The document provides an overview of the colonization of America between 1519-1763. It discusses the founding and development of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies. Key events included the Protestant Reformation in Europe, the establishment of Jamestown and other colonies, conflicts with Native Americans, the growth of slavery, and the rise of cash crops like tobacco. The economies and societies of the different regions began to take shape during this period.

1. Colonizing America, 1519-1763Colonizing America, 1519-1763
• The Reformation Divides Europe, England Begins to
Colonize America
• The Protestant Reformation
– Movement against the Catholic Church, started by Martin Luther
in Germany.
– Spreads throughout Europe, in the early 1500s.
– Significance of Luther’s Impact:
• Starts the movement and Creates the Lutheran Church (new
Christian denomination)
• Weakens the control of the Roman Catholic Church
• King James refused to reform Catholic Church, and
eventually imprisoned many of those who followed Protestant
teaching.
Economic Changes in England
• Joint-Stock Companies finance colonization.
• Colonization in North America brings new markets for
England.

2. The Founding of VirginiaThe Founding of Virginia
• The Lost Colony of Roanoke
– England looked to establish outposts in America, to aid
privateers.
– Walter Raleigh posts on Roanoke Island – one of a chain of
islands called the Outer Banks on the coast of North
Carolina , and calls it “Virginia.”
– The colony is unable to survive on his first attempt b/c starving
settlers abandoned the colony and returned home.
– The second attempt, made two years later, ended mysteriously
when its settlers seemingly vanished.
• Jamestown is Founded
• Virginia Company
– Joint-Stock company who invested in Virginia’s colonization.
– A joint-stock company is a company funded and run by a groups
of investors who share in the company’s profits and losses.
– Created in England (and Virginia), early 1600s
– Money from investors makes colonization possible.
– The settlement of Jamestown is established in Virginia, the first
English settlement in the Colonies to survive.

3. Settlers Hardships – 5 ReasonsSettlers Hardships – 5 Reasons
1. Conflict with Native Americans – 14,000 N.A.’s lived around
Jamestown and most of them followed the powerful group of the
Powhatan people. Even though the English paid a tribute, the
Powhatans wouldn’t fully trust English intention.
2. Unrealistic Expectations – Many settlers came to the colony to get
rich quick. Others were born into aristocratic families and had no
experience with manual labor. And for these reasons, many of the
first Jamestown settlers ignored the daily tasks necessary for their
survival.
3. Location – B/c settlers live near and drew their water from swamps
and pools of standing water where disease-carrying mosquitos
bred, the colonists suffered from dysentery, typhus, and malaria.
4. Starvation – Not all people were willing to work. The settlers were
not used to the type of soil and didn’t understand how to properly
cultivate the land.
5. Poor Leadership – The settlers fought over minor matters even
when they were in danger of starving. Their strongest leader, John
Smith, had to leave the colony and sail back to England b/c of an
injury which required medical attention.

4. JamestownJamestown
Tobacco Saves the Colony
• Tobacco-A major cash crop for Virginia, and later into North
Carolina, used for sale to the English for large profits.
• John Rolfe was the first grower to send a shipment back to England
where he made huge profits!
• In order to cash in on the tobacco boom, colonists started to move
out of Jamestown and carve out plantations near the nearby
waterways.
The First Governing Assembly…
House of Burgesses
• Governing body of representatives in Jamestown,
• established in 1619
• Colony of Jamestown given the right to choose its own
representatives.
• Reps could then make laws.
• Enticed more settlers to come to Virginia

5. Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion
Bacon’s Rebellion
• Revolt of backcountry farmers of Virginia, lead by Nathaniel
Bacon, against Native Americans, and later, against Governor
Berkeley.
• Why Significant:
– Backcountry farmers wanted more land to grow tobacco and
tried to take it, creating conflict with Native Americans.
– Berkeley refused to raise troops to defend the frontiersmen.
– Bacon, Berkeley’s cousin, sympathized with them and raised
a private army to fight the Native Americans.
– Berkeley declared him a rebel and raised troops to fight
Bacon.
– Bacon and his supporters burned Jamestown and controlled
nearly all of Virginia until Bacon’s death – then the rebellion
crumbled.

6. The New England ColoniesThe New England Colonies
• This region included land that became the
states of Connecticut, Rhode Island,
Massachusetts, Vermont, New
Hampshire, and Maine.
• The colonies in this region were called the
New England Colonies.

7. New EnglandNew England
The Mayflower Compact
• Massachusetts, 1620 (Early 1600s)
• Document stating the intention of the settlers to create a
government and to obey its laws.
• Why Significant:
– Settlers (Pilgrims) had no legal right to the land
– Establishes govt authority, into the hands of the
settlers.
– Pilgrims from England, also part of Protestant
movement, branched off from Puritans.
Plymouth Colony
• Pilgrims first established colony in Massachusetts
• Learned from Natives (Squanto) how to harvest the land,
to fish, and secure life’s commodities.

8. Plymouth PlantationPlymouth Plantation

9. The Puritans FoundThe Puritans Found
MassachusettsMassachusetts
• John Winthrop, a wealthy Puritan, starts a
migration of English Puritans to Massachusetts.
• The Puritans are a sub-denomination that
branched off from the Protestants. Many
Protestant denominations fled England in
droves.
• Winthrop a stockholder in the Massachusetts
Bay Company, which had received a royal
charter to establish a colony in New England.

10. Massachusetts has noMassachusetts has no
separation of “Church and State”separation of “Church and State”
• Massachusetts was a very strict, Puritan “church
state” established through a representative
assembly.
• How strict?
– Everyone required to attend church
– Mass. Govt. collected taxes to support the church.
– Behavior regulated, severe punishment for blasphemy
(ugh), adultery, and drunkenness.
– Heretics (those whose ideas differed from the
majority) could be banished…and/or killed.

11. Salem Witch TrialsSalem Witch Trials
• Trials that resulted in the execution of 20
residents of Salem, Massachusetts in 1692.
• Why Significant:
– Accusations made by teenage girls, were later found
to be made up.
– Accusations probably based on resentments between
the prosperous and the less successful, “the haves”
vs. “the have nots.”
– Witchcraft, as was the case in Europe, was punished
by execution in Massachusetts.

12. The founding of the colony ofThe founding of the colony of
Rhode IslandRhode Island
• Colony founded with TWO principles in mind:
– The basis of religious freedom.
– Rhode Island has clear separation of church and state
(government)
• The founding of Rhode Island largely influenced
by Roger Williams, who was forced out of Mass.,
and would found the city of Providence.
• Many unhappy Puritans fled Massachusetts for
Rhode Island.

13. The River Towns of ConnecticutThe River Towns of Connecticut
• Connecticut settled by Reverend Thomas Hooker,
Puritan congregation finds new land.
• Connecticut, like Rhode Island, illustrates how individual
rights continue to expand in the colonies.
• All adult men, not just church-goers (as in
Massachusetts) allowed to vote.
• Fundamental Orders of Connecticut---first written
Constitution of the colonies established
New Hampshire and Maine
• Settlers arrive looking toward fur trade and fishing
industry.
• Both territories would eventually become colonized.

14. King Philip’s WarKing Philip’s War
• War between New England settlers and Wampanoag
(Natives)
• New England colonies, 1670’s
• Significance:
– Good relations between Natives and colonists in New England
comes to an end.
– Fur trade (from Natives) had declined, colonial governments
demand that Natives follow English laws and customs, which the
Natives refuse.
– War erupts, colonists win, many Natives leave New England.
New England’s Economy
– New England not suitable for farming, though some subsistence
farming occurred.
– New England industries included fishing, whaling, lumbering,
and shipbuilding.

15. Life in New England’s TownsLife in New England’s Towns
Town Meetings
• Local town government meetings
• Common throughout New England, during the Colonial
period
• Why Significant:
– Town residents met to discuss local problems and issues.
– Free men in the town elected leaders and chose deputies.
– Voting limited to men who had been granted land by the town.
– Selectmen would appoint other officials the town needed.
– Settlers in New England allowed to directly participate in local
government.
– A strong belief in the right to govern themselves developed.

16. Half-Way CovenantHalf-Way Covenant
• Intended to remind New England Puritans of their
religious foundations.
• As more colonies developed with the thought in mind to
protect certain freedoms, many had begun to drift from
their religious faith.
• The Puritan Church was hoping to increase its numbers
and to hold onto its influence in New England society.
• The Puritan Church required a “conversion experience”
in order to be a part of the church.
• The Half-Way Covenant was a way to admit more
people into the Puritan Church, whereby if people
followed the rules of the covenant, the church then
hoped that people would then come upon the
“conversion experience” and to be “born again.”

17. The Middle ColoniesThe Middle Colonies
• These colonies included…
– New York
– New Jersey
– Pennsylvania
– Delaware
• They are called the Middle Colonies because
they are in the middle of the Atlantic Coast of
North America.

18. Dutch Settlement of New Amsterdam andDutch Settlement of New Amsterdam and
the Founding of Pennsylvaniathe Founding of Pennsylvania
New Amsterdam Becomes New York
• The Dutch (the Netherlands) settle the Hudson River Valley,
establishing fur-trading posts in 1614.
• The Dutch were less interested in conquering or transforming the
countryside than simply obtaining furs by trade.
• New Amsterdam is founded, the largest Dutch settlement, on
Manhattan Island.
• It became a port where Dutch, Swedish, French, German, English,
and many other people carried on peaceful business together and
religious tolerance was a firm rule.
• Slavery in the colonies begins in New Amsterdam in the 1620s.
• England eventually takes over New Amsterdam, rename it New
York.
New Jersey
• New Jersey founded shortly after the English take- over of New
York.
• New Jersey established by promise of land grants, religious
freedom, rights to elect a legislative assembly.

19. Pennsylvania and DelawarePennsylvania and Delaware
The Quakers
• Yet another Protestant denomination, who settled in
Pennsylvania in the 1670s.
• Significance:
• Quakers objected to all political and religious authority,
taxes, and forced military service.
• Persecuted in virtually every colony, until finding their
own and Penn wanted his colonist to practice religious
tolerance.
• Granted a colony through a debt the King had to William
Penn’s father.
• Philadelphia, “The City of Brotherly Love” founded,
would later become nation’s capital.
• Penn would also purchase what would later become the
colony of Delaware.

20. Economic Development in theEconomic Development in the
Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies
The Wheat Boom
• Wheat becomes the primary cash crop of the middle
colonies in the 1700s.
• Port cities began to develop near rivers, such as
Philadelphia and New York City. Port cities are always
heavily involved in trade.
Quebec
• The French would settle and colonize much of the region
now known as Quebec, in current-day Canada.
• Quebec lies to the north of the St. Lawrence River,
stretching to the north of Lake Ontario, Lake Erie,
reaching toward Lake Huron.
• The French, as well, were looking for new markets, as
well as new outposts for fishing and the fur trade.

21. The Southern Colonies and theThe Southern Colonies and the
Development of SlaveryDevelopment of Slavery
The Carolinas
• The land was split into North and South Carolina in 1712.
• Both colonies thrived on tobacco profits and trade with Native
Americans.
Georgia
• GA was managed by trustees – someone entrusted to look after a
business.
• The trustees were led by James Oglethorpe, who wanted to make it
a haven for people who had been in jail in England because they
could not pay their debts.
• GA was a “buffer colony” between South Carolina, and Spanish-
owned Florida.
• At first, no one was allowed to own slaves or drink hard liquor and
all types of Protestants (not Catholics) were allowed to be
colonists.
• Eventually settlers were allowed to sell and use liquor, and own
slaves to work the land.

22. Maryland
• George Calvert saw Catholics persecuted in England
and wanted to establish a safe place for them to live.
• Calvert died before the colony was established and the
charter was given to his son, Lord Baltimore.
• The Maryland Toleration Act was established to protect
Catholics from being persecuted in Maryland.
• Maryland grew tobacco and used slaves on the
plantations

23. Southern Colonies EconomicSouthern Colonies Economic
DevelopmentDevelopment
• Southern economy based on commercial agriculture,
exporting cash crops.
• Cash crops included tobacco, indigo, rice, and later,
cotton.
• Plantations, large commercial estates, employed large
numbers of indentured servants to work the land.
Indentured servants later gave way to slavery.
Southern Society
• The Planter Elite, also known as the Southern Gentry,
had enormous economic and political influence, and
controlled the governing councils and assemblies.
• By the early 1700s, slave labor begins to replace
indentured servants.

24. Slavery in the ColoniesSlavery in the Colonies
• English government adopts policies to encourage slavery, slaves
brought to the Colonies via the Middle Passage.
• The Middle Passage was the long and brutal trip many Africans
endured, from the West Coast of Africa to North America, across the
Atlantic Ocean.
– The ships were jam packed with as many slaves as could be fit
on the ship.
– The ships inhabitants, due to poor sanitation, inadequate food
and dehydration, and lack of being able to get proper rest, often
fell sick or diseased.
– Thousands would die on the way, those who were deemed too
sick to survive, were often thrown overboard.
• Colonies adopt slave codes, or laws to strictly regulate the lives of
slaves, defining the relationship between enslaved Africans and free
people.
• Slavery becomes the backbone of the Southern economy,
especially as “Cotton Becomes King” in the South.

25. Africans in Colonial AmericaAfricans in Colonial America
• Gullah, a common language with English and
African words, allowed slaves to converse in
some areas.
• Slave life relied heavily on family support and
religious beliefs to survive.
• Various forms of resistance to slavery
performed, though few slaves became
independent.
• Stono Rebellion one of many slave uprisings to
be crushed.

26. Trade and the Rise of CitiesTrade and the Rise of Cities
Triangular Trade
• Triangular Trade (Trans-Atlantic Trade) established, a
three-way trade system involving England, the American
Colonies, and the Caribbean.
• Molasses (sugar) was sent from the Caribbean to the
Colonies and England, who would use the molasses to
make rum. The rum would then ship to West Africa in
exchange for slaves, with the slaves traded to the
Caribbean or to the Colonies.
• Triangular Trade…Molasses (Sugar) to Rum to Slaves.

27. MercantilismMercantilism
• Economic principle that believes wealth is developed by
accumulating gold and silver.
• Mercantilists believe a country should be self-sufficient in
raw materials.
• England’s chief motives in colonizing America were
economic (mercantilism), as well as to get rid of the all of
the religious malcontents.
• Raw materials from colonies sent to the home country to
produce manufactured goods.
• Mercantilism prevented the colonies from selling to other
countries.
• England enjoyed huge profits especially from Colonial
cotton (which fueled the English textile industry) as well
as from Colonial tobacco.

28. The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening
• The Great Awakening was a religious revival, focused on
devotion and union with God.
• The Great Awakening emphasizes the importance of
being “born again.” (The Baptist faith originated largely
due to the Great Awakening)
• The Great Awakening, like most religious revivals,
occurred during a time where the importance of one’s
faith, trust in God, and keeping church at the center of
their life, had been seemingly in decline in the colonies.
• As time had gone on, the strict, religious church states
that first settled in the colonies, had become more and
more tolerant, with more rights protected, more freedom
of choice in regard to religion.
• The Great Awakening was a call for people to get back
to their religious roots.

29. Preview of the RevolutionPreview of the Revolution
• By 1775, the English government, over the course of
nearly 200 years, had permitted new patterns of land
ownership, new styles of worship, and new kinds of
government to grow in the colonies. Once
established, these practices became fixed principles,
and the colonists became used to self-government
and, consistent with Enlightenment thinking,
thought of it as their natural right. Inadvertently, the
English government had planted the seeds of
rebellion, leading to the American Revolution, laying
the foundation for what would eventually become
the United States of America.