Quantitative approach to the to the factor influcing solubility of drugs, Temperature,Nature of solvent, The boiling point of the liquids and the melting point of solids,Crystal properties:
Particle size (surface area ) of drug particles: The influence of substituent’s in molecular structures, Molecular size:
. pH :
Solubility of liquids in liquids, The term miscibility refers to the mutual solubility of the component of liquid - liquid system, Raoult’s Law, Raoult’s law may be mathematically expressed as: Ideal solution, Real solution
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-6)(Relative humidity, Liquid ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, Humidity, Wet and Dry Hygrometer, LIQUID COMPLEX, LIQUID CRYSTALS, Types of liquid crystals, GLASSY STATES, Characteristics glassy state, Types of glassy state, What is the Glass Transition Temperature?
Solubility of liquids in liquids, The term miscibility refers to the mutual solubility of the component of liquid - liquid system, Raoult’s Law, Raoult’s law may be mathematically expressed as: Ideal solution, Real solution
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-6)(Relative humidity, Liquid ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
RELATIVE HUMIDITY, Humidity, Wet and Dry Hygrometer, LIQUID COMPLEX, LIQUID CRYSTALS, Types of liquid crystals, GLASSY STATES, Characteristics glassy state, Types of glassy state, What is the Glass Transition Temperature?
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-2) (Latent Heat, Vapour pressu...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Latent Heat, Vapour pressure, Factor affecting vapour pressure, Surface area, Types of molecule, Temperature and Intermolecular forces, Sublimation Critical point
Solubility of drugs: Solubility expressions, mechanisms of solute solvent interactions, ideal solubility parameters, solvation & association, quantitative approach to the factors
influencing solubility of drugs, diffusion principles in biological systems. Solubility
of gas in liquids, solubility of liquids in liquids, (Binary solutions, ideal solutions)
Raoult’s law, real solutions. Partially miscible liquids, Critical solution temperature . Distribution law, its limitations and applications
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-2) (Latent Heat, Vapour pressu...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Latent Heat, Vapour pressure, Factor affecting vapour pressure, Surface area, Types of molecule, Temperature and Intermolecular forces, Sublimation Critical point
Solubility of drugs: Solubility expressions, mechanisms of solute solvent interactions, ideal solubility parameters, solvation & association, quantitative approach to the factors
influencing solubility of drugs, diffusion principles in biological systems. Solubility
of gas in liquids, solubility of liquids in liquids, (Binary solutions, ideal solutions)
Raoult’s law, real solutions. Partially miscible liquids, Critical solution temperature . Distribution law, its limitations and applications
includes different mechanism involved in the absorption of the drug s into the systemic circulation. different factors affecting absorption including characters of drugs and different dosage forms. bioavailability of different dosage forms
Qualitative analysis of inorganic salts, Identification of anions and cations,Conversion of different water insoluble or sparingly soluble substances into water soluble form.
Name of the Experiment: Manufacture of Aluminium Hydroxide Gel from the supplied material.
Qualitative analysis (identification) of anions from inorganic salt solutions.
Qualitative analysis (identification) of group I & group II cations.
Qualitative analysis (identification) of group III cation.
Qualitative analysis (identification) of group IV & group V cations.
How to test the Ammonium with Litmus paper?
How to Clean a Platinum Wire?
What is Qualitative Analysis?
Sl. No. Date Name of the experiment Page No.
01 Conversion of different water insoluble or sparingly soluble substances into water soluble form. 01 – 07
02 Name of the Experiment: Manufacture of Aluminium Hydroxide Gel from the supplied material. 08 – 10
03-A Qualitative analysis (identification) of anions from inorganic salt solutions. 11 – 15
03-B Qualitative analysis (identification) of group I & group II cations. 16 – 20
03-C Qualitative analysis (identification) of group III cation. 21 – 27
03-D Qualitative analysis (identification) of group IV & group V cations. 28 – 31
Appendix 32
Safety Rules for chemistry laboratory 33
A Review Solubility Enhancement and its Techniqueijtsrd
Solubility are often defined because the amount of solute dissolved during a solvent at certain conditions to yield a single ¬phase system. Solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients is taken into account the foremost parameter to urge the most desired drug concentration generally circulation so as to realize the specified therapeutic effect. Poor aqueous solubility considered the most problem occurs within the formulation progress of latest chemical entities additionally to the quality improvement solubility is that the main dispute for formulation scientists. The drug must appear as solution at the location of absorption so as to be absorbed. Many physical or chemical modification techniques are wont to improve the solubility of low aqueous soluble drugs, in addition to other techniques like particle size reduction, crystal engineering, salt formation, solid dispersion, use of surfactant and complexation. The selection of the solubility improvement methods depends on drug characteristics, location of absorption and therefore the features of the administered dosage form. Utkarsha R. Gavhane | Trusha P. Shangrapawar | Ashok Bhosale "A Review: Solubility Enhancement and its Technique" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42415.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compharmacy/pharmaceutics/42415/a-review-solubility-enhancement-and-its-technique/utkarsha-r-gavhane
Presentation include chapter solubility of drugs from second yr B-Pharm
Solubility, solubility expression, solute solvent interactions, solubility parameters, solvation and dissolution, factors affecting solubility, solubility of gases in liquids, liquids in liquids, fractional distillation, azeotropes, dissolution and drug release and diffusion.
DEFINITION:
The ability of a chemical compound to elicit a pharmacological/ therapeutic effect is related to the influence of various physical and chemical (physicochemical) properties of the chemical substance on the bio molecule that it interacts with.
1)Physical Properties
Physical property of drug is responsible for its action 2)Chemical Properties
The drug react extracellularly according to simple chemical reactions like neutralization, chelation, oxidation etc.
Various Physico-Chemical Properties are,
Solubility Partition Coefficient
Dissociation constant Hydrogen Bonding Ionization of Drug Redox Potential Complexation Surface activity Protein binding Isosterism
1. Solubility:
• The solubility of a substance at a given temperature is defined as the concentration of the dissolved solute, which is in equillibrium with the solid solute.
• Solubility depends on the nature of solute and solvent as well as temperature , pH & pressure.
• The solubility of drug may be expressed in terms of its affinity/philicity or repulsion/phobicity for either an aqueous or organic solvent.
The atoms and molecules of all organic substances are held together by various types of bonds (e.g. hydrogen bond, dipole –dipole, ionic bond etc.)
These forces are involved in solubility because it is the solvent-solvent, solute-solute, solvent-solute interactions that governs solubility.
Methods to improve solubility of drugs
1) Structural modification (alter the structure of molecules) 2) Use of Cosolvents (Ethanol, sorbitol,PPG,PEG)
3) Employing surfactants 4) Complexation
Importance of solubility
1. Solubility concept is important to pharmacist because it govern the preparation of liquid dosage form and the drug must be in solution before it is absorbed by the body to produce the biological activity.
2. Drug must be in solution form to interact with receptors.
Phsicochemical properties according to pci syllubus.
The ability of a chemical compound to elicit a pharmacological/ therapeutic effect is related to the influence of various physical and chemical (physicochemical) properties of the chemical substance on the bio molecule that it interacts with.
1)Physical Properties : Physical property of drug is responsible for its action
2)Chemical Properties :The drug react extracellularly according to simple chemical reactions like neutralization, chelation, oxidation etc.
The ability of a chemical compound to elicit a pharmacological/ therapeutic effect is related to the influence of various physical and chemical (physicochemical) properties of the chemical substance on the bio molecule that it interacts with.
1)Physical Properties : Physical property of drug is responsible for its action
2)Chemical Properties :The drug react extracellularly according to simple chemical reactions like neutralization, chelation, oxidation etc.
1)Physical Properties
Physical property of drug is responsible for its action
2)Chemical Properties
The drug react extracellularly according to simple chemical reactions like neutralization, chelation, oxidation etc.
Similar to Quantitative approach to the to the factor influcing solubility of drug; (Solubility of drug part-4)s (20)
Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-V Radiopharmaceutical.pptx
Isotopes Types of decay
Alpha rays, which could barely penetrate a piece of paper
Beta rays, which could penetrate 3 mm of aluminium
Gamma rays, which could penetrate several centimetres of lead
Units of Radioactivity:
Measurement of Radioactivity
The measurement of nuclear radiation and detection is an important aspect in the identification of type of radiations (, , ) and to assay the radionuclide emitting the radiation, suitable detectors are required. The radiations are identified on the basis of their properties.
e.g. Ionization effect is measured in Ionization Chamber, Proportional Counter and Geiger Muller Counter.
The scintillation effect of radiation is measured using scintillation detector and the photographic effect is measured by Autoradiography.
Gas Filled Detectors:
Ionization Chamber:
Proportional Counters:
Geiger-Muller Counter
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half –life of Radioelement
Sodium Iodide (I131)
Handling and Storage of Radioactive Material:
Storage of Radioactive Substances –
Precautions For Handling Radioactive Substances
Labelling of Radioactive Substances
Pharmaceutical Application Of Radioactive Substances
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistr...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Major extra and intracellular electrolytes. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-II)
Electrolyte: Intracellular fluid
Interstitial fluid
Plasma (Vascular fluid)
Anionic electrolytes- HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, HPO₄²⁻
Cationic electrolytes- Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺
Concentration of important Electrolytes:
Electrolytes used in the replacement therapy: Sodium
chloride*, Potassium chloride, Calcium gluconate* and Oral Rehydration Salt
(ORS), Physiological acid base balance.
Acids, Bases And Buffers Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-II (Part-I)
Acids, Bases are defined by Four main theories,
1.Traditional theory / concept
2.Arrhenius theory
3.Bronsted and Lowry theory
4.Lewis theory
Importance of acids and bases in pharmacy
Buffers: Buffer action
Buffer capacity Buffers system
Types of Buffers : Generally buffers are of two types:
1. Acidic buffers
2. Basic buffers
There are some other buffer system:
3. Two salts acts as acid-base pair. Ex- Potassium hydrogen phosphate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate.
4. Amphoteric electrolyte. Ex- Solution of glycine.
5. Solution of strong acid and solution of strong base. Ex- Strong HCl with KCl Mechanism of Buffer action: Mechanism of Action of acidic buffers: Buffer equation-Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:
Standard Buffer Solutions Preparation of Buffer Solutions: Buffers in pharmaceutical systems or Application of buffer: Stability of buffers Buffered isotonic solution Types of Buffer Isotonic solution
1. Isotonic Solutions:
2. Hypertonic Solutions:
3. Hypotonic Solution:
Measurement of Tonicity: 1. Hemolytic method: 2. Cryoscopic method or depression of freezing point:
Methods of adjusting the tonicity:
Class I methods:
In this type, sodium chloride or other substances are added to the solution in sufficient quantity to make it isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its final volume withan isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
Cryoscopic method
Sodium chloride equivalent method.
Class II methods:
In this type, water is added in sufficient quantity make the preparation isotonic. Then the preparation is brought to its volume with an isotonic or a buffered isotonic diluting solution.
These methods are of two types:
White-Vincent method
Sprowls method.
Limt test Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-I (Part-III) Limit Test.
Limit tests:- Factors affecting limit tests:
Specificity of the tests
Sensitivity
Control of personal errors (Analyst errors)
Test in which there is no visible reaction
Comparison methods
Quantitative determination
Limit test for Chloride: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Sulphate: Principle, Procedure, observation and result
Limit test for Iron: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Heavy metal: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Lead: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Limit test for Arsenic: Principle, Gutzet test Procedure, detail in Gutzet Apparatus. observation and result.
Modifies Limit test for Chloride: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Modified Limit test for sulphate: Principle, Procedure, observation and result.
Types and Sources of impurities.pptx Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Types and Sources of impurities. Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-I (Part-II) Impurities:
Impure Chemical Compound
Pure Chemical Compound.
Types of impurities: Organic Impurity, Inorganic impurity, Residual solvent, Sources of Impurities in Pharmaceuticals
The different sources of impurities in pharmaceuticals are listed below:
Raw material used in manufacture
Reagents used in manufacturing process
Method/ process used in manufacture or method of manufacturing
Chemical processes used in the manufacture
Atmospheric contamination during the manufacturing process
Intermediate products in the manufacturing process
Defects in the manufacturing process
Manufacturing hazards
Inadequate Storage conditions
Decomposition of the product during storage
Accidental substitution or deliberate adulteration with spurious or useless materials.
Test for purity: Pharmacopoeia prescribes the “Test for purity” for pharmaceutical substances to check their freedom from undesirable impurities.
Pharmacopoeia will decide and fix the limit of tolerance for these impurities.
For certain common impurities for which pharmacopoeia prescribes the test of purity are:
Colour, odour, taste
Physicochemical constants (Iodine value, saponification value, melting point, refractive index etc.)
Acidity, alkalinity, pH
Humidity (Estimation of moisture)
Cations and anions
Insoluble Constituent or Residue.
Ash, Water insoluble ash
Arsenic or lead
Loss on drying
Loss on ignition.
Effect of Impurities
Introduction of Inorganic Chemistry, History of Pharmacopoeia.pptxMs. Pooja Bhandare
Introduction of Inorganic Chemistry, History of Pharmacopoeia, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry:
IMPORTANTS OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Introduction of Pharmacopoeia, Types of Pharmacopoeia, History of pharmacopoeia, HISTROY OF INDIAN PHARMACOPOEIA
Content of pharmacopoeia Introduction including general Notices
Monographs of the official drugs
Appendices
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants. PH...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants. PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-IIPart-4
Polyploidy reference to medicinal plants.
Types Of Polyploidy
A. Euploidy
a.Autopolyploidy
b. Allopolyploidy
B. Aneuploidy
1. Causes Of Polyploidy
2. Non-disjunction in mitosis
3. Non-reduction in meiosis
4. Polyspermy
5. Endo-replication or Endo- reduplication.
Factors Promoting Polyploidy
1. Physical factor
2. Chemical factor
3. Biological factor
Physical factor:-
Temperature :- heat temperature & cold temperature
Centrifugation
X-rays
Gamma rays
Cosmic rays
Ionizing & non-ionizing radiations
UV-radiations
Chemical factor:-
Alkylating agents:- nitrogen & sulphur mustard
Acridines
Proflavins
Nitrous acid
Colchicines[6]
Colchicines (Poisonous alkaloids):-
Biological factor
Mode of reproduction
Mode of fertilization
Breeding system present (Hybridization)
Growth habit of the plant
Size of chromosomes
Application Of Polyploidy
Mutation breeding
Seedless fruits production
Bridge crossing
Ornamental & forage breeding
Disease resistance through aneuploidy
Industrial application of polyploidy
mutation reference to medicinal plants
Type of mutations:
1. Spontaneous and induced mutations.
2. Recessive and dominant mutations.
3. Somatic and germinal mutations.
4. Forward, back and suppressor mutation.
5. Chromosomal, genomic and point mutations
Application Of Mutation:
Hybridization reference to medicinal plants
The following steps are involved in hybridization of plant:
Choice Of Parents:.
Selfing Of Parents
Emasculation:.
Bagging:
Crossing Or Cross Pollination
Labelling
Collection Of Hybrid Seeds
Significance of Hybridization
PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-IIPart-2.FACTORS AFFECTING CULTIVATION
1. Altitude
2.Temperature
3. Rainfall
4. Day Length and Day Light
5. Soil
6. Soil Fertility
7. Fertilizers and Manures
a) Chemical fertilizers
(b) Manures
(c) Biofertilizers
8. Pests and Pests Control
a. Microbes
b) Insects
C) Non insect pests
d) Weeds
9. Other Factors that Affect the Cultivated Plants
a. Air Pollution
b. Herbicide
Cultivation and collections of drugs of natural origin..pptxMs. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACOGNOSY & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-IIPart-1Cultivation and collections of drugs of natural origin.
Advantages of cultivation
Methods of Plant Propagation
1.Sexual method (seed propagation)
2. Asexual method
Methods of sowing the seeds
Broadcasting Dibbling Miscellaneous
Special treatment to seeds
Asexual method.
Asexual method of vegetative propagation consists of three types:
a) Natural methods of vegetative propagation.
b) Artificial methods of vegetative propagation.
c) Aseptic method of micropropagation (tissue-culture).
COLLECTION OF CRUDE DRUGS
HARVESTING OF CRUDE DRUGS
DRYING OF CRUDE DRUGS
(1) natural (sun drying) and (2) artificial
Artificial Drying
Drying by artificial means includes drying the drugs in
(a) an oven; i.e. tray-dryers;
(b) vacuum dryers and
(c) spray dryers.
GARBLING (DRESSING)
PACKING OF CRUDE DRUGS
STORAGE & PRESEVATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin. PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I ...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Quality control of Drugs of Natural Origin PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-I Part-3.
CONTENTS
Adulteration
Evaluation of adulteration
Morphological / Organoleptic evaluation
Microscopic evaluation
Quantitative evaluation
Physical evaluation
Chemical evaluation
Biological evaluation
Adulteration is of two types:
Indirect or Unintentional adulteration
Direct or Intentional adulteration
Intentional adulteration may be due to the following reasons
adulteration using manufactured substances
substitution using inferior commercial varieties
substitution using exhausted drugs
substitution of superficially similar inferior natural substance
adulteration using the vegetative part of the same plant
addition of toxic materials
adulteration of powders
addition of synthetic principles
Evaluation of Crude Drugs
1. ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION
2. MICROSCOPICAL EVALUATION
Stomatal index Vein-islet number
Veinlet termination number
Palisade ratio
Quantitative Microscopy (Lycopodium Spore Method)
3.CHEMICAL EVALUATION
4. Physical Evaluation
I. Solubility
II. Optical Rotation
III. Refractive Index
III. Specific Gravity
IV Viscosity
V. Melting Point
VI. Moisture Content
VII. Ultraviolet Light
VIII. Ash Values
Total ash
Acid-insoluble ash
The water-soluble ash
IX. Extractive Values
X. Foreign Organic Matters
5. BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
Toxicity
Oxytocic activity
Microbiological assays
Classification of Crude Drugs. HARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-I...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Classification of Crude Drugs.PHARMACognosy & Phytochemistry-I (BP405T)Unit-I Part-2.
A method of classification should be:
a) simple,
b) easy to use, and
c) free from confusion and ambiguities.
TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION.
1.Alphabetical classification
2.Taxonomical classification
3.Morphological classification
4.Pharmacological classification
5.Chemical classification
6.Chemotaxonomical classification
7. Serotaxanomical Classification
Animal Cell Culture: Growth of animal cells in culture. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROB...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-VPart-4
Animal Cell Culture: Growth of animal cells in culture.
Introduction: Histroy, The culture media used for animal cell culture are classified as,
Natural, Artificial, Synthesized
Natural Culture Media:
a. Blood Plasma:
b. Blood Serum:
c. Tissue Extracts:
Artificial Media
Some common examples of artificial media are,
Minimal Essential Medium (MEM),
CMRL 1066,
RPMI 1640.
Synthetic media re classified as,
Serum Containing Media.
Serum Free Media.
a. Serum Containing Media:
b. Serum Free Media:
Physicochemical Parameters needed for growth animal cell culture:
General procedure for cell Culture.
Isolation of the tissue:
Disaggregation of the Tissue:
Mechanical disaggregation
b. Enzymatic Disaggregation
. Trypsin based disaggregation or trypsinization:
Warm trypsinization:
Cold trypsinization:
Drawbacks of trypsin disaggregation:
B. Collagenase based disaggregation:
C. Chelating Agents:
3. Seeding of Culture:
Preservation of pharmaceutical products using antimicrobial agents. PHARMACEU...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-VPart-3
Preservation of pharmaceutical products using antimicrobial agents.
Introduction. Ideal Properties of Preservatives:
Antimicrobial Chemical Preservatives
Development of a Preservative System.
Factors affecting efficacy of a preservative: 1. Interaction With components of the formulation
2. Properties of the Preservatives:
3) Effect of Containers.
4) Type of microbes:
5) Influence of pH:
Challenge Test: Efficacy Test of Preservative : Medium used, Choice of test organism:
Preparation of the inoculum:
Procedure:
Interpretation of Results:
Assessment of microbial contamination and spoilage. PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLO...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-VPart-2
Assessment of microbial contamination and spoilage.
Assessment of microbial contamination and spoilage
1. Physical and chemical changes:
2. Assessment of viable microorganisms in non-sterile products:
3. Sterility test:
4. Estimation of pyrogens:
Microbial Limit Tests:
Total Aerobic Microbial Count:
Membrane Filtration.
Plate Count Methods.
Pour Plate Method.
Surface spread Method.
Most Probable Number(MPN)
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Quantitative approach to the to the factor influcing solubility of drug; (Solubility of drug part-4)s
1. IIIrd Semesester B. pharmacy
Physical Pharmaceutics-I
Unit-I
Solubility of drugs(Part-4)
(Quantitative approach to the to the factor influcing
solubility of drugs)
Presented By :
Miss. Pooja D. Bhandare
(Assistant Professor)
Kandhar College of Pharmacy, Nanded
2. : FACTOR INFLUCING SOLUBILITY OF DRUGS
1. TEMPERATURE:
• TEMPERATURE WILLAFFECT SOLUBILITY.
• GENERALLY, AN INCREASE IN THE TEMPERATURE OF THE SOLUTION INCREASES THE
SOLUBILITY OF A SOLID SOLUTE.
• IF THE SOLUTION PROCESS ABSORB ENERGY (ENDOTHERMIC) THEN THE SOLUBILITY
WILL BE INCREASES AS THE TEMPERATURE IS INCREASED.
• IF THE SOLUTION PROCESS RELEASE ENERGY (EXOTHERMIC) THEN THE SOLUBILITY
WILL DECRECEASE WITH INCREASING TEMPERATURE.
• A FEW SOLID SOLUTES ARE LESS SOLUBLE IN WARM SOLUTION.
3.
4. 2. NATURE OF SOLVENT:
• POLARITY OF THE BOTH SOLUTE AND SOLVENT
3. THE BOILING POINT OF THE LIQUIDS AND THE MELTING POINT OF SOLIDS:
• WE CAN CORRELATIVE SOLUBILITY WITH MELTING POINT AND BOILING POINT.
• BOTH THE REFLECT THE STRENGTHS OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE MOLECULES IN THE
PURE LIQUID OR THE SOLID STATE.
• IN GENERAL, AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY DECREASESTHE INCREASING BOILING POINT AND
MELTING POINT.
4.CRYSTAL PROPERTIES:
• POLYMORPHS HAVE THE SAME CHEMICAL STRUCTURE BUT DIFFERENT PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES, SUCH AS SOLUBILITY, DENSITY, HARDNESS AND COMPRESSION
CHARACTERISTICS.
• A DRUG THAT EXISTS AS AN AMORPHOUS FORM (NON CRYSTALLINE FORM) GENERALLY
DISSOLVES MORE RAPIDLY THAN THE SAME DRUG IN CRYSTALLINE FORM.
5. 5. PARTICLE SIZE (SURFACE AREA ) OF DRUG PARTICLES:
PARTICLE SIZE SURFACE AREA SOLUBILITY
6. WHERE,
S IS THE SOLUBILITY OF FINE PARTICLE
S0 IS THE SOLUBILITY OF LARGE PARTICLE
Γ IS THE SURFACE TENSION OF PARTICLE
V IS MOLAR VOLUME
T IS THE ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE
R IS THE RADIUS OF FINE PARTICLE
R IS THE GAS CONSTANT
7. 6. THE INFLUENCE OF SUBSTITUENT’S IN MOLECULAR STRUCTURES :
• THE SOLUBILITY OF MOLECULES IN WATER DEPENDS ON ITS INTERACTION WITH WATER
MOLECULE.
• SUBSTITUENT’S CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS EITHER HYDROPHOBIC OR HYDROPHILIC,
DEPENDS ON THEIR POLARITY.
POLAR GROUPS SUCH AS –OH CAPABLE OF HYDROGEN BONDING WITH WATER MOLECULE
IMPART HIGH SOLUBILITY.
NON POLAR SUCH AS –CH3 ARE HYDROPHOBIC AND IMPACT LOW SOLUBILITY
IONISATION OF THE SUBSTITUENT INCREASES SOLUBILITY, E.G., -COOH AND –NH2 ARE
SLIGHTLY HYDROPHILIC WHEREAS -COO(-) AND –NH3 ARE VERY HYDROPHILIC.
8.
9. • THE POSITION OF THE SUBSTITUENT ON THE MOLECULE CAN INFLUENCE ITS EFFECT ON
SOLUBILITY SOLU, FOR EXAMPLE THE AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY, FOR EXAMPLE THE AQUEOUS
SOLUBILITIES OF O-,M- AND P DIHYDROXYBENZENE.
10. 7. MOLECULAR SIZE:
• MOLECULAR SIZE AFFECT SOLUBILITY
• THE LARGER THE MOLECULE OR THE HIGHER ITS MOLECULAR WEIGHT THE LESS
SOLUBILITY THE SUBSTANCE.
• LARGER MOLECULE ARE MORE DIFFICULT TO SURROUND WITH SOLVENT MOLECULES IN
ORDER TO SOLVATE THE SUBSTANCE.
• IN THE CASE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS THE AMOUNT OF CARBON BRANCHING WILL
INCREASES THE SOLUBILITY SINCE MORE BRANCHING WILL REDUCE THE SIZE (OR
VOLUME) OF THE MOLECULE AND MAKE IT EASIER TO SOLVATE THE MOLECULE WITH
SOLVENT.
11. 8. PH :
• IS ONE OF THE PRIMARY INFLUENCES ON THE SOLUBILITY OF THE MOST DRUGS THAT
CONTAIN IONIZABLE GROUP.
• LARGE NUMBER OF DRUGS ARE WEAK ACID OR WEAK BASE.
• SOLUBILITY DEPENDS ON THE DEGREE OF IONIZATION.
• DEGREE OF IONIZATION DEPENDS ON PH
• ( ABOUT 85 OF MARKETED DRUG CONTAIN FUNCTIONAL GROUPS THAT ARE IONISED TO SOME
EXTENT AT PHYSIOLOGICAL PH (PH 1.5-8).
• IONIZATION: STRONG- IONIZED AT ALL PHS
• WEAK- ONLY IONIZED AT CERTAIN PHS (MOST DRUGS ARE WEAK ACID OR WEAK BASE)
• IONIZED DRUG THAT ARE NOT VERY LIPID SOLUBLE-ONLY NON-IONIZED FROM OF DRUG
CROSSES MEMBRANE RAPIDLY.
• PERCENT IONIZATION IS PH DEPENDENT
12. • PKA IS THE NEGATIVE LOG OF IONIZATION CONSTANT AND IS EQUAL TO THE PH AT WHICH
A DRUG IS 50% IONIZED.
• WEAK ACID BECOMES HIGHLY IONIZED AS PH INCREASES.
• WEAK BASES BECOME HIGHLY IONIZED AS PH DECREASES.
• DEGREE ON IONIZATION DEPENDS ON PH.
13.
14. • ACCORDING TO THE HENDERSON- HASSELBALCH EUACTION, THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN THE PH OF THE SOLUTION AND PKA OF THE DRUG IS COMMON LOGARITHIM
OF THE RATIO OF IONIZED TO UNIONIZED FROM OF THE DRUG.
• FOR ACID DRUGS
• LOG(IONIZED/UNIONIZED) = PH – PKA OR WE CAN SAY
• RATIO OF IONIZED TO UNIONIZED IS 10*/1 WHERE
• * = PH-PKA