The document presents the design improvement of a 12Slot-14Pole outer rotor field excitation flux switching motor (ORFEFSM) using deterministic optimization methods (DOM) involving 2D finite element analysis (FEA). The initial motor design had a torque of 112.95 Nm and power of 50.46 kW. Through DOM, parameters related to the rotor, field excitation coil, and armature coil were optimized sequentially. This led to an improved design with a maximum torque of 221.83 Nm and power of 189 kW, achieving the target of 210 Nm and 123 kW. The optimization process enhanced the motor performance by reducing flux saturation and improving flux linkage.
67.energy optimization of field oriented (1)imran shaikh
The document describes an adaptive flux search control technique to optimize the efficiency of a field oriented controlled six-phase induction motor drive. The technique adaptively changes the flux variation steps to decrease the convergence time of the search control algorithm. Simulation and experimental results show that when the proposed algorithm is run, it changes the stator flux amplitude to an optimal lower value than nominal to reduce input power without changing output power or torque, thereby improving efficiency. The adaptive flux search control is found to be faster than conventional search control techniques and effectively optimizes the efficiency of the six-phase induction motor drive.
This paper presents the comparative performances of Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) for the three-phase induction motor. Recently, the interest of widely used the induction motor at industries because of reliability, ruggedness and almost free in maintenance. Thus, the IFOC scheme is employed to control the speed of induction motor. Therefore, P and PI controllers based on IFOC approach are analyzed at differences speed commands with no load condition. On the other hand, the PI controller is tuned based on Ziegler-Nichols method by using PSIM software which is user-friendly for simulations, design and analysis of motor drive, control loop and the power converter in power electronics studies. Subsequently, the simulated of P controller results are compared with the simulated of PI controller results at difference speed commands with no load condition. Finally, the simulated results of speed controllers are compared with the experimental results in order to explore the performances of speed responses by using IFOC scheme for three-phase induction motor drives.
This paper describes the design and the simulation of a non-linear controller for two-mass system using induction motor basing on the backstepping method. The aim is to control the speed actual value of load motor matching with the speed reference load motor, moreover, electrical drive’s respone ensuring the “fast, accurate and small overshoot” and reducing the resonance oscillations for two-mass system using induction motor fed by voltage source inveter with ideally control performance of stator current. Backstepping controller uses the non-linear equations of an induction motor and the linear dynamical equations of two-mass system, the Lyapunov analysis and the errors between the real and the desired values. The controller has been implemented in both simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) real-time experiments using Typhoon HIL 402 system, when the drive system operates at a stable speed (rotor flux is constant) and greater than rated speed (field weakening area). The simulation and HIL results presented the correctness and effectiveness of the controller is proposed; furthermore, compared to PI method to see the response of the system clearly.
Fuzzy Adaptive Control for Direct Torque in Electric VehicleIAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a technique to control the electric vehicle (EV) speed and torque at any curve. Our propulsion model consists of two permanent magnet synchronous (PMSM) motors. The fuzzy adaptive PI controller is used to adjust the different static error constants, as per the speed error. The suggested based on the direct torque fuzzy control (DTFC). A Mamdani type fuzzy direct torque controller is first developed and then rules are modified using stator current membership functions. The computations are ensured by the electronic differential, this driving process permit to steer each driving wheels at any curve separately.Modeling and simulation are carried out using the Matlab/Simulink tool to investigate the performance of the proposed system.
Development of a low cost sensored control for high speed axial flux permanen...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes the development of a low-cost sensored control system for a high-speed axial flux permanent magnet electric machine. Key points:
1) A digital signal processor controller using Hall sensors provides accurate commutation of the three-phase windings to run the machine as a motor at speeds up to 50,000 RPM.
2) Computer simulations of the machine model and control system were performed and matched well with experimental tests, validating the machine's behavior under this control approach.
3) The sensored control provides a baseline for further research toward developing a more advanced sensorless control system for high-power, high-speed axial flux permanent magnet machines.
Self-Tuning Fuzzy Based PI Controller for DFIM Powered by Two Matrix ConvertersIJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a study of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine (DFIM) powered by two matrix converters; one connected to the stator windings and the other connected to the rotor windings. First, the mathematical model of DFIM and those of the matrix converters are developed. Then, the vector control technique is applied to the DFIM. Fuzzy logic is used in order to automatically adjust the parameters of the PI controller. The performance of this structure under different operating conditions is studied. Particular interest is given to the robustness of the fuzzy logic based control. The operation of the DFIM under overload conditions is also examined. Simulation results obtained in MATLAB/Simulink environment are presented and discussed.
Speed Tracking of Field Oriented Control Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor U...IJPEDS-IAES
The field oriented control theory and space vector pulse width modulation technique make a permanent magnet synchronous motor can achieve the performance as well as a DC motor. However, due to the nonlinearity of the permanent magnet synchronous motor drive characteristics, it is difficult to control by using conventional proportional-integral-derivative controller. By this reason in this paper an online neural network controller for the permanent magnet synchronous motor is proposed. The controller is designed to tracks variations of speed references and also during load disturbance. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by develop simulation model in MATLAB-simulink program. The simulation results show that the proposed controller can reduce the overshoot, settling time and rise time. It can be concluded that the performance of the controller is improved.
Permanent magnet flux switching machine (PMFSM) is a joint venture of switch reluctance machine (SRM) and permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). It has become a prominent research topic for various applications because of robust rotor structure, high torque and power densities but few were developed for downhole applications mainly due to harsh environmental conditions. Formerly, most of developed PMFSMs for downhole applications were mainly concentrated on inner-rotor type design, and difficult to find research work on outer-rotor configuration. Therefore, this paper introduces the design and investigation of PMFSM with outer-rotor configuration for downhole application. Primarily, the geometric topology of proposed design is described in detail. Then, the no load and load analysis are implemented in order to investigate the initial performance of the proposed design.
67.energy optimization of field oriented (1)imran shaikh
The document describes an adaptive flux search control technique to optimize the efficiency of a field oriented controlled six-phase induction motor drive. The technique adaptively changes the flux variation steps to decrease the convergence time of the search control algorithm. Simulation and experimental results show that when the proposed algorithm is run, it changes the stator flux amplitude to an optimal lower value than nominal to reduce input power without changing output power or torque, thereby improving efficiency. The adaptive flux search control is found to be faster than conventional search control techniques and effectively optimizes the efficiency of the six-phase induction motor drive.
This paper presents the comparative performances of Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) for the three-phase induction motor. Recently, the interest of widely used the induction motor at industries because of reliability, ruggedness and almost free in maintenance. Thus, the IFOC scheme is employed to control the speed of induction motor. Therefore, P and PI controllers based on IFOC approach are analyzed at differences speed commands with no load condition. On the other hand, the PI controller is tuned based on Ziegler-Nichols method by using PSIM software which is user-friendly for simulations, design and analysis of motor drive, control loop and the power converter in power electronics studies. Subsequently, the simulated of P controller results are compared with the simulated of PI controller results at difference speed commands with no load condition. Finally, the simulated results of speed controllers are compared with the experimental results in order to explore the performances of speed responses by using IFOC scheme for three-phase induction motor drives.
This paper describes the design and the simulation of a non-linear controller for two-mass system using induction motor basing on the backstepping method. The aim is to control the speed actual value of load motor matching with the speed reference load motor, moreover, electrical drive’s respone ensuring the “fast, accurate and small overshoot” and reducing the resonance oscillations for two-mass system using induction motor fed by voltage source inveter with ideally control performance of stator current. Backstepping controller uses the non-linear equations of an induction motor and the linear dynamical equations of two-mass system, the Lyapunov analysis and the errors between the real and the desired values. The controller has been implemented in both simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) real-time experiments using Typhoon HIL 402 system, when the drive system operates at a stable speed (rotor flux is constant) and greater than rated speed (field weakening area). The simulation and HIL results presented the correctness and effectiveness of the controller is proposed; furthermore, compared to PI method to see the response of the system clearly.
Fuzzy Adaptive Control for Direct Torque in Electric VehicleIAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a technique to control the electric vehicle (EV) speed and torque at any curve. Our propulsion model consists of two permanent magnet synchronous (PMSM) motors. The fuzzy adaptive PI controller is used to adjust the different static error constants, as per the speed error. The suggested based on the direct torque fuzzy control (DTFC). A Mamdani type fuzzy direct torque controller is first developed and then rules are modified using stator current membership functions. The computations are ensured by the electronic differential, this driving process permit to steer each driving wheels at any curve separately.Modeling and simulation are carried out using the Matlab/Simulink tool to investigate the performance of the proposed system.
Development of a low cost sensored control for high speed axial flux permanen...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes the development of a low-cost sensored control system for a high-speed axial flux permanent magnet electric machine. Key points:
1) A digital signal processor controller using Hall sensors provides accurate commutation of the three-phase windings to run the machine as a motor at speeds up to 50,000 RPM.
2) Computer simulations of the machine model and control system were performed and matched well with experimental tests, validating the machine's behavior under this control approach.
3) The sensored control provides a baseline for further research toward developing a more advanced sensorless control system for high-power, high-speed axial flux permanent magnet machines.
Self-Tuning Fuzzy Based PI Controller for DFIM Powered by Two Matrix ConvertersIJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a study of the Doubly Fed Induction Machine (DFIM) powered by two matrix converters; one connected to the stator windings and the other connected to the rotor windings. First, the mathematical model of DFIM and those of the matrix converters are developed. Then, the vector control technique is applied to the DFIM. Fuzzy logic is used in order to automatically adjust the parameters of the PI controller. The performance of this structure under different operating conditions is studied. Particular interest is given to the robustness of the fuzzy logic based control. The operation of the DFIM under overload conditions is also examined. Simulation results obtained in MATLAB/Simulink environment are presented and discussed.
Speed Tracking of Field Oriented Control Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor U...IJPEDS-IAES
The field oriented control theory and space vector pulse width modulation technique make a permanent magnet synchronous motor can achieve the performance as well as a DC motor. However, due to the nonlinearity of the permanent magnet synchronous motor drive characteristics, it is difficult to control by using conventional proportional-integral-derivative controller. By this reason in this paper an online neural network controller for the permanent magnet synchronous motor is proposed. The controller is designed to tracks variations of speed references and also during load disturbance. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by develop simulation model in MATLAB-simulink program. The simulation results show that the proposed controller can reduce the overshoot, settling time and rise time. It can be concluded that the performance of the controller is improved.
Permanent magnet flux switching machine (PMFSM) is a joint venture of switch reluctance machine (SRM) and permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). It has become a prominent research topic for various applications because of robust rotor structure, high torque and power densities but few were developed for downhole applications mainly due to harsh environmental conditions. Formerly, most of developed PMFSMs for downhole applications were mainly concentrated on inner-rotor type design, and difficult to find research work on outer-rotor configuration. Therefore, this paper introduces the design and investigation of PMFSM with outer-rotor configuration for downhole application. Primarily, the geometric topology of proposed design is described in detail. Then, the no load and load analysis are implemented in order to investigate the initial performance of the proposed design.
1. The document discusses the continuous and discontinuous operation of a DC motor fed from a thyristor chopper.
2. It presents the basic system equations that model the motor current and speed during the ON and OFF periods of chopper operation.
3. Conditions for continuous and discontinuous conduction are defined based on whether the minimum motor current goes to zero between chopping cycles. The criterion for discontinuous operation depends on duty ratio, chopping frequency and motor speed.
Implementation of PI Controller for 4Ф SRM Drive Using TMS320F28335IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents the experimental investigation of DSP based 4Ф Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) Drive. SRM is a doubly-salient, singly- excited machine and having very simple construction, has a low inertia and allows an extremely high-speed operation. The control system of SRM is highly complex due to non linear nature. In such a system for implementing control algorithm needs high speed processor. In this work TMS320F28335 DSP processor is used to implement the inner loop PI current controller and outer loop PI speed controller. The TMS320F28335 is highly integrated, high performance solution for challenging control applications. The various experimental tests are carried out in 1 HP 4Ф SRM. The experimental results are reported in order to verify the steady state, transient and robustness performance of the controller.
Design and Analysis of Mechanism for Dynamic Characterization of Power Transm...iosrjce
Power transmission systems are being widely used for transmission of power between two members.
Once a particular transmission system is realized it needs to be qualified before its course of application. As
part of this intended torque of the transmission systems needs to be measured and tested. Conventional means of
dynamic characterization of power transmission system has got the demerit of energy consumption to a greater
extent. Because of this more effort is to be put in terms of power for the sake of testing the intended system.
Great need exists for a system which consumes less or ideally no energy while performing test. This project
aims at evolution of a novel technique for evaluating the torque transmitting capability of power transmission
systems without consuming more energy. To start with all the subsystems of the proposed design will be
identified and each of them will be designed for getting their dimensions. Then these dimensional models will be
transformed to solid model of the assembled configuration using 3D CAD software. Functional load which will
be experienced by this design will be assessed and structural analysis will be carried out against these loads
using Finite Element Method (FEM) in commercial FEA software i.e. ANSYS
Speed controller design for three-phase induction motor based on dynamic ad...IJECEIAES
Three-phase induction motor (TIM) is widely used in industrial application like paper mills, water treatment and sewage plants in the urban area. In these applications, the speed of TIM is very important that should be not varying with applied load torque. In this study, direct on line (DOL) motor starting without controller is modelled to evaluate the motor response when connected directly to main supply. Conventional PI controller for stator direct current and stator quadrature current of induction motor are designed as an inner loop controller as well as a second conventional PI controller is designed in the outer loop for controlling the TIM speed. Proposed combined PI-lead (CPIL) controllers for inner and outer loops are designed to improve the overall performance of the TIM as compared with the conventional controller. In this paper, dynamic adjustment grasshopper optimization algorithm (DAGOA) is proposed for tuning the proposed controller of the system. Numerical results based on well-selected test function demonstrate that DAGOA has a better performance in terms of speed of convergence, solution accuracy and reliability than SGOA. The study results revealed that the currents and speed of TIM system using CPIL-DAGOA are faster than system using conventional PI and CPIL controllers tuned by SGOA. Moreover, the speed controller of TIM system with CPIL controlling scheme based on DAGOA reached the steady state faster than others when applied load torque.
The scheme of three level inverters based on svpwm overmodulation techniqueIAEME Publication
The document describes a space vector PWM overmodulation scheme for a three-level inverter driving an induction motor for traction applications. It discusses:
1) The NPC three-level inverter topology and its 27 switching states.
2) The SVPWM strategy, which is divided into undermodulation and overmodulation modes. Undermodulation uses linear and hybrid regions, while overmodulation uses two regions to extend the modulation index from 0.907 to unity.
3) An indirect vector control method for the induction motor that provides fast torque response needed for traction drives.
4) Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed overmodulation algorithm.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a fuzzy logic controller for controlling the speed of a permanent magnet brushless DC motor (PMBLDC motor) used to drive an air conditioner compressor. The paper describes developing a fuzzy logic controller in MATLAB and simulating a PMBLDC motor drive system using it. Simulation results for motor speed, torque, current and inverter voltages are analyzed and compared to experimental results from a TMS320F2808 digital signal processor to validate the effectiveness of the fuzzy logic controller. The document also provides details on modeling the proposed PMBLDC motor drive system, including the motor, voltage source inverter and fuzzy logic based controller.
In this paper, we will study a four-wheel drive electric vehicle (4WDEV)with two control strategies: conventional direct torque control CDTC and DTC based on fuzzy logic (DTFC). Our overall idea in this work is to show that the 4WDEV equipped with four induction motors providing the drive of the driving wheels controlled by the direct fuzzy torque control ensures good stability of the 4WDEV in the different topologies of the road, bends and slopes. and increases the range of the electric vehicle. Numerical simulations were performed on an electric vehicle powered by four 15 kW induction motors integrated into the wheels using the MATLAB / Simulink environment, where the reference speeds of each wheel (front and rear) are obtained using an electronic speed differential (ESD). This can eventually cause it to synchronize the wheel speeds in any curve. The speed of each wheel is controlled by two types of PI and FLC controllers to improve stability and speed response (in terms of setpoint tracking, disturbance rejection and climb time). Simulation results show that the proposed FLC control strategy reduces torque, flux and stator current ripple. While the4WDEV range was improved throughout the driving cycle and battery power consumption was reduced.
Investigation on Chassis Dynamometer with Capability to Test Regenerative Bra...IJPEDS-IAES
An investigation-based approach to a bidirectional power flow method for
testing regenerative braking function on a chassis dynamometer is presented.
The requirements and specifications for capability to test regenerative
braking function of Electric Vehicle (EV) emulated by using a bidirectional
chassis dynamometer are discussed. The dynamometer emulates road load
conditions during testing, and regenerative braking is able to test their
function while the vehicle is in deceleration condition. Performances of
power requirement are illustrated and translated into sequence diagram. It is
shown that the proposed topology is particularly advantageous in generating
and regenerating power for energy consumption. The overview of
conventional chassis dynamometer and the proposed chassis dynamometer is
compared to investigate the parameter in the development of regenerative
braking test.
Design, Modelling& Simulation of Double Sided Linear Segmented Switched Reluc...IOSR Journals
This document presents the design, modeling, and simulation of a double-sided linear segmented switched reluctance motor (LSSRM). The LSSRM is modeled using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show current, inductance, torque, and speed characteristics. A 6/4 LSSRM is designed and compared to a conventional SRM and segmented SRM (SSRM) of the same power rating. The LSSRM design uses concentric windings instead of full pitch windings, reducing copper usage and weight. Simulation results validate the LSSRM model and control strategy. The LSSRM provides higher torque than SRM and SSRM for the same frame size due to increased aligned inductance.
This document summarizes a study that uses Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy logic control as a speed controller for indirect field oriented control of an induction motor drive. The study builds a simulation model of indirect field oriented control for an induction motor in MATLAB Simulink. Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy logic is then applied as the speed controller using error and derivative error as inputs and change of torque command as the output. Simulation results show zero overshoot, a rise time of 0.4 seconds, and a settling time of 0.4 seconds. The steady state error is 0.01% indicating the speed can accurately follow the reference speed. The fuzzy logic controller provides effective speed control for the induction motor drive.
ENERGY EFFICIENT VARIABLE SPEED HIGH POWER FACTOR THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR...Journal For Research
Paper presents a new energy efficient technique of three phase AC to AC voltage control using medium frequency pulse width modulation and extinction angle control. This technique is deployed to obtain independent control on speed and power factor of the three phase induction motor, using four semiconductor controllable switches. The technique has been realized using AC freewheeling switch. Power factor (PF) of induction motor reduces as it depends on the load parameters, thus induction motor draws more current, increase stator copper losses. Increased stator copper losses of induction motor causes depreciation of power factor and efficiency. Proposed drive maintains power factor of induction motor at unity for controllable speed of the motor. Thus reduces current consumption of the motor at low speeds. Stator copper losses also reduce and efficiency of the motor is improved. Advantage of proposed drive is its higher efficiency and unity power factor with simplicity of control. .If number of motors are driven using the proposed drive, plenty of power conservation is possible.
Nowadays, A lot of industry requires Multi Motor System (MMS) applications such as propulsion and traction power, HEV, conveyer and air-conditioner. The Conventional arrangement for MMS usually done by cascading the motors drives which each drives has individual inverter. Part of MMS, Dual-Motor drives fed by a single inverter is being paid attention by the researchers. Dual-motor drives using a single three-leg inverter has its limitation in the case of different operating conditions and independent speed control requirement. Therefore, dual-Motor drives using a single Five-leg Inverter (FLI) was proposed for independent control for both motors. In PMSM drives, the information of the feedback speed and rotor angular position is compulsory for variable speed drives. Conventional solution is by using speed sensor which will increase size, cost, extra hardwire and feedback devices, especially for the case of dual-PMSM drives. The best solution to overcome this problem is by eliminating the usage of speed and position sensors for Dual-motor drives. This paper presents a new sensorless strategy using speed and position estimator for Independent Dual- Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) drives which utilize Five-Leg Inverter (FLI). The proposed strategy is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate the overall motor drive performance. Meanwhile the experimental set-up is connected to dSPACE 1103 Board. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed estimator is successfully managed to control the Dual-PMSM drives for variation of speed and for different direction applications.
IRJET- Off-Axis Motor Overdrive Ducted FanIRJET Journal
1. The document describes the design of an off-axis motor overdrive ducted fan for unmanned aerial vehicles. It aims to improve thrust by reducing flow separation and increasing the axial velocity component using an off-axis motor placement with an overdrive transmission.
2. Finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics simulations are used to compare a conventional on-axis ducted fan design to an off-axis version in terms of thrust, drag, power, and efficiency.
3. The off-axis design uses a lower kV brushless motor placed off the fan axis connected to the fan via a bevel gear transmission housed in the duct. Modular 3D printed ducts are manufactured and tested in a wind
A Novel Control Method Of Variable Speed Pumped Storage Power PlantIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a novel control method for variable speed pumped storage power plants using direct torque control (DTC) and a two-level voltage source converter (2LVSC). It begins by introducing variable speed pumped storage and some common control methods like static frequency converters and cycloconverters. It then provides more detail on DTC strategy for controlling a doubly fed asynchronous machine, including modeling the machine equations and analyzing the effect of voltage vectors on torque and flux regulation. Simulation results are presented showing improved efficiency compared to conventional plants from applying the novel DTC with 2LVSC control method.
Design of Switched Reluctance Motor for Three Wheeler Electric Vehicleidescitation
Switched Reluctance M achines (SRM ) offer
attractive attributes for automotive applications. Low cost, high
reliability, and competitive weight and efficiency combine to
make the switched reluctance (SR) motor drive a strong
candidate for application in future electric vehicle (EV)
propulsion systems. This paper proposes a methodology to
determine separately the peak and continuous power ratings
of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for electric propulsion
of an electric vehicle (EV).same machine have to deliver peak
and continuous power for different road load condition of
vehicle. Then gives switched reluctance design guidelines for
battery operated electric vehicles. Finally, it presents the
design and simulation of a switched reluctance motor power
train.
This paper proposes a long-stroke linear switched reluctance machine (LSRM) with a primary and a secondary translator for industrial conveyance applications. The secondary one can translate according to the primary one so that linear compound motions can be achieved. Considering the fact that either one translator imposes a time-variant, nonlinear disturbance onto the other, the self-tuning position controllers are implemented for the compound machine and experimental results demonstrate that the absolute steady-state error values can fall into 0.03 mm and 0.05 mm for the secondary and primary translator, respectively. A composite absolute precision of less than 0.6 mm can be achieved under the proposed control strategy.
IRJET- Simulation of Speed Control Techniques of Switched Reluctance Motors (...IRJET Journal
This document simulates speed control techniques for switched reluctance motors (SRM) using Matlab Simulink. Three controllers - P, PI, and PID - were tested after tuning. The PID controller provided the best response with reduced settling time, elimination of steady-state error, and minimized speed overshoot. The document describes the mathematical model of SRM, different configurations including 6/4, and simulation of the 6/4 model. Speed control using P, PI, and PID controllers is also discussed, with PID control found to perform best for controlling SRM speed.
Speed Torque Characteristics of BLDC Motor with Load Variationsijtsrd
Nowadays, Brushless DC motors are in high demand due to its high efficiency and other significant features. As there is no use of brushes, this type of motor is having many advantages like high torque to inertia ratio, high speed, and power density and low cost compared to conventional brushed motors. This paper determines speed torque characteristics of brushless dc motor with different load variation by using the proposed method and the developed controller. The variation in motor speed torque characteristics for half load, full load, and overloading condition is analyzed. This research has been conducted to analyze the model and compared with the simulation results which are very useful in studying the performance of motor system. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB Simulink environment. Ishita Gupta | Akash Varshney "Speed-Torque Characteristics of BLDC Motor with Load Variations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31197.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/31197/speedtorque-characteristics-of-bldc-motor-with-load-variations/ishita-gupta
Performance evolution of a PMSG based WECS using maximum power point tracking...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Experimental Investigation on Performance of Turbo-matching of Turbocharger A...IRJET Journal
This document experimentally investigates the performance of matching a turbocharger (A58N72) to a TATA 497 TCIC - BS III diesel engine. The researchers used simulation software to initially match the turbocharger to the engine. They then validated the match using a data logger during road tests with the vehicle. The data logger recorded operating parameters which were plotted on a compressor map to analyze the match for issues like surge or choke. The goal was to ensure the engine operating points fell within the efficient heart region of the compressor map during all operating conditions.
A breakthrough in this century has been the development of electric vehicle which is propelled by electric motor powered by electricity. Already, many electric motors have been used for electric vehicle application but performances are low. In this paper, a permanent magnet motor technology using unconventional segmented rotor for high torque application is presented. Unlike conventional motors, this design, flux switching motor (FSM) is an advance form of synchronous machine with double rotating frequency. It accommodates both armature winding and flux source on the stator while the rotor is a simple passive laminated sheet steel. Conventionally, rotor of the maiden FSM and many emerging designs have focused on the salient pole, this design employs segmented rotor. Segmented rotor has advantages of short flux path more than salient rotor pole resulting in high flux linkage. Geometric topology of the proposed motor is introduced. It consists of 24Stator-14Pole using PM flux source with alternate stator tooth armature winding. The 2D-FEA model utilized JMAG Tool Solver to design and analyze motor’s performance in terms of torque with average torque output of 470Nm. The suitability of segmented outer-rotor FS motor as a high torque machine, using permanent magnet technology is a reliable candidate for electric vehicle.
Recently, permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) having the diameter of 11inches was successfully developed and installed in electric scooter vehicle (ESV) for propulsion. It consists of segmented stators of 24 armature slots and 100 pieces of permanent magnet of 2 kg weight mounted on rotating rotor. Upon the huge amount of materials and permanent magnet used, PMSM produced 110Nm only. Looking at the size, this torque is low and could not sustain acceleration for long distance travels. To overcome the challenge of low torque, this paper presents a new machine type, flux switching motor (FSM) with 1 kg weight of permanent magnet flux source employing segmented outer rotor. Six ranges of split ratio of 0.80-0.85 for outer rotor 24slot-14pole FSPM motor configurations were designed and compared. The 2D-FEA by JMAG software version 14 is used to examine its performance in term of flux linkage, cogging torque, back-emf and average torque which the structure with split ratio of 0.85 took lead by securing highest torque profile of 209Nm. It also achieved low cogging torque to operate in safe region. In conclusion, appropriate split ratio significantly enhances high torque capability of permanent magnet flux switching motor for electric scooter propulsion.
1. The document discusses the continuous and discontinuous operation of a DC motor fed from a thyristor chopper.
2. It presents the basic system equations that model the motor current and speed during the ON and OFF periods of chopper operation.
3. Conditions for continuous and discontinuous conduction are defined based on whether the minimum motor current goes to zero between chopping cycles. The criterion for discontinuous operation depends on duty ratio, chopping frequency and motor speed.
Implementation of PI Controller for 4Ф SRM Drive Using TMS320F28335IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents the experimental investigation of DSP based 4Ф Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) Drive. SRM is a doubly-salient, singly- excited machine and having very simple construction, has a low inertia and allows an extremely high-speed operation. The control system of SRM is highly complex due to non linear nature. In such a system for implementing control algorithm needs high speed processor. In this work TMS320F28335 DSP processor is used to implement the inner loop PI current controller and outer loop PI speed controller. The TMS320F28335 is highly integrated, high performance solution for challenging control applications. The various experimental tests are carried out in 1 HP 4Ф SRM. The experimental results are reported in order to verify the steady state, transient and robustness performance of the controller.
Design and Analysis of Mechanism for Dynamic Characterization of Power Transm...iosrjce
Power transmission systems are being widely used for transmission of power between two members.
Once a particular transmission system is realized it needs to be qualified before its course of application. As
part of this intended torque of the transmission systems needs to be measured and tested. Conventional means of
dynamic characterization of power transmission system has got the demerit of energy consumption to a greater
extent. Because of this more effort is to be put in terms of power for the sake of testing the intended system.
Great need exists for a system which consumes less or ideally no energy while performing test. This project
aims at evolution of a novel technique for evaluating the torque transmitting capability of power transmission
systems without consuming more energy. To start with all the subsystems of the proposed design will be
identified and each of them will be designed for getting their dimensions. Then these dimensional models will be
transformed to solid model of the assembled configuration using 3D CAD software. Functional load which will
be experienced by this design will be assessed and structural analysis will be carried out against these loads
using Finite Element Method (FEM) in commercial FEA software i.e. ANSYS
Speed controller design for three-phase induction motor based on dynamic ad...IJECEIAES
Three-phase induction motor (TIM) is widely used in industrial application like paper mills, water treatment and sewage plants in the urban area. In these applications, the speed of TIM is very important that should be not varying with applied load torque. In this study, direct on line (DOL) motor starting without controller is modelled to evaluate the motor response when connected directly to main supply. Conventional PI controller for stator direct current and stator quadrature current of induction motor are designed as an inner loop controller as well as a second conventional PI controller is designed in the outer loop for controlling the TIM speed. Proposed combined PI-lead (CPIL) controllers for inner and outer loops are designed to improve the overall performance of the TIM as compared with the conventional controller. In this paper, dynamic adjustment grasshopper optimization algorithm (DAGOA) is proposed for tuning the proposed controller of the system. Numerical results based on well-selected test function demonstrate that DAGOA has a better performance in terms of speed of convergence, solution accuracy and reliability than SGOA. The study results revealed that the currents and speed of TIM system using CPIL-DAGOA are faster than system using conventional PI and CPIL controllers tuned by SGOA. Moreover, the speed controller of TIM system with CPIL controlling scheme based on DAGOA reached the steady state faster than others when applied load torque.
The scheme of three level inverters based on svpwm overmodulation techniqueIAEME Publication
The document describes a space vector PWM overmodulation scheme for a three-level inverter driving an induction motor for traction applications. It discusses:
1) The NPC three-level inverter topology and its 27 switching states.
2) The SVPWM strategy, which is divided into undermodulation and overmodulation modes. Undermodulation uses linear and hybrid regions, while overmodulation uses two regions to extend the modulation index from 0.907 to unity.
3) An indirect vector control method for the induction motor that provides fast torque response needed for traction drives.
4) Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed overmodulation algorithm.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a fuzzy logic controller for controlling the speed of a permanent magnet brushless DC motor (PMBLDC motor) used to drive an air conditioner compressor. The paper describes developing a fuzzy logic controller in MATLAB and simulating a PMBLDC motor drive system using it. Simulation results for motor speed, torque, current and inverter voltages are analyzed and compared to experimental results from a TMS320F2808 digital signal processor to validate the effectiveness of the fuzzy logic controller. The document also provides details on modeling the proposed PMBLDC motor drive system, including the motor, voltage source inverter and fuzzy logic based controller.
In this paper, we will study a four-wheel drive electric vehicle (4WDEV)with two control strategies: conventional direct torque control CDTC and DTC based on fuzzy logic (DTFC). Our overall idea in this work is to show that the 4WDEV equipped with four induction motors providing the drive of the driving wheels controlled by the direct fuzzy torque control ensures good stability of the 4WDEV in the different topologies of the road, bends and slopes. and increases the range of the electric vehicle. Numerical simulations were performed on an electric vehicle powered by four 15 kW induction motors integrated into the wheels using the MATLAB / Simulink environment, where the reference speeds of each wheel (front and rear) are obtained using an electronic speed differential (ESD). This can eventually cause it to synchronize the wheel speeds in any curve. The speed of each wheel is controlled by two types of PI and FLC controllers to improve stability and speed response (in terms of setpoint tracking, disturbance rejection and climb time). Simulation results show that the proposed FLC control strategy reduces torque, flux and stator current ripple. While the4WDEV range was improved throughout the driving cycle and battery power consumption was reduced.
Investigation on Chassis Dynamometer with Capability to Test Regenerative Bra...IJPEDS-IAES
An investigation-based approach to a bidirectional power flow method for
testing regenerative braking function on a chassis dynamometer is presented.
The requirements and specifications for capability to test regenerative
braking function of Electric Vehicle (EV) emulated by using a bidirectional
chassis dynamometer are discussed. The dynamometer emulates road load
conditions during testing, and regenerative braking is able to test their
function while the vehicle is in deceleration condition. Performances of
power requirement are illustrated and translated into sequence diagram. It is
shown that the proposed topology is particularly advantageous in generating
and regenerating power for energy consumption. The overview of
conventional chassis dynamometer and the proposed chassis dynamometer is
compared to investigate the parameter in the development of regenerative
braking test.
Design, Modelling& Simulation of Double Sided Linear Segmented Switched Reluc...IOSR Journals
This document presents the design, modeling, and simulation of a double-sided linear segmented switched reluctance motor (LSSRM). The LSSRM is modeled using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show current, inductance, torque, and speed characteristics. A 6/4 LSSRM is designed and compared to a conventional SRM and segmented SRM (SSRM) of the same power rating. The LSSRM design uses concentric windings instead of full pitch windings, reducing copper usage and weight. Simulation results validate the LSSRM model and control strategy. The LSSRM provides higher torque than SRM and SSRM for the same frame size due to increased aligned inductance.
This document summarizes a study that uses Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy logic control as a speed controller for indirect field oriented control of an induction motor drive. The study builds a simulation model of indirect field oriented control for an induction motor in MATLAB Simulink. Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy logic is then applied as the speed controller using error and derivative error as inputs and change of torque command as the output. Simulation results show zero overshoot, a rise time of 0.4 seconds, and a settling time of 0.4 seconds. The steady state error is 0.01% indicating the speed can accurately follow the reference speed. The fuzzy logic controller provides effective speed control for the induction motor drive.
ENERGY EFFICIENT VARIABLE SPEED HIGH POWER FACTOR THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR...Journal For Research
Paper presents a new energy efficient technique of three phase AC to AC voltage control using medium frequency pulse width modulation and extinction angle control. This technique is deployed to obtain independent control on speed and power factor of the three phase induction motor, using four semiconductor controllable switches. The technique has been realized using AC freewheeling switch. Power factor (PF) of induction motor reduces as it depends on the load parameters, thus induction motor draws more current, increase stator copper losses. Increased stator copper losses of induction motor causes depreciation of power factor and efficiency. Proposed drive maintains power factor of induction motor at unity for controllable speed of the motor. Thus reduces current consumption of the motor at low speeds. Stator copper losses also reduce and efficiency of the motor is improved. Advantage of proposed drive is its higher efficiency and unity power factor with simplicity of control. .If number of motors are driven using the proposed drive, plenty of power conservation is possible.
Nowadays, A lot of industry requires Multi Motor System (MMS) applications such as propulsion and traction power, HEV, conveyer and air-conditioner. The Conventional arrangement for MMS usually done by cascading the motors drives which each drives has individual inverter. Part of MMS, Dual-Motor drives fed by a single inverter is being paid attention by the researchers. Dual-motor drives using a single three-leg inverter has its limitation in the case of different operating conditions and independent speed control requirement. Therefore, dual-Motor drives using a single Five-leg Inverter (FLI) was proposed for independent control for both motors. In PMSM drives, the information of the feedback speed and rotor angular position is compulsory for variable speed drives. Conventional solution is by using speed sensor which will increase size, cost, extra hardwire and feedback devices, especially for the case of dual-PMSM drives. The best solution to overcome this problem is by eliminating the usage of speed and position sensors for Dual-motor drives. This paper presents a new sensorless strategy using speed and position estimator for Independent Dual- Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) drives which utilize Five-Leg Inverter (FLI). The proposed strategy is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate the overall motor drive performance. Meanwhile the experimental set-up is connected to dSPACE 1103 Board. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed estimator is successfully managed to control the Dual-PMSM drives for variation of speed and for different direction applications.
IRJET- Off-Axis Motor Overdrive Ducted FanIRJET Journal
1. The document describes the design of an off-axis motor overdrive ducted fan for unmanned aerial vehicles. It aims to improve thrust by reducing flow separation and increasing the axial velocity component using an off-axis motor placement with an overdrive transmission.
2. Finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics simulations are used to compare a conventional on-axis ducted fan design to an off-axis version in terms of thrust, drag, power, and efficiency.
3. The off-axis design uses a lower kV brushless motor placed off the fan axis connected to the fan via a bevel gear transmission housed in the duct. Modular 3D printed ducts are manufactured and tested in a wind
A Novel Control Method Of Variable Speed Pumped Storage Power PlantIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a novel control method for variable speed pumped storage power plants using direct torque control (DTC) and a two-level voltage source converter (2LVSC). It begins by introducing variable speed pumped storage and some common control methods like static frequency converters and cycloconverters. It then provides more detail on DTC strategy for controlling a doubly fed asynchronous machine, including modeling the machine equations and analyzing the effect of voltage vectors on torque and flux regulation. Simulation results are presented showing improved efficiency compared to conventional plants from applying the novel DTC with 2LVSC control method.
Design of Switched Reluctance Motor for Three Wheeler Electric Vehicleidescitation
Switched Reluctance M achines (SRM ) offer
attractive attributes for automotive applications. Low cost, high
reliability, and competitive weight and efficiency combine to
make the switched reluctance (SR) motor drive a strong
candidate for application in future electric vehicle (EV)
propulsion systems. This paper proposes a methodology to
determine separately the peak and continuous power ratings
of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for electric propulsion
of an electric vehicle (EV).same machine have to deliver peak
and continuous power for different road load condition of
vehicle. Then gives switched reluctance design guidelines for
battery operated electric vehicles. Finally, it presents the
design and simulation of a switched reluctance motor power
train.
This paper proposes a long-stroke linear switched reluctance machine (LSRM) with a primary and a secondary translator for industrial conveyance applications. The secondary one can translate according to the primary one so that linear compound motions can be achieved. Considering the fact that either one translator imposes a time-variant, nonlinear disturbance onto the other, the self-tuning position controllers are implemented for the compound machine and experimental results demonstrate that the absolute steady-state error values can fall into 0.03 mm and 0.05 mm for the secondary and primary translator, respectively. A composite absolute precision of less than 0.6 mm can be achieved under the proposed control strategy.
IRJET- Simulation of Speed Control Techniques of Switched Reluctance Motors (...IRJET Journal
This document simulates speed control techniques for switched reluctance motors (SRM) using Matlab Simulink. Three controllers - P, PI, and PID - were tested after tuning. The PID controller provided the best response with reduced settling time, elimination of steady-state error, and minimized speed overshoot. The document describes the mathematical model of SRM, different configurations including 6/4, and simulation of the 6/4 model. Speed control using P, PI, and PID controllers is also discussed, with PID control found to perform best for controlling SRM speed.
Speed Torque Characteristics of BLDC Motor with Load Variationsijtsrd
Nowadays, Brushless DC motors are in high demand due to its high efficiency and other significant features. As there is no use of brushes, this type of motor is having many advantages like high torque to inertia ratio, high speed, and power density and low cost compared to conventional brushed motors. This paper determines speed torque characteristics of brushless dc motor with different load variation by using the proposed method and the developed controller. The variation in motor speed torque characteristics for half load, full load, and overloading condition is analyzed. This research has been conducted to analyze the model and compared with the simulation results which are very useful in studying the performance of motor system. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB Simulink environment. Ishita Gupta | Akash Varshney "Speed-Torque Characteristics of BLDC Motor with Load Variations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31197.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/31197/speedtorque-characteristics-of-bldc-motor-with-load-variations/ishita-gupta
Performance evolution of a PMSG based WECS using maximum power point tracking...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Experimental Investigation on Performance of Turbo-matching of Turbocharger A...IRJET Journal
This document experimentally investigates the performance of matching a turbocharger (A58N72) to a TATA 497 TCIC - BS III diesel engine. The researchers used simulation software to initially match the turbocharger to the engine. They then validated the match using a data logger during road tests with the vehicle. The data logger recorded operating parameters which were plotted on a compressor map to analyze the match for issues like surge or choke. The goal was to ensure the engine operating points fell within the efficient heart region of the compressor map during all operating conditions.
A breakthrough in this century has been the development of electric vehicle which is propelled by electric motor powered by electricity. Already, many electric motors have been used for electric vehicle application but performances are low. In this paper, a permanent magnet motor technology using unconventional segmented rotor for high torque application is presented. Unlike conventional motors, this design, flux switching motor (FSM) is an advance form of synchronous machine with double rotating frequency. It accommodates both armature winding and flux source on the stator while the rotor is a simple passive laminated sheet steel. Conventionally, rotor of the maiden FSM and many emerging designs have focused on the salient pole, this design employs segmented rotor. Segmented rotor has advantages of short flux path more than salient rotor pole resulting in high flux linkage. Geometric topology of the proposed motor is introduced. It consists of 24Stator-14Pole using PM flux source with alternate stator tooth armature winding. The 2D-FEA model utilized JMAG Tool Solver to design and analyze motor’s performance in terms of torque with average torque output of 470Nm. The suitability of segmented outer-rotor FS motor as a high torque machine, using permanent magnet technology is a reliable candidate for electric vehicle.
Recently, permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) having the diameter of 11inches was successfully developed and installed in electric scooter vehicle (ESV) for propulsion. It consists of segmented stators of 24 armature slots and 100 pieces of permanent magnet of 2 kg weight mounted on rotating rotor. Upon the huge amount of materials and permanent magnet used, PMSM produced 110Nm only. Looking at the size, this torque is low and could not sustain acceleration for long distance travels. To overcome the challenge of low torque, this paper presents a new machine type, flux switching motor (FSM) with 1 kg weight of permanent magnet flux source employing segmented outer rotor. Six ranges of split ratio of 0.80-0.85 for outer rotor 24slot-14pole FSPM motor configurations were designed and compared. The 2D-FEA by JMAG software version 14 is used to examine its performance in term of flux linkage, cogging torque, back-emf and average torque which the structure with split ratio of 0.85 took lead by securing highest torque profile of 209Nm. It also achieved low cogging torque to operate in safe region. In conclusion, appropriate split ratio significantly enhances high torque capability of permanent magnet flux switching motor for electric scooter propulsion.
The main objective of aerospace industry is to produce all electric aircraft (AEA) equipped by electrical devices in coming developments. Electrical machines that provide higher torque densities are gaining more interest for researchers to obtain sustainable direct-drive electrical propulsion system for aircraft applications. In addition to lesser weight and higher torque density, a machine should be “fault tolerant” to applied in aerospace applications. A novel machine for high starting torque, identified as flux switching machine (FSM) was established over the last decade. FSMs comprise all effective sources on stator including robust rotor structure. These machines exhibited higher “torque-to-weight ratios” and reliability. Nonetheless, the challenge of developing a machine suitable for aircraft applications goes far beyond electromagnetic design and much deeper into the field of mechanical systems than traditional ones. Thus, a new double stator (DS) hybrid excitation (HE) FSM design employing segmented rotor is proposed and analyzed in this research work. The suggested design for DS HE-FSM comprises of six field excitation coils (FECs) and six permanent magnets (PMs) as their excitation sources. In this research, investigation of DS HE-FSM is accomplished with respect to flux linkage, back EMF, cogging torque and torque analysis based on 2D FEA.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method called rotor pole shaping to reduce cogging torque in flux-switching permanent magnet machines (FSPMs). Cogging torque is relatively high in FSPMs due to their doubly salient structure and high flux density. The proposed method introduces flanges in the rotor teeth as a way to modify the rotor dimensions and reduce cogging torque without changing the stator. Finite element analysis is used to examine the impact of flange geometry on cogging torque. The effects on back-EMF, average torque, and torque ripple are also investigated. The results suggest rotor pole shaping is an effective method for cogging torque reduction in FSPMs.
In the past, 4S-10P E-Core Hybrid Flux Switching Motor (HFSM) had been studied. However, the motor suffers high cogging torque but it has high performance in terms of high power and high torque at high speed. Therefore, this paper is proposing the cogging torque reduction techniques to minimize the cogging torque. The high cogging torque gave an undesirable effect during low operating speed of the motor. In order to tackle the issue, the cogging torque mechanism in equation is laid out as a form of reference. Then the reduction techniques employed on the designs and analyzed with Finite Element analysis (FEA) in JMAG. The results show the cogging torque of the optimized design is 44.45% of the motor torque. Besides, the techniques employed to identify which techniques gave the most cogging torque reduction and analyzed the geometrical difference using the cogging torque mechanism. Finally, the analysis is discussed based on the modified geometrics.
This paper describes the performance enhancement of double stator permanent magnet synchronous machines (DS-PMSM) based on genetic algorithm optimization (GAO). Generally, throughout the development stage, an analytical calculation is implemented to build the initial model of the DS-PMSM since the analytical calculation can provide the initial parameters based on the types and materials used in the machine design. For further improvement, GAO might potentially be applied to provide the optimization technique in searching the optimal motor parameters iteratively and intelligently with specific objective functions. For this aim, a three-phase, DS-PMSM with different number of slots between the outer and inner stators is first designed by using analytical parameter estimation and then later optimized by GAO. The outer and inner stators have 12-slots and 9-slots respectively, while, the rotor carries 10 magnetic poles. Four main input motor parameters, i.e. outer stator slot opening, outer magnet pole arc, inner stator slot opening and inner magnet pole arc are varied and optimized to achieve the design objective functions, i.e. high output torque, low torque ripple, low cogging torque and low total harmonic distortion (THDv). The results from the optimized GAO are compared with the initial motor model and further validated by finite element method (FEM). The results show a good agreement between GAO and FEM. GAO has achieved very significant improvements in enhancing the machine performance.
This paper presents a new design and performance of single phase permanent magnet flux-switching machine (PMFSM) for electric bicycle application. 8Slot-12Pole design machine were choose by analyzing the highest power density value. All active parts such as permanent magnet and armature coil are located on the stator, while the rotor part consists of only single piece iron. PMFSM have a great advantage with robust rotor structure that make it much higher power and applicable for EV application compared to SRM and IPMSM. The design, operating principles, characteristics of torque, and power of this new topology are investigated by JMAG-Designer via a 2D-FEA. Size of motor and volume of PM is designed at 75mm and 80g, respectively. Based on the investigation, it can be concluded that the proposed topology of single phase 8Slot 12Pole PMFSM achieved the target of highest performance of power density, approximately at 0.113W/mm3 with reduced permanent magnet and size of design motor. Due to the low torque performance of this initial design, further works is ongoing to improve the torque performance. In future work, outer rotor PMFSM structure design will be presented and compared with the “Deterministic Optimization Method” to improve the initial design.
This paper addresses the irreversible permanent magnet (PM) demagnetization analysis of hybrid excitation flux switching motor (HEFSM) with outer-rotor configuration. PM demagnetization cause the PM strength used in the motor significantly reduces and hence contributes less torque performance. The study is focused on thermal analysis and conducted at various temperature up to as high as 180 degrees Celsius which has a tendency to be demagnetized. Therefore, PM demagnetization is among a critical issue and influences the choice of the applied motor. The analysis is carried out based on finite element method (FEM) and percentage of PM demagnetization is then calculated. Finally, based on simulated and calculated results the final design outer-rotor HEFSM has only 0.85 percent PM demagnetization at very high temperature and obviously the is no PM demagnetization at normal operating conditions.
Power Optimization and Control in Wind Energy Conversion Systems using Fracti...IRJET Journal
This document describes a proposed method for optimizing power extraction from a wind energy conversion system (WECS) using fractional order extremum seeking control (FOESC). The WECS uses an induction generator connected to the grid through a matrix converter. An inner loop nonlinear controller based on field oriented control is used to control the generator along with an outer loop maximum power point tracking controller. The proposed outer loop controller is a FOESC, which is a non-model based optimization method that can track the maximum power point faster than conventional extremum seeking control methods. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of using FOESC for maximum power point tracking in a WECS.
Flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machine with high temperature superconductors (HTS) bulks located between the rotor poles to eliminate the flux leakage in the rotor, termed as (HTS-FSPM) machine has been proposed in this paper. Using genetic algorithm, the HTS and the conventional FSPM machines having the same size constraints and load conditions have been globally optimized for max. aveage torque. To highlight the advantages of the HTS-FSPM machine, a performance comparison between the conventional and HTS-FSPM machines has been presented. It is found that the HTS-FSPM machine can increase the torque by 27%, however, this comes with the expense of higher torque ripple and power losses.
This paper presents a design and development of 8/6 switched reluctance motor for small electric vehicle using analytical method. The absent of permanent magnet, inherent fault tolerance capabilities, simple and robust construction make this motor become more attractive for small electric vehicle application such as electric scooter and go-kart. The switched reluctance motor is modelled using analytical formula in designing process. Later, the designed model is analyzed using ANSYS RMxprt software. In order to achieve 5kW power rating and to match with the design requirement, the switched reluctance motor model has been analyzed using RMxprt tools for the preliminary parameters design process. This tools is able to predict the output performance of motor in term of speed, flux linkage characteristic, output torque and efficiency.
Optimized design of submersible induction motor using maxwell 16IAEME Publication
This document summarizes the optimization of a 7.5 kW submersible induction motor design using Maxwell 16 software. The existing motor design with TYPE 2 stator slots is compared to a proposed design with modified TYPE 4 slots. Simulation results show the proposed slot design achieves 2.05% higher efficiency, lower magnetizing current, higher power factor, torque, and output power. This optimized design improves motor performance without requiring complex manufacturing changes or increased costs.
Modeling and Simulation of Three Phase Induction Machine Using Written Pole T...IOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper in which stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same stator core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. In this study, it is suggested to operate the machine with flat efficiency characteristics, irrespective of shaft load. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt high frequency ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor. The aim of this paper is to analyze and simulate performance of a 1Hp three phase induction motor using written pole technology using the well known Park’s transformation. A three phase squirrel cage machine is reconfigured and modeled into a two three phase stator winding accommodate in same stator core of the same volume as the three phase machine. Different tests are carried out on the novel machine to determine machine parameters. Simulation results, that predicts the dynamic performance of the machine using ANSYS, at start up are presented and discussed.
The trend in the motor applications is to reduce weight and volume by increasing the efficiency. Because of the advantage of high efficiency and high density, interest in brushless DC motors and drives is increasing. Unlike DC motors, the brushless DC (BLDC) motors require inverter circuit and position detector. In this paper, we deal with the optimization of the BLDC motor, the inverter, and the position detector. The inverter is optimized to be mounted on the BLDC motor. This paper deals primarily with the design and implementation aspects of the BLDC motor and the integrated drive circuit. Experimental results for the prototype of the BLDC motor with integrated dirve circuit in the laboratory are presented to validate the feasibility.
This paper discusses about winding arrangement of fractional slot of a new type hollow rotor Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor. Hollow rotor has higher performance compared to other BLDC motor because it minimizes the unused flux below permanent magnet and maximize torque produce by the motor. It’s also known that 8 pole motor is favorite used in industrial because it has an optimum space of permanent magnet for a smaller motor size. The number of pole will affect the maximum speed of the rotor. Thus, the objective of this research is to investigate the best winding arrangement for 8 pole of hollow rotor that could produce the highest electromagnetic performance. At starts, four combinations of slot number and coil sizes had been selected. Structural comparison in term of coil vector and winding arrangement is studied. Finite Element Method (FEM) had been used to simulate the parameters such as backemf and torque waveforms. It was convinced that 9 slot 8 pole with 0.6 size of coil produces the best performance. The confirmed model had been fabricated and measured. Both results from FEM and measurement are compared in term of backemf and torque where percentage differences are 7.4 % and 8 %, respectively. As conclusion, this research shows the fundamental of winding arrangement of fractional slot of motor especially 8 pole motor.
Experimental Evaluation of Torque Performance of Voltage and Current Models u...IJPEDS-IAES
In this paper, two kinds of observers are proposed to investigate torque estimation. The first one is based on a voltage model represented with a low- pass filter (LPF); which is normally used as a replacement for a pure integrator to avoid integration drift problem due to dc offset or measurement error. The second estimator used is an extended Kalman filter (EKF) as a current model, which puts into account all noise problems. Both estimation algorithms are investigated during the steady and transient states, tested under light load, and then compared with the measured mechanical torque. In all conditions, it will be shown that the torque estimation error for EKF has remained within narrower error band and yielded minimum torque ripples when compared to LPF estimation. This motivates the use of EKF observer in high performance control drives of induction machines for achieving improved torque response.
A new design method for low speed torus type afpm machine for hev applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine type has some advantages such as compressed packaging, easy handling, and safety operation. In this paper the proper structure selection of AFPM machine for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application is one of the aims. To reduce the losses and the total volume of machine, the coreless TORUS-NS type machine is selected. Designing of this machine, to obtain a wide speed range with high efficiency, low cogging torque and high torque value, as in-wheel direct-drive AFPM machine for HEV, is investigated. The operation performance in low and medium speed ranges is studied. A new design method based on multi speed design (MSD) strategy is proposed. Using this method with a coreless type of stators, the total AFPM machine efficiency at the HEV operation cycles could be improved. Performance analysis of this in-wheel AFPM machine is done using finite-element method (FEM). FEM analysis of the single-speed design (SSD) method is also done. MSD and SSD designed machines are applied in HEV and simulated using urban and highway cycles. The obtained results show the better performance of HEV, using the MSD based designed machine in all operation cycles. The experimental results obtained from sample practical prototype, confirm the analytical method. Keywords: Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM), TORUS type, direct-drive, in-wheel, multi-speed design, single-speed design.
This document presents a new design method for a low-speed torus type axial flux permanent magnet machine intended for hybrid electric vehicle applications. A torus-NS type machine structure with a coreless stator is selected to reduce losses and volume. A multi-speed design strategy is proposed and analyzed using finite element analysis. This method aims to improve machine efficiency over the vehicle's operating cycles. Both multi-speed and single-speed designed machines are simulated in urban and highway cycles, showing better performance from the multi-speed designed machine. Experimental results from a prototype confirm the analytical design method.
Advanced Optimal PSO, Fuzzy and PI Controller with PMSM and WTGS at 5Hz Side ...IAES-IJPEDS
To use different control systems, like classical PI controller, Expert System
Fuzzy Logic Controller and optimization PSO controller. It used to control
for PMSM which worked in the integration system to Wind Energy. Wind
energy content of wind turbine, PMSM, rectifier, DC bus, inverter, filter,
load and grid. In the first step, to run the PMSM with different speeds to get
a different frequency to select the frequency on the side of a generation with
the rated speed. Second step, solve the mathematical equation to use different
values of wind speed with selected (15,20 m/s and less than with more than
15&20m/s). Third step, calculation the power generation with wind speed
(15 m/5 & 20 m/s). Fourth step, using these component system rectifier, DC
bus, inverter, filter, load & grid with WTGS & PMSM. Final step, uses
different control systems, like classical PI controller, Expert System Fuzzy
Logic controller and optimization PSO controller with PMSM to analyze all
results after using the simulation model of proposed variable speed based on
WECS. The wind turbine is coupled with PMSM. A closed loop control
system with a PI control, fuzzy, PSO in the speed loop with current
controllers. The simulation circuits for PMSM, inverter, speed and current
controllers include all realistic components of the drive system. These results
also confirmed that the transient torque and current never exceed the
maximum permissible value.
A Novel Modified Turn-on Angle Control Scheme for Torque- Ripple Reduction in...IJPEDS-IAES
In recent years, Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM) have been dramatically
considered with both researchers and industries. SRMs not only have a
simple and reliable structure, but also have low cost production process.
However, discrete torque production of SRM along with intensive magnetic
saturation in stator and rotor cores are the major drawbacks of utilizing in
variety of industrial applications and also causes the inappropriate torque
ripples. In this paper, a modified logical-rule-based Torque Sharing Function
(TSF) method is proposed considering turn-on angle control. The optimized
turn-on angle for conducting each phase is achieved by estimating the
inductance curve in the vicinity of unaligned position and based on an
analytical solution for each phase voltage equation. Simulation results on a
four-phase switched reluctance motor and comparison with the conventional
methods validates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Similar to Design Improvement of Three Phase 12Slot-14Pole Outer Rotor Field Excitation Flux Switching Motor (20)
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
The document presents a new method for fault classification and direction discrimination in transmission lines using 1D convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs). A 132kV transmission line model is simulated to generate training and testing data for the 1D-CNN algorithm. The proposed 1D-CNN approach directly uses the voltage and current signals from one end as input, merging feature extraction and classification into a single learning process. Testing shows the 1D-CNN method accurately classifies and discriminates fault direction with higher accuracy than conventional neural network and fuzzy neural network methods under different fault conditions.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a battery energy storage system (BESS) with droop control to reduce frequency fluctuations in a multi-machine power system connected to a large-scale photovoltaic (PV) plant. The paper develops a droop control strategy for the BESS that incorporates a frequency error signal and dead-band. Simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC software show that the proposed droop control-based BESS can efficiently curtail frequency oscillations caused by fluctuations in PV power injection due to changing solar irradiance.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The document describes a proposed modified bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter (NSFCL) for distribution networks. The NSFCL consists of a bridge rectifier, two DC reactors (one small in series and one large in parallel), and an IGBT semiconductor switch controlled by a command circuit. During normal operation, the IGBT is on and the parallel reactor is bypassed, making the NSFCL invisible. During a fault, the IGBT turns off, inserting the parallel reactor to limit fault current. Simulation results showed the design effectively limits fault current while minimally affecting normal operation.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
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FEC-
2
FEC-
1
C
B C
C
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
C
Rotor
Shaft
with low size and weight would be very crucial and benefits for mankind. Early examples of inner-rotor
FEFSM, the three-phase 12S-14P FEFSMs are developed as shown in Figure 2 [16].
This study presents an investigation and optimization study of 12S-14P outer-rotor FEFSM. In this
electric motor design, the capability of FEC makes the machine more attractive especially for the modulating
of flux. Initially, the design study of the proposed electric motor was reported as discussed [17]. However,
based on initial analysis using 2D-FEA, the proposed motor have shortcoming that prevent them to achieve
maximum performances especially at maximum current density. To improve the design drawbacks, design
optimization by deterministic optimization method (DOM) were conducted. The proposed initial design are
illustrated in Figure 3(a). In the meantime, Figure 3(b) shows the design after optimization take place. The
study on optimization shall be done to ensure the optimum performance of the design with new structure to
give higher output torque and power.
Figure 1. Classification of Flux Switching Motor (FSM)
Figure 2. Initial design of 12S-14P FEFSM
Figure 3. (a) Initial design of 12Slot-14Pole OR-FEFSM (b) Optimized design of 12Slot-14Pole OR-FEFSM
Flux Switching
Motor (FSM)
Permanent Magnet
(PM) FSM
Permanent Magnet
Excitation
Field Excitation
(FE) FSM
DC Field Excitation
Hybrid Excitation
(HE) FSM
Permanent Magnet
and DC Field
Excitation
264
60
0.8
219.12
Stator
Shaf
t
Armature
Coil
FE
C
Rotor
26
60
0.
219.
12
Shaf
t
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241
2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Design improvement is conducted by updating seven individual parameters identified as P1 to P6.
This P1-P6 design parameters are sensitive towards the improvement of machine performance and defined in
two major part, the rotor and stator part. Then the design parameter are divided in three group for applying
deterministic method, such as rotor parameter (P1-P3), DC-FEC parameter (P4-P5) and armature coil,AC
parameter (P6) and all the design parameter can be illustrated in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Design parameter defined as P1-P6
2.1. Design Improvement Process
Figure 5 shows the cycle of design improvement for this design. This method is executed
consecutively to the design until achive an optimum performances of the machine. Each parameter P1-P6 of
the electric motor design contributes to the increase in torque performance and lessen a flux saturation. The
first step is carried out by changing the rotor parameters, P1, P2 and P3 while keeping P4-P6 as constant.
Theoretically, torque is directly proportional to the rotor parameter, P1-P3 with the motor diameter remain
constant, 264mm. Therefore, the rotor radius can be presumed as one of the dominant parameters to increase
torque performances and lessen flux saturation at the rotor teeth. As for rotor pole height, P2 are improving to
allow the flux to flow from the stator to rotor with low flux saturation and flux leakage. The other parameters
remained constant when changing the pole height, P2. The rotor width P3 improvement prone to receive all
flux from stator teeth by the increase in space and width. The rotor parameter of P1, P2 and P3 are then
updated to get an optimum torque.
The next group of parameters will be the FEC group P4-P5, and other parameters are kept constant
when changing the DC-FEC parameters. DC-FEC slot width, P5 and DC-FEC slot depth, P6 do help to
contribute towards the increment of machine torque output. This is because the increase of the DC-FEC slot
area, help to improve more flux linkage with the increase of No. of Turn (NoT) against current to be injected
to the DC-FEC. The P4 and P5 parameter are adjusted to obtain the optimum performance and produced a
higher torque. Once the maximum torque for rotor and FEC are determined, the final step will be done by
improve the armature coil, AC slot or armature coil, AC slot length, P6. By decreasing the armature coil slot
length and maintain the slot area will directly result in higher width of armature coil slot. Thus, it adjusted
with the stator tooth width and cause magnetic flux to concentrate and flow into the rotor. Hence,
deterministic optimization method is treated consecutively by varied P1-P6 until the target maximum torque
and power are achieved.
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Start
Change rotor Parameters
P1P2P3
Change Field Excitation Coil
Parameter P4 P 5
Change Armature Coil Parameter
P6
T>=210Nm
P>123kW
End
Yes
No
Figure 5. Cycle of design optimization
2.2. Design Parameter and Specification
The design restrictions, target specifications and parameters of both initial and optimized design of
ORFEFSM are listed in Table 1. Assuming water jacket system is employed as the cooling system for the
machine, the limit of the current density is set to have maximum at 30Arms/mm2
for armature winding and
30A/mm2 for DC-FEC, respectively. It can be expected that the rotor structure is mechanically robust to
rotate at high-speed because it consists of stacked soft iron sheets, which the target maximum operating
speed is elevated up to 20,000r/min.
Table 1. Design Parameters and Specification
Items
12S-14P ORFEFSM
Initial Optimize
Max. current density in armature winding, Ja (Arms/mm2
) 30 30
Max. current density in excitation winding, Je (A/mm2
) 30 30
Outer diameter of motor (mm) 264 264
Motor stack length (mm) 70 70
Air gap length (mm) 0.8 0.8
Rotor radius, P1 (mm) 110.36 114.36
Rotor pole width, P2 (mm) 22.71 19.46
Rotor pole depth, P3 (mm) 10.82 13.82
FEC height, P4 (mm) 53.04 36.09
FEC width, P5 (mm) 2.76 4.77
Armature coil height, P6 (mm) 53.04 26.04
No. of turns of Armature coil, Na 7 6
No. of turns of FEC, Ne 44 44
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2.3. Under No-Load and On Load Condition Analysis
Thereupon, the analysis under no-load and on load condition is fulfill and compared with the initial
design analysis that have been accomplish. From the analysis, the back-emf and cogging torque are
investigated at 1200r/min. On load condition, a flux distribution is investigated when Je and Ja at maximum
30A/mm2 and 30Arms/mm2
, respectively. The final design is expected to reduce the flux saturation in order to
generate more flux linkage and increase the overall performance of the design.
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
3.1. Induced Voltage
The comparison of induced voltage of initial and final design 12Slot-14Pole OR-FEFSM at the
speed of 1200rpm is illustrated in Figure 6. Induced voltage for initial design are 137.2V, while the induced
voltages for final designs are 177.15V respectively. Figure 6 clearly shown that the amplitude of induced
voltage for the final design motors has been increase. The maximum induced voltage increase by 29.12%
from its initial value. Induced voltage depends on the maximum flux linkage, since the maximum flux
linkage increase, the induced voltage are affected. Importantly, the harmonics is significantly reduced and
the induced voltage did not exceed the supply voltage, which is good for performance of the motor
because it will not interrupt the operation of the motors as it is use for regenerative brake to charge battery.
Figure 6. Induced voltage of the initial and optimize design
3.2. Cogging Torque
The cogging torque characteristic for initial and improved design is shown in Figure 7. From the
figure, it is clearly shown that the peak to peak cogging torque of the improved design is increase by 15.59
Nm increase with 7 times more than initial design for 12S-14P, which is 2.1 Nm. General theory expected
that the torque and power will be improved with less vibration and noise as compared to initial design
although the final cogging torque increase because in high speed region the cogging torque will be negligible.
Besides, the cogging torque increment still below 10% of the instantaneous torque. Explaining research
chronological, including research design, research procedure (in the form of algorithms, Pseudocode or
other), how to test and data acquisition [1]-[3]. The description of the course of research should be supported
references, so the explanation can be accepted scientifically [2],[4].
Figure 7. Instantaneous torque characteristics of initial and optimized design
-500
-300
-100
100
300
500
0 36 72 108 144 180 216 252 288 324 360
B-EMF [V]
Electrical Degree [°]
Initial Induced Voltage Final Induced Voltage
-20
-10
0
10
20
0 36 72 108 144 180 216 252 288 324 360
Torque [Nm]
Electrical Cycle [°]
Initial Cogging Torque Optimized Cogging Torque
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3.3. Instantaneous Torque Characteristics Equations
The instantaneous torque is demonstrated in Figure 8 respectively. It is shown that the maximum
torque of the improved design able to achieve approximately 59% more torque than the initial torque
performance. Nevertheless, 12S-14P able to achieve targeted torque, 210Nm from 112.95Nm to 221.83Nm,
which is 96.4% higher than initial and 5.63% higher than targeted torque. It is comprehensible that an
increase in the armature current density will increase the torque performance, thus a maximum torque was
achieved at the maximum armature current and excitation current densities.
Figure 8. Instantaneous torque characteristics of initial and optimized design
3.4. Torque versus Speed Characteristics
The torque versus speed characteristics of the optimized 12S-14P OR-FEFSM are shown in
Figure 9. The graph clearly shows that the final design produced better torque speed ranges and much higher
torque capability. From the figure, blue lines indicate the torque curve optimized design while the red lines
indicate the initial design torque curve for comparison. Hence, it is noticeable that optimized design achieve
maximum torque, 226.9 Nm at base speed 8,081 rpm compared to initial design achieve maximum torque,
112.95 Nm with base speed 4,266rpm. This design have an increment of 89% higher base speed from the
initial design. Thus, it shows that the performance of optimized 12S-14P OR-FEFSM is acceptable because it
maintained the high torque at a higher speed range and produced higher torque capabilities in high speed
region.
Figure 9. Torque versus Speed characteristics
3.5. Power versus Speed Characteristics
Furthermore, the comparison of power versus speed characteristics is shown in Figure 10. It is clear
from the figure that the power achieved by optimized 12S-14P is higher than initial design from 50.46kW
increased up to 189 kW followed with base speed initial design, 4,266rpm to 8,081rpm and gradually start
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
0 36 72 108 144 180 216 252 288 324 360
Torque [Nm]
Electrical Cycle [º]
Optimized Initial
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
0 2500 5000 7500 10000 12500 15000 17500 20000
Torque [Nm]
Speed [rpm]
Optimized Initial
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reduced slightly as speed increase. However power starts to reduce slightly when speed is more than
8,081rpm due to iron and copper losses. This power versus speed characteristic curve is the same for initial
and optimized design. In addition, the power achieved for initial design at maximum torque of 221Nm is
approximately 50.46kW when the speed is 4,266rpm.
Figure 10. Power versus Speed characteristics
4. CONCLUSION
In design improvement related to 2-Dimension, deterministic method is a reliable and efficient
method for 12Slot-14Pole ORFEFSM. As the motor outer diameter remain constant, it still capable to
achieve a high torque and more power output of the motor. Compared to initial design performance, the
torque has been optimize to reach 221.83 Nm and power output is 189 kW which is higher than the targeted
performance. Since 12S-14P ORFEFSM did not have any permanent magnet as excitation, improvement
through deterministic method are acceptable. Besides, the improvement is being done successively to achieve
optimal results.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper was partly sponsored by the (Geran IGSP, Vot U241) and Centre for Graduate Studies of
University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Syed Muhammad Naufal Syed Othman was born on 26th
of December, 1990 in Johor
Bahru, Johor, Malaysia who is currently a PhD scholar at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia (UTHM), Johor. Obtained a Bachelor degree and Master degree (Research) in
Electrical Engineering in Research Centre for Applied Electromagnetics (EMC) at
University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia in 2013 and 2016. Research interest in electric
machine design, niche in flux switching machine for direct drive application.
Md Zarafi Ahmad was born in Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia in July, 1979.He is currently
PhD scholar at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia after obtained his Bachelor degree in
Electrical Engineering from University Technology Mara in 2003 and Master degree in
Electrical Engineering from Universiti Technologi Malaysia in 2006. He has been a lecturer
at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia since 2006. His research interests is electric
machine design especially in flux switching machine for electric vehicle applications.
Jaudah Abd Rani received the Bachelor of Electrical Engineering with Honours from the
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat, Johor in 2016 and is currently
working toward the Master degree in Electrical Engineering from UTHM as well. Currently
she is a Post Graduate Student under Research Center for Applied Electromagnetics
(EMCenter) doing research on Hybrid Flux Switching Motor for Electric Vehicle. She had
been working in the field of flux switching machine since 2015. Since then, she had wrote
several paper for local conferences regarding hybrid flux switching motor.
Fatihah Shafiqah Bahrim was born in Johor, Malaysia on November 1992. She received
the B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Universiti Teknologi Mara (UiTM), Selangor,
Malaysia in 2015. Since September 2015, she has been a researcher in Research Center for
Applied Electromagnetics (EMC) at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Johor, Malaysia. Her
present research interests include Design and Modelling of Electrical Machine, Special
Electrical Machine and Embedded Power Electronics
9. IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694
Design Improvement of Three Phase 12Slot-14Pole Outer Rotor Field Excitation .... (S. M. N. S. Othman)
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Erwan Sulaiman who is currently serving as a senior lecturer at University Tun Hussein
Onn Malaysia (UTHM) was born on August 31, 1978 in Johor, Malaysia. He gained his
Bachelor degree and Master degrees in Electrical Engineering from University of Malaya in
2001 and 2004. He has been with UTHM from December 2004 and obtained Doctor Degree
in Electrical Engineering from Nagoya Institute of Technology (NIT), Japan in 2012. His
research interests include design optimizations of HEFSM, WFFSM, in particular, for HEV
drive applications.