Teacher Notes MODULE 2.pptx

American History
The American Colonies
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
1
England forces the Dutch from North America and establishes thirteen colonies.
Later, Britain clashes with France and gains more territory in North America.

American History
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
The American Colonies
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The English Settle Virginia
LESSON 1
LESSON 2 Colonial Settlement Continues
LESSON 3 Relations with England
LESSON 4 Colonial Economies
LESSON 5 Life in the Colonies
LESSON 6 The French and Indian War
Why did American colonies in different regions develop varying economic, political, and societal
practices?

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LESSON 1
The first permanent English settlement in North America is founded at Jamestown,
Virginia, in 1607.

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4
LESSON 1
English settlers Struggle in North America
• Disease and starvation nearly end England’s attempts at a colony in North America
The Business of Colonization
• Joint-stock companies—investors fund colony, get profits
• In 1607, Virginia Company sends 150 people to found Jamestown
A Disastrous Start
• Colonists seek gold, suffer from disease and hunger
• John Smith forces colonists to farm; gets help from Powhatan people
• 1609, 600 colonists arrive; Powhatan destroy farms; “starving time,” only 60 survive
Continued…

American History
Lesson 1
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English settlers Struggle in North America (continued)
Jamestown Begins to Flourish
• New arrivals revive and expand colony; grow tobacco
“Brown Gold” and Indentured Servants
• Tobacco becomes profitable; export 1.5 million pounds by late 1620s
• Headright system, purchaser of passage gets 50 acres; lures settlers
• Plantation owners use indentured servants; work 4 to 7 years for passage
The First African Laborers
• 1619, First Africans arrive; treated as indentured servants
• Late 1600s, owners begin importing costly slaves because:
– indentured population decreases
– colony becomes wealthy

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LESSON 1
The Settlers Clash with Native Americans
• As the Virginia colony expanded, clashes with Native Americans increased
The English Pattern of Conquest
• Laws of Conquest, English do not live or intermarry with Native Americans
The Settlers Battle Native Americans
• Continued hostilities between Powhatan and English after “starving time”
• 1614, marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe creates temporary peace
• Colonists claim more land, fighting resumes
• Virginia Company sends more troops, supplies; nearly bankrupt
• King makes Virginia royal colony under his control

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LESSON 1
Conflict with Virginia’s Government
• Virginia Company establishes representative government; only landowners can vote
The House of Burgesses
• 1619, first meeting in Jamestown
• Authority to tax and make laws, royal governor can veto
Hostilities Develop
• Former indentured people settle frontier
– cannot vote, pay high taxes
– tax money used mainly to benefit rich planters
• Frontier settlers battle natives; tension between frontier, wealthy
• Governor refuses to give tax money to help frontier fight natives
Continued…

American History
Lesson 1
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Conflict with Virginia’s Government (continued)
Bacon’s Rebellion
• 1676, Nathaniel Bacon raises army to fight natives on frontier
• Governor calls Bacon’s army illegal; Bacon rebels sets fire to Jamestown
• Bacon dies of illness, rebels defeated; but power of frontier settlers grows

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Colonial Settlement Continues
LESSON 2
English Puritans come to North America beginning in 1620. The Dutch settle New
Netherland; English Quakers settle Pennsylvania.

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LESSON 2
Puritans Create a “New England”
• Puritans emigrate to create a model new society
Puritans and Pilgrims
• Puritans, religious group, want to purify Church of England
• Separatists, including Pilgrims, form independent congregations
• In 1620, Pilgrims flee to escape persecution, found Plymouth Colony
• Mayflower Compact establishes majority rule
The Massachusetts Bay Company
• In 1630, joint-stock company founds Massachusetts Bay Colony
• John Winthrop is Massachusetts Bay Colony’s first governor
“City Upon a Hill”
• Political power spread broadly in Massachusetts Bay Colony
• Puritan adult males vote for General Court; Court chooses governor
Continued…

American History
Lesson 2
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Puritans Create a “New England” (continued)
Church and States
• Civic officials are church members, have duty to do God’s will
• Puritan laws criminalize sins
Importance of Family
• Puritans generally migrate as families
• Community makes sure family members behave in “God-fearing” way

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LESSON 2
Dissent in the Puritan Community
• Dissent, division soon threaten the social order of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
The Founding of Providence
• Roger Williams—extreme Separatist minister with controversial views
– lands rightfully belong to Narragansett
– can’t punish settlers for religious beliefs
• General Court orders his arrest; Williams flees
• Williams founds colony of Providence
– negotiates for land with Narragansett tribe
– guarantees separation of church and state, religious freedom
Anne Hutchinson Banished
• Hutchinson teaches that church, ministers are unnecessary
• Hutchinson banished 1638; family, followers leave colony

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LESSON 2
Native Americans Resist Colonial Expansion
• Settlers spread to western Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut
Disputes Over Land
• Natives think land treaties temporary, Europeans think permanent
The Pequot War
• 1637, Pequot War—Pequot takes stand against colonists
– Colonists form an alliance with Narragansett; nearly destroy Pequot
King Philip’s War
• Deprived of land, natives toil for English, must follow Puritan laws
• Wampanoag chief Metacom organizes tribes to wipe out settlers
• 1675, King Philip’s War fierce, hit-and-run tactics
– hunger, disease, casualties defeat tribes
– settlers gain control of New England, but many killed in war

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LESSON 2
The Dutch Found New Netherland
• 1621, the Dutch West India Company colonizes New Netherland
• 1625, New Amsterdam becomes capital of colony
• 1655, Dutch take over New Sweden colony
A Diverse Colony
• Settlers from other European countries and Africa welcomed
• Good relations with Native Americans; Dutch trade for furs
English Takeover
• Colonists use their right to petition to determine border between New England, New Netherland
• 1664, duke of York captures New Netherland without firing a shot
– renames colony New York
– later gives part of land to friends, names it New Jersey

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LESSON 2
The Quakers Settle Pennsylvania
• With New Netherland, England extends its American empire
Penn’s “Holy Experiment”
• In 1681, King Charles repays debt to Penn family with American land
– William Penn founds Pennsylvania on Quaker principles
• Quakers ideas: equality, cooperation, religious toleration, pacifism
• Pennsylvania meant to be a “holy experiment”
– adult males get 50 acres, right to vote
– representative assembly
– freedom of religion
Native American Relations
• Penn treats native people fairly
– regulates trade
– court of colonists, Native Americans to settle disagreements
– over 50 years without conflict
Continued…

American History
Lesson 2
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The Quakers Settle Pennsylvania (continued)
A Thriving Colony
• Penn recruits immigrants; thousands of Germans go to Pennsylvania
• Quakers become minority; slavery is introduced
Thirteen Colonies
• Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, founds Maryland; has religious freedom
• Key supporters of King Charles found Carolina
– southern part, estates depends on slave labor
– northern part, mostly small farms
– 1729, King splits colony into North Carolina and South Carolina
• James Ogelthorpe founds Georgia as haven for debtors
• By 1752, there are 13 British colonies in North America

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Relations with England
LESSON 3
England and its largely self-governing colonies prospered under a mutually beneficial
trade relationship.

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LESSON 3
England and Its Colonies Prosper
• Colonial system designed mostly to enrich Britain
Mercantilism
• Mercantilism—countries must get gold, silver to be self-sufficient
• English settlers export raw materials; import manufactured goods
• Favorable balance of trade means more gold coming in than going out
The Navigation Acts
• Colonial merchants pursue foreign markets; embrace capitalism
• England sees colonial sales to other countries as economic threat
• 1651, Parliament passes Navigation Acts, laws restrict colonial trade
– Acts benefit both England and most colonists

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LESSON 3
Tensions Emerge
• Some colonists resent Navigation Acts; still smuggle goods abroad
• 1684, King Charles acts to punish colonist who resist English authority
Crackdown in Massachusetts
• In 1684 King Charles revokes corporate charter; creates royal colony
The Dominion of New England
• In 1685, King James creates Dominion of New England
– land from southern Maine to New Jersey united into one colony
– to make colony more obedient, Dominion placed under single ruler
• Governor Sir Edmund Andros antagonizes Puritans, merchants
Continued…

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Lesson 3
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Tensions Emerge (continued)
The Glorious Revolution
• King James unpopular in England; is Catholic, disrespects Parliament
• 1689, Glorious Revolution—Parliament asserts its power over monarch
– Parliament crowns Mary (James’s daughter) and William of Orange
– English Bill of Rights limits monarchs’ power
• Massachusetts colonists arrest Governor Andros, royal councilors
• Parliament restores separate colonial charters
• 1691, Massachusetts charter has royal governor, religious toleration

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LESSON 3
England Loosens the Reins
• After 1688, England focuses attention on its rivalry with France
Salutary Neglect
• Smuggling trials in admiralty courts with English judges, no juries
• Board of Trade has broad powers to monitor colonial trade
• England’s salutary neglect—does not enforce laws in exchange for economic loyalty
The Seeds of Self-Government
• Local governments have more influence than Parliament
– town meetings; elected assembly
– assembly influences governor, pay his salary
• Royal colonies, governor appointed by king; proprietary, governor appointed by proprietor
– commands military; power to veto, make treaties, choose officials
• Colonists still consider themselves British
Continued…

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Colonial Economies
LESSON 4
In the southern colonies, a predominately agricultural society develops. The northern
colonies develop an economy based mostly on commerce and trade.

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Colonial Economies
LESSON 4
A Plantation Economy Arises
• Fertile soil leads to growth of agriculture
• Farmers specialize in cash crops grown for sale, not personal use
• Long, deep rivers allow planters to ship goods directly to markets
• Plantations produce most of what they need on their property
– Few cities grow: warehouses, shops not needed
• 1600s, male indentured servants are 1/2 to 2/3 of immigrants
• 1700s, reports of hardship keep European laborers away

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Colonial Economies
LESSON 4
Slavery Becomes Entrenched
• European colonists gradually begin to meet labor needs with enslaved Africans
The Evolution of Slavery
• English colonists increasingly unable to enslave Native Americans
• Indentured servant price rises; slaves work for life, are better buy
• Most white colonists think Africans’ dark skin justifies slavery
The European Slave Trade
• 1600s, large numbers of slaves working on Caribbean plantations
– 1700s, slave populations in 13 colonies grow
• 3-way triangular trade network ties colonies, Africa, West Indies
– New England exports rum to Africa
– Africa exports slaves to West Indies
– West Indies export sugar, molasses to New England
Continued…

American History
Lesson 4
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Slavery Becomes Entrenched (continued)
The Middle Passage
• Middle passage—middle leg of transatlantic trade, transports slaves
• 20% or more of Africans on ship die from disease, abuse, suicide
Slavery in the South
• 80% to 90% of slaves work in fields; 10% to 20% work in house or as artisans
• Slaves work full-time from age 12 until death
• Owners beat, whip slaves considered disobedient, disrespectful

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Colonial Economies
LESSON 4
Commerce Grows in the North
• 1650–1750, colonies’ economy grows twice as fast as Great Britain’s
• Most growth in New England, middle colonies
A Diversified Economy
• Cold winters, rocky soil restrict New Englanders to small farms
• Middle colonies raise livestock, crops; export surplus
• Diverse commercial economy develops in New England, middle colonies
• By mid-1700s, merchants are powerful group in North
Urban Life
• Growth in trade leads to large port cities like New York, Boston
• Philadelphia second largest city in British empire; has urban plan

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Life in the Colonies
LESSON 5
Both the northern and southern colonies develop diverse societies. The South is mostly
rural, and the North is mostly urban.

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LESSON 5
Northern Society is Diverse
• Diverse groups in the North sometimes class with those in power
Influx of Immigrants
• 1700s, large influx of immigrants; Germans, Scots-Irish, Dutch, Jews
• Immigrants encounter prejudice, clash with frontier Native Americans
Slavery in the North
• Less slavery in North than in South; prejudice still exists
• Slaves have some legal rights, but highly restricted
Women in Northern Society
• Women have extensive work responsibilities, few legal rights
• Only single women, widows can own businesses
• Wives must submit to husbands
Continued…

American History
Lesson 5
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Northern Society is Diverse (continued)
Witchcraft Trials in Salem
• 1692, false accusations of witchcraft lead to trials, hysteria
• Many accusers poor, brought charges against rich
• Several victims were women considered too independent
• 19 persons hanged, 1 crushed to death, 4 or 5 die in jail, 150 imprisoned

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LESSON 5
New ideas Influence the Colonists
• 1700s, people begin to make changes in how they view the world
The Enlightenment
• Enlightenment—movement in 1700s emphasizing reason, observation
– ideas spread quickly through books, pamphlets
• Benjamin Franklin embraces Enlightenment ideas; experimentation
• Enlightenment views affect social, political thought in colonies
The Great Awakening
• Puritans lose grip on Massachusetts society, membership declines
• Jonathan Edwards preaches people are sinful, must seek God’s love
• Great Awakening—religious revival of the 1730s and 1740s
• Native Americans, African Americans, colonists join new churches
• Interest in learning increases; Protestants found colleges
• Enlightenment, Great Awakening both question authority, stress individual’s importance

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LESSON 5
Life in Southern Society
• The rich, fertile land and warm climate of the South attracts immigrants
A Diverse and Prosperous People
• 1700s, many German, Scots, Scots-Irish immigrants settle in South
– Germans: farmers and artisans
– Scots, Scots-Irish: willing to fight for political rights; push westward into frontier
• Mostly small farmers, but planters control economy
• By mid-1700s, growth in export trade makes colonies prosperous
The Role of Women
• Women have few legal or social rights, little formal schooling
• Most women cook, clean, garden, do farm chores
• Rich and poor women must submit to husbands’ will

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LESSON 5
Africans Cope in Their New World
• Africans in North America have different cultures, languages
• Diverse Africans bond together for support and to resist
Culture and Family
• Slaves preserve cultural heritage: crafts, music, stories, dance
• Merchants, owners split families; other slaves raise children left behind
• Ring shout, circular religious dance; endures despite efforts to stop it
Resistance and Revolt
• Slaves resist subservient position, fake illness, break tools, stage work slowdowns
• 1739, Stono Rebellion—planter families killed, militia defeats slaves
• Colonists tighten slave laws, but slave rebellions continue
• Slaves attempt escape, find refuge with Native Americans

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The French and Indian War
LESSON 6
British victories helped spread the English language throughout North America.

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LESSON 6
Rivals for an Empire
• 1750s, Britain, France colonial rivals; both want Ohio River Valley
France’s North American Empire
• France claims St. Lawrence River region, Mississippi Valley
• By 1754, French colony of New France has small population
– 70,000 French colonists, 1 million British in North America
A Different Kind of Colony
• French colonists mostly fur traders, missionary priests
• French have good relations, military alliances with natives

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35
LESSON 6
Britain Defeats an Old Enemy
• France and Britain fight two inconclusive wars in early 1700s
• French build Fort Duquesne in Ohio Valley, land claimed by Virginia
• 1754, George Washington is sent to evict French; is defeated
• French and Indian War begins, fourth war between Britain and France
Early French Victories
• General Edward Braddock’s army ambushed near Fort Duquesne
• 1755–1756, British lose repeated battles to French, native allies
– Washington, other colonists begin to question competence of British army
Pitt and the Iroquois Turn the Tide
• William Pitt helps British win battles; Iroquois join British
• 1759, British capture of Quebec, leads to victory in war
• 1763, Treaty of Paris ends war; land divided between Britain, Spain
Continued…

American History
Lesson 6
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Britain Defeats an Old Enemy (continued)
Victory Brings New Problems
• Ottawa leader Pontiac fears loss of land; captures British forts
• British use smallpox as weapon; Native Americans greatly weakened
• British issue Proclamation of 1763, colonists cannot settle west of Appalachians

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LESSON 6
The Colonies and Britain Grow Apart
• Halt to western expansion upsets colonists
• Britain’s financial crisis brings new laws to colonies
British Policies Anger Colonists
• Tensions in Massachusetts increase over crackdown on smuggling
• 1761, writs of assistance allow searches of ships, businesses, homes; merchants outraged
Problems Resulting from the War
• Colonists feel threatened by 10,000 British troops stationed in colonies
• Prime Minister George Grenville sets policies to pay war debt
• 1764, Parliament passes Sugar Act
– duty on foreign molasses halved
– new duties placed on other imports
– smuggling cases go to vice-admiralty court

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