For driving constant loads in industry, the use of direct-on-line-start permanent-magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motors with ferrite magnets (DOL-Start-PMa-SynRM) is proposed. The bibliographic search demonstrated that this new motor has greater efficiency than one similar induction motor (IM). It was evidenced that the main element that is required for direct starting is to insert a squirrel cage into the rotor of a PMa-SynRM, which does not produce negative operational effects in a steady state. An economic evaluation was carried out in a sugar mill company, applying the differential net present value (NPV) method, and a sensitivity analysis, considering the four factors that present the most variation. It was demonstrated, by means of a Pareto diagram standardized for the NPV that the most significant factors are fuel factor, lifespan and the multiplication of both. With response surfaces that are obtained with a multilevel factorial experiment, it was determined that, by varying the factors in the ranges considered, the NPV always remains positive and higher than 2200 USD. This is mainly due to the notable difference between the efficiency of the DOL-Start-PMa-SynRM and that of the IM. Consequently, is proved that an investment in the DOL-Start-PMa-SynRM may be feasible.
A breakthrough in this century has been the development of electric vehicle which is propelled by electric motor powered by electricity. Already, many electric motors have been used for electric vehicle application but performances are low. In this paper, a permanent magnet motor technology using unconventional segmented rotor for high torque application is presented. Unlike conventional motors, this design, flux switching motor (FSM) is an advance form of synchronous machine with double rotating frequency. It accommodates both armature winding and flux source on the stator while the rotor is a simple passive laminated sheet steel. Conventionally, rotor of the maiden FSM and many emerging designs have focused on the salient pole, this design employs segmented rotor. Segmented rotor has advantages of short flux path more than salient rotor pole resulting in high flux linkage. Geometric topology of the proposed motor is introduced. It consists of 24Stator-14Pole using PM flux source with alternate stator tooth armature winding. The 2D-FEA model utilized JMAG Tool Solver to design and analyze motor’s performance in terms of torque with average torque output of 470Nm. The suitability of segmented outer-rotor FS motor as a high torque machine, using permanent magnet technology is a reliable candidate for electric vehicle.
Improved magnetic behavior of hemicycle PM motor via stator modification IJECEIAES
This article investigates electromagnetic performance of a hemicycle PM motor by introducing a little modification on both ends of a hemicycle stator. Prior to the investigation, an analytical model for the hemicycle PM motor weight is derived analytically for the purpose of comparison with a conventional design. Both motor weights are then verified and the hemicycle motor is found to have lighter weight than the conventional design. By having a proper design modification, an optimum motor performance is achievable due to improved magnetic permeance. Two designs that have different arc angle; i) 180° (188.5 mm arc length) and ii) >180° (204.2 mm arc length) are the subjects of investigation. It is found that a hemicycle PM motor in which arc angle >180° results maximum torque average with the smallest torque ripple and smallest cogging torque.
Design of Switched Reluctance Motor for Three Wheeler Electric Vehicleidescitation
Switched Reluctance M achines (SRM ) offer
attractive attributes for automotive applications. Low cost, high
reliability, and competitive weight and efficiency combine to
make the switched reluctance (SR) motor drive a strong
candidate for application in future electric vehicle (EV)
propulsion systems. This paper proposes a methodology to
determine separately the peak and continuous power ratings
of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for electric propulsion
of an electric vehicle (EV).same machine have to deliver peak
and continuous power for different road load condition of
vehicle. Then gives switched reluctance design guidelines for
battery operated electric vehicles. Finally, it presents the
design and simulation of a switched reluctance motor power
train.
This paper addresses the irreversible permanent magnet (PM) demagnetization analysis of hybrid excitation flux switching motor (HEFSM) with outer-rotor configuration. PM demagnetization cause the PM strength used in the motor significantly reduces and hence contributes less torque performance. The study is focused on thermal analysis and conducted at various temperature up to as high as 180 degrees Celsius which has a tendency to be demagnetized. Therefore, PM demagnetization is among a critical issue and influences the choice of the applied motor. The analysis is carried out based on finite element method (FEM) and percentage of PM demagnetization is then calculated. Finally, based on simulated and calculated results the final design outer-rotor HEFSM has only 0.85 percent PM demagnetization at very high temperature and obviously the is no PM demagnetization at normal operating conditions.
Permanent magnet flux switching machine (PMFSM) is a joint venture of switch reluctance machine (SRM) and permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). It has become a prominent research topic for various applications because of robust rotor structure, high torque and power densities but few were developed for downhole applications mainly due to harsh environmental conditions. Formerly, most of developed PMFSMs for downhole applications were mainly concentrated on inner-rotor type design, and difficult to find research work on outer-rotor configuration. Therefore, this paper introduces the design and investigation of PMFSM with outer-rotor configuration for downhole application. Primarily, the geometric topology of proposed design is described in detail. Then, the no load and load analysis are implemented in order to investigate the initial performance of the proposed design.
Recently, permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) having the diameter of 11inches was successfully developed and installed in electric scooter vehicle (ESV) for propulsion. It consists of segmented stators of 24 armature slots and 100 pieces of permanent magnet of 2 kg weight mounted on rotating rotor. Upon the huge amount of materials and permanent magnet used, PMSM produced 110Nm only. Looking at the size, this torque is low and could not sustain acceleration for long distance travels. To overcome the challenge of low torque, this paper presents a new machine type, flux switching motor (FSM) with 1 kg weight of permanent magnet flux source employing segmented outer rotor. Six ranges of split ratio of 0.80-0.85 for outer rotor 24slot-14pole FSPM motor configurations were designed and compared. The 2D-FEA by JMAG software version 14 is used to examine its performance in term of flux linkage, cogging torque, back-emf and average torque which the structure with split ratio of 0.85 took lead by securing highest torque profile of 209Nm. It also achieved low cogging torque to operate in safe region. In conclusion, appropriate split ratio significantly enhances high torque capability of permanent magnet flux switching motor for electric scooter propulsion.
A breakthrough in this century has been the development of electric vehicle which is propelled by electric motor powered by electricity. Already, many electric motors have been used for electric vehicle application but performances are low. In this paper, a permanent magnet motor technology using unconventional segmented rotor for high torque application is presented. Unlike conventional motors, this design, flux switching motor (FSM) is an advance form of synchronous machine with double rotating frequency. It accommodates both armature winding and flux source on the stator while the rotor is a simple passive laminated sheet steel. Conventionally, rotor of the maiden FSM and many emerging designs have focused on the salient pole, this design employs segmented rotor. Segmented rotor has advantages of short flux path more than salient rotor pole resulting in high flux linkage. Geometric topology of the proposed motor is introduced. It consists of 24Stator-14Pole using PM flux source with alternate stator tooth armature winding. The 2D-FEA model utilized JMAG Tool Solver to design and analyze motor’s performance in terms of torque with average torque output of 470Nm. The suitability of segmented outer-rotor FS motor as a high torque machine, using permanent magnet technology is a reliable candidate for electric vehicle.
Improved magnetic behavior of hemicycle PM motor via stator modification IJECEIAES
This article investigates electromagnetic performance of a hemicycle PM motor by introducing a little modification on both ends of a hemicycle stator. Prior to the investigation, an analytical model for the hemicycle PM motor weight is derived analytically for the purpose of comparison with a conventional design. Both motor weights are then verified and the hemicycle motor is found to have lighter weight than the conventional design. By having a proper design modification, an optimum motor performance is achievable due to improved magnetic permeance. Two designs that have different arc angle; i) 180° (188.5 mm arc length) and ii) >180° (204.2 mm arc length) are the subjects of investigation. It is found that a hemicycle PM motor in which arc angle >180° results maximum torque average with the smallest torque ripple and smallest cogging torque.
Design of Switched Reluctance Motor for Three Wheeler Electric Vehicleidescitation
Switched Reluctance M achines (SRM ) offer
attractive attributes for automotive applications. Low cost, high
reliability, and competitive weight and efficiency combine to
make the switched reluctance (SR) motor drive a strong
candidate for application in future electric vehicle (EV)
propulsion systems. This paper proposes a methodology to
determine separately the peak and continuous power ratings
of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for electric propulsion
of an electric vehicle (EV).same machine have to deliver peak
and continuous power for different road load condition of
vehicle. Then gives switched reluctance design guidelines for
battery operated electric vehicles. Finally, it presents the
design and simulation of a switched reluctance motor power
train.
This paper addresses the irreversible permanent magnet (PM) demagnetization analysis of hybrid excitation flux switching motor (HEFSM) with outer-rotor configuration. PM demagnetization cause the PM strength used in the motor significantly reduces and hence contributes less torque performance. The study is focused on thermal analysis and conducted at various temperature up to as high as 180 degrees Celsius which has a tendency to be demagnetized. Therefore, PM demagnetization is among a critical issue and influences the choice of the applied motor. The analysis is carried out based on finite element method (FEM) and percentage of PM demagnetization is then calculated. Finally, based on simulated and calculated results the final design outer-rotor HEFSM has only 0.85 percent PM demagnetization at very high temperature and obviously the is no PM demagnetization at normal operating conditions.
Permanent magnet flux switching machine (PMFSM) is a joint venture of switch reluctance machine (SRM) and permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). It has become a prominent research topic for various applications because of robust rotor structure, high torque and power densities but few were developed for downhole applications mainly due to harsh environmental conditions. Formerly, most of developed PMFSMs for downhole applications were mainly concentrated on inner-rotor type design, and difficult to find research work on outer-rotor configuration. Therefore, this paper introduces the design and investigation of PMFSM with outer-rotor configuration for downhole application. Primarily, the geometric topology of proposed design is described in detail. Then, the no load and load analysis are implemented in order to investigate the initial performance of the proposed design.
Recently, permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) having the diameter of 11inches was successfully developed and installed in electric scooter vehicle (ESV) for propulsion. It consists of segmented stators of 24 armature slots and 100 pieces of permanent magnet of 2 kg weight mounted on rotating rotor. Upon the huge amount of materials and permanent magnet used, PMSM produced 110Nm only. Looking at the size, this torque is low and could not sustain acceleration for long distance travels. To overcome the challenge of low torque, this paper presents a new machine type, flux switching motor (FSM) with 1 kg weight of permanent magnet flux source employing segmented outer rotor. Six ranges of split ratio of 0.80-0.85 for outer rotor 24slot-14pole FSPM motor configurations were designed and compared. The 2D-FEA by JMAG software version 14 is used to examine its performance in term of flux linkage, cogging torque, back-emf and average torque which the structure with split ratio of 0.85 took lead by securing highest torque profile of 209Nm. It also achieved low cogging torque to operate in safe region. In conclusion, appropriate split ratio significantly enhances high torque capability of permanent magnet flux switching motor for electric scooter propulsion.
This paper presents a design and development of 8/6 switched reluctance motor for small electric vehicle using analytical method. The absent of permanent magnet, inherent fault tolerance capabilities, simple and robust construction make this motor become more attractive for small electric vehicle application such as electric scooter and go-kart. The switched reluctance motor is modelled using analytical formula in designing process. Later, the designed model is analyzed using ANSYS RMxprt software. In order to achieve 5kW power rating and to match with the design requirement, the switched reluctance motor model has been analyzed using RMxprt tools for the preliminary parameters design process. This tools is able to predict the output performance of motor in term of speed, flux linkage characteristic, output torque and efficiency.
A new design method for low speed torus type afpm machine for hev applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine type has some advantages such as compressed packaging, easy handling, and safety operation. In this paper the proper structure selection of AFPM machine for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application is one of the aims. To reduce the losses and the total volume of machine, the coreless TORUS-NS type machine is selected. Designing of this machine, to obtain a wide speed range with high efficiency, low cogging torque and high torque value, as in-wheel direct-drive AFPM machine for HEV, is investigated. The operation performance in low and medium speed ranges is studied. A new design method based on multi speed design (MSD) strategy is proposed. Using this method with a coreless type of stators, the total AFPM machine efficiency at the HEV operation cycles could be improved. Performance analysis of this in-wheel AFPM machine is done using finite-element method (FEM). FEM analysis of the single-speed design (SSD) method is also done. MSD and SSD designed machines are applied in HEV and simulated using urban and highway cycles. The obtained results show the better performance of HEV, using the MSD based designed machine in all operation cycles. The experimental results obtained from sample practical prototype, confirm the analytical method. Keywords: Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM), TORUS type, direct-drive, in-wheel, multi-speed design, single-speed design.
Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of Six-Phase Self-Excited Induction GeneratorIJMTST Journal
This paper presents a simple d–q model of a saturated multi-phase (six-phase) self-excited induction
generator (SP-SEIG). Multi-phase AC machines are nowadays widely considered as potentially viable
solutions for numerous variable-speed drive applications. With an increased emphasis on renewable electric
energy generation, while interfacing with the grid typically take place by means of power electronic converter,
if the generator is used for stand-alone application. The main advantages of multi-phase machines that make
them viable for drive can also be effectively exploited in generating application. In particular, it is shown that
the SP-SEIG can operate with a single three-phase capacitor bank. The generator can also supply two
separate three-phase loads, which represents an additional advantage. In this paper proposes the modeling
and analysis of six phase self excited induction generator under R and RL load condition and also torque and
rotor dynamic equation are discussed. The simulation results obtained and compared with three phases self
excited induction generator. Results obtained compared with three phase self excited induction generator
performance. In power generation application of practical usage this system has sufficient capability.
Performance of Fractional-Slot Winding PM Machines due to Un-even Coil Turns ...IJPEDS-IAES
PM machines in which slot number and pole number combination differs by
one have to be configured with asymmetric winding pattern in order to
maximize it back-emf performance. However, this asymmetric winding
configuration inherently results an unwanted Unabalanced Magnetic Force
(UMF). Investigations of electromagnetic performance of fractional-slot
asymmetric winding PM machines using 2-D Finite-Element Analysis are
presented. The investigations are mainly driven by the effort of minimizing
the UMF. By employing techniques such as non-uniform number of coil
turns in every tooth and asymmetric design of stator tooth, the UMF are
expected can be minimized. The investigations show that the radial
component of UMF has greater effect than the tangential component on the
UMF itself. In all proposed techniques, a slight reduction of machine torque
performance is inevitable.
8HP70 Automatic Transmission- Basic Design Analysis and Modular Hybrid Design...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:Hybrid vehicles offer a huge potential for fuel consumption improvement when compared with conventional vehicle power trains. However, the sales volumes of the hybrid vehicles form a very small percentage of the total volume. In the light of uncertain future volume developments, series-parallel hybrid offers the advantage of modular design aspects, which is one of the key criteria for cost reduction and the re-use of parts. This paper analyses the modular hybrid design compatibility of 8HP70, one the most common automatic gearbox in the automotive industry. The paper first analyzes the basic design of the transmission and then provides different parallel hybrid configuration options that the transmission can be used with.
In recent advancements in electric machine and drives, wound rotor motor is extensively used. The merit of using wound rotor induction motor is to control speed/torque characteristics by inserting external resistance. Wound rotor induction motor can be used in the cases such as (a) low inrush current, (b) load requiring high starting torque, (c) lower starting current is required, (d) loads having high inertia, and (e) gradual built up of torque. Examples include conveyers, cranes, pumps, elevators, and compressors. This paper includes speed control of wound induction motor using MATLAB/Simulink for rotor resistance and slip power recovery method. The characteristics of these speed control methods are hence analysed.
Modeling and Simulation of Three Phase Induction Machine Using Written Pole T...IOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper in which stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same stator core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. In this study, it is suggested to operate the machine with flat efficiency characteristics, irrespective of shaft load. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt high frequency ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor. The aim of this paper is to analyze and simulate performance of a 1Hp three phase induction motor using written pole technology using the well known Park’s transformation. A three phase squirrel cage machine is reconfigured and modeled into a two three phase stator winding accommodate in same stator core of the same volume as the three phase machine. Different tests are carried out on the novel machine to determine machine parameters. Simulation results, that predicts the dynamic performance of the machine using ANSYS, at start up are presented and discussed.
Zero point energy conversion for selfsustained generationMocLan2
In this paper zero point energy conversion is proposed for self-sustained generator applications. Our entire
universe balance is based on a magnetic energy lying in a minimum energy point called zero-point. By using an energy
conversion machine magneto-gravitic link can be made zero-point energy by taking kinetic energy form i.e. rotational
motion .Kinetic energy link is constructed using a special permanent magnet arrangement and it is independent of
electricity . It uses perpetual motion and the kinetic energy is later converted by using a special type low speed axial flux
alternator, comprising two rotating discs in-between which the coil is placed from which the power is drawn .
On the Performances Investigation of Different Surface Mounted Permanent Magn...IAES-IJPEDS
In recent years, permanent magnet machines have become a common choice
in many industrial applications. Therefore, several structures have been
developed, and the choice of a topology designed for a specified application
requires the knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of different
topologies. The present work deals with the evaluation of the performances
of different radial flux surface-mounted permanent magnet motors designed
for an electric vehicle motor application. The objective of this survey is to
show the effect of the rotor position (inner or outer) and the magnets
segmentation on the machine output torque and iron losses. In this context,
four machines with: (i) inner rotor, (ii) inner rotor segmented magnets, (iii)
outer rotor and (iv) outer rotor segmented magnets have been designed and
studied. All these machines have the same geometrical dimensions and
current loading. The main idea is to develop a machine with smoothness
torque, lower torque ondulation, lower iron losses, and which is mechanically
robust. Firstly, the output torque of the different structure is computed.
Secondly, by means of an improved analytical model coupled with 2
dimensional transient finite element analysis (FEA), the machines iron losses
are predicted.
This paper presents a novel converter configuration with fewer for switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive. The proposed novel converter insists for less number of switches compared to conventional asymmetrical type of converter configuration for switched reluctance motor. Switch count reduction in converter reduces the losses, volume of heat sink, and number of gate drive circuits and thereby the performance of the system. Closed loop speed control of switched reluctance motor fed from proposed novel converter topology was presented in this paper. Performance of closed loop operation is compared to open loop system. Further the proposed converter for SRMT is evaluated with loaded condition and comparative analysis of no-load and loaded SRM is presented. The model presented is developed and the results are analyzed using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Closed loop performance of proposed novel converter fed switched reluctance motor drive is verified at fixed speed and variable speed conditions.
Decoupled Inverter Fed - Open end Winding Induction Motor Drive for Three Le...IJMER
An open-end winding induction motor, fed by two 2-level inverters connected at either end
produces space vector locations, identical to those of a conventional 3-level inverter. In this paper, two
switching algorithms are proposed to implement space vector PWM for the dual inverter scheme. The
proposed algorithms do not employ any look-up tables. The time consuming task of sector identification
is altogether avoided in both these algorithms. The proposed algorithms employ only the instantaneous
reference phase voltages for the implementation of the space vector PWM. An equal switching duty for
both the inverters is also ensured with one of the proposed PWM strategies. Also, it is observed that the
speed torque and voltages in motor phases is significantly reduced with the proposed PWM strategies.
Comparative performances analysis of different rotor types for pmsg used in w...Mellah Hacene
PMSG provides a high performance, compact size, light weight, and low noise, without forgetting its simple structure, high thrust, and ease of maintenance, allow replacing steam catapults in the future. Most turbine generators at low wind speed are presented PMSGs, These it has advantages of high efficiency and reliability, since there is no need of external excitation and loss of drivers are removed from the rotor. In this paper, a comparative PMSG performance study's with several rotor topology is presented, each topology rotor has its own permanent magnet structure that is width, thickness and angle. These results are obtained by finite element method (FEM); this approach is a powerful and useful tool to study and design PMSGs, as represented in this paper.
Design and fabrication of rotor lateral shifting in the axial-flux permanent-...IJECEIAES
The development of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines has become a mature technology. The single-stator double-rotor (SSDR) AFPM structure has advantages on the compactness and the low up to medium power applications so the microscale size and low-cost applications are reachable to be designed. The research main objectives are designing and manufacturing the lateral shifting from the north poles of the first rotor face the north poles of the second rotor (NN) to the north poles of the first rotor face the south poles of the second rotor (NS) categories as well as finding the best performance of the proposed method and implementing in a low cost and micro-scale AFPMG. The novel lateral shifting on the one of the rotors shows performance at 19.2 0 has the highest efficiency at 88.39% during lateral shifting from N–N (0 0 ) to N–S (36 0 ) on rotor 2.
This paper presents an online efficiency optimization method for the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive system in an electric vehicle (EV). The proposed method considers accurately the total system losses including fundamental copper and iron losses, harmonic copper and iron losses, magnet loss, and inverter losses. Therefore, it has the capability to always guarantee maximum efficiency control. A highly trusted machine model is built using finite element analysis (FEA). This model considers accurately the magnetic saturation, spatial harmonics, and iron loss effect. The overall system efficiency is estimated online based on the accurate determination of system loss, and then the optimum current angle is defined online for the maximum efficiency per ampere (MEPA) control. A series of results is conducted to show the effectiveness and fidelity of proposed method. The results show the superior performance of proposed method over the conventional offline efficiency optimization methods.
This paper presents a design and development of 8/6 switched reluctance motor for small electric vehicle using analytical method. The absent of permanent magnet, inherent fault tolerance capabilities, simple and robust construction make this motor become more attractive for small electric vehicle application such as electric scooter and go-kart. The switched reluctance motor is modelled using analytical formula in designing process. Later, the designed model is analyzed using ANSYS RMxprt software. In order to achieve 5kW power rating and to match with the design requirement, the switched reluctance motor model has been analyzed using RMxprt tools for the preliminary parameters design process. This tools is able to predict the output performance of motor in term of speed, flux linkage characteristic, output torque and efficiency.
A new design method for low speed torus type afpm machine for hev applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine type has some advantages such as compressed packaging, easy handling, and safety operation. In this paper the proper structure selection of AFPM machine for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application is one of the aims. To reduce the losses and the total volume of machine, the coreless TORUS-NS type machine is selected. Designing of this machine, to obtain a wide speed range with high efficiency, low cogging torque and high torque value, as in-wheel direct-drive AFPM machine for HEV, is investigated. The operation performance in low and medium speed ranges is studied. A new design method based on multi speed design (MSD) strategy is proposed. Using this method with a coreless type of stators, the total AFPM machine efficiency at the HEV operation cycles could be improved. Performance analysis of this in-wheel AFPM machine is done using finite-element method (FEM). FEM analysis of the single-speed design (SSD) method is also done. MSD and SSD designed machines are applied in HEV and simulated using urban and highway cycles. The obtained results show the better performance of HEV, using the MSD based designed machine in all operation cycles. The experimental results obtained from sample practical prototype, confirm the analytical method. Keywords: Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM), TORUS type, direct-drive, in-wheel, multi-speed design, single-speed design.
Dynamic Modeling and Analysis of Six-Phase Self-Excited Induction GeneratorIJMTST Journal
This paper presents a simple d–q model of a saturated multi-phase (six-phase) self-excited induction
generator (SP-SEIG). Multi-phase AC machines are nowadays widely considered as potentially viable
solutions for numerous variable-speed drive applications. With an increased emphasis on renewable electric
energy generation, while interfacing with the grid typically take place by means of power electronic converter,
if the generator is used for stand-alone application. The main advantages of multi-phase machines that make
them viable for drive can also be effectively exploited in generating application. In particular, it is shown that
the SP-SEIG can operate with a single three-phase capacitor bank. The generator can also supply two
separate three-phase loads, which represents an additional advantage. In this paper proposes the modeling
and analysis of six phase self excited induction generator under R and RL load condition and also torque and
rotor dynamic equation are discussed. The simulation results obtained and compared with three phases self
excited induction generator. Results obtained compared with three phase self excited induction generator
performance. In power generation application of practical usage this system has sufficient capability.
Performance of Fractional-Slot Winding PM Machines due to Un-even Coil Turns ...IJPEDS-IAES
PM machines in which slot number and pole number combination differs by
one have to be configured with asymmetric winding pattern in order to
maximize it back-emf performance. However, this asymmetric winding
configuration inherently results an unwanted Unabalanced Magnetic Force
(UMF). Investigations of electromagnetic performance of fractional-slot
asymmetric winding PM machines using 2-D Finite-Element Analysis are
presented. The investigations are mainly driven by the effort of minimizing
the UMF. By employing techniques such as non-uniform number of coil
turns in every tooth and asymmetric design of stator tooth, the UMF are
expected can be minimized. The investigations show that the radial
component of UMF has greater effect than the tangential component on the
UMF itself. In all proposed techniques, a slight reduction of machine torque
performance is inevitable.
8HP70 Automatic Transmission- Basic Design Analysis and Modular Hybrid Design...IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:Hybrid vehicles offer a huge potential for fuel consumption improvement when compared with conventional vehicle power trains. However, the sales volumes of the hybrid vehicles form a very small percentage of the total volume. In the light of uncertain future volume developments, series-parallel hybrid offers the advantage of modular design aspects, which is one of the key criteria for cost reduction and the re-use of parts. This paper analyses the modular hybrid design compatibility of 8HP70, one the most common automatic gearbox in the automotive industry. The paper first analyzes the basic design of the transmission and then provides different parallel hybrid configuration options that the transmission can be used with.
In recent advancements in electric machine and drives, wound rotor motor is extensively used. The merit of using wound rotor induction motor is to control speed/torque characteristics by inserting external resistance. Wound rotor induction motor can be used in the cases such as (a) low inrush current, (b) load requiring high starting torque, (c) lower starting current is required, (d) loads having high inertia, and (e) gradual built up of torque. Examples include conveyers, cranes, pumps, elevators, and compressors. This paper includes speed control of wound induction motor using MATLAB/Simulink for rotor resistance and slip power recovery method. The characteristics of these speed control methods are hence analysed.
Modeling and Simulation of Three Phase Induction Machine Using Written Pole T...IOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper in which stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same stator core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. In this study, it is suggested to operate the machine with flat efficiency characteristics, irrespective of shaft load. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt high frequency ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor. The aim of this paper is to analyze and simulate performance of a 1Hp three phase induction motor using written pole technology using the well known Park’s transformation. A three phase squirrel cage machine is reconfigured and modeled into a two three phase stator winding accommodate in same stator core of the same volume as the three phase machine. Different tests are carried out on the novel machine to determine machine parameters. Simulation results, that predicts the dynamic performance of the machine using ANSYS, at start up are presented and discussed.
Zero point energy conversion for selfsustained generationMocLan2
In this paper zero point energy conversion is proposed for self-sustained generator applications. Our entire
universe balance is based on a magnetic energy lying in a minimum energy point called zero-point. By using an energy
conversion machine magneto-gravitic link can be made zero-point energy by taking kinetic energy form i.e. rotational
motion .Kinetic energy link is constructed using a special permanent magnet arrangement and it is independent of
electricity . It uses perpetual motion and the kinetic energy is later converted by using a special type low speed axial flux
alternator, comprising two rotating discs in-between which the coil is placed from which the power is drawn .
On the Performances Investigation of Different Surface Mounted Permanent Magn...IAES-IJPEDS
In recent years, permanent magnet machines have become a common choice
in many industrial applications. Therefore, several structures have been
developed, and the choice of a topology designed for a specified application
requires the knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of different
topologies. The present work deals with the evaluation of the performances
of different radial flux surface-mounted permanent magnet motors designed
for an electric vehicle motor application. The objective of this survey is to
show the effect of the rotor position (inner or outer) and the magnets
segmentation on the machine output torque and iron losses. In this context,
four machines with: (i) inner rotor, (ii) inner rotor segmented magnets, (iii)
outer rotor and (iv) outer rotor segmented magnets have been designed and
studied. All these machines have the same geometrical dimensions and
current loading. The main idea is to develop a machine with smoothness
torque, lower torque ondulation, lower iron losses, and which is mechanically
robust. Firstly, the output torque of the different structure is computed.
Secondly, by means of an improved analytical model coupled with 2
dimensional transient finite element analysis (FEA), the machines iron losses
are predicted.
This paper presents a novel converter configuration with fewer for switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive. The proposed novel converter insists for less number of switches compared to conventional asymmetrical type of converter configuration for switched reluctance motor. Switch count reduction in converter reduces the losses, volume of heat sink, and number of gate drive circuits and thereby the performance of the system. Closed loop speed control of switched reluctance motor fed from proposed novel converter topology was presented in this paper. Performance of closed loop operation is compared to open loop system. Further the proposed converter for SRMT is evaluated with loaded condition and comparative analysis of no-load and loaded SRM is presented. The model presented is developed and the results are analyzed using MATLAB/SIMULINK software. Closed loop performance of proposed novel converter fed switched reluctance motor drive is verified at fixed speed and variable speed conditions.
Decoupled Inverter Fed - Open end Winding Induction Motor Drive for Three Le...IJMER
An open-end winding induction motor, fed by two 2-level inverters connected at either end
produces space vector locations, identical to those of a conventional 3-level inverter. In this paper, two
switching algorithms are proposed to implement space vector PWM for the dual inverter scheme. The
proposed algorithms do not employ any look-up tables. The time consuming task of sector identification
is altogether avoided in both these algorithms. The proposed algorithms employ only the instantaneous
reference phase voltages for the implementation of the space vector PWM. An equal switching duty for
both the inverters is also ensured with one of the proposed PWM strategies. Also, it is observed that the
speed torque and voltages in motor phases is significantly reduced with the proposed PWM strategies.
Comparative performances analysis of different rotor types for pmsg used in w...Mellah Hacene
PMSG provides a high performance, compact size, light weight, and low noise, without forgetting its simple structure, high thrust, and ease of maintenance, allow replacing steam catapults in the future. Most turbine generators at low wind speed are presented PMSGs, These it has advantages of high efficiency and reliability, since there is no need of external excitation and loss of drivers are removed from the rotor. In this paper, a comparative PMSG performance study's with several rotor topology is presented, each topology rotor has its own permanent magnet structure that is width, thickness and angle. These results are obtained by finite element method (FEM); this approach is a powerful and useful tool to study and design PMSGs, as represented in this paper.
Design and fabrication of rotor lateral shifting in the axial-flux permanent-...IJECEIAES
The development of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines has become a mature technology. The single-stator double-rotor (SSDR) AFPM structure has advantages on the compactness and the low up to medium power applications so the microscale size and low-cost applications are reachable to be designed. The research main objectives are designing and manufacturing the lateral shifting from the north poles of the first rotor face the north poles of the second rotor (NN) to the north poles of the first rotor face the south poles of the second rotor (NS) categories as well as finding the best performance of the proposed method and implementing in a low cost and micro-scale AFPMG. The novel lateral shifting on the one of the rotors shows performance at 19.2 0 has the highest efficiency at 88.39% during lateral shifting from N–N (0 0 ) to N–S (36 0 ) on rotor 2.
This paper presents an online efficiency optimization method for the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive system in an electric vehicle (EV). The proposed method considers accurately the total system losses including fundamental copper and iron losses, harmonic copper and iron losses, magnet loss, and inverter losses. Therefore, it has the capability to always guarantee maximum efficiency control. A highly trusted machine model is built using finite element analysis (FEA). This model considers accurately the magnetic saturation, spatial harmonics, and iron loss effect. The overall system efficiency is estimated online based on the accurate determination of system loss, and then the optimum current angle is defined online for the maximum efficiency per ampere (MEPA) control. A series of results is conducted to show the effectiveness and fidelity of proposed method. The results show the superior performance of proposed method over the conventional offline efficiency optimization methods.
This paper discusses about winding arrangement of fractional slot of a new type hollow rotor Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor. Hollow rotor has higher performance compared to other BLDC motor because it minimizes the unused flux below permanent magnet and maximize torque produce by the motor. It’s also known that 8 pole motor is favorite used in industrial because it has an optimum space of permanent magnet for a smaller motor size. The number of pole will affect the maximum speed of the rotor. Thus, the objective of this research is to investigate the best winding arrangement for 8 pole of hollow rotor that could produce the highest electromagnetic performance. At starts, four combinations of slot number and coil sizes had been selected. Structural comparison in term of coil vector and winding arrangement is studied. Finite Element Method (FEM) had been used to simulate the parameters such as backemf and torque waveforms. It was convinced that 9 slot 8 pole with 0.6 size of coil produces the best performance. The confirmed model had been fabricated and measured. Both results from FEM and measurement are compared in term of backemf and torque where percentage differences are 7.4 % and 8 %, respectively. As conclusion, this research shows the fundamental of winding arrangement of fractional slot of motor especially 8 pole motor.
Generally, the Permanent Magnet Tubular Generators (PMTG) are employed in the free-piston generator systems. In this paper, the PMTG with the core made of Soft Magnetic Composite (SMC) is employed, and then, the PMTG with the solid SMC core has cylindrical symmetry and also the outer diameter of the machine reduces in comparison to the ones with multipart laminated steel cores in which each part is radially placed along the air-gap and there is unexploited space between them. Here, a Finite Element Method (FEM) is developed in which the reciprocating motion of the translator is considered by moving mesh techniques and moreover, the Jiles-Atherton (JA) scalar hysteresis model is incorporated in the FE model to take into account the hysteresis losses. Then, the copper and core losses are computed and the equivalent circuit of the generator is derived. The calculated losses are compared with the ones obtained from the analytical methods.
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...Yayah Zakaria
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind
speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...IJECEIAES
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
This paper presents a new design and performance of single phase permanent magnet flux-switching machine (PMFSM) for electric bicycle application. 8Slot-12Pole design machine were choose by analyzing the highest power density value. All active parts such as permanent magnet and armature coil are located on the stator, while the rotor part consists of only single piece iron. PMFSM have a great advantage with robust rotor structure that make it much higher power and applicable for EV application compared to SRM and IPMSM. The design, operating principles, characteristics of torque, and power of this new topology are investigated by JMAG-Designer via a 2D-FEA. Size of motor and volume of PM is designed at 75mm and 80g, respectively. Based on the investigation, it can be concluded that the proposed topology of single phase 8Slot 12Pole PMFSM achieved the target of highest performance of power density, approximately at 0.113W/mm3 with reduced permanent magnet and size of design motor. Due to the low torque performance of this initial design, further works is ongoing to improve the torque performance. In future work, outer rotor PMFSM structure design will be presented and compared with the “Deterministic Optimization Method” to improve the initial design.
The trend in the motor applications is to reduce weight and volume by increasing the efficiency. Because of the advantage of high efficiency and high density, interest in brushless DC motors and drives is increasing. Unlike DC motors, the brushless DC (BLDC) motors require inverter circuit and position detector. In this paper, we deal with the optimization of the BLDC motor, the inverter, and the position detector. The inverter is optimized to be mounted on the BLDC motor. This paper deals primarily with the design and implementation aspects of the BLDC motor and the integrated drive circuit. Experimental results for the prototype of the BLDC motor with integrated dirve circuit in the laboratory are presented to validate the feasibility.
Theory and Analysis of Three Phase Induction Motor using Written Pole TechnologyIOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper whose stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor.
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
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In the case of constant loads, with the aim of not using VFD or soft starts that are expensive
equipments, variants such as the direct start to the line with a synchronous reluctance motor (DOL SynRM)
[6], or with direct start to the line using a modified PM-assisted reluctance synchronous motor (DOL Start
PMa-SynRM) [9-10], are possible solutions. This paper presents, firstly, a summary of the constructive and
operational characteristics of a PMa-SynRM, with different types of PM; and afterwards, those
characteristics of the DOL Start PMa-SynRM. The advantages and disadvantages of each motor are analyzed
and compared among them, and with an IM. Through a case study in a sugar mill company, the economic
advantages of using a DOL Start PMa-SynRM instead of an IM were demonstrated.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
2.1. Structure and principles of DOL Start PMa-SynRM
2.1.1. Permanent magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motor
The DOL Start PMa-SynRM is conformed by a squirrel cage inserted into the rotor of a PMa-
SynRM. The stator of the PMa-SynRM, is normally analogous to that of the IM, in order to save in
the production process [11], however some variations can be found in order to improve some parameters,
such as the case of the fractional-slot windings [12]. The rotor in these motors differ in the type of steel
lamination as can be seen in Figure 1.
Figure 1. IM and PMa-SynRM with steel laminations placed [13], a) IM; b) PMa-SynRM
Figure 2 shows a lamination of two flux barriers per pole, for a four-pole motor, as well as
the lamination and the general structure of a rotor with four barriers per pole, for the same number of poles.
The bridge of electrical steel in the core of the rotor must be carefully designed, because it has impact in
the magnetic rotor behavior and in the robustness of the rotor [14]. The reluctance moment occurs as
the rotor d axis (less reluctance) is aligned with the axis of the rotating magnetic field of the stator and both
rotate at synchronous speed.
Figure 2. Rotor laminations of 4-pole motors [14],
a) Lamination of two barriers; b) Rotor with four barriers lamination
The developed torque, which is a reluctance torque, is given by (1):
M =
3
2
p
2
{(Ld − Lq)IdsIqs} (Nm) (1)
Where: p is the number of pole pairs; Ld and Lq are the inductances on the d and q axis, respectively in (H);
and Ids and Iqs are the currents on the d and q axis, respectively in (A).
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2.1.2. Effect of permanent magnets in the PMa-SynRM
In order to improve the operational characteristics in terms of torque, power factor, efficiency and
other parameters, an adequate amount of PM is added in the flow barriers of the rotor core. The magnets can
be based on ferrite, or in rare earth: NdFeB (neodymium alloy, iron and boron), SmCo (samarium
and cobalt), etc. Ferrite types offer less improvement in torque density and power factor, and have a higher
risk of demagnetization, due to their low coercivity force (residual flux density less than 0.5 T), than those
based on rare earths. Rare earths have residual flux densities of up to about 1.3 T and produce higher torque
densities and power factor. However, its cost per kg increases significantly, by around 25 times in relation to
ferrite types [11, 15].
The quantity, dimensions and placement of the PM, vary according to the geometry of the rotor,
the operational characteristics desired and the cost of manufacture (which is one of the most important design
restrictions) [16]. In Figure 3 a), a lamination, which exemplifies the placement of the ferrites and
the position of the d and q axes, is shown [17]. In Figure 3 b) a rotor with the magnets placed
can be observed [14].
Figure 3. Positioning of the PM; a) Lamination showing a placement of the PM [14],
b) Example of a rotor with PM placed [14]
The torque produced by the PM is determined from (1), adding the term λPMIds, according to (2):
M =
3
2
p
2
{(Ld − Lq)IdsIqs + λPMIds} (Nm) (2)
Where: λPM is the flux concatenations caused by the PM (Wb-turn). Figure 4 shows the phasor diagram,
where the emf created by the PM is given by (3).
EPM = pωSλPM (V) (3)
Where: ωs is the synchronous speed of the rotating magnetic field of the stator (rad/s).
Figure 4. Phasor diagram of a PMa-SynRM [18]
When EPM is present, depending on its value, Vs will move towards the first quadrant and, consequently,
cosΦ will vary. For example, if EPM increases (in the positive sense), Φ decreases and cosΦ increases.
The torque density can be improved by approximately 45% using ferrite and by 100% using rare earth
magnets [19].
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Table 1 shows the comparative results between a PMa-SynRM with a ferrite magnet and another of
the same type, but with a rare earth magnet (NdFe35H) [18]. The comparison is made for a constant current
of Is = 6 A for the two motors. The increase of the power factor, the efficiency, the output power and torque
with the use of NdFe35H PM can be observed. However, PMa-SynRM with ferrite has some benefits in
relation to IM such as good torque and power density per unit volume, increase in the power factor, better
efficiency and low cost of ferrite [18]. The principal disadvantages of this PM type are the higher cost in
relation to IM, risk of demagnetization of ferrite magnets and relatively high parasite torques (although this
torques can be reduced with special designs) [20]. Table 2 shows the comparison of rated parameters of an
IM and a ferrite magnet PMa-SynRM.
Table 1. Comparison between two equal PMa-SinRM motors but with different PM
Values PMa-SinRM PMa-SinRM
PM Ferrite NdFe35H
Salience* 2.13 2.5
(o) 38 34
λPM (Wb) 0.05 0.16
Is (A) 6.0 6.0
Vs (V) 61.04 69.84
cosΦ 0.64 0.91
M (N-m) 3.2 5.6
n (rpm) 1800 1800
Pout (W) 603.19 1055.58
Pin (W) 704.79 1144.04
ƞ 0.86 0.92
(*Salience is the ratio Ld/Lq)
Table 2. Comparison between an IM and a PMa-SynRM
Parameters Induction motor rated values PMa-SynRM rated values
Output Power 37 kW 37 kW
Input Power 39.79 kW 37.41 kW
Voltage 460 V 460 V
Frequency 60 Hz 60 Hz
Power factor 0.84 0.89
Efficiency 93.0% 98.9%
Line current 59.5 A 52.82 A
Speed 1775 rpm 1800 rpm
As can been observed in table for a same output power, the input power is lower, so the efficiency
of the PMa-SynRM is 5.9 percentage points higher than the IM, which is remarkable. It is also shown that
the power factor is substantially higher than in the IM [2]. The cage of PMa-SynRM has the same effect as in
a squirrel cage induction motor at start-up. When the DOL Start PMa-SynRM is in synchronism, the cage
only acts as a damper. In steady state operation, the slip is zero, and there are no losses in the cage.
With the aim of achieving direct line starting and obtaining a high efficiency, superior to that of an IM,
several variants of PM-assisted reluctance motor have been developed for direct line start [10, 21-23].
All the solutions are achieved by adding a squirrel cage to a PMa-SynRM design and adjusting certain
parameters [24].
The design of the cage should be done to obtain, as much salience as possible, in order that the PM
can be properly installed and for having a safer operation during the starting period. In addition, a lower
salience value can be compensated to some extent with the action of the PM. Figure 5 shows a design
example of a lamination of a DOL Start PMa-SynRM. Certain parameters can be adjusted when designing
the electric steel ribs and flux barriers such as the number of barriers, its shape, its average thickness,
the distance between the barriers, as well as, the number, thickness and position of the bridges that retain
the rotor structure [10]. In Figure 6 a) and b) different geometrical methods are shown to reduce the risk of
irreversible demagnetization of ferrite PM, which is a significant risk of using them [10]. In addition,
the different inertia torques of the system can have an influence on the irreversible demagnetization during
the starting period, which also has to be taken into account in the rotor design.
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Figure 5. Lamination design of a DOL
Start PMa-SynRM [10]
(a) (b)
Figure 6. Different geometries of rotors to reduce the risk of
demagnetization [10], a) Two-pole rotor with original
barriers; b) Rotor with reduced flow barriers
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
3.1. Operational characteristics of a DOL Start PMa-SynRM
Table 3 shows the rated values of a DOL Start PMa-SynRM and an IM, both of 37 kW, 4 poles, 60
Hz. The efficiency class of the two motors is IE 4 (Super Premium Efficiency). Both are total enclosed fan
cooled (TEFC), Class F insulation and 1.15 service factor. The stator of the DOL Start PMa-SynRM is
identical to that of the IM.
Table 3. Rated values of an IM and a DOL Start PMa- SynRM of 37 kW, IE 4 TEFC
Parameters Induction motor rated values PMa-SynRM rated values
Output Power 37 kW 37 kW
Input Power 39.15 kW 37.6 kW
Voltage 460 V 460 V
Frequency 60 Hz 60 Hz
Power factor 0.86 0.885
Efficiency 94.5% 98.4%
Line current 57 A 53.33 A
Speed 1775 rpm 1800 rpm
3.2. Economic analysis: case study
To analyze the economic advantages and other aspects of the DOL Start PMa-SynRM, an economic
analysis was carried out, using data from a residual pump in the residuals station of “Ciudad Caracas” Sugar
Mill in Cienfuegos, Cuba. The analysis was carried out using the differential net present value (NPV)
discount method. This variant of the NPV allows eliminating equal (or almost equal) costs, for instance,
installation costs, maintenance costs, and the cost of the stator (which in this case will be the same), etc.
The study was done considering that, the motor works under the following conditions:
Average load factor: 0.85
Annual operating hours: 8040
The M1D electricity tariff (medium voltage tariff for 34.5 kV services, next to 110 and 220 kV
substations) is applied to the company object of study, according to Resolution 28-2011 of the Ministry of
Finance and Prices of Cuba [25]. The rates according to this resolution include a so-called K factor (fuel
factor), whose value reflects the proportion in which the weighted average of the prices of all fuels used in
electricity generation varies, and which is applied to the cost of energy consumption. For this study, K (3.4),
Cost of IM IE 4 TEFC (3685 USD), Cost of the DOL Start PMa-SynRM IE 4 TEFC (4904 USD), Cost
difference (1219 USD), Interest rate (35%), Discount rate (15%) and Lifespan (10 years). Since it was
necessary to evaluate the effect of the economic uncertainties, a multifactorial sensitivity analysis was done,
as it is shown below. Under these conditions, the differential NPV is 3301.56 USD.
3.3. Sensitivity analysis
For determining the influence of the uncertainty of some economic factors in the investment
feasibility, a sensitivity analysis was carried on. According to this, an experimental design was made,
considering the values obtained from the discounted flow economic analysis. This allows the simultaneous
assesment of the influence of several factors on the response (NPV). The four experimental factors
used were:
Cost of the investment
K factor
Interest rate
Lifespan
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The maximum and minimum values of the analyzed data range are shown in Table 4.
Table 4. Experimental factors maximum and minimum values
Experimental factor Minimum Maximum
Cost of the investment 4400 USD 5400 USD
K factor 3 6
Interest rate 8% 17%
Lifespan 6 years 10 years
A multilevel factorial design consisting of 81 single block runs with a completely random order was
designed. In the standardized Pareto diagram of Figure 7, it can be seen, in descending order of importance,
the effect of the factors. It can be noticed that the K factor, the lifespan and the product of both are
significant. This corresponds to the fact that, in the case of the first, it directly affects the price of energy and,
therefore, the income obtained by the savings achieved; and the second has a direct effect on depreciation and
accumulated discounted cash flow. In both cases, an increase in these factors leads to an increase in the NPV.
The statistical significance of the factors is proven in the analysis of variance shown in Table 5.
Figure 7. Standardized Pareto diagram for NPV showing the significance of the effects
Table 5. Analysis of variance for NPV
Source Sum of squares Gl Medium Square Ratio-F Value-P
A: Cost 1.42101E6 1 1.42101E6 0.66 0.4189
B: K factor 4.9516E7 1 4.9516E7 23.05 0.0000
C: Interest rate 1.22124E6 1 1.22124E6 0.57 0.4535
D: Lifespan 9.49247E6 1 9.49247E6 4.42 0.0393
AA 1.20987E6 1 1.20987E6 0.56 0.4556
AB 5.44445E6 1 5.44445E6 2.53 0.1161
AC 5.39604E6 1 5.39604E6 2.51 0.1177
AD 5.14624E6 1 5.14624E6 2.40 0.1264
BB 1.20988E6 1 1.20988E6 0.56 0.4556
BC 6.22235E6 1 6.22235E6 2.90 0.0934
BD 1.11391E7 1 1.11391E7 5.19 0.0260
CC 1.26411E6 1 1.26411E6 0.59 0.4457
CD 5.44444E6 1 5.44444E6 2.53 0.1161
DD 490284. 1 490284. 0.23 0.6344
Total error 1.41753E8 66 2.14777E6
Total (corr.) 2.4637E8 80
R-square = 42.4635 percent.
R-squared (adjusted by Gl) = 30.2588 percent.
Standard error of est. = 1465.53.
Average absolute error = 602.96.
Statistical Durbin-Watson = 2.04388 (P = 0.5886).
Residual autocorrelation of Lag 1 = -0.0219967
As shown in table, the K factor, the lifespan and the product of both have a P-value less than 0.05,
indicating with a confidence level of 95.0%, that there is a significant correlation between the variables.
The response surfaces obtained by varying the different factors are shown in Figures 8-13. In Figures 8-13
can be observed that by varying the factors in the considered intervals, the NPV always remains positive and
higher than 2200 USD. This is mainly due to the significant difference in efficiency between the DOL Start
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PMa-Syn RM and the IM, in any case. For an initial maximum differential cost of 1715 USD, which occurs
when the initial cost of the DOL Start PMa-Syn RM is 5400 (see table 4), with a differential NPV of no less
than 2200 USD, it is evident that with whatever may be the values (within the indicated intervals) of the 4
factors considered, the investment is feasible.
Figure 8. Estimated response surface for an interest
rate of 15% and a lifespan of 10 years
Figure 9. Estimated response surface for an interest
rate of 15% and an initial cost of the proposed motor
of 4904 USD
Figure 10. Estimated response surface for a K factor
of 3.4 and a lifespan of 10 years
Figure 11. Estimated response surface for a K factor
of 3.4 and an interest rate of 15%
Figure 12. Estimated response surface for a proposed
initial motor cost of 4904 USD and a live cycle of
10 years
Figure 13. Estimated response surface for an initial
motor cost of 4904 USD and a K factor of 3.4
4. CONCLUSIONS
A bibliographic search was carried out on constructive, operational and economic characteristics of
direct-on-line-start permanent-magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motors (DOL Start PMa-SynRM),
with the purpose of studying the advantages and disadvantages of its use to drive constant loads, instead of
the induction motor (IM). It was shown that with certain necessary constructive modifications with respect to
the PMa-SynRM with ferrite, magnets (used with variable frequency drives to start and operate with variable
speed loads), the DOL Start PMa-SynRM is considerably more efficient than the IM and does not present
disadvantages of operational or economic importance. It was evidenced that the main modification,
which is the insertion in the rotor of a squirrel cage for the start, does not produce a reduction in
the efficiency and in other operational values of importance, since the cage does not act in a steady state
(s = 0). Other modifications, such as the structure of the rotor (salience, flow barriers, shape and placement of
magnets, etc.) do not introduce negative operational effects that could be significant.
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An evaluation was performed with the use of a discount method: the differential NPV; and
a sensitivity analysis using a multilevel factorial experiment design. The study was applied to a residual
pump in the residuals station of a sugar mill, in which the comparative study was conducted. Four
experimental economic factors which present the fundamental variation: initial cost of investment, fuel factor
K (which influences the cost of energy), interest rate and lifespan, were considered. For each of them,
a maximum and a minimum value were established and the mathematical relationship between the NPV and
the four influencing factors was found. It was demonstrated, using a standardized Pareto diagram for
the NPV, that the most significant factors are the K factor (in the very first place), the lifespan and
the product of both. In the case of the first, it directly affects the price of energy and, therefore, the income
obtained by the savings achieved. An increase of these factors increases the NPV. With response surfaces
that are obtained with the multilevel factorial experiment by varying the factors in the ranges considered,
the NPV always remains positive and higher than 2200 USD. This is mainly due to the notable difference
between the efficiency of the DOL Start PMa-SynRM and the efficiency of the IM. Consequently,
the investment is feasible.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Percy R. Viego Felipe was born in Cienfuegos, Cuba on November 19, 1944. Received the B.S.
degree in Electrical Engineering from the Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba, in
1965. Received the Dr.C. (Ph.D.) degree from the Central Universidad Participated in a postdoctoral
scholarship on single-phase induction machine design at the Lappeenranta University of
Technology, Finland, in 1994. Currently is with the Center of Energy and Environmental Studies
(CEEMA), Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de Cienfuegos, Cuba.
Vladimir Sousa Santos was born in Cienfuegos, Cuba on November 21, 1980. Received the B.S
degree in Electrical Engineering from Universidad Central de Las Villas, Cuba, in 2004. Received
the M.Sc. degree in Energy Efficiency from Universidad de Cienfuegos, Cuba, in 2006. Received
the Dr.C. (Ph.D.) degree from Universidad Central de Las Villas, Cuba, in 2014. Currently is with
GIOPEN of Energy Department of Universidad de la Costa (CUC), Colombia. His area of interest
includes electric machines, power quality and energy efficiency.
Julio R. Gómez Sarduy was born in 1963 in Cienfuegos, Cuba. Received the B.S degree in
electrical engineering from Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba, in 1986. Received
the M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara,
Cuba, in 1996, from there he received his Ph.D. degree in 2006. Currently is with the Center for
the Study of Energy and Environment (CEEMA). Faculty of Engineering, Universidad de
Cienfuegos, Cienfuegos, Cuba. His area of interest includes electric machines, power quality and
energy efficiency in industrial power systems.
Enrique C. Quispe. (M´95. SM’12) was born in Lima, Perú, on January 20, 1956. He received
the B.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from the Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Perú in 1980.
M.Sc. in Electrical Engineering, M. Eng. in Industrial Automation and PhD. in Electrical
Engineering from Universidad del Valle, Colombia in 1994, 1997 and 2011, respectively. Since
1992, he has been with Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Cali, Colombia, where he is currently
Full Professor in the Department of Energy and Mechanics and the Director of the Energy Research
Group. His current research interests include the analysis of electrical machines and drives, power
quality and management and energy efficiency. He is an IEEE Senior Member.