The document discusses the process of combing in textile manufacturing. It begins by defining combing as a process that minimizes short fibers and impurities in a carded or drawn sliver to produce a clean sliver with parallel fibers. It then discusses the objectives and tasks of combing, which include removing short fibers and impurities, straightening fibers, and producing slivers with optimal evenness. The document also describes the types of combers, effects of combing on yarn properties, and provides details on the sequence of operations in a rectilinear comber.

1. NAME:- GADAI FURKAN .USMAN.
ENTROLLMENT NO:-176400329006
SUBJECT:- YMT-2
TOPIC:- COMBER

2. COMBING

3. WHAT IS COMBING?
COMBER IS A PROCESS BY WHICH QUANTITY OF SHORT
FIBERS FRAGMENTS OF IMPURITIES PRESENT IN A
CARDED OR DRAWN SLIVER ARE MINIMIZED TO GIVE A
CLEAN SLIVER.
HAVING MORE OF A RECTANGULAR STAPLE DIAGRAM,
WITH THE VAST MAJORITY OF THE CONSTITUENT FIBERS
IN A STRAIGHTENED AND PARALLEL STATE.

4. COMBING EFFECT
YARN,STRENGTH,EVENESS AND
IMPERFACTION :
• COMBING IMPROVES THE YARN STRENGTH, EVENNESS AND DECREASES THE
IMPERFECTIONS DUE TO REMOVAL OF SHORT FIBRES AND MAKING THE
FIBRES MORE PARALLEL.
• THE PERCENTAGE IMPROVEMENT IN THESE PROPERTIES DEPEND UPON THE
AMOUNT OF NOIL EXTRACTED.
• THE PERCENTAGE IMPROVEMENT IS GREATER WITH REMOVAL OF HIGHER
AMOUNT OF NOIL.

5. OBJECTIVES OF COMBING:
• REMOVAL OF SHORT FIBERS (PRE-DETERMINED QUANTITY)
• REMOVAL OF REMAINING IMPURITIES
• REMOVAL OF NEPS AND SLUBS
• STRAIGHTENING AND PARALLELIZATION OF THE LONG FIBERS WHICH ARE
RETAINED
• FORMATION OF SLIVERS HAVING MAXIMUM POSSIBLE EVENNESS
• ELIMINATION OF SHORT FIBERS IMPROVES THE STAPLE LENGTH AND ALSO
AFFECTSTHE FINENESS OF RAW MATERIAL.

6. TASK OF COMBER:
• THE COMBER IS USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF MEDIUM, MEDIUM-FINE AND FINE AND ENABLES A
POSITIVE INFLUENCE TO BE EXERTED PRIMARILY ON THE OF
EVENNESS,STRENGTH,CLEANLINESS AND ON THE FABRIC CHARACTERISTICS O
SMOOTHNESSS,VISUALL APPEARANCE ANHANDLEE.
• TO ACHIEVE AN IMPROVEMENT IN QUALITY, THE COMBER MUST PERFORM THE FOLLOWING
OPERATIONS:
• ELIMINATION OF A PRECISELY PRE-DETERMINED QUANTITY OF SHORT FIBERS.
• ELIMINATION OF THE REMAINING IMPURITIES.
• ELIMINATION OF A LARGE PROPORTION (NOT ALL CAN BE REMOVED) OF THE NEPS IN THE FIBER
MATERIAL.
• FORMATION OF A SLIVER HAVING THE OPTIMAL POSSIBLE QUALITY PARAMETERS.

7. TYPES OF COMBER:
• ECTILINEAR COMBERS (WITH STATIONARY OR OSCILLATING NIPPERS, FOR COTTON);
• CIRCULAR COMBERS (ENGLISH WORSTED PROCESS);
• ROTARY COMBERS (PRODUCTION OF SCHAPPE-SPUN YARNS); AND
• HACKLING MACHINES (BAST FIBERS).
• SHORT-STAPLE SPINNING MILLS USE ONLY THE RECTILINEAR COMBER WITH SWINGING NIPPERS
AND STATIONARY DETACHING ROLLERS, AS ORIGINALLY CONCEIVED IN 1845 BY J. HEILMANN IN
ALSACE AND FURTHER DEVELOPED IN 1902 BY THE ENGLISHMAN NASMITH AND IN 1948 BY THE
WHITIN COMPANY. MACHINE LAYOUTS USED IN PRACTICE ARE SINGLE-SIDED MACHINES WITH
EIGHT HEADS. THE DOUBLE-SIDED MACHINES OF THE FORMER PLATT SACO LOWELL COMPANY
WITH SIX-PLUS-SIX HEADS ARE NO LONGER MANUFACTURED. IMPROVEMENTS IN MACHINE
DESIGN SINCE 1948 HAVE ENABLED A FIVE-FOLD INCREASE IN PRODUCTION.

8. SEQUENCE OF OPERATION IN A RECTI
LINEAR COMBER:
• (A) FEED ROLLERS (S) MOVE LAP SHEET FORWARD BY A SMALL AMOUNT (4.3 -
6.7 MM), WHILE NIPPERS ZO/ZU ARE HELD OPEN (FEED).
• (B) UPPER NIPPER PLATE ZO IS LOWERED ONTO CUSHION PLATE ZU SO THAT
THE FIBERS ARE CLAMPED BETWEEN THEM (NIPPING).
• (C) COMBING SEGMENT(K) , MOUNTED ON ROTATING CYLINDER (Z),SWEEPS
SAW-TEETH THROUGH FIBER FRINGE AND CARRIES AWAY ANYTHING NOT
HELD BY THE NIPPERS (ROTARY COMBING).

9. SQUENCE OF OPERATION IN A RECTI LINEAR
COMBER:

10. GOOD QUALITY OF COMBING:
• THE CONDITION OF FIBRES IN TERMS OF ORIENTATION AND
PARALLELIZATION AS THEY
ARE FEED TO THE COMBING HEAD IS A VERY CRITICAL PARAMETER
WHICH DECIDES THE COMBING PERFORMANCE.
• IF THE FIBRES ARE MORE PARALLEL AND ORIENTE PARALLELEL TO THE
LENGTH OF THE LAP, IT IS BETTER IN TERMS OF COMBING
PERFORMANCE.
• THE THICKNESS OF THE LAP IS IMPORTANT IN THE SENSE THAT THE
COMBING NEEDLES SHOULD BE ABLE TO PENETRATE INTO THE
THICKNESS OF THE LAP.

11. • D) THE NIPPERS OPEN AGAIN AND MOVE TOWARD DETACHING ROLLERS (A)(NIPPERS
FORWARD).
• (E) MEANWHILE DETACHING ROLLERS (A)HAVE RETURNED PART OF THE PREVIOUSLY
DRAWN-OFF STOCK (WEB V) BY MEANS OF A (PARTIAL) REVERSE ROTATION, SO THAT THE
WEB PROTRUDES FROM THE BACK OF THE DETACHING DEVICE (WEB RETURN).
• (F) IN THE COURSE OF THE FORWARD MOVEMENT OF THE NIPPERS THE PROJECTING FIBER
FRINGE (B) IS PLACED ON THE RETURNED WEB (V) (PIECING).
• (G) THE DETACHING ROLLERS BEGIN TO ROTATE IN THE FORWARD DIRECTION AGAIN AND
DRAW THE CLAMPED FIBERS OUT OF WEB (W)) HELD FAST BY FEED ROLLERS (S) (INSIDE
THE NIPPERS) (DETACHING).

12. • (H) BEFORE THE START OF THE DETACHING OPERATION, TOP COMB (F) HAS
THRUST ITS SINGLE ROW OF TEETH INTO THE FIBER FRINGE. AS THE FIBERS ARE
PULLED THROUGH THE TEETH OF THE TOP COMB DURING DETACHING, THE
TRAILING PART OF THE FRINGE IS COMBED, THUS MAKING UP FOR THE INABILITY
OF THE CIRCULAR COMBS TO REACH THIS PART OF THE FRINGE (PASSIVE
COMBING BY THE TOP COMB).
• (I) AS THE NIPPER ASSEMBLY IS RETRACTED, THE NIPPERS OPEN FOR THE NEXT
FEEDING STEP. THE TOP COMB IS WITHDRAWN. A NEW COMBING CYCLE BEGINS.
• (K) CONTRARY TO THE MOVEMENTS OF THE OTHER PARTS, THE COMBING
CYLINDER ROTATES CONTINUOUSLY.

13. • DURING THIS ROTATION AND AT A CERTAIN INSTANT THE COMBING SEGMENT IS
BROUGHT INTO THE VICINITY OF A RAPIDLY REVOLVING BRUSH MOUNTED
BELOW THE COMBING CYLINDER. THIS BRUSH REMOVES THE
IMPERFECTIONS, ETC., FROM THE COMBING SEGMENT, AND EJECTS THEM
INTO AN EXTRACTOR THAT CARRIES THE NOIL AWAY TO A COLLECTING FILTER
SYSTEM.
• ALL THESE MECHANICALLY VERY DEMANDING PROCESSING STEPS ARE
CARRIED OUT ON 8 COMBING HEADS SIMULTANEOUSLY AT SPEEDS OF UP TO
500 TIMES PER MINUTE (IN RIETER‘S CURRENT E 66 COMBER GENERATION).

14. PREPARATION OF STOCK COMBING:
• THE COMBING OPERATION ITSELF (FEEDING, NIPPING, COMBING, DETACHING) IS A VERY SOPHISTICATE
PROCESS WHICH REQUIRES:
• THE BEST EQUIPMENT;
• OPTIMAL, STABLE SETTINGS;
• EXCELLENT MAINTENANCE;
• CAREFUL HANDLING.
• AN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT FACTOR BESIDES THESE, HOWEVER, IS THE PREPARATION OF THE MATERIA
BEFORE COMBING, AS THE RAW MATERIAL DELIVERED BY THE CARD IS UNSUITABLE FOR COMBING AS
REGARDS BOTH FORM AND FIBER ARRANGEMENT. IF CARD SLIVERS WERE FED TO THE COMBER, TRUE
NIPPING BY THE NIPPER PLATES (FIG.)WOULD OCCUR ONLY ON THE HIGH POINTS, WITH THE RISK THAT
THE NIPPERS COULD NOT RETAIN THE LESS FIRMLY COMPRESSED EDGE NES OF THE SLIVERS. THESE
COULD THEN BE PULLED OUT AS CLUMPS BY THE CIRCULAR COMBS. A SHEET WITH THE GREATEST
POSSIBLE DEGREE OF EVENNESS IN CROSS SECTION IS THEREFORE REQUIRED AS INFEED TO THE
COMBER.

15. CLAMPED SLIVER BETWEEN THE NIPPER:

16. FIBERS PROJECTING FROM THE NIPPERS:

17. • GOOD PARALLEL DISPOSITION OF THE FIBERS WITHIN THE SHEET IS A
FURTHER PREREQUISITE. IF THE FIBERS LIE ACROSS THE STRAND (FIG. 5),
EVEN LONG FIBERS (A) ARE PRESENTED TO THE CIRCULAR COMBS AS IF THEY
WERE SHORT FIBERS (AS SHOWN AT B) AND THEY ARE ELIMINATED AS SUCH.
THIS REPRESENTS UNNECESSARY LOSS OF GOOD FIBERS.
• APPROPRIATE PREPARATORY MACHINES ARE NEEDED TO PREPARE THE
MATERIAL SO THAT IT MEETS REQUIREMENTS. THE FIBER ARRANGEMENT
MUST ALSO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT, I.E. IN THIS CASE THE DISPOSITION OF
THE HOOKS.

18. • THIS WILL ALSO PUT TOO MUCH STRESS ON THE COMBING NEEDLES.
• IF THE LAP IS TOO THIN, THEN THE PRODUCTION RATE WILL SUFFER.
• THE LAP SHOULD BE EVEN ACROSS THE WIDTH AS WELL AS ALONG THE LENGTH.
• IF IT IS NOT EVEN ACROSS THE WIDTH, THEN THE LAP IS NOT GOING TO BE HELD
TIGHTLY AT PLACES ACROSS THE WIDTH, WHICH WILL RESULT IN PULLING OUT OF
THE FIBRES IN LUMPS AND GOOD FIBRES MAY END UP IN GOING WITH THE NOIL.
• COMBING OPERATION REMOVES THE LEADING HOOKS PRESENT IN THE FEED LAP
PREFERENTIALLY.
• SO, THERE SHOULD BE EVEN NUMBER OF PROCESSES BETWEEN THE CARD AND
THE COMBER

20. WHAT IS BACKWARD OR REVERSE FEED:
• IF THE FEEDING TAKES PLACE
WHEN THE NIPPERS ARE GOING
BACKWARDS, THEN IT IS CALLED
AS BACKWARD OR REVERSE FEED.

21. NEPS REMOVE BY COMBER:
• IN THE COMBING PROCESS, NEPS
GET EITHER REMOVED AS NOIL
OR STRAIGHTENED DUE TO THE
ACTION OF THE COMBING
NEEDLES OR INTER FIBRE
RUBBING AND SLIDING.

22. THE TOP COMB:
• THE REPLACEABLE TOP COMB IS ARRANGED BETWEEN NIPPERS AND
(Z)DETACHING ROLLERS (A) SO THAT THE FIBER FRINGE CAN BE DRAWN
THROUGH THE NEEDLES OF THE TOP COMB DURING DETACHING. THE TOP
COMB USUALLY COMPRISES A HOLDER (H) TO WHICH NEEDLE BAR (B) IS
SECURED BY SCREWS. THE NEEDLES ARE SOLDERED TO THE BAR.

23. THE TOP COMB ASSEMBLY:

24. • THE HOLDER MOUNTS THE TOP COMB ON THE LOWER NIPPER PLATE SO THAT
THE TOP COMB SWINGS WITH THAT PLATE. THE NEEDLES HAVE A FLATTENED
CROSS-SECTION AND A BEND. APART FROM ITS PARTICIPATION IN THE
SWINGING MOVEMENTS OF THE NIPPERS, THE TOP COMB IS FIXED, I.E. IT IS
NOT SUBJECT TO ANY ADDITIONAL AND COMPLICATED UP-AND-DOWN
MOVEMENTS. DURING DETACHING THE FIBER FRINGE IS PRESSED INTO THE
NEEDLES OF THE COMB AUTOMATICALLY. THE DEPTH OF PENETRATION IS
VERY IMPORTANT AND IS THEREFORE DESIGNED TO BE ADJUSTABLE. THE
SPACING FROM THE DETACHING ROLLERS IS ALSO ADJUSTABLE.

25. THE TOP COMB:

26. THE DRAFFTING ARRANGEMENTS:
• THE RIETER COMBER, THE SLIVER TABLE LEADS TO A VERTICALLY INCLINED 3-
OVER-3 DRAFTING ARRANGEMENT (FIG. 56), SOMETIMES WITH AN ADDITIONAL
PRESSURE BAR IN THE MAIN DRAFT ZONE. THE ROLLERS FORM TWO
DRAFTING ZONES. BREAK DRAFT AS WELL AS MAIN DRAFT DISTANCES AND
THE AMOUNTS OF DRAFT ARE VARIABLE. THE OVERALL DRAFT LIES BETWEEN
9 AND 16. AT THE DELIVERY END OF THE DRAFTING ARRANGEMENT A TRUMPET
COLLECTS THE DISCHARGED WEB AND GUIDES IT, WITH ADDITIONAL
COMPACTING, TO THE DELIVERY ROLLERS.

27. THE DRAFFTING RIETER COMBER:

28. WASTE REMOVAL:
• AT BOTH SIDES OF THE MACHINE THE COLLECTED WASTE IS REMOVED BY
SUCTION NOZZLES AND FED BY VACUUM TO A CENTRAL FILTER HOUSING.
WIPERS ON THE CONVEYOR BELT CONTINUOUSLY CLEAN THE HOUSING
UNDER THE OPENING ROLLER.
• THE APPROPRIATE CLEANING FACILITIES ARE ABLE TO REMOVE MOST
EXTRANEOUS, DUST AND TRASH PARTICLES RELIABLY FROM THE RAW
COTTON.

30. STRIPING ROLLER IN THE COMBER
ASSEMBLY:

31. REMOVAL OF WASTE USING A DRUM
SEPARATOR:

32. THANK YOU.