of Cancer – Ms. Paroly

2. What is (bone) cancer?Cancer: a neoplastic growth of tissue, specifically in the bone.Most of the time, bone cancer is metastatic. Ex: multiple myeloma: cancer blood cells form in the bone marrow instead of the bone itself. Although leukemia is considered a blood cancer, it’s actually a bone cancer. Be careful not to mislabel cancers. In image: [normal plasma cell, bone marrow, bone  myeloma-affected cell, normal plasma cell.]

3. So. How do we get bone cancer?Most of the time, bone cancer is actually metastasized breast, lung, thyroid, prostate, or kidney cancer. Carcinoma cancers are much more likely to metastasize to bone than sarcoma cancers.Primary bone cancers are much more rare. [cancers that arise from bone tissue] About 2000 people are affected by p-cancers each year in the U.S.Children are more likely to develop bone cancer than adults; people with metal implants as bones have an increased riskMyeloma is A malignant tumor of the bone marrow. It gathers in the bone and bone marrow. It can matastasize.*There is no defined cause of bone cancer.

4. Bone Cancer SymptomsWe have 206 bones. Painful – WORSENS OVER TIME.Compress normal bone tissue. If the tumor compresses the surrounding nerve it can cause pain, numbness, or tingling in the extremities. If the surrounding blood vessels are compressed, it can affect the blood flow to the extremities.In some cases, a mass or lump may be felt either on the bone or in the tissues surrounding the bone. bones can become weakened by the tumor and lead to a fractureFever, chills, night sweats, and weight loss– but these symptoms are rarer and will spread after the tumor moves to other tissues.

5. How is bone cancer diagnosed?Check medical history first!complete physical examination [strength, awareness of touch, reflexes]X-rays [normal, followed by a ct {computed tomography} scan or an mri {magnetic resonance imaging} if suspicious]X-rays will tell if bone is fractured.The x-rays tell if malignant/benign. Benign = smooth, Malignant = ragged. Benign tumors typically grow more slowly and the bone has time to try and surround it. If tumor identified, the doctor will attempt to find the cause. *

6. Types of bone cancersBenign bone tumorsOsteoidosteoma, Osteoblastoma, Osteochondroma, Enchondroma, Chondromyxoidfibroma.Malignant Bone Tumors:Osteosarcoma: starts in the bone cells, occurs in young people between the age of 10 and 30 [10% develop intheir 60’s and 70’s] +most often in bones of the arms, legs, or pelvisChondrosarcoma: cancer of cartilage cells. Other malignant tumors: Ewing tumor, Malignant fibrous histiocytomam, Fibrosarcoma, Giant cell tumor of bone, Chordoma, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, Multiple myeloma .

7. TreatmentTreatment is based on type of cancer, location, aggressiveness, and if it has metastasized. Main types of treatment: surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.Side effects include but are not limited to: hair loss, nausea, infection, fatigue & diarrhea.

8. Treatment: surgeryFirst move = biopsySurgery: Goal: to remove the entire tumor and a surrounding area of normal bone. If unsuccessful, the cancer may come back. Historically, amputations were frequently used to remove bone cancer. Now, 10% people with bone cancer need one. the surgeon will replace something in its locationBone cement or bone graft [small areas]larger grafts from bone bank or metal implants [larger areas]Some metal implants can lengthen when implanted in children!

9. Treatment: ChemotherapyUse various medications to stop growth of cancer cells can be used prior to surgery [to shrink the tumor]can also be used after surgery to try to kill any remaining cancer cells.

10. Treatment: Radiationradiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays aimed at the site of the cancer to try to kill the cancer cells.Small, daily doses for a good number of days, possibly months. As with chemotherapy, radiation therapy can be used either before or after surgery, depending on the specific type of cancer. This is what the machinery looks like; It’s huge, but it focuses a fine ray on the point where the cancer is.

11. Treatment risksSurgery: Infection, recurrence of the cancer, injury to the surrounding tissues; removal of portions of bone, muscle, nerves, or blood vessels. [may cause weakness, loss of sensation, and chances of fractures. Chemotherapy:normal cells are killed in the process, the medications kill rapidly dividing cells [therefore, hair, blood forming cells, & cells lining the digestive system.] Radiation: fatigue, loss of appetite, and damage to the surrounding skin and soft tissues, increased risk of wound problems from surgeryRemember to eat plenty of nutritious food to balance everything out! Cancer is evil.

12. Statistics 2,570 people (1,480 men and 1,090 women) get bone cancer each year [in America]About ½ of the people that get bone cancer die because of it. 58.2% people are diagnosed under 44. 41.8% people are diagnosed 45-85+.34.2% people died under 44.65.8% people died 45+.Survival rates: 67.5% : Caucasian men 72.1% : Caucasian women 70.0% : African-American men 68.4% : African-American women.http://bone-cancer.emedtv.com/bone-cancer/bone-cancer-statistics.html

13. Articles Used:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21204614http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21138586http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20478658http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21118579http://www.medicinenet.com/bone_cancer/article.htmhttp://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Sites-Types/bone

14. The end~