This document provides information about pharmaceutical suspensions. It defines a suspension as a dispersed system where one substance is distributed in particulate form throughout another. Suspensions are formulated for reasons such as insolubility, taste-masking, or controlled drug release. Key aspects of formulating suspensions include controlling particle size, using thickening agents to increase viscosity, and adding surfactants to improve wetting. Common thickening agents discussed are natural polysaccharides like acacia, tragacanth, and sodium alginate as well as semi-synthetic agents like methylcellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose.
Suspension is made of two phase system, consisting of a finely divided solid particles (Dispersed phase) distributed in a particular manner throughout another medium (Continuous phase).
Dosage forms come in many types, depending on the method or route of administration. Solid dosage forms, semi-solid dosage forms, liquid dosage forms, and gaseous dosage forms are used for the diagnosis or treatment of the disease by various routes. Solid dosage forms are the most significant dosage forms in pharmaceuticals; it has one or more unit dose of medicament. The solid dosage form is the most commonly used and prescribed by doctors as compared to other dosage forms. It can be administered orally in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, etc. Of these, the tablet is one of the most commonly used oral solid dosage forms.
Suspension is made of two phase system, consisting of a finely divided solid particles (Dispersed phase) distributed in a particular manner throughout another medium (Continuous phase).
Dosage forms come in many types, depending on the method or route of administration. Solid dosage forms, semi-solid dosage forms, liquid dosage forms, and gaseous dosage forms are used for the diagnosis or treatment of the disease by various routes. Solid dosage forms are the most significant dosage forms in pharmaceuticals; it has one or more unit dose of medicament. The solid dosage form is the most commonly used and prescribed by doctors as compared to other dosage forms. It can be administered orally in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, etc. Of these, the tablet is one of the most commonly used oral solid dosage forms.
Liquid dosage forms are effective pharmaceutical products containing a mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API/Drug) and non drug components (excipients). It is a dose of a drug used as a medicine for consumption or administration. Many liquid dosage forms are used in the pharmacy, but the most commonly used are syrup, suspension, and elixirs. The general category of liquid oral doses includes a broad range of dosage forms, broadly classified as monophasic and biphasic. Whereas dosage forms in both types comprise at least one drug, monophasic forms are homogeneous and completely dissolve in liquid, whereas biphasic forms in a vehicle do not dissolve.
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-2) (Latent Heat, Vapour pressu...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Latent Heat, Vapour pressure, Factor affecting vapour pressure, Surface area, Types of molecule, Temperature and Intermolecular forces, Sublimation Critical point
Liquid dosage forms are effective pharmaceutical products containing a mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API/Drug) and non drug components (excipients). It is a dose of a drug used as a medicine for consumption or administration. Many liquid dosage forms are used in the pharmacy, but the most commonly used are syrup, suspension, and elixirs. The general category of liquid oral doses includes a broad range of dosage forms, broadly classified as monophasic and biphasic. Whereas dosage forms in both types comprise at least one drug, monophasic forms are homogeneous and completely dissolve in liquid, whereas biphasic forms in a vehicle do not dissolve.
State of matter and properties of matter (Part-2) (Latent Heat, Vapour pressu...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
Latent Heat, Vapour pressure, Factor affecting vapour pressure, Surface area, Types of molecule, Temperature and Intermolecular forces, Sublimation Critical point
-suspension (Pharmaceutical)
-definition of suspension
-types of suspension,
-examples of pharmaceutical
-suspension
-pharmaceutical application of suspension
-advantages of suspension
- disadvantages of suspension
-classification of suspension
-flocculated and deflocculated
-formulation additives
- methods of preparation
-formulation of suspension
Suspensions containing diffusible solids
Suspensions containing in diffusible solids
Suspensions containing poorly wettable solids
Suspensions of precipitate forming liquids
Suspensions produced by chemical reactions
- Packaging and storage
stability of suspension
- routes of administration of suspension
-evaluation of suspension
INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION, FORMULATION, PREPARATION METHOD, BENEFITS AND DISADVANTAGES, STORAGE
The physical chemist defines the word “suspension” as a two-phase system consisting of an undissolved or immiscible material dispersed in a vehicle (solid, liquid, or gas).
Suspension are generally taken orally or by parenteral route, and the suspensions meant for external use should have small particle size to avoid gritty feeling to the skin
The suspensions have dispersed particles above the colloidal size, which is 0.5–5 microns.
Based On Pharmaceutical Use
Oral suspension
Externally applied suspension
Parenteral suspension
Ophthalmic Suspension
Based On the proportion of solid particles
Dilute suspension (2 to10 10 percent; w/v solid)
Concentrated suspension (50 percent; w/v solid)
Based On Electrokinetic Nature Of Solid Particles
Flocculated suspension
Deflocculated suspension
Based On Size Of Solid Particles
Colloidal suspension (< 1 micron)
Coarse suspension (>1 micron)
Nano suspension (10 ng)
Oral Suspension
Topical Suspension
Parenteral Suspension
Ophthalmic Suspension
Suspending and thickening agents
Wetting Agents
Dispersing agent
Flocculating Agent
Preservative
Organoleptic Additives
Suspensions containing diffusible solids
Suspensions containing insoluble solids
Suspensions of precipitate-forming liquids
Suspensions produced by chemical reactions
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. Learning Objective
At the end of this session, students will be able to:
Define Suspension/ pharmaceutical suspension
Describe reasons for formulation of suspension
List properties of suspension
Explain three parameters for formulation of suspension
Describe surfactants and types of surfactants
Describe suspending agents and its types
2
3. Definition
• Suspensions are a type of dispersed system in which one
substance (dispersed phase) is distributed in particulate form
throughout another (continuous phase).
• Dispersed system= Dispersed phase(internal phase) + Dispersed
medium(external phase)
• Internal phase is dispersed uniformly as finely divided insoluble
particles throughout the external phase.
3
4. • The external phase (suspending medium) is generally
aqueous in some instance, may be an organic or oily liquid for
non oral use.
• The term "Disperse System" refers to a system in which one
substance (The Dispersed Phase) is distributed, in discrete units,
throughout a second substance (the continuous Phase or
vehicle).
Each phase can exist in solid, liquid, or gaseous state .
4
5. • According to the size of particles of a dispersed phase,
dispersion system can be classified as
• Colloidal dispersion: particles in the dispersion phase are greater than 1m
• Coarse dispersion: particles in the dispersion phase are greater than 1m
Example: suspension and emulsion
• Pharmaceutical suspensions are suspension when the particles
constituting the internal phase of the suspension are
therapeutically active.
5
6. Reasons for preparing suspension
• The drug is insoluble in the delivery vehicle.
• To mask the bitter taste of the drug.
• To increase drug stability.
• To achieve controlled/sustained drug release.
6
7. Properties of Good Suspension
• It should be chemically and physically stable during
administration and storage.
• It should settle slowly and re-disperse readily up on gentle
shaking of the container
• After shaking, the medicament should stay in suspended long
enough for a dose to be accurately measured
• It is removed easily from the container (pourable)
7
8. • The sediment should not form aggregate or cake.
• Comparatively free from large particulate matter, with
acceptable color, odor and taste.
8
9. Types of suspension
• Depending on the properties of dispersed phase, suspensions are
classified into four groups:
A. Suspension containing diffusible substances
• They contain easily dispersible solids
• They are light and easily wettable substances
• Readily mixed with water and on shaking diffuse evenly
throughout the liquid long enough to ensure even distribution
and a dose to be measured
9
10. • These sediment sufficiently slowly to enable satisfactory dose
removal after re-dispersion
• Example:
• Light kaolin
• Magnesium trisilicate
• Light calcium carbonate, Magnesium carbonate
10
11. B. Suspensions containing indiffusible solids
• These are insoluble powders and will not remain evenly
distributed in a vehicle long enough to ensure uniformity of
dose
• These sediment too rapidly and require the addition of other
materials to reduce sedimentation rate to an acceptable level.
• Needs thickening agent:
• Increase viscosity to prevent falling down of particles
• Avoid collision or decrease density of particles
11
13. C. Suspensions containing poorly wettable substance
• This particles are both insoluble and poorly wettable in water
• Interfacial tension between particles and water is high i.e. not
diffusible in water
• Wetting agents (surfactants) decrease interfacial tension i.e.
affinity of the particles to the surrounding environment is
increased and decrease the interparticulate force.
• Example: Sulfur lotion, Hydrocortisone
13
14. D. Suspensions of precipitate forming solids
• Resinous materials when mixed with water become precipitated
• Thickening agent is used
• Example: Compound bentonite tincture, Tolune tincture
14
15. Formulation of suspension
The three steps that can be taken to ensure formulation of an
elegant pharmaceutical suspension are:
1. Control particle size
2. Use thickening agent to increase viscosity of the vehicle by
using suspending agents or viscosity increasing agents
3. Use of a wetting agent/ surfactants
15
16. Problems encountered during
formulation
• Various factors need to be considered when formulating
insoluble solids in to suspension:
A. Sedimentation
• This is a phenomenon which occurs in dispersed system where
the dispersed particles settle to the bottom of the container.
• This occurs because the particles are too large to remain
permanently suspended in the vehicle.
16
17. • The factors affecting the rate of sedimentation of a particle are
described in Stokes’ equation.
• Stokes’ equation
V= 2r2 (ρ s- ρ o ) g or
18
V= d2 (ρ s- ρ o ) g
9
17
18. Where, V. = rate of sedimentation
d = Diameter of particle
r = radius of particle
ρ s= density of disperse phase
ρ o= density of disperse media
g = acceleration due to gravity
η = viscosity of disperse medium
18
19. A decrease in settling rate in a suspension may be
achieved by:
• Reducing the size of the particle
• Increasing the density of the liquid continuous phase
• Increasing the viscosity of the continuous phase but greater
increase in the viscosity may lead to problem in pouring,
syringebility and re-dispersibility of suspension.
19
20. B. Flocculation
• It is a natural tendency towards aggregation of particles
• Solution:-
• Deflocculation in separate viscous medium
• Flocculation by controlling volume, type of sediment and pourability
C. Wetting problem
• Wetting agents increase the affinity of the particles towards the
surrounding medium but decreases inter particular forces
• Example: Ethanol, glycols, glycerol
20
21. Surface active agents/ surfactants
Surfactants decrease the interfacial tension between drug
particles and liquid and thus liquid is penetrated in the pores of
drug particle displacing air from them and thus ensures
wetting.
Surfactants in optimum concentration facilitate dispersion of
particles.
Generally we use non-ionic surfactants but ionic surfactants
can also be used depending upon certain conditions.
21
22. • Disadvantage of surfactants:-
They have foaming tendencies
They have bitter taste
They interact with preservatives and may decrease
antimicrobial activity eg. Polysorbate 80
• Surface active agents are divided into four main groups
22
23. A. Anionic agents:
• Commonly used surface active agents
• Are those containing carboxylate, sulfonate and sulfate ion.
• Example: Sodium lauryl sulfate
B. Cation agents
• Quaternary ammonium salts
• May act as preservative
• Cause lysis of cells
23
24. C. Amphoteric agents
• Are majorly agents containing carboxylate or phosphate
groups
• Contain both anion and cation
D. Non ionic agents
• Are the major class of compounds used in pharmaceutical
systems
• Are suitable with respect to compatibilities and stabilities
24
25. Example: Polysorbate 80 is most widely used due to its
following advantages
It is non-ionic so no change in pH of medium
No toxicity.
Safe for internal use.
Less foaming tendencies however it should be used at
concentration less than 0.5%.
Compatible with most of the adjuvant.
25
26. Suspending agents/Thickening agents
• Suspending agents are substances that are used to keep finely
divided insoluble materials suspended in a liquid media by
preventing there agglomeration (coming together) and by
imparting viscosity to the dispersion media so that the particles
settle more slowly.
• Care must be taken when selecting a suspending agent for oral
preparations as the acid environment of the stomach may alter
the physical characteristics of the suspension and therefore the
rate of release of the drug from suspension.
26
27. They can be obtained from different sources:
I. Natural polysaccharides (Acacia, Tragacanth, Sodium
aliginate and Starch)
II. Inorganic semi-synthetic agents
III. Synthetic agents
27
28. I. Natural polysaccharides
• The main problem with these agents is their natural variability
between batches and microbial contamination.
a. Acacia
• Are exudates of Acacia senegal and other species of acacia
• 40 acacia is equivalent to 1.25 Tragacanth solution
• Rarely used for external preparation
• May need preservative and not suitable for ingredients sensitive to
oxidation
28
29. b. Tragacanth
• It has high thickening power
• Can be used in combination
• Less sticky and can be used for external preparation
• Outside a PH 4 – 7.5, it loses its viscosity
• For prolonged storage, preservative is needed
29
30. c. Sodium Alginate
• Consists mainly sodium salts of aliginic and polyuronic acid from sea weeds
• The mucilage should stand overnight before use
• Maximum viscosity is achieved at PH = 7
• Incompatible with cationic compounds
d. Starch
• Usually used in combination with compound tragacanth powder
• Can also be used in combination with sodium carboxycellulose
• Used for internal use
30
31. II. Semi synthetic polysaccharides
• They are derived from the naturally occurring
polysaccharides(cellulose).
• They are Na, K, or Ca salt of particularly acetylated or
methylated polysaccharides of high molecular weight.
• Examples: MC, HMC, EC, NaCMC, MCC(Avicel) and Xanthan
31
32. a. Xanthan
• It consists of the sodium salt of partially acetylated polysaccharide of high molecular
weight.
• Soluble in hot or cold water
b. Water soluble cellulose
• Methyl cellulose(MC)
• Are soluble in cold but insoluble in hot water
• They are non ionic, stable over wide range of PH.
• Up on heating gel is formed and up on cooling solution is formed
• Used for both internal and external use.
• Incompatible with some solvents, chlorocresol, resorcinol, tannic acid and silver
nitrate
32
33. b. Water soluble cellulose
• Methyl cellulose(MC)
• Are soluble in cold but insoluble in hot water
• They are non ionic, stable over wide range of PH.
• Up on heating gel is formed and up on cooling solution is
formed
• Used for both internal and external use.
• Incompatible with some solvents, chlorocresol, resorcinol,
tannic acid and silver nitrate
33
34. • Hydroxyethyl cellulose(HEC)
• Soluble in cold and hot water
• More densre than MC
III. Synthetic agents
• These are agents introduced to overcome the variable quality of natural
products
A. Carbomer (carboxy vinyl polymer)
• They have low viscosity but when neutralized, it becomes viscous gel
• Its viscosity is higher over PH 6-11
34
35. B. Colloidal silicon dioxide
• Prepared by vapor phase hydrolysis of silicon compound
• At about 12% it gives soft get but usually used as suspending
agent at 1.5-4%
35
36. Preservation of suspensions
• Addition of preservatives into suspensions is important.
• This is because suspensions would have water as vehicle and
naturally occurring additives such as acacia and tragacanth as
sources of microbial contamination and microbes
respectively.
• Useful preservatives include chloroform water, Benzoic acid
and Hydroxy benzoate.
36
37. STABILITY OF SUSPENSIONS
Factors that contribute to appreciable stability of a suspension
include:
a) Small particle size- reducing the size of the dispersed
particle increases the total surface area of the solid. The
greater the degree of subdivision of a given solid the larger
the surface area. The increase in surface area means also an
increase in interface between the solids and liquids leading
to an increase in viscosity of a system.
37
38. • Increasing the viscosity – increasing the viscosity of the
continuous phase can lead to the stability of suspensions.
This is so because the rate of sedimentation can be
reduced by increase in viscosity. Viscosity increase is
brought about by addition of thickening agents to the
external phase. In water these must be either soluble or
swell. It is important to note that the rate of release of a
drug from a suspension is also dependent on viscosity. Of
a product. The more viscous the preparation, the slower is
likely to be the release of a drug. Sometimes this property
may be desirable for depot preparations.
38
39. C. TEMPERATURE.
• Another factor which negatively affects the stability and
usefulness of pharmaceutical suspensions is fluctuation of
temperature. Temperature fluctuations can lead to caking and
claying.
39
40. Pharmaceutical application of
suspensions
• Drugs that have very low solubility are usually formulated as
suspensions
• Suspended dosage form of insoluble medicaments are easy to
swallow
• Insoluble derivatives in suspension may be more palatable than
soluble derivatives in solution
• They act as adsorbent of toxins in GIT in powder form
• Example. Kaolin and chalk
40
41. • Increase rate of dissolution in GIT as compared to solid dosage
forms
• Insoluble form of drugs may prolong the action of a drug by
preventing rapid degradation of the drug in the presence of
water
• When the drug is unstable in contact with the vehicle,
suspension are prepared immediately prior to use
• Drugs which degrade in aqueous solution may be suspended
in a nonaqueous phase
41
42. • IM or SC preparation are often formulated as suspensions
to prolong drug release
• Thin coat of insoluble medicaments on the skin can be
achieved in form of suspension
42
43. Advantage and Disadvantage of
Suspensions
Advantages Of Suspensions
Suspension can improve chemical stability of certain drug. E.g. Procaine
penicillin G
Drug in suspension exhibits higher rate of bioavailability than other dosage
forms. bioavailability is in following order,
Solution > Suspension > Capsule > Compressed Tablet > Coated
tablet
• Duration and onset of action can be controlled. E.g. Protamine Zinc-Insulin
suspension
Suspension can mask the unpleasant/ bitter taste of drug. E.g. Chloramphenicol
palmitate
43
44. Disadvantage
• The preparation must be shaken prior to measuring a dose
• Accuracy of dosage is less reliable than with solution
• Storage may lead to change in the disperse system
• Bulk, inconvenient, high susceptibility to loss
44
45. Special labels and advice for
suspensions
All pharmaceutical suspensions should be properly labelled.
Additional information in addition to the product name and
directions for use is the inclusion of the direction “shake the
bottle well before use” as some sedimentation of medicament
would normally be expected..
Other labelling information include directions to store in a
cool place, expiry date.
45
46. Containers for packaging
• Suspensions should be packed in amber coloured bottles- plain
for internal use and ribbed for external use.
• There should be adequate air space above the liquid to allow
shaking and easy pouring.
• A 5ml medicine spoon or oral syringe should be given when the
suspension is for oral use
46