In the past, 4S-10P E-Core Hybrid Flux Switching Motor (HFSM) had been studied. However, the motor suffers high cogging torque but it has high performance in terms of high power and high torque at high speed. Therefore, this paper is proposing the cogging torque reduction techniques to minimize the cogging torque. The high cogging torque gave an undesirable effect during low operating speed of the motor. In order to tackle the issue, the cogging torque mechanism in equation is laid out as a form of reference. Then the reduction techniques employed on the designs and analyzed with Finite Element analysis (FEA) in JMAG. The results show the cogging torque of the optimized design is 44.45% of the motor torque. Besides, the techniques employed to identify which techniques gave the most cogging torque reduction and analyzed the geometrical difference using the cogging torque mechanism. Finally, the analysis is discussed based on the modified geometrics.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method called rotor pole shaping to reduce cogging torque in flux-switching permanent magnet machines (FSPMs). Cogging torque is relatively high in FSPMs due to their doubly salient structure and high flux density. The proposed method introduces flanges in the rotor teeth as a way to modify the rotor dimensions and reduce cogging torque without changing the stator. Finite element analysis is used to examine the impact of flange geometry on cogging torque. The effects on back-EMF, average torque, and torque ripple are also investigated. The results suggest rotor pole shaping is an effective method for cogging torque reduction in FSPMs.
This paper addresses the irreversible permanent magnet (PM) demagnetization analysis of hybrid excitation flux switching motor (HEFSM) with outer-rotor configuration. PM demagnetization cause the PM strength used in the motor significantly reduces and hence contributes less torque performance. The study is focused on thermal analysis and conducted at various temperature up to as high as 180 degrees Celsius which has a tendency to be demagnetized. Therefore, PM demagnetization is among a critical issue and influences the choice of the applied motor. The analysis is carried out based on finite element method (FEM) and percentage of PM demagnetization is then calculated. Finally, based on simulated and calculated results the final design outer-rotor HEFSM has only 0.85 percent PM demagnetization at very high temperature and obviously the is no PM demagnetization at normal operating conditions.
Permanent magnet flux switching machine (PMFSM) is a joint venture of switch reluctance machine (SRM) and permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). It has become a prominent research topic for various applications because of robust rotor structure, high torque and power densities but few were developed for downhole applications mainly due to harsh environmental conditions. Formerly, most of developed PMFSMs for downhole applications were mainly concentrated on inner-rotor type design, and difficult to find research work on outer-rotor configuration. Therefore, this paper introduces the design and investigation of PMFSM with outer-rotor configuration for downhole application. Primarily, the geometric topology of proposed design is described in detail. Then, the no load and load analysis are implemented in order to investigate the initial performance of the proposed design.
Improved magnetic behavior of hemicycle PM motor via stator modification IJECEIAES
This article investigates electromagnetic performance of a hemicycle PM motor by introducing a little modification on both ends of a hemicycle stator. Prior to the investigation, an analytical model for the hemicycle PM motor weight is derived analytically for the purpose of comparison with a conventional design. Both motor weights are then verified and the hemicycle motor is found to have lighter weight than the conventional design. By having a proper design modification, an optimum motor performance is achievable due to improved magnetic permeance. Two designs that have different arc angle; i) 180° (188.5 mm arc length) and ii) >180° (204.2 mm arc length) are the subjects of investigation. It is found that a hemicycle PM motor in which arc angle >180° results maximum torque average with the smallest torque ripple and smallest cogging torque.
Design, Modelling& Simulation of Double Sided Linear Segmented Switched Reluc...IOSR Journals
This document presents the design, modeling, and simulation of a double-sided linear segmented switched reluctance motor (LSSRM). The LSSRM is modeled using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show current, inductance, torque, and speed characteristics. A 6/4 LSSRM is designed and compared to a conventional SRM and segmented SRM (SSRM) of the same power rating. The LSSRM design uses concentric windings instead of full pitch windings, reducing copper usage and weight. Simulation results validate the LSSRM model and control strategy. The LSSRM provides higher torque than SRM and SSRM for the same frame size due to increased aligned inductance.
Numerous studies had been made to improve the switched reluctance motor operation depend on the modification of the machine design, proposing the converter designs and/or applying a suitable control method. This paper introduces the field orientation control method for that motor using a simple and very efficient DC-DC converter topology. This control method is presented by two techniques; first technique is the advance of the turn-on switching angle and the other technique is the retard/delay of the turn-off switching angle. Instantaneous and average motor characteristics are obtained using Matlab/Simulink software package. Comparison between the simulation results presented using two converter types. A precise speed and torque control are obtained. The average total torque per current is maximized.
This document describes the design and modeling of a linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) to drive an infusion pump. Key points:
- LSRMs are being used more in industries due to advances in power electronics. They have robust builds and don't require transmission systems like gears.
- The authors designed an LSRM-driven infusion pump with improved resolution and power utilization over previous models. They modeled the LSRM and developed control algorithms to precisely control syringe movement and drug dosage.
- The LSRM design process involved first translating specifications to an equivalent rotating switched reluctance motor design. The rotary motor was designed and dimensions converted back to the linear design. Design equations and a procedure are provided
Design of Switched Reluctance Motor for Three Wheeler Electric Vehicleidescitation
Switched Reluctance M achines (SRM ) offer
attractive attributes for automotive applications. Low cost, high
reliability, and competitive weight and efficiency combine to
make the switched reluctance (SR) motor drive a strong
candidate for application in future electric vehicle (EV)
propulsion systems. This paper proposes a methodology to
determine separately the peak and continuous power ratings
of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for electric propulsion
of an electric vehicle (EV).same machine have to deliver peak
and continuous power for different road load condition of
vehicle. Then gives switched reluctance design guidelines for
battery operated electric vehicles. Finally, it presents the
design and simulation of a switched reluctance motor power
train.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method called rotor pole shaping to reduce cogging torque in flux-switching permanent magnet machines (FSPMs). Cogging torque is relatively high in FSPMs due to their doubly salient structure and high flux density. The proposed method introduces flanges in the rotor teeth as a way to modify the rotor dimensions and reduce cogging torque without changing the stator. Finite element analysis is used to examine the impact of flange geometry on cogging torque. The effects on back-EMF, average torque, and torque ripple are also investigated. The results suggest rotor pole shaping is an effective method for cogging torque reduction in FSPMs.
This paper addresses the irreversible permanent magnet (PM) demagnetization analysis of hybrid excitation flux switching motor (HEFSM) with outer-rotor configuration. PM demagnetization cause the PM strength used in the motor significantly reduces and hence contributes less torque performance. The study is focused on thermal analysis and conducted at various temperature up to as high as 180 degrees Celsius which has a tendency to be demagnetized. Therefore, PM demagnetization is among a critical issue and influences the choice of the applied motor. The analysis is carried out based on finite element method (FEM) and percentage of PM demagnetization is then calculated. Finally, based on simulated and calculated results the final design outer-rotor HEFSM has only 0.85 percent PM demagnetization at very high temperature and obviously the is no PM demagnetization at normal operating conditions.
Permanent magnet flux switching machine (PMFSM) is a joint venture of switch reluctance machine (SRM) and permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). It has become a prominent research topic for various applications because of robust rotor structure, high torque and power densities but few were developed for downhole applications mainly due to harsh environmental conditions. Formerly, most of developed PMFSMs for downhole applications were mainly concentrated on inner-rotor type design, and difficult to find research work on outer-rotor configuration. Therefore, this paper introduces the design and investigation of PMFSM with outer-rotor configuration for downhole application. Primarily, the geometric topology of proposed design is described in detail. Then, the no load and load analysis are implemented in order to investigate the initial performance of the proposed design.
Improved magnetic behavior of hemicycle PM motor via stator modification IJECEIAES
This article investigates electromagnetic performance of a hemicycle PM motor by introducing a little modification on both ends of a hemicycle stator. Prior to the investigation, an analytical model for the hemicycle PM motor weight is derived analytically for the purpose of comparison with a conventional design. Both motor weights are then verified and the hemicycle motor is found to have lighter weight than the conventional design. By having a proper design modification, an optimum motor performance is achievable due to improved magnetic permeance. Two designs that have different arc angle; i) 180° (188.5 mm arc length) and ii) >180° (204.2 mm arc length) are the subjects of investigation. It is found that a hemicycle PM motor in which arc angle >180° results maximum torque average with the smallest torque ripple and smallest cogging torque.
Design, Modelling& Simulation of Double Sided Linear Segmented Switched Reluc...IOSR Journals
This document presents the design, modeling, and simulation of a double-sided linear segmented switched reluctance motor (LSSRM). The LSSRM is modeled using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show current, inductance, torque, and speed characteristics. A 6/4 LSSRM is designed and compared to a conventional SRM and segmented SRM (SSRM) of the same power rating. The LSSRM design uses concentric windings instead of full pitch windings, reducing copper usage and weight. Simulation results validate the LSSRM model and control strategy. The LSSRM provides higher torque than SRM and SSRM for the same frame size due to increased aligned inductance.
Numerous studies had been made to improve the switched reluctance motor operation depend on the modification of the machine design, proposing the converter designs and/or applying a suitable control method. This paper introduces the field orientation control method for that motor using a simple and very efficient DC-DC converter topology. This control method is presented by two techniques; first technique is the advance of the turn-on switching angle and the other technique is the retard/delay of the turn-off switching angle. Instantaneous and average motor characteristics are obtained using Matlab/Simulink software package. Comparison between the simulation results presented using two converter types. A precise speed and torque control are obtained. The average total torque per current is maximized.
This document describes the design and modeling of a linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) to drive an infusion pump. Key points:
- LSRMs are being used more in industries due to advances in power electronics. They have robust builds and don't require transmission systems like gears.
- The authors designed an LSRM-driven infusion pump with improved resolution and power utilization over previous models. They modeled the LSRM and developed control algorithms to precisely control syringe movement and drug dosage.
- The LSRM design process involved first translating specifications to an equivalent rotating switched reluctance motor design. The rotary motor was designed and dimensions converted back to the linear design. Design equations and a procedure are provided
Design of Switched Reluctance Motor for Three Wheeler Electric Vehicleidescitation
Switched Reluctance M achines (SRM ) offer
attractive attributes for automotive applications. Low cost, high
reliability, and competitive weight and efficiency combine to
make the switched reluctance (SR) motor drive a strong
candidate for application in future electric vehicle (EV)
propulsion systems. This paper proposes a methodology to
determine separately the peak and continuous power ratings
of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for electric propulsion
of an electric vehicle (EV).same machine have to deliver peak
and continuous power for different road load condition of
vehicle. Then gives switched reluctance design guidelines for
battery operated electric vehicles. Finally, it presents the
design and simulation of a switched reluctance motor power
train.
Bearingless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor using Independent ControlIJPEDS-IAES
Bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor (BPMSM) combines the
characteristic of the conventional permanent magent synchronous motor and
magnetic bearing in one electric motor. BPMSM is a kind of high
performance motor due to having both advantages of PMSM and magnetic
bearing with simple structure, high efficiency, and reasonable cost. The
research on BPMSM is to design and analyse BPMSM by using Maxwell 2-
Dimensional of ANSYS Finite Element Method (FEM). Independent
suspension force model and bearingless PMSM model are developed by
using the method of suspension force. Then, the mathematical model of
electromagnetic torque and radial suspension force has been developed by
using Matlab/Simulink. The relation between force, current, distance and
other parameter are determined. This research covered the principle of
suspension force, the mathematical model, FEM analysis and digital control
system of bearingless PMSM. This kind of motor is widely used in high
speed application such as compressors, pumps and turbines.
Abstract
This paper deals with the RF (Radio Frequency)-MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System) switch design using the coventorware software and its superiority over the existing technologies like PIN Diodes and Field-Effect-Transistors regarding size, power, Isolation and Insertion loss, and graphically how Pull-in voltage affects on the deflection of the switch. Also this paper deals with the fabrication process of the cantilever switch.
Keywords: Etching, Sacrificial Layer, Actuation Voltage, Electrostatic Force, RF Switch, PIN Diodes, Stiction, Isolation and Insertion loss.
This paper presents a design and development of 8/6 switched reluctance motor for small electric vehicle using analytical method. The absent of permanent magnet, inherent fault tolerance capabilities, simple and robust construction make this motor become more attractive for small electric vehicle application such as electric scooter and go-kart. The switched reluctance motor is modelled using analytical formula in designing process. Later, the designed model is analyzed using ANSYS RMxprt software. In order to achieve 5kW power rating and to match with the design requirement, the switched reluctance motor model has been analyzed using RMxprt tools for the preliminary parameters design process. This tools is able to predict the output performance of motor in term of speed, flux linkage characteristic, output torque and efficiency.
A Novel Modified Turn-on Angle Control Scheme for Torque- Ripple Reduction in...IJPEDS-IAES
In recent years, Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM) have been dramatically
considered with both researchers and industries. SRMs not only have a
simple and reliable structure, but also have low cost production process.
However, discrete torque production of SRM along with intensive magnetic
saturation in stator and rotor cores are the major drawbacks of utilizing in
variety of industrial applications and also causes the inappropriate torque
ripples. In this paper, a modified logical-rule-based Torque Sharing Function
(TSF) method is proposed considering turn-on angle control. The optimized
turn-on angle for conducting each phase is achieved by estimating the
inductance curve in the vicinity of unaligned position and based on an
analytical solution for each phase voltage equation. Simulation results on a
four-phase switched reluctance motor and comparison with the conventional
methods validates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
This document proposes a novel method for calculating and optimizing the electromechanical characteristics of switched reluctance motors (SRMs). The method combines electric circuit theory and electromagnetic field theory approaches. It establishes a relationship between stator coil inductance and rotor angle that is incorporated into differential equations describing the electromechanical process in SRMs. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink software validate the accuracy of the proposed model for an 8/6 SRM. The method provides a way to simultaneously calculate varying magnetic field characteristics and electrical circuit properties during simulation, overcoming a key challenge for SRM modeling.
Radial dynamics of electrons in two-section linear acceleratorIJECEIAES
This article discusses possibility of harness wiring with the use of focusing system of high frequency eigenfields of accelerating resonators in standing wave linear accelerators on the basis of biperiodic slowing systems. The scopes of business activities and specificity of existing engineering processes applied in industry, especially in chemistry and metallurgy, require for special measures on environmental protection. At present electron linear accelerators operating in pulse mode are used for application purposes. Such accelerators can be characterized by sufficient beam power for efficient industrial use and for environmental protection. The results of numerical analysis of electron dynamics in two-section accelerator upon various initial conditions are presented. The obtained results are applied for development of actual accelerator, calculated and experimental data are given. The performed experimental study confirmed possibility of development of standing wave linear accelerator without external magnetic focusing system with output beam diameter of not higher than . The results of calculations of beam dynamics are experimentally verified.
This paper presents the review of design variables optimization and control strategies of a Linear Switched Reluctance Actuator (LSRA). The introduction of various type of linear electromagnetic actuators (LEA) are compared and the advantages of LSRA over other LEA are discussed together with the type of actuator configurations and topologies. The SRA provides an overall efficiency similar to induction actuator of the similar rating, subsequently the friction and windage losses are comparable but force density is better. LSRA has the advantage of low cost, simple construction and high reliability compare to the actuator with permanent magnet. However, LSRA also has some obvious defects which will influence the performance of the actuator such as ripples and acoustic noise which are caused by the highly nonlinear characteristics of the actuator. By researching the design variables of the actuator, the influences of those design variables are introduced and the detail comparisons are analyzed in this paper. In addition, this paper also reviews on the control strategies in order to overcome the weaknesses of LSRA.
- The document reviews the design optimization and control methods of switched reluctance actuators (SRA). It discusses various SRA design parameters such as structure, number of phases, number of stator/rotor poles, air gap, and their impact on SRA performance.
- Novel SRA structures like segmented rotor, multilayer, and pancake-shaped designs have been developed to increase torque output and minimize torque ripples compared to conventional designs.
- Increasing the number of phases improves torque production and fault tolerance, but more complex control is required. A higher ratio of stator to rotor poles reduces noise and vibration.
- Smaller air gaps produce higher torque by providing lower reluctance for magnetic flux flow
Design, Modeling and Analysis of Linear Switched Reluctance Motor for Ground ...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes the design, modeling, and analysis of a linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) suitable for ground transit applications. LSRMs can generate linear motion without additional mechanical components, eliminating issues like backlash and elasticity in traditional belt or spindle drives. The paper presents the design and mathematical modeling of an LSRM, including its operating principle, longitudinal and transverse flux path configurations, inductance profile derivation based on machine dimensions, and applications in material handling and transport systems.
Performance of Fractional-Slot Winding PM Machines due to Un-even Coil Turns ...IJPEDS-IAES
PM machines in which slot number and pole number combination differs by
one have to be configured with asymmetric winding pattern in order to
maximize it back-emf performance. However, this asymmetric winding
configuration inherently results an unwanted Unabalanced Magnetic Force
(UMF). Investigations of electromagnetic performance of fractional-slot
asymmetric winding PM machines using 2-D Finite-Element Analysis are
presented. The investigations are mainly driven by the effort of minimizing
the UMF. By employing techniques such as non-uniform number of coil
turns in every tooth and asymmetric design of stator tooth, the UMF are
expected can be minimized. The investigations show that the radial
component of UMF has greater effect than the tangential component on the
UMF itself. In all proposed techniques, a slight reduction of machine torque
performance is inevitable.
This document analyzes the performance and control of a brushless doubly fed reluctance machine (BDFRM). It presents the transient and steady-state governing equations of the BDFRM and describes a speed control scheme based on field orientation control. It studies the start-up behavior and effects of control winding voltage and frequency on machine performance through digital simulation. The document aims to predict dynamic and steady-state performance, demonstrate important operational aspects, study start-up and synchronization under voltage/frequency control, and develop a control technique for wide speed control.
Directional couplers are widely used as passive and active optical devices in fibre and integrated optics, and form the basis of components such as switches, modulators and wavelength filters. They consist of two closely-spaced parallel waveguides, whose separation is sufficiently small that power may be transferred between the modes propagating in the two guides through an interaction involving their evanescent fields. In this paper results are presented for a range of near infrared single mode silica directional couplers fabricated by electron beam irradiation. The effects of over cladding layers will be highlighted. Changes on coupling coefficient due to different cladding refractive indexes will also be examined. The coupled mode theory will be employed to fit the experimental results with prediction by theory. It is found that over cladding layer alters the transmission characteristics of silica directional couplers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses the design of an active electromagnetic suspension system for automotive applications. Key points:
- An active suspension system is proposed using a brushless tubular permanent magnet actuator in parallel with a passive spring. This provides additional stability during maneuvers like cornering and braking.
- Specifications for the actuator are derived based on measurements of forces during test drives. The actuator needs to produce peak forces of 4 kN and continuous forces of 1 kN to eliminate roll and pitch. It also needs to absorb road vibrations up to 2.05 kN.
- A quarter-car test setup is used to validate the improved performance of the active suspension system. Measurements show the roll angle is
Theory and Analysis of Three Phase Induction Motor using Written Pole TechnologyIOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper whose stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor.
This document describes a double-rotor switched reluctance machine (DRSRM) that could be used as a hybrid electric vehicle powertrain. A DRSRM contains two rotors and one stator within a single machine housing. The two rotors can be independently operated and controlled, allowing the machine to output power and torque from two independent drive shafts. This integrated design is potentially more compact, lower cost, and enables two mechanical outputs suitable for hybrid electric transmissions. The document outlines the configuration, design, simulation, optimization, and testing of a DRSRM prototype.
SURVEY OF CONVENTIONAL &NEW GENERATION ADVANCED D.C.BRAKING SYSTEM OF 3-PHASE...IJCI JOURNAL
Any variable frequency drive requires an efficient and controlled braking system. Therefore, different braking techniques have been the subject area of researchers to enhance the performance as well as overall life of the drives. In this paper, a literature study is made of various existing braking methods, focused on induction motor (IM) drive performance. The braking methods are compared and summarized based on speed range, braking time and efficiency of 3-phase squirrel cage IM drive. Finally, an advancedD.C. braking technique is presented where braking torque in terms of varyingD.C.signal is injected into the stator windings using fully controlled Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation pulses (SVPWM). A method has been described for providing occasional fast, smooth and controlled braking torque from a non-regenerative VFD, without additional power circuits. Simulations are performed in MATLAB/Simulink, tested and validated on Digital signal processor (DSP) based drive. Test results are presented in this paper.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
This document discusses using a triangular lattice electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure in the ground plane of a 2x2 triangular microstrip patch antenna array to improve its bandwidth. The EBG structure provides better antenna gain and a 110% increase in bandwidth compared to the antenna array without EBG. Keywords discussed include equilateral triangular microstrip patch antenna, antenna array, EBG, impedance bandwidth, and triangular lattice.
This paper presents a novel converter configuration with fewer for switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive. The proposed novel converter insists for less number of switches compared to conventional asymmetrical type of converter configuration for switched reluctance motor. Switch count reduction in converter reduces the losses, volume of heat sink, and number of gate drive circuits and thereby the performance of the system. Closed loop speed control of switched reluctance motor fed from proposed novel converter topology was presented in this paper. Performance of closed loop operation is compared to open loop system. Further the proposed converter for SRMT is evaluated with loaded condition and comparative analysis of no-load and loaded SRM is presented. The model presented is developed and the results are analyzed using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Closed loop performance of proposed novel converter fed switched reluctance motor drive is verified at fixed speed and variable speed conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A breakthrough in this century has been the development of electric vehicle which is propelled by electric motor powered by electricity. Already, many electric motors have been used for electric vehicle application but performances are low. In this paper, a permanent magnet motor technology using unconventional segmented rotor for high torque application is presented. Unlike conventional motors, this design, flux switching motor (FSM) is an advance form of synchronous machine with double rotating frequency. It accommodates both armature winding and flux source on the stator while the rotor is a simple passive laminated sheet steel. Conventionally, rotor of the maiden FSM and many emerging designs have focused on the salient pole, this design employs segmented rotor. Segmented rotor has advantages of short flux path more than salient rotor pole resulting in high flux linkage. Geometric topology of the proposed motor is introduced. It consists of 24Stator-14Pole using PM flux source with alternate stator tooth armature winding. The 2D-FEA model utilized JMAG Tool Solver to design and analyze motor’s performance in terms of torque with average torque output of 470Nm. The suitability of segmented outer-rotor FS motor as a high torque machine, using permanent magnet technology is a reliable candidate for electric vehicle.
Recently, permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) having the diameter of 11inches was successfully developed and installed in electric scooter vehicle (ESV) for propulsion. It consists of segmented stators of 24 armature slots and 100 pieces of permanent magnet of 2 kg weight mounted on rotating rotor. Upon the huge amount of materials and permanent magnet used, PMSM produced 110Nm only. Looking at the size, this torque is low and could not sustain acceleration for long distance travels. To overcome the challenge of low torque, this paper presents a new machine type, flux switching motor (FSM) with 1 kg weight of permanent magnet flux source employing segmented outer rotor. Six ranges of split ratio of 0.80-0.85 for outer rotor 24slot-14pole FSPM motor configurations were designed and compared. The 2D-FEA by JMAG software version 14 is used to examine its performance in term of flux linkage, cogging torque, back-emf and average torque which the structure with split ratio of 0.85 took lead by securing highest torque profile of 209Nm. It also achieved low cogging torque to operate in safe region. In conclusion, appropriate split ratio significantly enhances high torque capability of permanent magnet flux switching motor for electric scooter propulsion.
Bearingless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor using Independent ControlIJPEDS-IAES
Bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor (BPMSM) combines the
characteristic of the conventional permanent magent synchronous motor and
magnetic bearing in one electric motor. BPMSM is a kind of high
performance motor due to having both advantages of PMSM and magnetic
bearing with simple structure, high efficiency, and reasonable cost. The
research on BPMSM is to design and analyse BPMSM by using Maxwell 2-
Dimensional of ANSYS Finite Element Method (FEM). Independent
suspension force model and bearingless PMSM model are developed by
using the method of suspension force. Then, the mathematical model of
electromagnetic torque and radial suspension force has been developed by
using Matlab/Simulink. The relation between force, current, distance and
other parameter are determined. This research covered the principle of
suspension force, the mathematical model, FEM analysis and digital control
system of bearingless PMSM. This kind of motor is widely used in high
speed application such as compressors, pumps and turbines.
Abstract
This paper deals with the RF (Radio Frequency)-MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical-System) switch design using the coventorware software and its superiority over the existing technologies like PIN Diodes and Field-Effect-Transistors regarding size, power, Isolation and Insertion loss, and graphically how Pull-in voltage affects on the deflection of the switch. Also this paper deals with the fabrication process of the cantilever switch.
Keywords: Etching, Sacrificial Layer, Actuation Voltage, Electrostatic Force, RF Switch, PIN Diodes, Stiction, Isolation and Insertion loss.
This paper presents a design and development of 8/6 switched reluctance motor for small electric vehicle using analytical method. The absent of permanent magnet, inherent fault tolerance capabilities, simple and robust construction make this motor become more attractive for small electric vehicle application such as electric scooter and go-kart. The switched reluctance motor is modelled using analytical formula in designing process. Later, the designed model is analyzed using ANSYS RMxprt software. In order to achieve 5kW power rating and to match with the design requirement, the switched reluctance motor model has been analyzed using RMxprt tools for the preliminary parameters design process. This tools is able to predict the output performance of motor in term of speed, flux linkage characteristic, output torque and efficiency.
A Novel Modified Turn-on Angle Control Scheme for Torque- Ripple Reduction in...IJPEDS-IAES
In recent years, Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM) have been dramatically
considered with both researchers and industries. SRMs not only have a
simple and reliable structure, but also have low cost production process.
However, discrete torque production of SRM along with intensive magnetic
saturation in stator and rotor cores are the major drawbacks of utilizing in
variety of industrial applications and also causes the inappropriate torque
ripples. In this paper, a modified logical-rule-based Torque Sharing Function
(TSF) method is proposed considering turn-on angle control. The optimized
turn-on angle for conducting each phase is achieved by estimating the
inductance curve in the vicinity of unaligned position and based on an
analytical solution for each phase voltage equation. Simulation results on a
four-phase switched reluctance motor and comparison with the conventional
methods validates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
This document proposes a novel method for calculating and optimizing the electromechanical characteristics of switched reluctance motors (SRMs). The method combines electric circuit theory and electromagnetic field theory approaches. It establishes a relationship between stator coil inductance and rotor angle that is incorporated into differential equations describing the electromechanical process in SRMs. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink software validate the accuracy of the proposed model for an 8/6 SRM. The method provides a way to simultaneously calculate varying magnetic field characteristics and electrical circuit properties during simulation, overcoming a key challenge for SRM modeling.
Radial dynamics of electrons in two-section linear acceleratorIJECEIAES
This article discusses possibility of harness wiring with the use of focusing system of high frequency eigenfields of accelerating resonators in standing wave linear accelerators on the basis of biperiodic slowing systems. The scopes of business activities and specificity of existing engineering processes applied in industry, especially in chemistry and metallurgy, require for special measures on environmental protection. At present electron linear accelerators operating in pulse mode are used for application purposes. Such accelerators can be characterized by sufficient beam power for efficient industrial use and for environmental protection. The results of numerical analysis of electron dynamics in two-section accelerator upon various initial conditions are presented. The obtained results are applied for development of actual accelerator, calculated and experimental data are given. The performed experimental study confirmed possibility of development of standing wave linear accelerator without external magnetic focusing system with output beam diameter of not higher than . The results of calculations of beam dynamics are experimentally verified.
This paper presents the review of design variables optimization and control strategies of a Linear Switched Reluctance Actuator (LSRA). The introduction of various type of linear electromagnetic actuators (LEA) are compared and the advantages of LSRA over other LEA are discussed together with the type of actuator configurations and topologies. The SRA provides an overall efficiency similar to induction actuator of the similar rating, subsequently the friction and windage losses are comparable but force density is better. LSRA has the advantage of low cost, simple construction and high reliability compare to the actuator with permanent magnet. However, LSRA also has some obvious defects which will influence the performance of the actuator such as ripples and acoustic noise which are caused by the highly nonlinear characteristics of the actuator. By researching the design variables of the actuator, the influences of those design variables are introduced and the detail comparisons are analyzed in this paper. In addition, this paper also reviews on the control strategies in order to overcome the weaknesses of LSRA.
- The document reviews the design optimization and control methods of switched reluctance actuators (SRA). It discusses various SRA design parameters such as structure, number of phases, number of stator/rotor poles, air gap, and their impact on SRA performance.
- Novel SRA structures like segmented rotor, multilayer, and pancake-shaped designs have been developed to increase torque output and minimize torque ripples compared to conventional designs.
- Increasing the number of phases improves torque production and fault tolerance, but more complex control is required. A higher ratio of stator to rotor poles reduces noise and vibration.
- Smaller air gaps produce higher torque by providing lower reluctance for magnetic flux flow
Design, Modeling and Analysis of Linear Switched Reluctance Motor for Ground ...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes the design, modeling, and analysis of a linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) suitable for ground transit applications. LSRMs can generate linear motion without additional mechanical components, eliminating issues like backlash and elasticity in traditional belt or spindle drives. The paper presents the design and mathematical modeling of an LSRM, including its operating principle, longitudinal and transverse flux path configurations, inductance profile derivation based on machine dimensions, and applications in material handling and transport systems.
Performance of Fractional-Slot Winding PM Machines due to Un-even Coil Turns ...IJPEDS-IAES
PM machines in which slot number and pole number combination differs by
one have to be configured with asymmetric winding pattern in order to
maximize it back-emf performance. However, this asymmetric winding
configuration inherently results an unwanted Unabalanced Magnetic Force
(UMF). Investigations of electromagnetic performance of fractional-slot
asymmetric winding PM machines using 2-D Finite-Element Analysis are
presented. The investigations are mainly driven by the effort of minimizing
the UMF. By employing techniques such as non-uniform number of coil
turns in every tooth and asymmetric design of stator tooth, the UMF are
expected can be minimized. The investigations show that the radial
component of UMF has greater effect than the tangential component on the
UMF itself. In all proposed techniques, a slight reduction of machine torque
performance is inevitable.
This document analyzes the performance and control of a brushless doubly fed reluctance machine (BDFRM). It presents the transient and steady-state governing equations of the BDFRM and describes a speed control scheme based on field orientation control. It studies the start-up behavior and effects of control winding voltage and frequency on machine performance through digital simulation. The document aims to predict dynamic and steady-state performance, demonstrate important operational aspects, study start-up and synchronization under voltage/frequency control, and develop a control technique for wide speed control.
Directional couplers are widely used as passive and active optical devices in fibre and integrated optics, and form the basis of components such as switches, modulators and wavelength filters. They consist of two closely-spaced parallel waveguides, whose separation is sufficiently small that power may be transferred between the modes propagating in the two guides through an interaction involving their evanescent fields. In this paper results are presented for a range of near infrared single mode silica directional couplers fabricated by electron beam irradiation. The effects of over cladding layers will be highlighted. Changes on coupling coefficient due to different cladding refractive indexes will also be examined. The coupled mode theory will be employed to fit the experimental results with prediction by theory. It is found that over cladding layer alters the transmission characteristics of silica directional couplers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses the design of an active electromagnetic suspension system for automotive applications. Key points:
- An active suspension system is proposed using a brushless tubular permanent magnet actuator in parallel with a passive spring. This provides additional stability during maneuvers like cornering and braking.
- Specifications for the actuator are derived based on measurements of forces during test drives. The actuator needs to produce peak forces of 4 kN and continuous forces of 1 kN to eliminate roll and pitch. It also needs to absorb road vibrations up to 2.05 kN.
- A quarter-car test setup is used to validate the improved performance of the active suspension system. Measurements show the roll angle is
Theory and Analysis of Three Phase Induction Motor using Written Pole TechnologyIOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper whose stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor.
This document describes a double-rotor switched reluctance machine (DRSRM) that could be used as a hybrid electric vehicle powertrain. A DRSRM contains two rotors and one stator within a single machine housing. The two rotors can be independently operated and controlled, allowing the machine to output power and torque from two independent drive shafts. This integrated design is potentially more compact, lower cost, and enables two mechanical outputs suitable for hybrid electric transmissions. The document outlines the configuration, design, simulation, optimization, and testing of a DRSRM prototype.
SURVEY OF CONVENTIONAL &NEW GENERATION ADVANCED D.C.BRAKING SYSTEM OF 3-PHASE...IJCI JOURNAL
Any variable frequency drive requires an efficient and controlled braking system. Therefore, different braking techniques have been the subject area of researchers to enhance the performance as well as overall life of the drives. In this paper, a literature study is made of various existing braking methods, focused on induction motor (IM) drive performance. The braking methods are compared and summarized based on speed range, braking time and efficiency of 3-phase squirrel cage IM drive. Finally, an advancedD.C. braking technique is presented where braking torque in terms of varyingD.C.signal is injected into the stator windings using fully controlled Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation pulses (SVPWM). A method has been described for providing occasional fast, smooth and controlled braking torque from a non-regenerative VFD, without additional power circuits. Simulations are performed in MATLAB/Simulink, tested and validated on Digital signal processor (DSP) based drive. Test results are presented in this paper.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
This document discusses using a triangular lattice electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure in the ground plane of a 2x2 triangular microstrip patch antenna array to improve its bandwidth. The EBG structure provides better antenna gain and a 110% increase in bandwidth compared to the antenna array without EBG. Keywords discussed include equilateral triangular microstrip patch antenna, antenna array, EBG, impedance bandwidth, and triangular lattice.
This paper presents a novel converter configuration with fewer for switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive. The proposed novel converter insists for less number of switches compared to conventional asymmetrical type of converter configuration for switched reluctance motor. Switch count reduction in converter reduces the losses, volume of heat sink, and number of gate drive circuits and thereby the performance of the system. Closed loop speed control of switched reluctance motor fed from proposed novel converter topology was presented in this paper. Performance of closed loop operation is compared to open loop system. Further the proposed converter for SRMT is evaluated with loaded condition and comparative analysis of no-load and loaded SRM is presented. The model presented is developed and the results are analyzed using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Closed loop performance of proposed novel converter fed switched reluctance motor drive is verified at fixed speed and variable speed conditions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A breakthrough in this century has been the development of electric vehicle which is propelled by electric motor powered by electricity. Already, many electric motors have been used for electric vehicle application but performances are low. In this paper, a permanent magnet motor technology using unconventional segmented rotor for high torque application is presented. Unlike conventional motors, this design, flux switching motor (FSM) is an advance form of synchronous machine with double rotating frequency. It accommodates both armature winding and flux source on the stator while the rotor is a simple passive laminated sheet steel. Conventionally, rotor of the maiden FSM and many emerging designs have focused on the salient pole, this design employs segmented rotor. Segmented rotor has advantages of short flux path more than salient rotor pole resulting in high flux linkage. Geometric topology of the proposed motor is introduced. It consists of 24Stator-14Pole using PM flux source with alternate stator tooth armature winding. The 2D-FEA model utilized JMAG Tool Solver to design and analyze motor’s performance in terms of torque with average torque output of 470Nm. The suitability of segmented outer-rotor FS motor as a high torque machine, using permanent magnet technology is a reliable candidate for electric vehicle.
Recently, permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) having the diameter of 11inches was successfully developed and installed in electric scooter vehicle (ESV) for propulsion. It consists of segmented stators of 24 armature slots and 100 pieces of permanent magnet of 2 kg weight mounted on rotating rotor. Upon the huge amount of materials and permanent magnet used, PMSM produced 110Nm only. Looking at the size, this torque is low and could not sustain acceleration for long distance travels. To overcome the challenge of low torque, this paper presents a new machine type, flux switching motor (FSM) with 1 kg weight of permanent magnet flux source employing segmented outer rotor. Six ranges of split ratio of 0.80-0.85 for outer rotor 24slot-14pole FSPM motor configurations were designed and compared. The 2D-FEA by JMAG software version 14 is used to examine its performance in term of flux linkage, cogging torque, back-emf and average torque which the structure with split ratio of 0.85 took lead by securing highest torque profile of 209Nm. It also achieved low cogging torque to operate in safe region. In conclusion, appropriate split ratio significantly enhances high torque capability of permanent magnet flux switching motor for electric scooter propulsion.
This document presents a study on reducing cogging torque and flux per pole in a brushless DC motor by adapting U-clamped magnetic poles. Finite element analysis is used to calculate cogging torque and flux per pole for different magnetic pole shapes, including conventional, iso-diametric, semi-circled, and proposed U-clamped shapes. Results show the U-clamped poles greatly reduce cogging torque compared to other designs by reducing certain Fourier coefficients related to cogging torque. Flux per pole is also reduced slightly by decreasing the rate of change of flux density, thereby further reducing cogging torque. Various slot numbers are analyzed, demonstrating the effectiveness of U-clamped poles for an 8-pole motor with
This paper discusses about winding arrangement of fractional slot of a new type hollow rotor Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor. Hollow rotor has higher performance compared to other BLDC motor because it minimizes the unused flux below permanent magnet and maximize torque produce by the motor. It’s also known that 8 pole motor is favorite used in industrial because it has an optimum space of permanent magnet for a smaller motor size. The number of pole will affect the maximum speed of the rotor. Thus, the objective of this research is to investigate the best winding arrangement for 8 pole of hollow rotor that could produce the highest electromagnetic performance. At starts, four combinations of slot number and coil sizes had been selected. Structural comparison in term of coil vector and winding arrangement is studied. Finite Element Method (FEM) had been used to simulate the parameters such as backemf and torque waveforms. It was convinced that 9 slot 8 pole with 0.6 size of coil produces the best performance. The confirmed model had been fabricated and measured. Both results from FEM and measurement are compared in term of backemf and torque where percentage differences are 7.4 % and 8 %, respectively. As conclusion, this research shows the fundamental of winding arrangement of fractional slot of motor especially 8 pole motor.
The document presents the design improvement of a 12Slot-14Pole outer rotor field excitation flux switching motor (ORFEFSM) using deterministic optimization methods (DOM) involving 2D finite element analysis (FEA). The initial motor design had a torque of 112.95 Nm and power of 50.46 kW. Through DOM, parameters related to the rotor, field excitation coil, and armature coil were optimized sequentially. This led to an improved design with a maximum torque of 221.83 Nm and power of 189 kW, achieving the target of 210 Nm and 123 kW. The optimization process enhanced the motor performance by reducing flux saturation and improving flux linkage.
The main objective of aerospace industry is to produce all electric aircraft (AEA) equipped by electrical devices in coming developments. Electrical machines that provide higher torque densities are gaining more interest for researchers to obtain sustainable direct-drive electrical propulsion system for aircraft applications. In addition to lesser weight and higher torque density, a machine should be “fault tolerant” to applied in aerospace applications. A novel machine for high starting torque, identified as flux switching machine (FSM) was established over the last decade. FSMs comprise all effective sources on stator including robust rotor structure. These machines exhibited higher “torque-to-weight ratios” and reliability. Nonetheless, the challenge of developing a machine suitable for aircraft applications goes far beyond electromagnetic design and much deeper into the field of mechanical systems than traditional ones. Thus, a new double stator (DS) hybrid excitation (HE) FSM design employing segmented rotor is proposed and analyzed in this research work. The suggested design for DS HE-FSM comprises of six field excitation coils (FECs) and six permanent magnets (PMs) as their excitation sources. In this research, investigation of DS HE-FSM is accomplished with respect to flux linkage, back EMF, cogging torque and torque analysis based on 2D FEA.
Electromagnetic Performance due to Tooth-tip DesIJPEDS-IAES
Permanent Magnet (PM) machines are favorable as an alternative to other
machine topologies due to simpler construction and high torque density.
However, it may result hight torque ripple due to an influence of cogging
torque and electronic commutation. In this paper, comparisons of phase
back-emf, static torque and cogging torque due to influence of tooth-tip
asymmetry in 12-slot/10-pole double-layer and 12-slot/10-pole single layer
winding machines are carried out using 2D Finite-Element Analysis. At rated
condition, the stator asymmetry has great influence on the torque
performance as there is significant reduction of torque ripple in 12-slot/10-
pole mahine equipped with single layer winding than one equipped with
double layer winding machine. It si confirmed that an optimum torque
performance is desirable via stator iron modification in PM machines.
There are abundant of wave energy converter technologies available to convert wave energy into useable energy. However, most of them are huge and suitable for large application. Thus, this paper aimed to propose portable pico generator designs for small scale application. Investigation on the performance of designs with varying halbach magnet shapes was mainly focused and discussed. Two designs of different magnet shape i.e. triangular and trapezoid were proposed. Open-circuit simulation and optimization results were obtained using Finite Element Method. From the results, it was found out that Trapezoid Magnet Design produced better performance and lower material cost compared to another proposed design, Triangular Magnet as well as conventional Rectangular Magnet shape.
PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID ELECTROMAGNETIC DAMPER FOR VEHICLE SUSPENSIONijiert bestjournal
Suspension systems, in the automotive application context, have been designed to maintain
contact between a vehicle’s tires and the road, and to isolate the frame of the vehicle from road
disturbances. Dampers, or so-called shock absorbers, as the undeniable heart of suspension
systems, reduce the effect of a sudden bump by smoothing out the shock. In most shock
absorbers, the energy is converted into heat via viscous fluid. In hydraulic cylinders, the
hydraulic fluid is heated up. In air cylinders, the hot air is emitted into the atmosphere. There are
several common approaches for shock absorption, including material hysteresis, dry friction,
fluid friction, compression of gas, and eddy currents.
Hybrid winding function method for inductance analysis of a line start synch...IJECEIAES
In recent years, there has been renewed interest in line-start synchronous reluctance machines (LSSRMs) due to their simple construction, magnet-free rotor, and low cost. To improve control performance, design optimization, and fault diagnostic analysis of these machines, it requires accurate estimation of their electromagnetic characteristics using detailed and time-consuming finite element analyses (FEAs). In this paper, inductances and electromagnetic torque of the LSSRM were calculated using the combination of winding function analysis and conformal mapping instead of FEA. The hybrid approach can be applied to the prediction of motor behavior, taking into account all space harmonics of the air-gap permeance without any restriction on the rotor saliencies and topologies. The influence of the core saturation, stator slots, and rotor bars were also considered. The results obtained by simulations were compared with FEA in terms of accuracy and computational time.
Flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machine with high temperature superconductors (HTS) bulks located between the rotor poles to eliminate the flux leakage in the rotor, termed as (HTS-FSPM) machine has been proposed in this paper. Using genetic algorithm, the HTS and the conventional FSPM machines having the same size constraints and load conditions have been globally optimized for max. aveage torque. To highlight the advantages of the HTS-FSPM machine, a performance comparison between the conventional and HTS-FSPM machines has been presented. It is found that the HTS-FSPM machine can increase the torque by 27%, however, this comes with the expense of higher torque ripple and power losses.
On the Performances Investigation of Different Surface Mounted Permanent Magn...IAES-IJPEDS
In recent years, permanent magnet machines have become a common choice
in many industrial applications. Therefore, several structures have been
developed, and the choice of a topology designed for a specified application
requires the knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of different
topologies. The present work deals with the evaluation of the performances
of different radial flux surface-mounted permanent magnet motors designed
for an electric vehicle motor application. The objective of this survey is to
show the effect of the rotor position (inner or outer) and the magnets
segmentation on the machine output torque and iron losses. In this context,
four machines with: (i) inner rotor, (ii) inner rotor segmented magnets, (iii)
outer rotor and (iv) outer rotor segmented magnets have been designed and
studied. All these machines have the same geometrical dimensions and
current loading. The main idea is to develop a machine with smoothness
torque, lower torque ondulation, lower iron losses, and which is mechanically
robust. Firstly, the output torque of the different structure is computed.
Secondly, by means of an improved analytical model coupled with 2
dimensional transient finite element analysis (FEA), the machines iron losses
are predicted.
This paper presents a new design and performance of single phase permanent magnet flux-switching machine (PMFSM) for electric bicycle application. 8Slot-12Pole design machine were choose by analyzing the highest power density value. All active parts such as permanent magnet and armature coil are located on the stator, while the rotor part consists of only single piece iron. PMFSM have a great advantage with robust rotor structure that make it much higher power and applicable for EV application compared to SRM and IPMSM. The design, operating principles, characteristics of torque, and power of this new topology are investigated by JMAG-Designer via a 2D-FEA. Size of motor and volume of PM is designed at 75mm and 80g, respectively. Based on the investigation, it can be concluded that the proposed topology of single phase 8Slot 12Pole PMFSM achieved the target of highest performance of power density, approximately at 0.113W/mm3 with reduced permanent magnet and size of design motor. Due to the low torque performance of this initial design, further works is ongoing to improve the torque performance. In future work, outer rotor PMFSM structure design will be presented and compared with the “Deterministic Optimization Method” to improve the initial design.
The document presents an electromagnetic and thermal analysis of an internal permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) design. It describes the initial design process including calculating dimensions, winding arrangement, and material selection. Finite element analysis was used to optimize the design by varying parameters like number of turns, magnet size, and flux barrier placement. This improved the torque from 5.25Nm to 12.94Nm. A lumped thermal network model was developed and losses were simulated. Temperature distribution was calculated and found to be within safe limits. Case studies on efficiency and load characteristics validated the machine configuration.
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...Yayah Zakaria
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind
speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...IJECEIAES
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
This document provides an overview of axial-field electrical machines. It discusses various types of axial-field machines including single stator/rotor designs, central stator designs, and multi-disc designs. It also compares axial-field machines to conventional radial-field machines and summarizes some of their advantages such as higher power-to-weight ratios and ability for internal cooling via the rotating discs. Several specific axial-field machine designs are described in detail such as Faraday disks, printed circuit motors, and Torus machines. A wide range of applications are listed that could benefit from the special features of axial-field machines.
This document summarizes the design, control, and testing of a flux switching permanent magnet machine that uses non-rare earth magnets. Key points include:
1) A 12/10 segmented stator FSPM machine was designed using finite element analysis to minimize cogging torque, noise, and vibration through pole shaping techniques.
2) A nonlinear model accounting for saturation and mutual coupling was developed to identify machine parameters for vector control.
3) Experimental results validated the control performance matches simulations, with torque ripple minimized to 5% and noise reduced by 7-8 dB at rated speed.
4) A 500W prototype was built and tested using the controller, showing good agreement between simulated and experimental
The Journal of MC Square Scientific Research is published by MC Square Publication on the monthly basis. It aims to publish original research papers devoted to wide areas in various disciplines of science and engineering and their applications in industry. This journal is basically devoted to interdisciplinary research in Science, Engineering and Technology, which can improve the technology being used in industry. The real-life problems involve multi-disciplinary knowledge, and thus strong inter-disciplinary approach is the need of the research.
For driving constant loads in industry, the use of direct-on-line-start permanent-magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motors with ferrite magnets (DOL-Start-PMa-SynRM) is proposed. The bibliographic search demonstrated that this new motor has greater efficiency than one similar induction motor (IM). It was evidenced that the main element that is required for direct starting is to insert a squirrel cage into the rotor of a PMa-SynRM, which does not produce negative operational effects in a steady state. An economic evaluation was carried out in a sugar mill company, applying the differential net present value (NPV) method, and a sensitivity analysis, considering the four factors that present the most variation. It was demonstrated, by means of a Pareto diagram standardized for the NPV that the most significant factors are fuel factor, lifespan and the multiplication of both. With response surfaces that are obtained with a multilevel factorial experiment, it was determined that, by varying the factors in the ranges considered, the NPV always remains positive and higher than 2200 USD. This is mainly due to the notable difference between the efficiency of the DOL-Start-PMa-SynRM and that of the IM. Consequently, is proved that an investment in the DOL-Start-PMa-SynRM may be feasible.
Similar to Cogging Torque Reduction Technique on E-Core Hybrid Flux Switching Motor by Notching and Pole Pairing (20)
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
The document presents a new method for fault classification and direction discrimination in transmission lines using 1D convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs). A 132kV transmission line model is simulated to generate training and testing data for the 1D-CNN algorithm. The proposed 1D-CNN approach directly uses the voltage and current signals from one end as input, merging feature extraction and classification into a single learning process. Testing shows the 1D-CNN method accurately classifies and discriminates fault direction with higher accuracy than conventional neural network and fuzzy neural network methods under different fault conditions.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a battery energy storage system (BESS) with droop control to reduce frequency fluctuations in a multi-machine power system connected to a large-scale photovoltaic (PV) plant. The paper develops a droop control strategy for the BESS that incorporates a frequency error signal and dead-band. Simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC software show that the proposed droop control-based BESS can efficiently curtail frequency oscillations caused by fluctuations in PV power injection due to changing solar irradiance.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The document describes a proposed modified bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter (NSFCL) for distribution networks. The NSFCL consists of a bridge rectifier, two DC reactors (one small in series and one large in parallel), and an IGBT semiconductor switch controlled by a command circuit. During normal operation, the IGBT is on and the parallel reactor is bypassed, making the NSFCL invisible. During a fault, the IGBT turns off, inserting the parallel reactor to limit fault current. Simulation results showed the design effectively limits fault current while minimally affecting normal operation.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
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Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
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permanent magnet and the field excitation windings function. The polarity and the applied field currents on
armature field windings gave the advantage of strengthening and weakening of the air gap flux density.
Figure 1. 4S-10P E-Core HFSM Figure 2. 4S-10P HFSM coil arrangement
The numbers of stator topologies proposed in literature had been mounting such as a conventional
stator, E-core [5]–[7], multi-tooth [8], [9] and the advantages of the E-core structure in speed variation for
flux weakening performance [10]. The torque and power speed characteristics were studied and compared for
the stator topologies type conventional, E-core and C-core in [11]. The E-core proved the superiority in flux-
weakening region as high power was constantly achievable over the entire flux-weakening region. In [10] E-
core stator was matched against conventional stator to study the effects of the structural differential on the
MMF harmonics and the mutual couplings of the windings.
The pulsating torque generated due to torque ripple and cogging torque is very harmful to all electric
motor. As the torque components in the motor are made up mutual torque, reluctance torque, and cogging
torque whereas average torque is the main component of the torque. Average torque is defined as the torque
produced due to the fundamental stator MMF and magnetic field on the motor [12]. The undesired torque
ripple originated from the mutual interactions between the stator MMF harmonics and the magnetic field of
the motor. The distinct complications resulted from the torque ripple is the noise and vibration transpire at
low speed. As the torque ripples substantiate the effects at low speed at the same time, the system inertia
eliminates the torque pulsations at higher speeds. Besides that, the diminishing component of torque such that
cogging torque is arising by the alternate interrelation between the magnetic field and stator slot or air gap
reluctance variation. Ideally, the average cogging torque must be zero for the variation shows insignificant
coil excitation at the stator.
Much cogging torque reduction techniques had been adopted for flux switching motor design such
as permanent magnet flux switching motor [12]–[16]. As the past research had shown, the minimization
technique can be divided into two category which is the control type minimization and design type
minimization on which this paper is adopting [17], [18]. The design type minimization extrapolates varieties
of techniques that can be dominated to best fit the design as each of the motor designs are exclusively
subjected to certain constraints and necessities. Such techniques are stator, rotor and magnet skewing,
dummy poles, chamfering, and notching.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Figure 3. Operational principle of (a) and (b) demagnetization as well as (c), (d) and (e) magnetization of 4S-
10P E-Core HFSM
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Among the many research had been conducted to search for the excellent technique on the motor,
most of the research focused on permanent magnet type motor as the permanent magnet type motor often
faced huge manufacturing cost to achieve optimum performance regarding the designs. Hence, it leaves a gap
on the reduction technique adopted for HFSM as HFSM and permanent magnet flux switching motor is
varied relating to the source of flux and influence of the flux generated by the torque.
This paper concentrates on the variation of techniques that can be adopted for two-dimensional
design (2D) of 4S-10P E-Core HFSM to diminish as minimal as possible the cogging torque. In [19] (cite
paper IRIS), the design of 4S-10P E-Core HFSM had been optimized but it suffers high peak value of
cogging torque at 108.45 Nm. The diversify notching and pole pairing techniques proposed which
hypothetically will influence the cogging torque along with the discussion of it. The introduction of cogging
torque mechanism is to clarify the operating principle of the reduction technique and justify it as effective
approaches. The paper illustrates the equation as tools to justify the appropriate techniques to be enforced on
the said design by the objective of lower cogging torque.
2. COGGING TORQUE MECHANISM
The Fourier series may define cogging torque determined by finite element method. The cogging
torque derived from the production of torque [20]. The production of torque is derived from the differential
of energy against time as per described in (1).
is the motor power, is the differential energy of motor, is the differential mechanical angle, is
the angular velocity and is the torque. Torque of the motor consistently composed of reluctance torque,
alignment torque and cogging torque expressed in (2).
In (2), is torque, is reluctance torque and is cogging torque. Subsequently, the derivation of ,
and results in , air gap flux, is the air gap reluctance and is the rotor position. From the
derivation it clearly shown the cogging torque existence originated from the interaction of the magnet
producing air gap flux between the stator and the rotor in variable with the air gap reluctance with time.
The periodic changes in the cogging torque also contributed by the corresponding EMF harmonics
of the magnets and the stator magnetic conductance due to air gap reluctance changes periodically. The
periodic changes in the cogging torque can be evaluated with Fourier series expressed in (6).
In (6), is the rotor angular position, is the amplitude of the n-th harmonic, is the phase angle of the
n-th harmonic and is the smallest common multiple of rotor pole and stator pole. The numerical equations
of air gap flux in (5) can be expressed as in (7).
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Where is the outer radius of the magnet, is the outer radius of the stator, is the outer radius
of the rotor, is the pole pairing number, is the pole step and is the coefficient of the magnetic flux
density. Since the topologies for 4S-10P E-core HFSM construction possess the same magnitude of outer
radius of the magnet and stator. Thus, (7) is derived as (10).
3. 4S-10P E-CORE HFSM PARAMETER
The designs adopted for this analysis is 4S-10P E-Core HFSM which consists of 4 stator slots and
10 rotor poles with the stator slot type E-Core due to the shape of it. The symmetrical shape of the stator
allows maximum flux linkage over the full electric cycle [21]. The geometry of the 4S-10P E-Core HFSM
discussed in this paper is as shown in Figure 1, the design specification is as illustrated in Table 1.
Table 1. Design specification.
Specification Value
Rotor poles 10
Air gap (mm) 0.8
Number of phases 1
Maximum DC voltage (V) 50
Maximum current (Arms) 360
Maximum speed (r/min) 12000
Air gap (mm) 0.8
Motor stack length (mm) 70
Field winding turn 271
Armature turn 37
Rotor pole radius (mm) 86
Rotor core radius (mm) 61
4. COGGING TORQUE REDUCTION TECHNIQUE
In this paper, the reduction techniques enforced on the modeled design of 4S-10P E-Core HFSM are
notching, chamfering and rotor pole pairing. The reduction techniques will influence the geometrical design
on the rotor only as it easier to be conducted there compared to the stator. If the techniques were to influence
the stator parts of this particular design of 4S-10P E-Core HFSM, it would influence other parameters which
needed to be kept constant such as permanent magnets, field excitation slot areas, and armature coil slot
areas. Hypothetically, it may lead to major changes in the performance on which substantially deviate from
the objective of this paper.
The cogging torque reduction technique employed for this paper is shown in Figure 4 are
investigated to study the geometrical of the rotor tooth on the cogging torque as well as well as the back-
EMF and the torque with 2D finite element analysis (FEA). Figure 4. (a) is notching where the parameter
established here are a number of the notch, width, and length of each notch. The parameters will evolve by
Equation 5 where the air gap reluctance in between the rotor poles and the permanent magnets and stator
develops. Figure 4. (b) is rotor
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Figure 4. Type of reduction technique on rotor type (a) notching (b) pole pairing
Figure 5. Cogging torque of 4S-10P topology Figure 6. Influence of the notch number on the torque
pole pairing with two parameters such that original rotor width, y and dummy width, x which alternately
switched to determine the best pair of rotor pole pairing.
The 2D-FEA shows the topology 4S-10P E-Core HFSM possess average cogging torque of 1.38 Nm
and peak-to-peak cogging torque of 108.45 Nm, shown in Figure 5. Based on Equation (2) it can be inferred
the cogging torque, and the electromagnetic torque will be either increase or decrease as both preferences are
subjected to the geometrical of the rotor represented as air-gap production over time.
4.1. Notching
The influence of parameters such as a number of the notch on cogging torque and the output torque
is investigated with 2D-FEA shown in Figure 6. Figure 6 shows the cogging torque decrease from 98 Nm of
peak-to-peak cogging torque value with increasing number of the notch with reversing pattern after the 6th
notch. The 6th
notch recorded the lowest cogging torque achieved at 84 Nm. Generally, in each decrement
and increments fluctuates with one another. However, the constant decrement of stair pattern can be observed
on the output torque as it started at 237 Nm on the first notch and going down to 226 Nm on the 10th
notch.
The minimization of the cogging torque effectively explained by the decreasing air gap flux. Figure 7 and
Figure 8 shows the flux lines and flux vectors before and after notching, respectively. The flux lines in both
figures approximately illustrated same concentrations of flux lines however the magnetic flux magnified by
the flux vectors distinguished the effect of notching of the 6th notch, which is the lowest cogging torque
reduced. The maximum magnetic flux after notching is 3.6 T while before notching is 3.0 T on Figure 7. (b)
and Figure 8 (b), respectively. However, the concentration of maximum vector before notching is higher
compared to after notching. The vector differential shows the air-gap flux is increasing with notching.
Ideally, the air-gap flux inversely proportional to the magnetic flux density subjected to the permanent
magnet grades [22]. However, in this case, based on (9), the magnetic flux density coefficient, is directly
proportional to the air gap flux, . Thus, the magnetic flux density increase as the air gap flux increase.
Further investigation conducted to investigate the significant influences of width and height of notch
on the cogging torque where all parameters are kept constant except for the width and height of the notch.
Figure 9 and Figure 10 show the peak-to-peak cogging torque on the notch width at various notch height and
the output torque on the notch width at various notch height, respectively. By running the FEA against
various notch width and height, the cogging torque significantly reduces with the increasing notch width and
increasing notch height. The same observation can be seen with the output torque where it decreases with
increasing notch width and notch height in Figure 10. The variation factor can explain the reduction of
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cogging torque. The variation amplitude decrease as well as the variation periods with the increasing size of
notch and number of notches which in turns reduced the peak value of cogging torque.
Figure 7: Flux lines and flux vectors before notching Figure 8: Flux lines and flux vectors after notching
Figure 9. The peak-to-peak cogging torque on the
notch
Figure 10. The output torque on the notch width
4.2 Pole Pairing
In pole pairing type for cogging torque reduction technique is pairing two different widths of rotor
pole geometrically. Since 4S-10P has an even number of rotor pole, the pairing will alternate between the
manipulative pole and the pole which the width is kept constant in its original width. For example, in Figure
4. (b) the manipulative pole which acts as dummy pole marked with unknown x is for the first pole while the
pole which the width is kept constant is characterized with unknown y is from the second pole. After the first
cycle of analysis of cogging torque obtains with FEA, the unknown x and unknown y are reversed with the
first pole and second pole where the first pole is marked with unknown y and the first pole is marked with
unknown x.
Figure 11 shows the result of alternating the x pole and y pole on the first cycle and second cycle. It
is evident the torque production increase as the dummy pole width increased from 2 mm to 50 mm. The
maximum output torque of 242 Nm is when the dummy pole width is 10 mm, approximately same as the
constant pole at 10.55 mm. The graph pattern for both cycles is same on the same value of increment and
decrement, but the cogging torque graph pattern is vice versa. The cogging torque graph for both cycles
possesses the same pattern of dropping ping pong ball. In the range between 2 mm and 50 mm it has two
peaks of cogging torque for in each cycle both at 7 mm and 42 mm width of rotor pole. The first peak in the
first and second cycle cogging torque peak value are 162 Nm and 153 Nm, respectively. The second peak in
the first and second cycle cogging torque peak value are 49 Nm and 43 Nm, respectively. Comparatively, the
highest output torque of 242 Nm in the first and second cycle is same, but the cogging torque in both of the
cycle are discriminately different. The second cycle has lower cogging torque compared to the first cycle
which is 127 Nm and 139 Nm, respectively. The two cycle of alternate change of dummy pole width due to
identifying the proper width ratio of rotor pole to the magnet pole. The air gap magnetic resistance was also
influenced by the amplitude of the cogging torque.
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Figure 9. The peak-to-peak cogging torque on the
notch
Figure 10. The output torque on the notch width
Figure 11. Effect of alternate pole dummy width against
5. CONCLUSION
This paper investigated and studied the proposed cogging torque reduction technique variations on
4S-10P E-Core HFSM based on 2D FEA using J-MAG software. The reduction technique adopted was the
classical techniques such as notching and pole pairing. Both techniques provided a significant decrease in the
cogging torque which fulfill the objective. However, as the cogging torque reduce the output torque reduce as
well. Therefore, further study to improve the torque performance needs and in the same time reduce the
cogging torque to be carried in the future study.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work is funded by Research Innovation, Commercialization and Consultancy management
(ORICC), Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) with Vot. No. U683 and Ministry of Education
Malaysia (MOE).
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Jaudah Abd Rani was born in the capital of Johor Bahru,Johor in 1992. She received Bachelor
of Electrical Engineering with Honours from Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia in 2016.
In 2015, she joined Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erwan Sulaiman research team as research field assistant
to study on stress analysis of E-Core hybrid excitation flux switching motor. Upon graduating
her bachelor degree program, she pursue a master degree of Electrical Engineering under
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Erwan Sulaiman. Her current research interests include electric machines and
drive focusing on single-phase hybrid excitation flux switching motor with an E-Core stator.
Jaudah is a member of Board of Engineers Malaysia. She awarded Best Presenter in a
conference proceeding of 4th IET International Conference on Clean Energy.
9. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Cogging Torque Reduction Technique on E-Core Hybrid Flux Switching Motor… (Jaudah Abd Rani)
847
Erwan Sulaiman was born in Johor, Malaysia, on August 31, 1978. He received his B.E and
M.E Degrees in Electrical Engineering from University of Malaya in 2001 and University Tun
Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) in 2004. He has been with UTHM from December 2004 as a
lecturer. He received Doctor Degree in Electrical Engineering from Nagoya Institute of
Technology (NIT), Japan in 2012. He is currently senior lecturer at Department of Electrical
Power Engineering, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia. His research interests include
design optimizations of HEFSM, FEFSM, PMFSM, in particular, for HEV drive applications.
Md. Zarafi Ahmad was born in Johor, Malasyia on September 5, 1979. He received his B.E
and M.E Degrees in Electrical Engineering from Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM) in 2004
and University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) in 2007. He has been with UTHM from
September 2011 as a lecturer. He received Doctor Degree in Electrical Engineering from
UTHM in 2016. He is currently senior lecturer at Department of Electrical Power Engineering,
UTHM. His research interests include design optimizations of outer rotor hybrid excitation
flux switching machine (HEFSM) for HEV applications.
Mohd. Fairoz Omar was born in Johor, Malaysia, on May, 12, 1986. He received Diploma in
Electric and Electronic Engineering from Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan in 2008. Since October
2008, he has been working under Asian Geos (M) Sdn. Bhd as Technician. He received his
B.E Degree in Electronic Engineering and M.E Degree in Electrical Engineering from
University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, in 2014 and 2016, respectively. Currently, he is Ph.D.
Degree at Department of Electrical Power Engineering, University Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia. His research interests include permanent magnet flux switching machines
(PMFSMs) for electric buses.
Dr. Chockalingam Aravind Vaithilingam (M’96 SM'17) born in Chennai, India, in 1975. He
received the B.Engg. Degree from Bharathidasan university in 1998 , MEngg from Bharthiyar
University in 2001 and the Ph.D. degree in electrical power engineering from University Putra
Malaysia in 2013. From 2003 till date he worked as key researcher in the design of energy
efficient and special electrical machines. Since 2011, he has been a senior lecturer with the
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Taylor’s University, Malaysia. He is the
author of five books, more than 150 indexed articles, His research interests include novel
energy efficient machines for transportation and alternative energy applications.