The document presents an electromagnetic and thermal analysis of an internal permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) design. It describes the initial design process including calculating dimensions, winding arrangement, and material selection. Finite element analysis was used to optimize the design by varying parameters like number of turns, magnet size, and flux barrier placement. This improved the torque from 5.25Nm to 12.94Nm. A lumped thermal network model was developed and losses were simulated. Temperature distribution was calculated and found to be within safe limits. Case studies on efficiency and load characteristics validated the machine configuration.
Performance of Fractional-Slot Winding PM Machines due to Un-even Coil Turns ...IJPEDS-IAES
PM machines in which slot number and pole number combination differs by
one have to be configured with asymmetric winding pattern in order to
maximize it back-emf performance. However, this asymmetric winding
configuration inherently results an unwanted Unabalanced Magnetic Force
(UMF). Investigations of electromagnetic performance of fractional-slot
asymmetric winding PM machines using 2-D Finite-Element Analysis are
presented. The investigations are mainly driven by the effort of minimizing
the UMF. By employing techniques such as non-uniform number of coil
turns in every tooth and asymmetric design of stator tooth, the UMF are
expected can be minimized. The investigations show that the radial
component of UMF has greater effect than the tangential component on the
UMF itself. In all proposed techniques, a slight reduction of machine torque
performance is inevitable.
Electromagnetic Performance due to Tooth-tip DesIJPEDS-IAES
Permanent Magnet (PM) machines are favorable as an alternative to other
machine topologies due to simpler construction and high torque density.
However, it may result hight torque ripple due to an influence of cogging
torque and electronic commutation. In this paper, comparisons of phase
back-emf, static torque and cogging torque due to influence of tooth-tip
asymmetry in 12-slot/10-pole double-layer and 12-slot/10-pole single layer
winding machines are carried out using 2D Finite-Element Analysis. At rated
condition, the stator asymmetry has great influence on the torque
performance as there is significant reduction of torque ripple in 12-slot/10-
pole mahine equipped with single layer winding than one equipped with
double layer winding machine. It si confirmed that an optimum torque
performance is desirable via stator iron modification in PM machines.
Air Gap Effect on the AFPM Generator (Inner Rotor) PerformanceIJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- The axial flux permanent generator double stator- single rotor ((inner rotor) is presented in this paper. The aim study is find the relation between air gap size and output performance of the generator. By changing, the air gap size and observe the output generator are discussed. Torque types of the coreless AFPM generator (initial torque and electromagnetic torque) are calculated. The stators (S1 &S2) can be connected either in parallel to get more voltage or in series to get more current. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to calculate flux density of the permanent magnet at deferent air gap size by using (ANSOFT Maxwell) software. Also the output voltage sine wave of the generator and the phase angle between each pairs of the phases are verified. Moreover the output voltage can be controlled by control in air gap size, when the shaft speed was fixed is discussed.
This paper discusses the performance of three and five-phase double stator slotted rotor permanent magnet generator (DSSR-PMG). The objective of this research is to propose five-phase DSSR-PMG structure that could minimize output voltage ripple compared to three phase. In this research Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to simulate the characteristic of the three and five-phase permanent magnet generator at various speeds. The characteristic of back-EMF, flux linkage, cogging torque and flux density for three and five-phase configurations is presented. As a result, five-phase DSSR-PMG shows a lower cogging torque and voltage ripple compared to three-phase. The cogging torque for five-phase is 80% lower than three-phase DSSR-PMG and the ripple voltage (peak to peak) of back-EMF in five-phase is 2.3% compared to the three-phase DSSR-PMG which is 55%.
EFFECT OF MOTOR PARAMETER VARIATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MINIATURE CLAW POL...Journal For Research
This paper deals with a parametric study of Motor geometry and Material characteristics on the performance of a Small Claw-poled Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor. In this analysis effect of variation in individual factor on Motor performance is analyzed. Along with that combine effect of variation in different factors is also analyzed. Design of Experiment (DOE) using Taguchi Approach and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) techniques are carried out to find out best suitable combination and relative contribution of selected factors on the Motor Performance.
This document presents a study on reducing cogging torque and flux per pole in a brushless DC motor by adapting U-clamped magnetic poles. Finite element analysis is used to calculate cogging torque and flux per pole for different magnetic pole shapes, including conventional, iso-diametric, semi-circled, and proposed U-clamped shapes. Results show the U-clamped poles greatly reduce cogging torque compared to other designs by reducing certain Fourier coefficients related to cogging torque. Flux per pole is also reduced slightly by decreasing the rate of change of flux density, thereby further reducing cogging torque. Various slot numbers are analyzed, demonstrating the effectiveness of U-clamped poles for an 8-pole motor with
Bearingless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor using Independent ControlIJPEDS-IAES
Bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor (BPMSM) combines the
characteristic of the conventional permanent magent synchronous motor and
magnetic bearing in one electric motor. BPMSM is a kind of high
performance motor due to having both advantages of PMSM and magnetic
bearing with simple structure, high efficiency, and reasonable cost. The
research on BPMSM is to design and analyse BPMSM by using Maxwell 2-
Dimensional of ANSYS Finite Element Method (FEM). Independent
suspension force model and bearingless PMSM model are developed by
using the method of suspension force. Then, the mathematical model of
electromagnetic torque and radial suspension force has been developed by
using Matlab/Simulink. The relation between force, current, distance and
other parameter are determined. This research covered the principle of
suspension force, the mathematical model, FEM analysis and digital control
system of bearingless PMSM. This kind of motor is widely used in high
speed application such as compressors, pumps and turbines.
This document summarizes the research on reducing noise and vibration in flux switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machines. It proposes a method to estimate the circumferential mode frequencies of a segmented stator FSPM design using analytical models. It also proposes a pole shaping technique to reduce the effect of undesirable mode frequencies on noise and vibration. Finite element analysis was used to verify the analytical models. Testing of a prototype low-noise FSPM design showed improvements in reducing acoustic noise through increasing the dominant circumferential mode frequencies compared to a standard FSPM design.
Performance of Fractional-Slot Winding PM Machines due to Un-even Coil Turns ...IJPEDS-IAES
PM machines in which slot number and pole number combination differs by
one have to be configured with asymmetric winding pattern in order to
maximize it back-emf performance. However, this asymmetric winding
configuration inherently results an unwanted Unabalanced Magnetic Force
(UMF). Investigations of electromagnetic performance of fractional-slot
asymmetric winding PM machines using 2-D Finite-Element Analysis are
presented. The investigations are mainly driven by the effort of minimizing
the UMF. By employing techniques such as non-uniform number of coil
turns in every tooth and asymmetric design of stator tooth, the UMF are
expected can be minimized. The investigations show that the radial
component of UMF has greater effect than the tangential component on the
UMF itself. In all proposed techniques, a slight reduction of machine torque
performance is inevitable.
Electromagnetic Performance due to Tooth-tip DesIJPEDS-IAES
Permanent Magnet (PM) machines are favorable as an alternative to other
machine topologies due to simpler construction and high torque density.
However, it may result hight torque ripple due to an influence of cogging
torque and electronic commutation. In this paper, comparisons of phase
back-emf, static torque and cogging torque due to influence of tooth-tip
asymmetry in 12-slot/10-pole double-layer and 12-slot/10-pole single layer
winding machines are carried out using 2D Finite-Element Analysis. At rated
condition, the stator asymmetry has great influence on the torque
performance as there is significant reduction of torque ripple in 12-slot/10-
pole mahine equipped with single layer winding than one equipped with
double layer winding machine. It si confirmed that an optimum torque
performance is desirable via stator iron modification in PM machines.
Air Gap Effect on the AFPM Generator (Inner Rotor) PerformanceIJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- The axial flux permanent generator double stator- single rotor ((inner rotor) is presented in this paper. The aim study is find the relation between air gap size and output performance of the generator. By changing, the air gap size and observe the output generator are discussed. Torque types of the coreless AFPM generator (initial torque and electromagnetic torque) are calculated. The stators (S1 &S2) can be connected either in parallel to get more voltage or in series to get more current. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to calculate flux density of the permanent magnet at deferent air gap size by using (ANSOFT Maxwell) software. Also the output voltage sine wave of the generator and the phase angle between each pairs of the phases are verified. Moreover the output voltage can be controlled by control in air gap size, when the shaft speed was fixed is discussed.
This paper discusses the performance of three and five-phase double stator slotted rotor permanent magnet generator (DSSR-PMG). The objective of this research is to propose five-phase DSSR-PMG structure that could minimize output voltage ripple compared to three phase. In this research Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to simulate the characteristic of the three and five-phase permanent magnet generator at various speeds. The characteristic of back-EMF, flux linkage, cogging torque and flux density for three and five-phase configurations is presented. As a result, five-phase DSSR-PMG shows a lower cogging torque and voltage ripple compared to three-phase. The cogging torque for five-phase is 80% lower than three-phase DSSR-PMG and the ripple voltage (peak to peak) of back-EMF in five-phase is 2.3% compared to the three-phase DSSR-PMG which is 55%.
EFFECT OF MOTOR PARAMETER VARIATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MINIATURE CLAW POL...Journal For Research
This paper deals with a parametric study of Motor geometry and Material characteristics on the performance of a Small Claw-poled Permanent Magnet Stepper Motor. In this analysis effect of variation in individual factor on Motor performance is analyzed. Along with that combine effect of variation in different factors is also analyzed. Design of Experiment (DOE) using Taguchi Approach and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) techniques are carried out to find out best suitable combination and relative contribution of selected factors on the Motor Performance.
This document presents a study on reducing cogging torque and flux per pole in a brushless DC motor by adapting U-clamped magnetic poles. Finite element analysis is used to calculate cogging torque and flux per pole for different magnetic pole shapes, including conventional, iso-diametric, semi-circled, and proposed U-clamped shapes. Results show the U-clamped poles greatly reduce cogging torque compared to other designs by reducing certain Fourier coefficients related to cogging torque. Flux per pole is also reduced slightly by decreasing the rate of change of flux density, thereby further reducing cogging torque. Various slot numbers are analyzed, demonstrating the effectiveness of U-clamped poles for an 8-pole motor with
Bearingless Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor using Independent ControlIJPEDS-IAES
Bearingless permanent magnet synchronous motor (BPMSM) combines the
characteristic of the conventional permanent magent synchronous motor and
magnetic bearing in one electric motor. BPMSM is a kind of high
performance motor due to having both advantages of PMSM and magnetic
bearing with simple structure, high efficiency, and reasonable cost. The
research on BPMSM is to design and analyse BPMSM by using Maxwell 2-
Dimensional of ANSYS Finite Element Method (FEM). Independent
suspension force model and bearingless PMSM model are developed by
using the method of suspension force. Then, the mathematical model of
electromagnetic torque and radial suspension force has been developed by
using Matlab/Simulink. The relation between force, current, distance and
other parameter are determined. This research covered the principle of
suspension force, the mathematical model, FEM analysis and digital control
system of bearingless PMSM. This kind of motor is widely used in high
speed application such as compressors, pumps and turbines.
This document summarizes the research on reducing noise and vibration in flux switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machines. It proposes a method to estimate the circumferential mode frequencies of a segmented stator FSPM design using analytical models. It also proposes a pole shaping technique to reduce the effect of undesirable mode frequencies on noise and vibration. Finite element analysis was used to verify the analytical models. Testing of a prototype low-noise FSPM design showed improvements in reducing acoustic noise through increasing the dominant circumferential mode frequencies compared to a standard FSPM design.
IRJET- Transient Dynamic Analysis and Optimization of a Piston in an Automobi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that performed transient dynamic analysis and optimization of a piston in an automobile engine. The study used finite element analysis software to create a 3D model of the piston, apply appropriate loads and boundary conditions, and analyze stresses, natural frequencies, mode shapes, and transient dynamic response. The analysis found the maximum stresses on the piston to be 280 MPa under static loading. Modal analysis determined the first three natural frequencies. Transient dynamic analysis calculated a maximum dynamic displacement of 1.66 mm with a dynamic amplification factor of 1.3 under loading over 4.9 milliseconds. Finally, optimization was performed to reduce piston weight and size without affecting its characteristics or increasing stresses beyond safe limits.
The present work deals to investigate the performance of linear switched reluctance motor designed for a sliding door application. The objective of this paper is to develop an analytical model in order to predict the dynamic behaviour of the studied motor. Firstly, the characteristics of the proposed motor in open loop operation was computed.Secondly, the effect of the load on the response of the motor was investigated. In this context, a two technoque in open loop were adopted to solve the error positioning with load and to damp the oscillation observed in the characteristics of the motor in order to obtain a smooth motion.
Optimized design of submersible induction motor using maxwell 16IAEME Publication
This document summarizes the optimization of a 7.5 kW submersible induction motor design using Maxwell 16 software. The existing motor design with TYPE 2 stator slots is compared to a proposed design with modified TYPE 4 slots. Simulation results show the proposed slot design achieves 2.05% higher efficiency, lower magnetizing current, higher power factor, torque, and output power. This optimized design improves motor performance without requiring complex manufacturing changes or increased costs.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document describes the design and modeling of a linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) to drive an infusion pump. Key points:
- LSRMs are being used more in industries due to advances in power electronics. They have robust builds and don't require transmission systems like gears.
- The authors designed an LSRM-driven infusion pump with improved resolution and power utilization over previous models. They modeled the LSRM and developed control algorithms to precisely control syringe movement and drug dosage.
- The LSRM design process involved first translating specifications to an equivalent rotating switched reluctance motor design. The rotary motor was designed and dimensions converted back to the linear design. Design equations and a procedure are provided
Finite Element Analysis and Optimization Design of the Optical Path Seat abou...IJRES Journal
Reasonable structure of optical path seat needs to be designed in order to reduce the error of
mechanical system for refractomer and ensure the accuracy of measurement.The model of optical path seat is
designed by the SolidWorks and the stress variation of the optical path seat is acquired through finite element
analysis.The structure of optical path seat is optimized on the basis of the result of static strength analysis. The
result of optimization design indicates that the mass is decreased by 25.2% , the workpiece is processed and
assembled easily, the production cost is reduced too much and the economic benefit is largely improved under the
premise of ensuring the mechanical properties.
1) The document presents an experimental analysis of the axial force and pull-out torque of a disc type permanent magnetic coupling. The coupling uses rare-earth permanent magnets.
2) Tests were conducted on a prototype coupling to measure axial force and pull-out torque at different air-gap lengths. Both axial force and pull-out torque decreased as air-gap length increased.
3) The results show that the magnetic coupling's performance is positively maintained despite changes in air-gap length. Both axial force and pull-out torque are important parameters that depend on the coupling's geometric design.
Strength Analysis and Optimization Design about the key parts of the RobotIJRES Journal
Study on structure optimization design about Flip Arms of Mobile Robot. First conducted
preliminary structural design, and established finite element analysis model by HYPERMESH, use ANSYS
software to study Flip Arms Stress distribution and structure optimization. Strength check to ensure the strength
and stiffness of Flip Arms meet safety requirements, and make sure the reliability of the design, to provide a
theoretical basis for the structural optimization design of Flip Arms. Optimization design considering the
weighted compliance as the object function, the frame was improved by modifying the parameters which are
most sensitive to the character of the frame structure. The results showed that structural optimization design
without affecting the reliability of Flip Arms, reducing the quality of the parts improved and the Flip Arms
flexible mobility, to provide a theoretical basis for the structural design of robot.
Numerical Deterministic Method of Including Saturation Effect in the Performa...IJERD Editor
This document describes a numerical method for including the effect of magnetic saturation in the performance analysis of a single-phase induction motor. The author computes the magnetic saturation factor (Ksat) of the motor to be 1.18 by determining the magnetomotive force (mmf) in different parts of the magnetic circuit through numerical calculations. Using the saturation factor, the saturated values of the motor reactances are obtained. Performance parameters like efficiency, torque, current, losses are then computed using the saturated reactances. The efficiency decreases by 2.92% and starting torque increases by 17.1% with saturation included in the analysis.
This document contains notes from a lecture on machine dynamics and design taught by Dr. Muhammad Wasif. The notes cover topics including spur gear tooth profiles, standard spur gears, gear trains, and gear train analysis problems. Specifically, it discusses the involute and cycloidal tooth profiles, AGMA gear standards, simple, compound, and epicyclic gear trains, and provides examples of calculating speed ratios and tooth counts for different gear train configurations.
This document provides information on designing a connecting rod, including:
1. The connecting rod transmits force from the piston to the crankpin. Stresses on it include gas pressure, inertia, friction, and its own inertia.
2. Formulas are given to calculate the load due to gas pressure and piston inertia, friction forces, and the connecting rod's inertia forces.
3. Maximum bending moment and stress on the connecting rod are calculated. A buckling load formula is also provided. The connecting rod design must withstand the buckling load with an appropriate factor of safety.
This paper discusses about winding arrangement of fractional slot of a new type hollow rotor Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor. Hollow rotor has higher performance compared to other BLDC motor because it minimizes the unused flux below permanent magnet and maximize torque produce by the motor. It’s also known that 8 pole motor is favorite used in industrial because it has an optimum space of permanent magnet for a smaller motor size. The number of pole will affect the maximum speed of the rotor. Thus, the objective of this research is to investigate the best winding arrangement for 8 pole of hollow rotor that could produce the highest electromagnetic performance. At starts, four combinations of slot number and coil sizes had been selected. Structural comparison in term of coil vector and winding arrangement is studied. Finite Element Method (FEM) had been used to simulate the parameters such as backemf and torque waveforms. It was convinced that 9 slot 8 pole with 0.6 size of coil produces the best performance. The confirmed model had been fabricated and measured. Both results from FEM and measurement are compared in term of backemf and torque where percentage differences are 7.4 % and 8 %, respectively. As conclusion, this research shows the fundamental of winding arrangement of fractional slot of motor especially 8 pole motor.
1) The document describes the modeling of an active magnetic bearing control system using finite element analysis.
2) A dynamic model of the active magnetic bearing was developed using ordinary differential equations to describe the electrical behavior of the windings and mechanical behavior of the magnetically suspended shaft.
3) Finite element analysis was used to compute the magnetic field distribution and determine properties of the magnetic bearing actuator like current and position stiffness coefficients.
A new design method for low speed torus type afpm machine for hev applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine type has some advantages such as compressed packaging, easy handling, and safety operation. In this paper the proper structure selection of AFPM machine for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application is one of the aims. To reduce the losses and the total volume of machine, the coreless TORUS-NS type machine is selected. Designing of this machine, to obtain a wide speed range with high efficiency, low cogging torque and high torque value, as in-wheel direct-drive AFPM machine for HEV, is investigated. The operation performance in low and medium speed ranges is studied. A new design method based on multi speed design (MSD) strategy is proposed. Using this method with a coreless type of stators, the total AFPM machine efficiency at the HEV operation cycles could be improved. Performance analysis of this in-wheel AFPM machine is done using finite-element method (FEM). FEM analysis of the single-speed design (SSD) method is also done. MSD and SSD designed machines are applied in HEV and simulated using urban and highway cycles. The obtained results show the better performance of HEV, using the MSD based designed machine in all operation cycles. The experimental results obtained from sample practical prototype, confirm the analytical method. Keywords: Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM), TORUS type, direct-drive, in-wheel, multi-speed design, single-speed design.
Analysis of the Effect of Electric and Magnetic Loadings on the Design Parame...IJERA Editor
This paper looks at the effect of magnetic loading and electric loading on the design parameters of an induction motor and its performance. The study involves the use of MATLAB to simulate 50kW, 3-phase, 415V, 50Hz, 6 poles induction machine. Based on the variation of the magnetic and electric loading of the machine, the various design values of the rotor and stator of the machine are specified. The performance index which includes stator loss, rotor loss, cost, power factor, efficiency, and torque are also specified for squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM)
This document discusses analyzing faults in induction motors using finite element analysis with Magnet software. It first describes modeling a healthy 1HP three-phase induction motor in Magnet, including dimensions of the stator, rotor, shaft, bearings, and end rings. Broken rotor bars are then introduced as a fault to study the variation in starting torque. Magnetic field analysis is performed on the healthy and faulty motor models.
This document describes a method for reducing cogging torque in integrated propulsion motors using a Halbach array. It proposes optimizing the size of the Halbach array's auxiliary pole, specifically the circumference ratio and radial thickness, to minimize cogging torque. An analytical model is developed to calculate the airgap magnetic field for different auxiliary pole sizes. Finite element analysis is used to verify the model. A neural network genetic algorithm then optimizes the auxiliary pole size to effectively reduce both cogging torque and torque ripple.
COMPARISON OF RESPONSE TO UNBALANCE OF OVERHUNG ROTOR SYSTEM FOR DIFFERENT SU...IAEME Publication
Rotor unbalance is most common fault found in the rotating machines. Methods
are adopted to analyze the position of unbalance and to bring its effect into acceptablelimit. Vibration analysis is the most common technique used to analyze the rotor
system. Research have been performed on rotor supported atboth ends, however lessstudy has been done for overhung rotor. In this paper the response of overhung rotoron isotropic support and anisotropic support subject tounbalance has been presented.and equations aresolved using MATLAB programming. The effect of unbalancehas been studied on thebode plot. Forward and Reverse whirl are observed through Campbell diagram andmode shapes are plotted.
An Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) Generator for Defence Applications - Pa...IDES Editor
The document discusses the development of a novel axial-flux permanent magnet (AFPM) generator for defense applications. AFPM generators have advantages over conventional machines as they are compact, lightweight, and highly efficient. The authors developed a prototype 40kVA AFPM generator with twin stators and a sandwiched rotor. Testing showed the generator performed well under resistive and inductive loads, with 94% efficiency and smooth sinusoidal voltage output. Due to its unique features, the AFPM generator is well-suited as a futuristic power source for defense equipment.
The document describes the design of an axial flux permanent magnet generator. It includes specifications for electrical and mechanical components. Key points:
1) An axial flux design was selected for its simplicity and efficiency over a radial design. It uses a stationary stator and rotating rotor with magnets.
2) Electrical specifications include selecting neodymium magnets, 9 coils in a star configuration to produce 3-phase power, and calculations to achieve a 60V 3-phase output at 750 RPM.
3) Mechanically, aluminum, steel, and plastics are used. Alignment is critical and achieved via a casing connecting the upper and lower rotors with male-female features and bolts. Total mass is estimated at
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Influence of soil texture and bed preparation on growth performance in Plectr...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of soil texture and bed preparation on the growth of Plectranthus vettiveroides. The study found that sandy soil produced the highest growth and yield, with maximum plant height, leaves, biomass, and essential oil content. Sandy soil had better aeration and drainage than other soil types tested. Raised beds of 60 cm height produced the highest root biomass. Beds with coconut husks around the edges and a height of 75 cm resulted in maximum above-ground growth parameters like plant height and shoot biomass. Overall, sandy soil and raised beds of 60-75 cm provide optimal growing conditions for Plectranthus vettiveroides.
IRJET- Transient Dynamic Analysis and Optimization of a Piston in an Automobi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that performed transient dynamic analysis and optimization of a piston in an automobile engine. The study used finite element analysis software to create a 3D model of the piston, apply appropriate loads and boundary conditions, and analyze stresses, natural frequencies, mode shapes, and transient dynamic response. The analysis found the maximum stresses on the piston to be 280 MPa under static loading. Modal analysis determined the first three natural frequencies. Transient dynamic analysis calculated a maximum dynamic displacement of 1.66 mm with a dynamic amplification factor of 1.3 under loading over 4.9 milliseconds. Finally, optimization was performed to reduce piston weight and size without affecting its characteristics or increasing stresses beyond safe limits.
The present work deals to investigate the performance of linear switched reluctance motor designed for a sliding door application. The objective of this paper is to develop an analytical model in order to predict the dynamic behaviour of the studied motor. Firstly, the characteristics of the proposed motor in open loop operation was computed.Secondly, the effect of the load on the response of the motor was investigated. In this context, a two technoque in open loop were adopted to solve the error positioning with load and to damp the oscillation observed in the characteristics of the motor in order to obtain a smooth motion.
Optimized design of submersible induction motor using maxwell 16IAEME Publication
This document summarizes the optimization of a 7.5 kW submersible induction motor design using Maxwell 16 software. The existing motor design with TYPE 2 stator slots is compared to a proposed design with modified TYPE 4 slots. Simulation results show the proposed slot design achieves 2.05% higher efficiency, lower magnetizing current, higher power factor, torque, and output power. This optimized design improves motor performance without requiring complex manufacturing changes or increased costs.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document describes the design and modeling of a linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) to drive an infusion pump. Key points:
- LSRMs are being used more in industries due to advances in power electronics. They have robust builds and don't require transmission systems like gears.
- The authors designed an LSRM-driven infusion pump with improved resolution and power utilization over previous models. They modeled the LSRM and developed control algorithms to precisely control syringe movement and drug dosage.
- The LSRM design process involved first translating specifications to an equivalent rotating switched reluctance motor design. The rotary motor was designed and dimensions converted back to the linear design. Design equations and a procedure are provided
Finite Element Analysis and Optimization Design of the Optical Path Seat abou...IJRES Journal
Reasonable structure of optical path seat needs to be designed in order to reduce the error of
mechanical system for refractomer and ensure the accuracy of measurement.The model of optical path seat is
designed by the SolidWorks and the stress variation of the optical path seat is acquired through finite element
analysis.The structure of optical path seat is optimized on the basis of the result of static strength analysis. The
result of optimization design indicates that the mass is decreased by 25.2% , the workpiece is processed and
assembled easily, the production cost is reduced too much and the economic benefit is largely improved under the
premise of ensuring the mechanical properties.
1) The document presents an experimental analysis of the axial force and pull-out torque of a disc type permanent magnetic coupling. The coupling uses rare-earth permanent magnets.
2) Tests were conducted on a prototype coupling to measure axial force and pull-out torque at different air-gap lengths. Both axial force and pull-out torque decreased as air-gap length increased.
3) The results show that the magnetic coupling's performance is positively maintained despite changes in air-gap length. Both axial force and pull-out torque are important parameters that depend on the coupling's geometric design.
Strength Analysis and Optimization Design about the key parts of the RobotIJRES Journal
Study on structure optimization design about Flip Arms of Mobile Robot. First conducted
preliminary structural design, and established finite element analysis model by HYPERMESH, use ANSYS
software to study Flip Arms Stress distribution and structure optimization. Strength check to ensure the strength
and stiffness of Flip Arms meet safety requirements, and make sure the reliability of the design, to provide a
theoretical basis for the structural optimization design of Flip Arms. Optimization design considering the
weighted compliance as the object function, the frame was improved by modifying the parameters which are
most sensitive to the character of the frame structure. The results showed that structural optimization design
without affecting the reliability of Flip Arms, reducing the quality of the parts improved and the Flip Arms
flexible mobility, to provide a theoretical basis for the structural design of robot.
Numerical Deterministic Method of Including Saturation Effect in the Performa...IJERD Editor
This document describes a numerical method for including the effect of magnetic saturation in the performance analysis of a single-phase induction motor. The author computes the magnetic saturation factor (Ksat) of the motor to be 1.18 by determining the magnetomotive force (mmf) in different parts of the magnetic circuit through numerical calculations. Using the saturation factor, the saturated values of the motor reactances are obtained. Performance parameters like efficiency, torque, current, losses are then computed using the saturated reactances. The efficiency decreases by 2.92% and starting torque increases by 17.1% with saturation included in the analysis.
This document contains notes from a lecture on machine dynamics and design taught by Dr. Muhammad Wasif. The notes cover topics including spur gear tooth profiles, standard spur gears, gear trains, and gear train analysis problems. Specifically, it discusses the involute and cycloidal tooth profiles, AGMA gear standards, simple, compound, and epicyclic gear trains, and provides examples of calculating speed ratios and tooth counts for different gear train configurations.
This document provides information on designing a connecting rod, including:
1. The connecting rod transmits force from the piston to the crankpin. Stresses on it include gas pressure, inertia, friction, and its own inertia.
2. Formulas are given to calculate the load due to gas pressure and piston inertia, friction forces, and the connecting rod's inertia forces.
3. Maximum bending moment and stress on the connecting rod are calculated. A buckling load formula is also provided. The connecting rod design must withstand the buckling load with an appropriate factor of safety.
This paper discusses about winding arrangement of fractional slot of a new type hollow rotor Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor. Hollow rotor has higher performance compared to other BLDC motor because it minimizes the unused flux below permanent magnet and maximize torque produce by the motor. It’s also known that 8 pole motor is favorite used in industrial because it has an optimum space of permanent magnet for a smaller motor size. The number of pole will affect the maximum speed of the rotor. Thus, the objective of this research is to investigate the best winding arrangement for 8 pole of hollow rotor that could produce the highest electromagnetic performance. At starts, four combinations of slot number and coil sizes had been selected. Structural comparison in term of coil vector and winding arrangement is studied. Finite Element Method (FEM) had been used to simulate the parameters such as backemf and torque waveforms. It was convinced that 9 slot 8 pole with 0.6 size of coil produces the best performance. The confirmed model had been fabricated and measured. Both results from FEM and measurement are compared in term of backemf and torque where percentage differences are 7.4 % and 8 %, respectively. As conclusion, this research shows the fundamental of winding arrangement of fractional slot of motor especially 8 pole motor.
1) The document describes the modeling of an active magnetic bearing control system using finite element analysis.
2) A dynamic model of the active magnetic bearing was developed using ordinary differential equations to describe the electrical behavior of the windings and mechanical behavior of the magnetically suspended shaft.
3) Finite element analysis was used to compute the magnetic field distribution and determine properties of the magnetic bearing actuator like current and position stiffness coefficients.
A new design method for low speed torus type afpm machine for hev applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine type has some advantages such as compressed packaging, easy handling, and safety operation. In this paper the proper structure selection of AFPM machine for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application is one of the aims. To reduce the losses and the total volume of machine, the coreless TORUS-NS type machine is selected. Designing of this machine, to obtain a wide speed range with high efficiency, low cogging torque and high torque value, as in-wheel direct-drive AFPM machine for HEV, is investigated. The operation performance in low and medium speed ranges is studied. A new design method based on multi speed design (MSD) strategy is proposed. Using this method with a coreless type of stators, the total AFPM machine efficiency at the HEV operation cycles could be improved. Performance analysis of this in-wheel AFPM machine is done using finite-element method (FEM). FEM analysis of the single-speed design (SSD) method is also done. MSD and SSD designed machines are applied in HEV and simulated using urban and highway cycles. The obtained results show the better performance of HEV, using the MSD based designed machine in all operation cycles. The experimental results obtained from sample practical prototype, confirm the analytical method. Keywords: Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM), TORUS type, direct-drive, in-wheel, multi-speed design, single-speed design.
Analysis of the Effect of Electric and Magnetic Loadings on the Design Parame...IJERA Editor
This paper looks at the effect of magnetic loading and electric loading on the design parameters of an induction motor and its performance. The study involves the use of MATLAB to simulate 50kW, 3-phase, 415V, 50Hz, 6 poles induction machine. Based on the variation of the magnetic and electric loading of the machine, the various design values of the rotor and stator of the machine are specified. The performance index which includes stator loss, rotor loss, cost, power factor, efficiency, and torque are also specified for squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM)
This document discusses analyzing faults in induction motors using finite element analysis with Magnet software. It first describes modeling a healthy 1HP three-phase induction motor in Magnet, including dimensions of the stator, rotor, shaft, bearings, and end rings. Broken rotor bars are then introduced as a fault to study the variation in starting torque. Magnetic field analysis is performed on the healthy and faulty motor models.
This document describes a method for reducing cogging torque in integrated propulsion motors using a Halbach array. It proposes optimizing the size of the Halbach array's auxiliary pole, specifically the circumference ratio and radial thickness, to minimize cogging torque. An analytical model is developed to calculate the airgap magnetic field for different auxiliary pole sizes. Finite element analysis is used to verify the model. A neural network genetic algorithm then optimizes the auxiliary pole size to effectively reduce both cogging torque and torque ripple.
COMPARISON OF RESPONSE TO UNBALANCE OF OVERHUNG ROTOR SYSTEM FOR DIFFERENT SU...IAEME Publication
Rotor unbalance is most common fault found in the rotating machines. Methods
are adopted to analyze the position of unbalance and to bring its effect into acceptablelimit. Vibration analysis is the most common technique used to analyze the rotor
system. Research have been performed on rotor supported atboth ends, however lessstudy has been done for overhung rotor. In this paper the response of overhung rotoron isotropic support and anisotropic support subject tounbalance has been presented.and equations aresolved using MATLAB programming. The effect of unbalancehas been studied on thebode plot. Forward and Reverse whirl are observed through Campbell diagram andmode shapes are plotted.
An Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) Generator for Defence Applications - Pa...IDES Editor
The document discusses the development of a novel axial-flux permanent magnet (AFPM) generator for defense applications. AFPM generators have advantages over conventional machines as they are compact, lightweight, and highly efficient. The authors developed a prototype 40kVA AFPM generator with twin stators and a sandwiched rotor. Testing showed the generator performed well under resistive and inductive loads, with 94% efficiency and smooth sinusoidal voltage output. Due to its unique features, the AFPM generator is well-suited as a futuristic power source for defense equipment.
The document describes the design of an axial flux permanent magnet generator. It includes specifications for electrical and mechanical components. Key points:
1) An axial flux design was selected for its simplicity and efficiency over a radial design. It uses a stationary stator and rotating rotor with magnets.
2) Electrical specifications include selecting neodymium magnets, 9 coils in a star configuration to produce 3-phase power, and calculations to achieve a 60V 3-phase output at 750 RPM.
3) Mechanically, aluminum, steel, and plastics are used. Alignment is critical and achieved via a casing connecting the upper and lower rotors with male-female features and bolts. Total mass is estimated at
IOSR Journal of Mathematics(IOSR-JM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mathemetics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mathematics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Influence of soil texture and bed preparation on growth performance in Plectr...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of soil texture and bed preparation on the growth of Plectranthus vettiveroides. The study found that sandy soil produced the highest growth and yield, with maximum plant height, leaves, biomass, and essential oil content. Sandy soil had better aeration and drainage than other soil types tested. Raised beds of 60 cm height produced the highest root biomass. Beds with coconut husks around the edges and a height of 75 cm resulted in maximum above-ground growth parameters like plant height and shoot biomass. Overall, sandy soil and raised beds of 60-75 cm provide optimal growing conditions for Plectranthus vettiveroides.
This document discusses the magneto static analysis of a magneto rheological (MR) fluid clutch. It begins with background on MR fluids and how their viscosity increases dramatically in the presence of a magnetic field. It then describes the design of the MR fluid clutch, which contains multiple plates, an electromagnet, and housing. Finite element analysis using ANSYS was performed to analyze the magnetic field density generated by the magnetic coil in the clutch armature. The analysis was run for input currents ranging from 0.2 to 2 amps. The results provide the magnetic flux density distribution in the MR fluid, casing, and plates, which can then be used to calculate the yield stress and effective torque of the clutch.
This document discusses a study on the effectiveness of implementing a pneumatic transport system (PTS) at a large tertiary care hospital in India. The study found that using a PTS saves significant time and manpower compared to the previous human-based transport system. Specifically, the PTS reduced the total time taken for sample transportation and reporting results by 94.6 minutes on average. While PTS provides benefits like faster transport and reduced errors, the study also noted higher installation costs for existing hospital structures. Overall, the study concludes that PTS is an effective alternative to human transport, especially for new hospital planning, though retrofitting can be more expensive.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
1) The document describes a simple and accurate method for the microestimation of sulfur-containing amino acids cysteine, cystine, and methionine using ammonium metavanadate (V) as an oxidizing reagent.
2) Samples of 1-5 mg are reacted with ammonium metavanadate and sulfuric acid, then titrated with ferrous ammonium sulfate solution using an indicator to determine the amount of unconsumed reagent.
3) The method was found to accurately determine the amino acids within 1% error and provides a convenient alternative to more complex existing methods without requiring a catalyst or sophisticated instrumentation.
This document describes a microcontroller-based touch switch system using an ATMega8 microcontroller chip. The system allows multiple touch switches to be added digitally and at low cost compared to analog switches. When a touch point is pressed, the microcontroller detects the input signal, turns on the load by controlling a relay, and when pressed again turns off the load. The system provides a safe and reliable switching method that can be used for household applications and to control loads from a distance.
The document analyzes and designs a multi-cell post-tensioned pre-stressed concrete box girder bridge with a 35m span. Two different duct materials, HDPE and corrugated bright metal, are considered to determine the most economical design. Finite element modeling and analysis of the box girder is performed using CSI Bridge software. The design is done according to Indian code specifications, considering aspects such as section properties, load calculations, stress limits, prestressing calculations and loss estimates, and serviceability checks. Results for bending moments, shear forces, displacements and stresses are obtained and compared for both duct options.
This document discusses characterization of countably normed nuclear spaces. It begins by defining countably normed spaces and providing an example using Kothe sequence spaces. It then proves that a nuclear Frechet space is countably normed if and only if it is isomorphic to a subspace of a nuclear Kothe space with a continuous norm. This nuclear Kothe space can be chosen to be a quotient of the space (s). The proof constructs a Kothe space K(a) and shows that the original space can be continuously embedded as a subspace of K(a).
On The Origin of Electromagnetic Waves from Lightning DischargesIOSR Journals
Interaction of up going ion beam forming current flow in the pre-ionized stepped leader plasma and
the way, how the kinetic energy of the beam particles is converted into electromagnetic energy have been
discussed. The ion beam interaction with the plasma wave modes in the stepped leader channel produces
perturbations in the return stroke current flow and changes its uniformity and becomes non-uniform. In the
present study, the return current is taken to be deeply modulated at a given modulation frequency, and
considered that it behaves like an antenna for electromagnetic radiation. In this paper the total amount of
energy associated with return stroke is given to electromagnetic waves is estimated.
Thorny Issues of Stakeholder Identification and Prioritization in Requirement...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Identifying the stakeholder in requirement engineering process is one of the critical issues. It
performs a remarkable part for successful project completion. The software project largely depends on several
stakeholders. Stakeholder identification and prioritization is still a challenging part in the software development
life cycle. Most of the time, the stakeholders are treated with less importance during the software deployment.
Additionally, there is a lack of attempt to think about the right project stakeholder by the development team. In
maximum cases, the stakeholder identification technique is performed incorrectly and there is a lack of attempt
to mark out them with priority. Besides, there are so many limitations on the existing processes which are used
for identifying stakeholders and setting their priority. These limitations pose a negative impact on the
development of software project, which should be pointed out by giving deep concern on it. We are aiming to
focus on this typical fact, so that we can figure out the actual problem and current work on identifying
stakeholders and setting their priority.
Keywords: Stakeholders, Stakeholder Identification, Stakeholder Selection, Stakeholder
Prioritization, Stakeholder Value, Software Development
1) The document discusses microgrids which integrate distributed energy resources to provide electricity for local areas. Microgrids can operate connected to the main power grid or independently.
2) Microgrids offer economic, technical, and environmental benefits over conventional power systems. They improve access to electricity, lower costs, increase revenue opportunities, and reduce emissions.
3) The technical aspects of microgrids include energy resources, power electronics, control systems, and the ability to operate in both grid-connected and isolated modes. Microgrids provide reliable local power generation and energy management.
Determination of load transfer in reinforced concrete solid slabs by finite e...IOSR Journals
This document analyzes load transfer in reinforced concrete solid slabs using finite element analysis. It models two types of slabs in SAP2000: 1) slabs with pin supports on all four edges and 2) slabs with pin supports at corners and beams along edges. For type 1, stresses are higher in the short direction but still significant in the long direction, showing load is transferred two-way. For type 2, stresses in the short direction increase with stiffer beams while stresses in the long direction decrease. The analysis concludes all concrete solid slabs behave as two-way slabs, transferring load in both directions regardless of dimensions or support conditions.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Advancing Statistical Education using Technology and Mobile DevicesIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that explored using technology and mobile devices to advance statistical education. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of mobile technology on statistical education and analyze student adoption of mobile technology for learning statistics. It hypothesized that using mobile technology would increase student interest in statistics and that students would be inclined to adopt mobile technology for advanced statistics learning. The study examined how factors like technology acceptance, attitudes towards statistics, user satisfaction, and understanding of statistics concepts related to using an online statistics textbook on computers and iPods.
Needs Assessment Approach To Product Bundling In Banking EnterpriseIOSR Journals
The document proposes a needs assessment approach to product bundling in retail banking. It involves understanding customer needs through a questionnaire, analyzing responses using business rules to recommend products, and allowing customers to select products for bundles. A multi-layer architecture is proposed to make needs assessment accessible across delivery channels. The approach aims to increase sales by bundling related products based on customer needs.
Periodic Table Gets Crowded In Year 2011.IOSR Journals
Abstract: Year 2011, has been specially important for teachers and students of chemistry, as after a gap of about 14 years at least five new elements were named and included in the periodic table. All these elements are synthetic and radioactive and some were actually made in 1999, but got their name and status by IUPAC, in July 2011. The total number of elements now in periodic table is 112, and scientists are trying their best to prepare elements with atomic numbers 118, 119 and 120 as well.
This document summarizes research on performance analysis of adaptive multi-user OFDM systems. It describes using adaptive modulation to maximize throughput by selecting modulation schemes on a per-subcarrier basis to maintain bit error rate while maximizing spectral efficiency. Adaptive user allocation is also analyzed to improve signal power by optimizing user-subcarrier combinations based on frequency selective fading differences between users. Simulation results show adaptive modulation providing 12-16dB SNR improvement over fixed modulation. Adaptive user allocation provides an additional 3-5dB average signal power gain. The document concludes these adaptive techniques allow OFDM systems to approach channel capacity limits given constraints of the radio channel, transmitter power and quality of service requirements.
Studies On The Effectiveness of Mixed Diet of Garden Egg, Groundnut And Garli...IOSR Journals
The use of medicinal plants as food supplements and in the treatment of specific diseases dates back to antiquity. Age old anecdotal reports from many cultures strongly suggests a role for diet of plant origin in preventive and therapeutic medicine. Anaemia remains a major public-health problem especially in developing countries. This study aimed at investigating the antianaemic potentials of combined diet of garlic (Allium sativum), garden egg (Solanum melongena) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea).Twenty five wistar rats of both sexes weighing 160-200g were divided equally into five groups. Group 1 served as the non-anaemic control and fed with normal rat chow. Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were induced with anaemia by oral administration of phenylhydrazine (PHZ) given at 50mg/kgBW. Group 2 served as anaemic control, fed with normal rat chow; Group 3 were fed with 20g (75%ww) of garlic, garden egg and groundnut in the ratio of 1:1:1 with normal rat chow; Group 4 fed with 10g of garden egg (50%ww) in the ratio 1:1 with normal rat chow and Group 5 fed with 10g of ground, nut (50%ww) in the ratio 1:1 with normal rat chow. Animals were sacrificed at the end of fourteen days of dietary feeding using chloroform vapour with blood collected at the left ventricle to test for haematological parameters such as red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV). Results showed that RBC, WBC, Hb and PCV values increased in all the experimental as compared to anaemic control with a significant (P<0.05) in WBC values of groups 3 and 4 as compared to the anaemic control. This suggests a consumption of garlic, garden egg and groundnut will moderately improve anaemic condition.
This document summarizes research on injecting black hole and wormhole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It provides background on MANETs and discusses their vulnerabilities to security attacks due to open wireless medium and dynamic topology. The document then describes how the researchers implemented black hole and wormhole attacks against the Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol using the NS-2 network simulator. The simulation results showed that both attacks decreased network performance by reducing throughput and increasing packet loss. The research highlighted security as an ongoing challenge for MANET routing protocols.
Design and Validation of Efficient Flywheel Cup of Magneto to Improve the The...IRJET Journal
This document describes the design and validation of an efficient flywheel cup for a magneto to improve its thermal behavior. The flywheel cup is designed with lateral cooling holes to assist in cooling the winding coils. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is performed using ANSYS software to study the thermal performance and heat dissipation for different scenarios - with no holes/airflow, maximum airflow through axial holes, and maximum airflow through lateral holes. CFD results are compared to physical testing results. The maximum airflow through lateral holes condition indicates lower temperature generation compared to the no holes condition and maximum axial holes condition. Lower coil temperatures ensure the winding insulation is not affected by excess heat.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method called rotor pole shaping to reduce cogging torque in flux-switching permanent magnet machines (FSPMs). Cogging torque is relatively high in FSPMs due to their doubly salient structure and high flux density. The proposed method introduces flanges in the rotor teeth as a way to modify the rotor dimensions and reduce cogging torque without changing the stator. Finite element analysis is used to examine the impact of flange geometry on cogging torque. The effects on back-EMF, average torque, and torque ripple are also investigated. The results suggest rotor pole shaping is an effective method for cogging torque reduction in FSPMs.
IRJET - Modelling and Analysis of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator for ...IRJET Journal
1) The document describes the modeling and analysis of a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) for standalone renewable energy generation.
2) A PMSG was designed, built, and tested to operate at low speeds for a small wind turbine without a gearbox.
3) Finite element analysis was performed using ANSYS software to simulate the PMSG performance. The results from the hardware tests showed that the generator operates satisfactorily.
Recently, permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) having the diameter of 11inches was successfully developed and installed in electric scooter vehicle (ESV) for propulsion. It consists of segmented stators of 24 armature slots and 100 pieces of permanent magnet of 2 kg weight mounted on rotating rotor. Upon the huge amount of materials and permanent magnet used, PMSM produced 110Nm only. Looking at the size, this torque is low and could not sustain acceleration for long distance travels. To overcome the challenge of low torque, this paper presents a new machine type, flux switching motor (FSM) with 1 kg weight of permanent magnet flux source employing segmented outer rotor. Six ranges of split ratio of 0.80-0.85 for outer rotor 24slot-14pole FSPM motor configurations were designed and compared. The 2D-FEA by JMAG software version 14 is used to examine its performance in term of flux linkage, cogging torque, back-emf and average torque which the structure with split ratio of 0.85 took lead by securing highest torque profile of 209Nm. It also achieved low cogging torque to operate in safe region. In conclusion, appropriate split ratio significantly enhances high torque capability of permanent magnet flux switching motor for electric scooter propulsion.
Permanent magnet flux switching machine (PMFSM) is a joint venture of switch reluctance machine (SRM) and permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). It has become a prominent research topic for various applications because of robust rotor structure, high torque and power densities but few were developed for downhole applications mainly due to harsh environmental conditions. Formerly, most of developed PMFSMs for downhole applications were mainly concentrated on inner-rotor type design, and difficult to find research work on outer-rotor configuration. Therefore, this paper introduces the design and investigation of PMFSM with outer-rotor configuration for downhole application. Primarily, the geometric topology of proposed design is described in detail. Then, the no load and load analysis are implemented in order to investigate the initial performance of the proposed design.
This paper describes the performance enhancement of double stator permanent magnet synchronous machines (DS-PMSM) based on genetic algorithm optimization (GAO). Generally, throughout the development stage, an analytical calculation is implemented to build the initial model of the DS-PMSM since the analytical calculation can provide the initial parameters based on the types and materials used in the machine design. For further improvement, GAO might potentially be applied to provide the optimization technique in searching the optimal motor parameters iteratively and intelligently with specific objective functions. For this aim, a three-phase, DS-PMSM with different number of slots between the outer and inner stators is first designed by using analytical parameter estimation and then later optimized by GAO. The outer and inner stators have 12-slots and 9-slots respectively, while, the rotor carries 10 magnetic poles. Four main input motor parameters, i.e. outer stator slot opening, outer magnet pole arc, inner stator slot opening and inner magnet pole arc are varied and optimized to achieve the design objective functions, i.e. high output torque, low torque ripple, low cogging torque and low total harmonic distortion (THDv). The results from the optimized GAO are compared with the initial motor model and further validated by finite element method (FEM). The results show a good agreement between GAO and FEM. GAO has achieved very significant improvements in enhancing the machine performance.
Design, Modelling& Simulation of Double Sided Linear Segmented Switched Reluc...IOSR Journals
This document presents the design, modeling, and simulation of a double-sided linear segmented switched reluctance motor (LSSRM). The LSSRM is modeled using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show current, inductance, torque, and speed characteristics. A 6/4 LSSRM is designed and compared to a conventional SRM and segmented SRM (SSRM) of the same power rating. The LSSRM design uses concentric windings instead of full pitch windings, reducing copper usage and weight. Simulation results validate the LSSRM model and control strategy. The LSSRM provides higher torque than SRM and SSRM for the same frame size due to increased aligned inductance.
This document summarizes the design, control, and testing of a flux switching permanent magnet machine that uses non-rare earth magnets. Key points include:
1) A 12/10 segmented stator FSPM machine was designed using finite element analysis to minimize cogging torque, noise, and vibration through pole shaping techniques.
2) A nonlinear model accounting for saturation and mutual coupling was developed to identify machine parameters for vector control.
3) Experimental results validated the control performance matches simulations, with torque ripple minimized to 5% and noise reduced by 7-8 dB at rated speed.
4) A 500W prototype was built and tested using the controller, showing good agreement between simulated and experimental
This paper presents a design and development of 8/6 switched reluctance motor for small electric vehicle using analytical method. The absent of permanent magnet, inherent fault tolerance capabilities, simple and robust construction make this motor become more attractive for small electric vehicle application such as electric scooter and go-kart. The switched reluctance motor is modelled using analytical formula in designing process. Later, the designed model is analyzed using ANSYS RMxprt software. In order to achieve 5kW power rating and to match with the design requirement, the switched reluctance motor model has been analyzed using RMxprt tools for the preliminary parameters design process. This tools is able to predict the output performance of motor in term of speed, flux linkage characteristic, output torque and efficiency.
Comparative performances analysis of different rotor types for pmsg used in w...Mellah Hacene
PMSG provides a high performance, compact size, light weight, and low noise, without forgetting its simple structure, high thrust, and ease of maintenance, allow replacing steam catapults in the future. Most turbine generators at low wind speed are presented PMSGs, These it has advantages of high efficiency and reliability, since there is no need of external excitation and loss of drivers are removed from the rotor. In this paper, a comparative PMSG performance study's with several rotor topology is presented, each topology rotor has its own permanent magnet structure that is width, thickness and angle. These results are obtained by finite element method (FEM); this approach is a powerful and useful tool to study and design PMSGs, as represented in this paper.
SIMULINK Based Model for Determination of Different Design Parameters of a Th...IOSR Journals
1) A SIMULINK model is presented to determine the design parameters of a 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor through computer simulation. The model calculates dimensions such as stator and rotor diameters, core lengths, slot sizes, conductor areas, and other parameters based on input specifications.
2) The document outlines the SIMULINK models used to calculate key motor components like the main frame, stator, conductor size, slots, core, air gap, rotor, end rings, and performance parameters. Test inputs are provided and the model outputs various motor dimensions that meet the specified ratings and design constraints.
3) The simulation results match expected values and indicate the motor slip will be around 5.8%, which is
Design and fabrication of rotor lateral shifting in the axial-flux permanent-...IJECEIAES
The development of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines has become a mature technology. The single-stator double-rotor (SSDR) AFPM structure has advantages on the compactness and the low up to medium power applications so the microscale size and low-cost applications are reachable to be designed. The research main objectives are designing and manufacturing the lateral shifting from the north poles of the first rotor face the north poles of the second rotor (NN) to the north poles of the first rotor face the south poles of the second rotor (NS) categories as well as finding the best performance of the proposed method and implementing in a low cost and micro-scale AFPMG. The novel lateral shifting on the one of the rotors shows performance at 19.2 0 has the highest efficiency at 88.39% during lateral shifting from N–N (0 0 ) to N–S (36 0 ) on rotor 2.
Modeling and Simulation of Three Phase Induction Machine Using Written Pole T...IOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper in which stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same stator core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. In this study, it is suggested to operate the machine with flat efficiency characteristics, irrespective of shaft load. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt high frequency ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor. The aim of this paper is to analyze and simulate performance of a 1Hp three phase induction motor using written pole technology using the well known Park’s transformation. A three phase squirrel cage machine is reconfigured and modeled into a two three phase stator winding accommodate in same stator core of the same volume as the three phase machine. Different tests are carried out on the novel machine to determine machine parameters. Simulation results, that predicts the dynamic performance of the machine using ANSYS, at start up are presented and discussed.
Detection of Broken Bars in Three Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motor using F...Dr.NAGARAJAN. S
Finite element method is more precise than the winding function approach, as it is based on the actual geometry of the machine and the machine model can easily be modified in order to study the effect of faults on the machine’s performance. Accurate models of the machine under healthy and faulty conditions are developed. This paper presents simulations of broken bars detection in a three phase squirrel cage induction motor under no load, half load and full load conditions for two and eight broken bars. The analysis is done using MagNet.
Improved magnetic behavior of hemicycle PM motor via stator modification IJECEIAES
This article investigates electromagnetic performance of a hemicycle PM motor by introducing a little modification on both ends of a hemicycle stator. Prior to the investigation, an analytical model for the hemicycle PM motor weight is derived analytically for the purpose of comparison with a conventional design. Both motor weights are then verified and the hemicycle motor is found to have lighter weight than the conventional design. By having a proper design modification, an optimum motor performance is achievable due to improved magnetic permeance. Two designs that have different arc angle; i) 180° (188.5 mm arc length) and ii) >180° (204.2 mm arc length) are the subjects of investigation. It is found that a hemicycle PM motor in which arc angle >180° results maximum torque average with the smallest torque ripple and smallest cogging torque.
This document summarizes a paper that models and simulates a switched reluctance motor (SRM) to minimize torque ripple through different converter topologies and control strategies. The paper develops a mathematical model of a 6/4 SRM in Matlab/Simulink. It simulates the motor with asymmetric, Miller, and modified Miller converters. Torque ripple is evaluated using power spectrum density analysis. The modified Miller converter shows better performance in minimizing torque ripple compared to the other topologies. The document concludes the modified Miller converter combined with closed-loop control can effectively reduce torque ripple in SRM for high-speed applications.
ISSN 2395-650X
A Science Journal Publication serves as a reputable platform for the dissemination of scientific research and discoveries across a wide range of disciplines. These journals ensure the quality and accuracy of the research presented, fostering a collaborative environment where researchers share their insights, theories, and breakthroughs with the global scientific community.
Dynamic design and simulation analysis of permanent magnet motor in different...Mellah Hacene
This paper deals with investigation on non purely sinusoidal input supply analysis of line-start PMM using finite element analysis (FEA), in the present times a greater awareness is generated by the problems of harmonic voltages and currents produced by non-linear loads like the power electronic converters. These combine with non-linear nature of PMM core and produce severe distortions in voltages and currents and increase the power loss, additional copper losses due to harmonic currents, increased core losses, electromagnetic interference with communication circuits, efficiency reduction, increased in motors temperature and torque oscillations. In addition to the operation of PMM on the sinusoidal supplies, the harmonic behavior becomes important as the size and rating of the PMM increases. Thus the study of harmonics is of great practical significance in the operation of PMM.
This document discusses modeling and field oriented control (FOC) of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using MATLAB/Simulink. It first introduces PMSM drives and their components. It then presents the mathematical modeling of a PMSM in the d-q reference frame. This includes developing the voltage and flux linkage equations. It also discusses Parks transformation and the equivalent circuit model. Next, it covers PMSM control strategies like FOC which allows controlling the motor like a DC motor. It provides the details of FOC implementation including constant torque control. Finally, it discusses establishing the FOC simulation model in MATLAB/Simulink to simulate the control system.
This document describes a double-rotor switched reluctance machine (DRSRM) that could be used as a hybrid electric vehicle powertrain. A DRSRM contains two rotors and one stator within a single machine housing. The two rotors can be independently operated and controlled, allowing the machine to output power and torque from two independent drive shafts. This integrated design is potentially more compact, lower cost, and enables two mechanical outputs suitable for hybrid electric transmissions. The document outlines the configuration, design, simulation, optimization, and testing of a DRSRM prototype.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
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A1102020113
1. IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 11, Issue 2 Ver. II (Mar. – Apr. 2016), PP 01-13
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1102020113 www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
Electromagnetic And Thermal (Lumped Circuit) Analysis Of
Internal Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine
Monika Verma1
, Arun Kumar G2
, Ganesh Nagarajan3
1
M Tech, Power Electronics & Drives SELECT, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
2
Asst. Professor (Sr.), SELECT, VIT University, Vellore,Tamil Nadu, India
3
Deputy Manager, CAE-Electric Machines Powertrain Engineering-CAE & TESTING, RNTBCI Pvt Ltd, India
Abstract: The unique merits of internal permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) make it a good
candidate for automotive industrial applications. This paper presents the design of an internal permanent
magnet synchronous machine having fractional slot configuration with single layer concentrated winding
arrangement. The electromagnetic analysis has been performed using finite element analysis via ANSYS
Maxwell v.2014. Thereafter a lumped parameter thermal network model has been developed for thermal
analysis of designed model. The validation of the IPMSM model has been carried out through a few case studies
by comparing the respective results.
Keywords: IPMSM, finite element analysis, ANSYS Maxwell, lumped circuit thermal network.
I. Introduction
There are different electrical machines that have been used in automotive application so far, like
induction machines, DC machines, permanent magnet machines and switched reluctance machines. Among
these, DC machines have been ruled out because of the high maintenance problems associated with its
operation. The operation of switched reluctance machines are difficult to control due to which not taken under
consideration for such applications. The induction machines are the most interesting machines for automobile
applications up to now. However, the PMSMs are the most capable competitor with induction machines for
automotive applications due to their many advantages including high efficiency, compactness, high power
density, fast dynamics and high torque to inertia ratio. The Internal PMSM having additional features of
mechanical robustness, flux weakening capability and high speed operation are particularly suitable for
automotive applications.
Different topologies of permanent magnet machines are available e.g. radial flux and axial flux
PMSMs. Radial flux PMSMs are the most common due to its simplicity and its similarity with the synchronous
AC motors. In this configuration, Internal PMSM exhibit better performance by providing high air gap flux
density and also the PMs are protected against demagnetization and mechanical stress.
Proper performance of IPMSMs depends on their optimal design and control. In this paper, an
optimized design of internal permanent magnet synchronous machine has been proposed. For this, the design
parameters are computed analytically and then optimized on the basis of finite element analysis using ANSYS
Maxwell results. After this, thermal nodal network is obtained for thermal analysis. Finally, the model
configuration is validated through a few case studies.
II. Machine Model Design
The internal permanent magnet synchronous machines are available in various configurations; among
them the one with tangential magnet poles having single barrier structure enjoys many features including
structural simplicity, mechanical robustness, good flux weakening capability and high speed range. For winding
layout design, the single layer concentrated winding arrangement has been used due to following advantages:
Electrical separation among the phases (which implies separate source for each phase)
Physical separation among the phases (which implies a single layer winding with non-overlapped coils)
Magnetic separation among the phases (which implies a null mutual inductance)
A. Dimensions of rotor, stator, PM, flux barriers
The desired rating parameters of the machine to be designed in this work are:
Output power, P = 4 kW
Base speed, = 3000 rpm
Therefore, the nominal torque to be achieved should be:
2. Electromagnetic And Thermal (Lumped Circuit) Analysis Of Internal Permanent Magnet..
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1102020113 www.iosrjournals.org 2 | Page
The IPMSM model is designed using basic machine sizing equations of the electrical machine [2]. For
electrical machines in general, the shear stress [kPa], which expresses the force applied on the conductors, is
defined by
Where, is the magnetic loading (or flux density) and is the electrical loading (or linear current
density). For a radial flux machine, the shear stress is related to the torque by following equation:
(1)
(2)
Where, is the volume of rotor, D the rotor diameter and L the rotor stack length. The typical values
of are shown in table [1].
Table[1]: Typical shear stress values for electrical machines
For the motor design, following values have been considered as the starting parameters:
Shear Stress, = 10 kPa
Rotor dimensions ratio, = 0.8
Air gap length, = 0.5 mm
Air gap flux density, = 0.8 T
Maximum stator yoke flux density, = 1.4 T
From equations (1) and (2), rotor dimensions are calculated as:
With reference to [2], the torque optimum is reached when the ratio of the stator slot inside to outside
diameter is 0.7. Hence, the stator slot outside diameter and slot height are calculated as:
Fig. 1. Stator slot outside diameter
The stator yoke thickness is calculated as:
The outer stator diameter is calculated as:
For the initial design of the stator frame, the sides of the stator slots are considered to be parallel. The
slot structure will be one of the object for optimization later on.
B. PM and flux barrier dimensions
The purpose of permanent magnet is to provide magnet torque in the total torque contribution by the
motor. The Internal PMSM configuration chosen for this work has a structure with NdFe35 permanent magnets
3. Electromagnetic And Thermal (Lumped Circuit) Analysis Of Internal Permanent Magnet..
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1102020113 www.iosrjournals.org 3 | Page
with single flux barrier rotor structure. The initial dimensions of PM as well as of the flux barriers are given
below:
PM dimensions,
Flux barrier dimensions,
Positioning of PM,
These parameters will be utilized for optimization purpose with the clear aim of obtaining best
performance out of the initially designed model. The fig. 2 mainly details the rotor configuration and
dimensions as the stator configurations are already discussed in the previous section.
Fig. 2. Rotor configuration of the interior PMSM
C. Winding arrangement
The design of a single layer concentrated winding and a pole/slot combination of 10/12 (i.e., 10 poles
and 12 slots) is proposed in this paper. This combination has been widely tested and presents the following
features:
High fundamental winding factor ( =0.933)
High (Least Common Multiple)
Unbalanced magnetic pull is not present, (Great Common Divisor)
This winding is characterized by slots per pole per phase given by:
Where, represents the number of stator slots, the number of phases and the number of poles. The
periodicity of the machine is
i.e., the machine is odd periodic. The winding design is hereafter obtained by the „Star of Slots‟
method. The necessary feasibility check gives a positive result since
is an integer value. For the double layer concentrated winding, the star of slots is composed of
spokes. The angle between the phasors of two adjacent slots is
The angle between spokes is
Since the periodicity of the machine is odd, in the transformation from double layer to single layer
concentrated winding, the spokes of the star of slots are removed alternately, and the resulting star of slots
shows a halved number of spokes, i.e., . Fig. 3 depicts the transformation and resulting star of slots.
The single layer concentrated winding layout is as shown in fig. 4.
Fig. 3. Transformation of star of slots of double layer concentrated winding to single layer concentrated
winding
4. Electromagnetic And Thermal (Lumped Circuit) Analysis Of Internal Permanent Magnet..
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1102020113 www.iosrjournals.org 4 | Page
Fig. 4. Winding layout for single layer concentrated winding for Q = 12 and P = 10
This winding arrangement will be validated via simulation of the initial motor design.
III. Electromagnetic Analysis Results
D. Initial model simulation
Considering all the parameters, the initial motor design PMSM-1 is shown in fig. 5. This model design
has been simulated by the means of FEA at its nominal working point to verify the validation of winding
arrangement layout discussed earlier. The excitation angle is taken as 10° and the number of stator winding
turns per slot is considered to be 55 for PMSM-1 model simulation.
Fig. 5. PMSM-1 model and flux linkage response
From the simulation results of flux linkages in the windings (fig. 5), it is clear that the flux linkage is
sinusoidal with 120° phase shift among the phases. Hence, the model PMSM-1 is validated with the designed
winding arrangement. The negative torque value of 5.25 Nm is obtained with the initial model. From now
onwards, the parameters of this designed model will be optimized one by one and the model will be refined in
order to obtain the desired torque value.
E. Optimization and refinement
The optimization and refinement of the designed model is done based on the number of turns in the
stator winding, angle of excitation, slot structure, stack length, positioning & dimensioning of permanent
magnet and flux barrier structures in the motor using Finite Element Analysis.
Fig. 6 shows the variation of the torque with excitation angles and the corresponding Torque-Voltage
(TV plot) curve for the model.
Fig. 6. Torque variation with excitation angle and TV plot
The maximum torque is obtained at the excitation angle of 270°. However, the torque value recorded
(8.32Nm) is far away from the target value. Hence, further modifications are done in the designed model with
respect to the other parameters in order to get the desired performance of the machine. An optimization process
is performed in order to find the best combination among the following parameters:
The stator winding number of turns per slot, (50)
PM dimensions, (8mm×19mm)
Flux barrier dimensions,
Positioning of PM,
The refined model PMSM-2 and the corresponding torque simulation result is shown in the fig. 7.
Here, the average value of torque is recorded as 16.42 Nm.
5. Electromagnetic And Thermal (Lumped Circuit) Analysis Of Internal Permanent Magnet..
DOI: 10.9790/1676-1102020113 www.iosrjournals.org 5 | Page
Fig. 7. PMSM-2 model and torque simulation result
This optimization process led to the decreased number of winding turns and increased value of
reluctance as well as magnetic torque capability of the machine with decreased amount of the copper usage.
The simulations are now carried out with decreased length of the machine (100mm). The lesser the
stack length, lesser are the stranded losses in the machine. Holes are added in the rotor structure geometry to
increase the saliency. The new model is named as PMSM-3. In PMSM-3, the sides of the teeth are taken parallel
(earlier slot sides were parallel). This way more of the stator core material is exploited. The more refined and
optimized model is shown in the fig. 8.
Fig. 8. PMSM-3 model and torque simulation result
In PMSM-3, the shaft diameter is changed to 56 mm so that the q-axis insulation ratio has now
become [6]. This refinement further reduces core material. Next, the torque-voltage curves for
different current values with fixed number of turns and stack length are compared (fig. 9). Here, the parametric
analysis is carried out with three distinct values of currents; i.e. . By varying the
excitation angle from , the corresponding TV curves are plotted as shown in the fig. 9:
Fig. 9. TV plots for PMSM-3 for three different currents
It can be seen that the TV circular plots are expanding with the increase in current value.
From now onwards, the TV plots are studied with different electrical loadings and hence, the
refinement of the model PMSM-3 will be done on the basis of the observations from the plots. In the parametric
analysis of PMSM-3, the stator winding number of turns per slot is varied from 38 to 46 with the step value of 2
and the stack length is varied from 90 mm to 110 mm with the step of 10 mm and TV curves are plotted for
three values of currents; i.e. . The TV plots can be seen in the following figures.
6. Electromagnetic And Thermal (Lumped Circuit) Analysis Of Internal Permanent Magnet..
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Fig. 10. TV plots for different turns with 90 mm stack length
Fig. 11. TV plots for different turns with 100 mm stack length
7. Electromagnetic And Thermal (Lumped Circuit) Analysis Of Internal Permanent Magnet..
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Fig. 12. TV plots for different turns with 110 mm stack length
Hence, the initially designed model has been optimized to obtain the required nominal torque (≈13Nm).
In the whole process, the negative torque of 5.25 Nm has been improved to reach the target value of 12.94 Nm.
The torque response and rms induced voltage for the model are shown in fig. 13. The flux linkage and induced
currents are also shown in the fig. 14.
Fig. 13. Torque and induced voltage for IPMSM model
Fig. 14. Flux linkage and induced current for IPMSM model
The magnetic flux density and the flux lines distribution for the model IPMSM are represented in the
fig 15.
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Fig. 15. Magnetic flux density and Flux lines distribution for IPMSM model
IV. Lumped Parameter Thermal Nodal Network
The principle of lumped circuit thermal analysis is to develop an electrical equivalent circuit for
thermal analysis. Each node of the circuit represents a part of the machine. Each node is connected to other
nodes via thermal resistances through which heat can flow.
The conductance matrix, G of a system consisting of n+1 nodes is represented as:
The loss vector, P be defined to represent the power loss injected in each node,
And corresponding temperature vector, θ representing the increase in temperature compared to the ambient
temperature.
The temperature θ can be calculated by inverting the conductance matrix and multiplying it with the power
loss vector,
A simple thermal network model is proposed. The idea is to model the different heat flow paths in the motor
and the associated resistances. The node placement excludes the non-radial phenomena. Fig. 16 shows how the
nodes have been placed in the model geometry and hence the lumped parameter equivalent thermal model is
shown. The corresponding thermal resistances are tabulated in the table [2].
Loss simulation results
By Loss analysis using ANSYS Maxwell v.2014, the simulation results are shown in fig. 17.
Fig. 16. Node location in geometry of model & lumped parameter thermal nodal network.
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Table [2]: Thermal resistances connecting the nodes
Fig. 17. Loss simulation results in (a) rotor (b) magnets (c) slots and (d) stator
Loss input
The power loss vector (in watts) corresponding to each node is given below:
The temperature vector in , representing the increase in temperature compared to the ambient
temperature.
Hence, the lumped parameter model with each node temperature is as shown in the fig. 18:
Fig. 18. Lumped parameter thermal network with temperature distribution
Table [3] shows the output of nodal temperature distribution with the corresponding permissible limits.
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Table [3] Thermal analysis results comparison
It can be seen that the temperatures of the different parts of the machine are under safe thermal limits.
V. Case Studies For Validation Of Model Configuration
Here, the feasibility of proposed topology for IPMSM is discussed and different case studies are carried
out to check the performance of the machine with the selected configuration. Thus the designed machine model
is validated with the help of the respective results.
F. Case study (I): Efficiency test
In order to check efficiency, the stator configuration of IPMSM is examined. Here, testing of the
designed model is done with both types of concentrated and distributed winding configuration. The losses and
efficiencies in both models are compared. Table [4] gives the comparison of the results for the designed model
and the test model. It is to be noted that the test model is having same optimized dimensions of that of the
designed model except the winding arrangement, which is distributed in this case.
Hence it is proved using this test that using concentrated winding increases the efficiency in low speed
region, where copper loss is more prominent than core loss.
Table [4] Test results for comparison of losses and efficiency
G. Case study (II): Test for noise and vibration
The problems of vibration and noise production in the machine mainly arise due to the torque ripple
and cogging torque. Fractional pitch winding configuration is recommended so as to obtain minimum cogging
torque. With this, the torque ripples are also reduced, thereby decreasing the problems of vibrations in the
machine. So, for proving this fact the test model is designed with full pitch winding configuration with 24 slots,
8 pole combination. The simulations are done to compare the results of torque ripple and cogging torque value
of both the models.
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Table [5] Vibration and noise reduction test results
From the table [5], it can be seen torque ripple and cogging torque in the model with fractional pitch
winding is much lesser than that obtained from the model with full pitch winding. Fractional slot winding
configuration not only reduces noise in the machine but it also helps the machine to become more fault tolerant.
This property is discussed in the upcoming section with the help of a separate test.
H. Case study (III): Fault tolerance testing
The given test is carried out to compare the mutual inductances among the phases in both types of the
machine; one with fractional pitch winding and another with full pitch winding configuration. The simulations
are done using Magnetostatic solver in Maxwell to compute the post processed inductance matrix for three
phase windings. Table [6] shows the inductance matrix for both the models.
Table [6] Fault tolerance test results
It can be seen from table [6], the machine designed in this project with fractional slot configuration is
having almost half mutual inductance values as compared to the test machine model having full pitch winding
configuration. Hence, the effects of the faulty conditions in one phase will be lesser on neighboring phases. In
simpler words, the machine with fractional slot configuration is more fault tolerant.
I. Case study (IV): Core loss reduction test
Table [7] Core material test results
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The core losses occur in the machine mainly due to the improper selection of the core material.
Therefore, an appropriate choice of material which has a narrower hysteresis loop and the ability to be made into
very thin laminations is desired. Non-oriented (N.O.) silicon sheet steel is the most common choice which is
made for the machine model used in this work. A simple test is carried out by taking a test core material which
exhibit wider hysteresis loop. Thus, the core losses are compared for two models to check the performance of
the machine with two different materials.
The machine using core material with narrower hysteresis loop possess lesser core loss and more
torque output whereas the performance with wider hysteresis core material lesser torque is obtained with more
losses in the core. Therefore, this test gives favorable results for the machine performance.
J. Case study (V): Performance of motor with different permanent magnets
The purpose of permanent magnets in the IPMSM machines is to provide the necessary rotor flux
which has to be stationary with respect to stator mmf to produce the steady state torque. As the necessary torque
produced by the motor has been the main designing criteria in this work, hence the torque produced by the
machine with different permanent magnets are compared by this test. Also the flux linkages are compared with
different magnets. Table [8] shows the flux lines plots and torque simulation results produced by the model with
different magnets in the rotor.
Table [8] Test results for the model with different magnets
As can be observed from the test results, the best performance is given by the NdFeB magnets which is
used in this thesis work. The worst performance is given by the ferrite magnets if would have been used in the
designed model. However, SmCo and Alnico magnets are producing almost the same torque and flux linkages.
The Samarium Cobalt magnets are costlier than NdFeB magnets. And Alnico magnets despite being oldest
commercially available magnets have relatively low magnetic values because their ease of demagnetization.
Hence, NdFeB magnets are the recommended magnets for the proposed topology of the IPMSM model.
VI. Conclusion
IPM technology is taking several industries by storm. It is compact, light, efficient, reliable and can be
used in divert craft system. In this paper, an optimal and accurate design of internal permanent magnet
synchronous machine with single layer, fractional slot concentrated winding and single flux barrier rotor
structure has been proposed.
The number of turns in the stator winding, angle of excitation, slot structure, stack length, positioning
& dimensioning of permanent magnet and flux barrier structures in the motor using Finite Element Analysis has
been chosen as the optimization criteria. For this purpose, the analytical model is designed and hence analyzed
to get the best performance out of the optimized design. Thereafter, a lumped parameter thermal nodal network
is designed to perform thermal analysis of the model. A few case studies were performed over the machine
configuration to check and validate the model configuration. Comparison of results show the validity of
analytical design.
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