The document provides an overview of ancient Rome and the rise of Christianity. It describes the three periods of Roman history: the pre-Republic, the Roman Republic from 509 BC to 27 BC, and the Roman Empire which was the most popular and powerful time. Rome built a diverse empire through conquest and diplomacy. During the Pax Romana emperors brought peace and prosperity. Christianity spread throughout the empire and reshaped Roman beliefs. Foreign invasions, a divided empire, corruption, poverty, and a breakdown of values contributed to Rome's decline.
A presentation of the Roman Empire, suitable for Year 9 students, consisting in following: main periods, the Roman Republic, Patricians and plebeians, meals, bakeries, craft workers, reading and writing.
The Beginnings of Ancient Rome About 750 B.C., the villages joined together to form a city called Rome. It was ruled by kings for more than 200 years. Eventually, Rome became a republic, and the people elected representatives. These representatives formed the Senate, Rome's most powerful body of government
A presentation of the Roman Empire, suitable for Year 9 students, consisting in following: main periods, the Roman Republic, Patricians and plebeians, meals, bakeries, craft workers, reading and writing.
The Beginnings of Ancient Rome About 750 B.C., the villages joined together to form a city called Rome. It was ruled by kings for more than 200 years. Eventually, Rome became a republic, and the people elected representatives. These representatives formed the Senate, Rome's most powerful body of government
In my last lecture, I discussed the spread of Greek culture that cMargenePurnell14
In my last lecture, I discussed the spread of Greek culture that created Hellenistic civilization.
The term Hellenistic meant, to imitate the Greeks. Hellenistic civilization reach from the
Mediterranean through the former Persian Empire all the way to Western India due to the efforts
of Alexander the Great and his armies. Hellenistic civilization lasted from 323 BCE, the year of
Alexander's death, to 31 BCE. During this time period, another civilization was taking form.
This was the Roman Republic. In this lecture, we're going to shift our focus from Alexander's
huge eastern empire to the Italian peninsula to look at the development of the Romans. The
Roman Republic was initiated in Italy in 509 BCE. Prior to that time, the Romans had a
monarchy with a King who made all the decisions for his people. In 509 BCE, however, the
Romans did something very important. They established a republic. [SLIDE] A republic is a
government in which citizens elect representatives to rule on their behalf. This is slightly
different from a democracy, which is a form of government in which every citizen is expected to
play an active role in governing the kingdom or country to which they belong. In other words,
citizens in a republic tend to play a less active role in their government than they do in a
democracy. The development of a republic form of government by the Romans is really
important for Western civilization. Later, kingdoms and countries, including the United States,
would adopt governments based completely or partly on this Roman model of government.
[SLIDE] Let's look now at the questions I'll answer in this lecture. First, we're going to ask, why
the Romans adopted a Republican government and how it functioned. Second, we're going to
look at why the political organization of the Roman Republic disintegrated in the first century
BCE. And third, we’re going examine what changes Augustus made to Rome between 31 BCE
and 14 CE.
[SLIDE] So the Romans established a Roman Republic in 509 BCE. But many groups of people
were living in Italy long before this time. In fact, the Romans were never the guaranteed leaders
of the region. Until the 500s BCE, the Romans were members of a relatively small tribe of
people known as the Latins that resided in West Central Italy, around where the city of Rome is
located today. The Latins represent the pink shading in the map on your screen. Of the other
groups living in Italy, the two that would influence the Romans the most were the Greeks and the
Etruscans. Let's look at these two groups within the context of Italy. [SLIDE] The Greeks started
arriving in Italy in large numbers during the Archaic period, beginning around 750 BCE. This
was of course before Philip II conquered Greece or Alexander the Great created his ginormous
empire. The Greeks settled mostly in Southern Italy, primarily for economic reasons. They
wanted to make money from farming and trade. They built cities with harbors ...
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events leading up to the civil war. MO Compromise, Manifest Destiny, Mexican-American War, Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott Case, John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry, Election of 1860.
The Age of Jackson - GSE SSUSH7a: explain Jacksonian Democracy, including expanding suffrage, the Nullification Crisis & states' rights, and the Indian Removal Act of 1830.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
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Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
1. Ancient Rome andAncient Rome and
the Rise ofthe Rise of
ChristianityChristianity
Sections 1 and 2Sections 1 and 2
2. INTRO…INTRO…
Ancient Rome is divided into threeAncient Rome is divided into three
periods…periods…
1 – “Pre-Rome” or before the Roman1 – “Pre-Rome” or before the Roman
RepublicRepublic
2 – the Roman Republic lasting from 5092 – the Roman Republic lasting from 509
BC to 27 BCBC to 27 BC
3 – the Roman Empire which is the most3 – the Roman Empire which is the most
popular and most remembered time inpopular and most remembered time in
Roman history.Roman history.
3. INTRO…INTRO…
Conquest and diplomacy helped Rome build aConquest and diplomacy helped Rome build a
diverse empire, extending its rule throughoutdiverse empire, extending its rule throughout
the Mediterranean.the Mediterranean.
During the Pax Romana, emperors broughtDuring the Pax Romana, emperors brought
peace, order, unity, and prosperity to the landspeace, order, unity, and prosperity to the lands
under their control.under their control.
Christianity spread quickly throughout theChristianity spread quickly throughout the
empire, reshaping Roman beliefs.empire, reshaping Roman beliefs.
Foreign invasions, the division of the empire,Foreign invasions, the division of the empire,
corruption, poverty, and the breakdown ofcorruption, poverty, and the breakdown of
moral values contributed to the decline andmoral values contributed to the decline and
downfall of the Roman Empire.downfall of the Roman Empire.
4. The Italian PeninsulaThe Italian Peninsula
Tyrrhenian Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Adriatic Sea
Corsica
Sardinia
Sicily
Rome
Arno River
Tiber River
Po River
Alalia
Carthage Syracuse
Africa
Ionian
Sea
5. Focus on these essentialFocus on these essential
questions…questions…
How did Rome conquer and rule aHow did Rome conquer and rule a
diverse empire?diverse empire?
How was Rome a bridge b/t theHow was Rome a bridge b/t the
civilizations of the east and west?civilizations of the east and west?
How did Christianity become a centralHow did Christianity become a central
institution of Western Civilization?institution of Western Civilization?
Why did Roman power fade?Why did Roman power fade?
6. The Geography andThe Geography and
PeoplePeople
Rome began as a small city-state in Italy andRome began as a small city-state in Italy and
ended up ruling the entire Mediterraneanended up ruling the entire Mediterranean
world.world.
GEOGRPAHYGEOGRPAHY
The Italian peninsula looks like a boot!The Italian peninsula looks like a boot!
It is centrally located in the Mediterranean Sea.It is centrally located in the Mediterranean Sea.
The city of Rome is in the center of Italy.The city of Rome is in the center of Italy.
Because of its geography, Italy was muchBecause of its geography, Italy was much
easier to unify than Greece.easier to unify than Greece.
7. The Geography andThe Geography and
PeoplePeople Italy is NOT broken down into isolatedItaly is NOT broken down into isolated
valleys.valleys.
Italy is made up of broad, fertile plains, inItaly is made up of broad, fertile plains, in
the north and west.the north and west.
These plains supported agriculture and aThese plains supported agriculture and a
growing population just like all thegrowing population just like all the
previous civilizations we’ve studied.previous civilizations we’ve studied.
Mesopotamia and EgyptMesopotamia and Egypt
8. The Geography andThe Geography and
PeoplePeople
The ancestors of the Romans were theThe ancestors of the Romans were the
Latins. They migrated to Italy around 800Latins. They migrated to Italy around 800
BCE.BCE.
They settled along the Tiber River inThey settled along the Tiber River in
small villages scattered over 7 low-lyingsmall villages scattered over 7 low-lying
hills.hills.
Those villages would in time grow intoThose villages would in time grow into
Rome – the “city on seven hills”Rome – the “city on seven hills”
9. The Geography andThe Geography and
PeoplePeople
The Romans shared the Italian peninsulaThe Romans shared the Italian peninsula
with the Greeks and Etruscans.with the Greeks and Etruscans.
From the Etruscans, the RomansFrom the Etruscans, the Romans
adapted…adapted…
An alphabetAn alphabet
The use of the arch in building.The use of the arch in building.
Blended Etruscan gods and goddesses toBlended Etruscan gods and goddesses to
Roman deities.Roman deities.
10. The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic
The Romans drove out the Etruscans in 509 BCThe Romans drove out the Etruscans in 509 BC
and is the date considered to mark the beginning ofand is the date considered to mark the beginning of
the Roman state.the Roman state.
GovernmentGovernment
The most powerful governing body was the Senate –The most powerful governing body was the Senate –
made up of 300made up of 300 patricianspatricians (landholding upper class);(landholding upper class);
Senators served for life and they made the laws.Senators served for life and they made the laws.
Each year, senators elected twoEach year, senators elected two consulsconsuls from thefrom the
patrician class. Their job was to supervise thepatrician class. Their job was to supervise the
government and command the armies.government and command the armies.
Consuls could only serve ONE term.Consuls could only serve ONE term.
11. The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic
Consuls were expected to consult with theConsuls were expected to consult with the
Senate.Senate.
Because their time was limited and theyBecause their time was limited and they
were responsible to the Senate, Rome hadwere responsible to the Senate, Rome had
a system of checks and balances.a system of checks and balances.
In the event of war, the Senate would choseIn the event of war, the Senate would chose
aa dictatordictator to have complete control over theto have complete control over the
government.government.
Each dictator was granted power to rule forEach dictator was granted power to rule for
6 months.6 months.
12. The Roman RepublicThe Roman Republic
Plebeians Demand EqualityPlebeians Demand Equality
At first, all government officials were patricians.At first, all government officials were patricians.
PlebeiansPlebeians were farmers, merchants, artisans, andwere farmers, merchants, artisans, and
traders who made up the majority of the population.traders who made up the majority of the population.
450 BCE – laws of Rome inscribed on 12 tablets and450 BCE – laws of Rome inscribed on 12 tablets and
set in the Forum b/c of protests by Plebeiansset in the Forum b/c of protests by Plebeians
demanding to know the laws.demanding to know the laws.
Plebeians gained the right to elect their own officials –Plebeians gained the right to elect their own officials –
tribunestribunes – that stood up for their rights. They could– that stood up for their rights. They could vetoveto
(or block) laws that were thought harmful to plebeians.(or block) laws that were thought harmful to plebeians.
The consulship, high offices, and eventually the SenateThe consulship, high offices, and eventually the Senate
was opened to Plebeians.was opened to Plebeians.
13. Roman SocietyRoman Society
The family was the basic unit of RomanThe family was the basic unit of Roman
society. The father had absolute power ofsociety. The father had absolute power of
the household and held a reign over athe household and held a reign over a
disciplined, respectful family.disciplined, respectful family.
Boys and girls alike learned to read andBoys and girls alike learned to read and
write. Even the lower class was taught towrite. Even the lower class was taught to
write.write.
Wealthy Romans hired tutors for theirWealthy Romans hired tutors for their
children. Boys pursuing political careerschildren. Boys pursuing political careers
would study rhetoric.would study rhetoric.
14. ReligionReligion
Roman gods and goddesses resembledRoman gods and goddesses resembled
those of the Etruscans and Greeks.those of the Etruscans and Greeks.
Major Roman gods and goddessesMajor Roman gods and goddesses
Jupiter – main god; god of the sky and otherJupiter – main god; god of the sky and other
godsgods
Juno – Jupiter’s wife; protected marriageJuno – Jupiter’s wife; protected marriage
Neptune – god of the seaNeptune – god of the sea
Mars – god of warMars – god of war
The Roman calendar was full of festivals toThe Roman calendar was full of festivals to
honor the gods and ensure divine favor for thehonor the gods and ensure divine favor for the
city.city.
15. Expansion andExpansion and
ConquestConquest
Romans conquered first the Etruscans in theRomans conquered first the Etruscans in the
north, then the Greeks in the south.north, then the Greeks in the south.
By 270 BCE Rome controlled the entire ItalianBy 270 BCE Rome controlled the entire Italian
Peninsula.Peninsula.
MilitaryMilitary
Basic unit = Legion; 5000 soldiersBasic unit = Legion; 5000 soldiers
Citizen, volunteer soldiers; fought without pay andCitizen, volunteer soldiers; fought without pay and
supplied their own weapons.supplied their own weapons.
Commanders mixed rewards with harsh punishmentsCommanders mixed rewards with harsh punishments
If a unit fled from battle, 1 out of every 10 soldiers would be putIf a unit fled from battle, 1 out of every 10 soldiers would be put
to death from that unit.to death from that unit.
16. Expansion andExpansion and
ConquestConquest Conquered LandsConquered Lands
Conquered people had to acknowledge RomanConquered people had to acknowledge Roman
authority, pay taxes, and supply soldiers for theauthority, pay taxes, and supply soldiers for the
Roman Army.Roman Army.
In return, Rome let them keep customs,In return, Rome let them keep customs,
currency, and local government.currency, and local government.
Rome stationed soldiers throughout theRome stationed soldiers throughout the
conquered landsconquered lands
They built a network of roads to link all territories.They built a network of roads to link all territories.
17. From Republic toFrom Republic to
EmpireEmpire
Main Idea: As Roman power spreadMain Idea: As Roman power spread
around the Mediterranean, the republicaround the Mediterranean, the republic
ended and the age of the Roman Empireended and the age of the Roman Empire
began.began.
18. Punic WarsPunic Wars
Between 264 and 146 BCE, Rome fought 3Between 264 and 146 BCE, Rome fought 3
wars with Carthage.wars with Carthage.
11stst
– Rome won and took Sicily, Corsica, and– Rome won and took Sicily, Corsica, and
SardiniaSardinia
22ndnd
– Carthaginian general Hannibal led his army– Carthaginian general Hannibal led his army
on a march across the Pyrenees, throughon a march across the Pyrenees, through
France, and over the Alps into Italy. He neverFrance, and over the Alps into Italy. He never
captured Rome and had to return to Carthage tocaptured Rome and had to return to Carthage to
defend it from the Romans.defend it from the Romans.
33rdrd
– Rome completely destroyed Carthage; killed– Rome completely destroyed Carthage; killed
or sold all survivors into slavery.or sold all survivors into slavery.
19. Conquest and EconomicConquest and Economic
EffectsEffects Rome was committed to the policy ofRome was committed to the policy of
imperialism – est. control over foreign peopleimperialism – est. control over foreign people
and lands.and lands.
By 133 BCE, Roman power extended fromBy 133 BCE, Roman power extended from
Spain to Egypt.Spain to Egypt.
Wealthy families bought up huge states from allWealthy families bought up huge states from all
the conquered land called latifundia.the conquered land called latifundia.
The use of slave labor hurt small farmers andThe use of slave labor hurt small farmers and
they fell into debt.they fell into debt.
The farmers moved to Rome and other citiesThe farmers moved to Rome and other cities
looking for jobs.looking for jobs.
New wealth led to more corruption.New wealth led to more corruption.
20. ReformsReforms
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus attemptedTiberius and Gaius Gracchus attempted
reforms when they were elected a tribune.reforms when they were elected a tribune.
Tiberius – called on state to distribute land toTiberius – called on state to distribute land to
poor farmers.poor farmers.
Gaius – use public funds to buy grain to feed theGaius – use public funds to buy grain to feed the
poor.poor.
They angered the Senate and the brothers,They angered the Senate and the brothers,
along with thousands of their followers werealong with thousands of their followers were
killed.killed.
Rome plunged into civil war and old legionsRome plunged into civil war and old legions
became professional armies.became professional armies.
21. Decline of theDecline of the
RepublicRepublic
At issue was who should hold power – theAt issue was who should hold power – the
Senate, which wanted to govern as it had in theSenate, which wanted to govern as it had in the
past, or popular political leaders, who wantedpast, or popular political leaders, who wanted
to weaken the Senate and enact reforms.to weaken the Senate and enact reforms.
The turmoil sparked slave uprisings and revoltsThe turmoil sparked slave uprisings and revolts
among Rome’s allies.among Rome’s allies.
Meanwhile, the old legions of Roman citizen-Meanwhile, the old legions of Roman citizen-
soldiers became professional armies whosesoldiers became professional armies whose
first loyalty was to their commanders – rivalfirst loyalty was to their commanders – rival
generals marched their armies to Rome togenerals marched their armies to Rome to
advance their ambitions.advance their ambitions.
22. Julius CaesarJulius Caesar
An ambitious military commander; for a time,An ambitious military commander; for a time,
dominated Roman politics with Pompey, an allydominated Roman politics with Pompey, an ally
and another military commander.and another military commander.
Julius Caesar set out with his army to make newJulius Caesar set out with his army to make new
conquests and conquered Gaul in 59 BCE (modernconquests and conquered Gaul in 59 BCE (modern
day France).day France).
The Senate was fearful of his rising fame .The Senate was fearful of his rising fame .
Senate ordered him to disband his army and returnSenate ordered him to disband his army and return
to Rome; he returned to Rome BUT with his army.to Rome; he returned to Rome BUT with his army.
He defeated Rome and most of the Mediterranean.He defeated Rome and most of the Mediterranean.
He forced the Senate to make him dictator andHe forced the Senate to make him dictator and
Caesar became the absolute ruler of Rome.Caesar became the absolute ruler of Rome.
23. Julius CaesarJulius Caesar
Solved many of Rome’s problems – launchedSolved many of Rome’s problems – launched
public works programs to employ the jobless andpublic works programs to employ the jobless and
gave public land to the poor.gave public land to the poor.
Most lasting reform was the introduction of a newMost lasting reform was the introduction of a new
calendar – the Julian calendar. With minorcalendar – the Julian calendar. With minor
changes, it is still our calendar today.changes, it is still our calendar today.
His enemies worried he would pronounce himselfHis enemies worried he would pronounce himself
“king” of Rome – March 44 BCE, as Caesar“king” of Rome – March 44 BCE, as Caesar
arrived at the Senate, he was assassinated by hisarrived at the Senate, he was assassinated by his
enemies.enemies.
Rome was again plunged into civil war. Octavian,Rome was again plunged into civil war. Octavian,
Caesar’s nephew became ruler of Rome.Caesar’s nephew became ruler of Rome.
24. Roman EmpireRoman Empire
The Senate gave Octavian the titleThe Senate gave Octavian the title
AugustusAugustus, or Exalted One, and declared him, or Exalted One, and declared him
princepsprinceps, or first citizen., or first citizen.
Augustus was the absolute ruler and namedAugustus was the absolute ruler and named
his successors just as kings would do.his successors just as kings would do.
Under his rule, 31 BCE to 14 AD, theUnder his rule, 31 BCE to 14 AD, the
Roman Republic came to an end.Roman Republic came to an end.
25. Roman EmpireRoman Empire
Augustus created a Stable GovernmentAugustus created a Stable Government
He left the Senate in place but the high levelHe left the Senate in place but the high level
jobs were only for the most talented, regardlessjobs were only for the most talented, regardless
of class.of class.
Took a census to make the tax system moreTook a census to make the tax system more
efficient.efficient.
Created a postal service and issued new coinsCreated a postal service and issued new coins
Put the jobless to work building roads, temples,Put the jobless to work building roads, temples,
and working on farms.and working on farms.
26. The Pax RomanaThe Pax Romana
The 200 year span b/t Augustus and MarcusThe 200 year span b/t Augustus and Marcus
Aurelius is known as the period of theAurelius is known as the period of the PaxPax
RomanaRomana, or “Roman Peace”., or “Roman Peace”.
Roman rule brought peace, prosperity,Roman rule brought peace, prosperity,
order, and unity from the Euphrates toorder, and unity from the Euphrates to
Britain.Britain.
The Roman military maintained andThe Roman military maintained and
protected roads while trade flowed freelyprotected roads while trade flowed freely
from all parts of the empire.from all parts of the empire.
27. EntertainmentEntertainment
Bread and CircusesBread and Circuses
Circus Maximus – Rome’s largest chariot race courseCircus Maximus – Rome’s largest chariot race course
Gladiator contests – many gladiators were slaves whoGladiator contests – many gladiators were slaves who
had been trained to fight. They battled against onehad been trained to fight. They battled against one
another or in groups. Some won their freedom whileanother or in groups. Some won their freedom while
poor showings resulted in a gladiator being killed;poor showings resulted in a gladiator being killed;
thumbs down!thumbs down!
Colosseum – Rome’s largest stadium. SpectatorsColosseum – Rome’s largest stadium. Spectators
watched the slaughter of exotic animals, gladiatorwatched the slaughter of exotic animals, gladiator
battles to the death, and mock naval battles.battles to the death, and mock naval battles.
An architectural marvel; floor the size of a footballAn architectural marvel; floor the size of a football
field; held up to 50,000 peoplefield; held up to 50,000 people