The main objective of aerospace industry is to produce all electric aircraft (AEA) equipped by electrical devices in coming developments. Electrical machines that provide higher torque densities are gaining more interest for researchers to obtain sustainable direct-drive electrical propulsion system for aircraft applications. In addition to lesser weight and higher torque density, a machine should be “fault tolerant” to applied in aerospace applications. A novel machine for high starting torque, identified as flux switching machine (FSM) was established over the last decade. FSMs comprise all effective sources on stator including robust rotor structure. These machines exhibited higher “torque-to-weight ratios” and reliability. Nonetheless, the challenge of developing a machine suitable for aircraft applications goes far beyond electromagnetic design and much deeper into the field of mechanical systems than traditional ones. Thus, a new double stator (DS) hybrid excitation (HE) FSM design employing segmented rotor is proposed and analyzed in this research work. The suggested design for DS HE-FSM comprises of six field excitation coils (FECs) and six permanent magnets (PMs) as their excitation sources. In this research, investigation of DS HE-FSM is accomplished with respect to flux linkage, back EMF, cogging torque and torque analysis based on 2D FEA.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A breakthrough in this century has been the development of electric vehicle which is propelled by electric motor powered by electricity. Already, many electric motors have been used for electric vehicle application but performances are low. In this paper, a permanent magnet motor technology using unconventional segmented rotor for high torque application is presented. Unlike conventional motors, this design, flux switching motor (FSM) is an advance form of synchronous machine with double rotating frequency. It accommodates both armature winding and flux source on the stator while the rotor is a simple passive laminated sheet steel. Conventionally, rotor of the maiden FSM and many emerging designs have focused on the salient pole, this design employs segmented rotor. Segmented rotor has advantages of short flux path more than salient rotor pole resulting in high flux linkage. Geometric topology of the proposed motor is introduced. It consists of 24Stator-14Pole using PM flux source with alternate stator tooth armature winding. The 2D-FEA model utilized JMAG Tool Solver to design and analyze motor’s performance in terms of torque with average torque output of 470Nm. The suitability of segmented outer-rotor FS motor as a high torque machine, using permanent magnet technology is a reliable candidate for electric vehicle.
DTC CONTROL OF BLAC AND BLDC MOTORS FOR PURE ELECTRIC VEHICLESijics
While creating an industrial system which has an electric motor, the designers should to be think over not
only control method but also motor type to create successful and efficiency system. If created system is an
electric vehicle, designers have two powerful candidates as traction motor: Brushless AC (BLAC) or
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors. In this study, a comparative performance investigation and evaluation are
presented between direct torque controlled (DTC) Brushless AC and Brushless DC motors which have
been considered as traction motor on electric vehicles. In addition, a short review to BLAC and BLDC
motor technology is also included. The basics of the DTC method are presented and small-scale pure
electric vehicle model is created and integrated to the motor control model. The BLAC and BLDC motors
modeled as having the same electrical parameters and simulated with same control model parameters in
order to make fair comparison. The simulation studies have proved that DTC controlled BLAC and BLDC
motors have closer performances as vehicle traction motor, and both motor types can be allowed as a good
candidate for pure electric vehicles applications.
Maxon presentation sizing drive systems with low power dc motors 02-2014Electromate
This document provides an overview and agenda for a drive seminar hosted by maxon motor. The seminar will cover topics related to selecting drive components for low power DC motor systems, including:
- Typical performance characteristics of DC motors and their significance in drive systems
- Selecting appropriate drive components like motors, gearheads, and controllers
- Applying drive systems in dynamic applications
The agenda outlines presentations and activities that will help participants: get an overview of servo drive system parts and their interaction; learn how to read motor and gearhead datasheets; and know how to select the correct DC or EC motor system for an application. The document includes examples of motor selection processes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Crc press electric and hybrid vehicles design fundamentals - i. husain (20...Daniel Marques
This document provides an overview of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. It begins with a preface describing the motivation and intended use of the text as a comprehensive systems-level textbook on electric and hybrid vehicle fundamentals for engineering students. The 10-chapter book covers topics including vehicle mechanics, energy sources like batteries and fuel cells, electric machines, and hybrid vehicle drivetrains. It aims to educate students on electric vehicle aspects and serve as a reference for engineers working in electric vehicle design.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method called rotor pole shaping to reduce cogging torque in flux-switching permanent magnet machines (FSPMs). Cogging torque is relatively high in FSPMs due to their doubly salient structure and high flux density. The proposed method introduces flanges in the rotor teeth as a way to modify the rotor dimensions and reduce cogging torque without changing the stator. Finite element analysis is used to examine the impact of flange geometry on cogging torque. The effects on back-EMF, average torque, and torque ripple are also investigated. The results suggest rotor pole shaping is an effective method for cogging torque reduction in FSPMs.
Smfir technology based transportation system and applicability of mppteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A breakthrough in this century has been the development of electric vehicle which is propelled by electric motor powered by electricity. Already, many electric motors have been used for electric vehicle application but performances are low. In this paper, a permanent magnet motor technology using unconventional segmented rotor for high torque application is presented. Unlike conventional motors, this design, flux switching motor (FSM) is an advance form of synchronous machine with double rotating frequency. It accommodates both armature winding and flux source on the stator while the rotor is a simple passive laminated sheet steel. Conventionally, rotor of the maiden FSM and many emerging designs have focused on the salient pole, this design employs segmented rotor. Segmented rotor has advantages of short flux path more than salient rotor pole resulting in high flux linkage. Geometric topology of the proposed motor is introduced. It consists of 24Stator-14Pole using PM flux source with alternate stator tooth armature winding. The 2D-FEA model utilized JMAG Tool Solver to design and analyze motor’s performance in terms of torque with average torque output of 470Nm. The suitability of segmented outer-rotor FS motor as a high torque machine, using permanent magnet technology is a reliable candidate for electric vehicle.
DTC CONTROL OF BLAC AND BLDC MOTORS FOR PURE ELECTRIC VEHICLESijics
While creating an industrial system which has an electric motor, the designers should to be think over not
only control method but also motor type to create successful and efficiency system. If created system is an
electric vehicle, designers have two powerful candidates as traction motor: Brushless AC (BLAC) or
Brushless DC (BLDC) motors. In this study, a comparative performance investigation and evaluation are
presented between direct torque controlled (DTC) Brushless AC and Brushless DC motors which have
been considered as traction motor on electric vehicles. In addition, a short review to BLAC and BLDC
motor technology is also included. The basics of the DTC method are presented and small-scale pure
electric vehicle model is created and integrated to the motor control model. The BLAC and BLDC motors
modeled as having the same electrical parameters and simulated with same control model parameters in
order to make fair comparison. The simulation studies have proved that DTC controlled BLAC and BLDC
motors have closer performances as vehicle traction motor, and both motor types can be allowed as a good
candidate for pure electric vehicles applications.
Maxon presentation sizing drive systems with low power dc motors 02-2014Electromate
This document provides an overview and agenda for a drive seminar hosted by maxon motor. The seminar will cover topics related to selecting drive components for low power DC motor systems, including:
- Typical performance characteristics of DC motors and their significance in drive systems
- Selecting appropriate drive components like motors, gearheads, and controllers
- Applying drive systems in dynamic applications
The agenda outlines presentations and activities that will help participants: get an overview of servo drive system parts and their interaction; learn how to read motor and gearhead datasheets; and know how to select the correct DC or EC motor system for an application. The document includes examples of motor selection processes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Crc press electric and hybrid vehicles design fundamentals - i. husain (20...Daniel Marques
This document provides an overview of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. It begins with a preface describing the motivation and intended use of the text as a comprehensive systems-level textbook on electric and hybrid vehicle fundamentals for engineering students. The 10-chapter book covers topics including vehicle mechanics, energy sources like batteries and fuel cells, electric machines, and hybrid vehicle drivetrains. It aims to educate students on electric vehicle aspects and serve as a reference for engineers working in electric vehicle design.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method called rotor pole shaping to reduce cogging torque in flux-switching permanent magnet machines (FSPMs). Cogging torque is relatively high in FSPMs due to their doubly salient structure and high flux density. The proposed method introduces flanges in the rotor teeth as a way to modify the rotor dimensions and reduce cogging torque without changing the stator. Finite element analysis is used to examine the impact of flange geometry on cogging torque. The effects on back-EMF, average torque, and torque ripple are also investigated. The results suggest rotor pole shaping is an effective method for cogging torque reduction in FSPMs.
Smfir technology based transportation system and applicability of mppteSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Energy Management System in Electric Vehicle with PV Fed SRM SystemIJMTST Journal
This project presents the switched reluctance motor (SRM) with hybrid renewable system. Switched
Reluctance Motors (SRM) has a wide range of industrial applications because of their advantages over
conventional AC/DC Drives. This is due to simple construction, ruggedness and inexpensive manufacturing
potential. Various methods have used and applied to control SRM speed generally, the PV-fed EV has a
similar structure to the hybrid electrical vehicle, whose internal combustion engine(ICE) is replaced by the
hybrid system. A hybrid energy system, or hybrid power, usually consists of two or more renewable energy
sources used together to provide increased system efficiency as well as greater balance in energy supply.
The PV has different characteristics to ICEs, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and solar energy
utilization are the unique factors for the PV-fed EVs. This matter is done by applying the proposed system to
a multi-objective function including both speed error and torque ripple. This controller is implemented for an
8/6, 4-kW SRM. In this paper to coordinate the PV panel, SRM and battery. Hybrid renewables applied in
Energy storage like battery technologies, superconducting magnetic energy, capacitors, compressed air and
pumped storage, seems to be an alternative method that the operator of an electrical power grid can use to
adapt energy production to energy consumption, both of which can vary randomly over time. The simulation
results confirm excellent dynamic performance, reduced torque ripple and current oscillation can be achieved
by using ANFIS
Application of Graphical User Interface (GUI) for Analysing Voltage Instabili...IJSRED
This document describes the development of a graphical user interface (GUI) platform to analyze voltage instability in electrical power systems using modal analysis technique. The GUI allows users to analyze voltage instability in both a 3-bus test system and the IEEE 14-bus test system. For the 3-bus system, results from the GUI show that Load Bus 2 has the highest participation factor, indicating a higher chance of voltage instability. For the IEEE 14-bus system, Load Bus 14 has the highest participation factor. The developed GUI is intended for use in teaching voltage stability analysis concepts to engineering students and professionals.
Module 1: Electric vehicle Technology for VTU - by Dr. C V MohanDrCVMOHAN
This document provides an introduction to electric and hybrid electric vehicles. It discusses the types of electric vehicles including battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell electric vehicles. Examples of popular electric vehicles are also presented such as the Tesla Roadster, Toyota Prius, Chevrolet Volt, and Mitsubishi i-MiEV. The document then discusses electric vehicle configurations and components including electric drive systems, traction motors, and transmission requirements. Vehicle performance metrics like maximum speed, gradeability, and acceleration are also examined. Finally, the document covers topics like normal driving tractive effort using common drive cycles and energy consumption calculations.
Cascaded Multiport Converter for SRM Based Hybrid Electrical Vehicleijtsrd
This document summarizes a research article about a cascaded multiport converter for switched reluctance motor-based hybrid electric vehicles. The proposed converter provides flexible energy conversion between various power sources and the motor. It also achieves battery management functions like state-of-charge balance control and bus voltage regulation. The converter topology and control strategies are analyzed through MATLAB simulations. The results demonstrate that the converter can achieve different driving, regenerative braking, and charging modes to satisfy various operation requirements of hybrid electric vehicles.
This document describes the development of a quad-rotor robot called the X-4 Flyer intended to serve as an experimental platform. It summarizes:
1) Existing quad-rotor platforms are often based on toys and lack reliability for experimental use, while the X-4 Flyer was designed with custom components for robustness and a payload capacity.
2) The dynamics and control system of the X-4 Flyer are modeled mathematically, including rotor thrust and torque equations accounting for blade flapping.
3) A linear controller is designed and tested in simulation to stabilize the aircraft's roll and pitch for continuous flight.
Speed Torque Characteristics of BLDC Motor with Load Variationsijtsrd
Nowadays, Brushless DC motors are in high demand due to its high efficiency and other significant features. As there is no use of brushes, this type of motor is having many advantages like high torque to inertia ratio, high speed, and power density and low cost compared to conventional brushed motors. This paper determines speed torque characteristics of brushless dc motor with different load variation by using the proposed method and the developed controller. The variation in motor speed torque characteristics for half load, full load, and overloading condition is analyzed. This research has been conducted to analyze the model and compared with the simulation results which are very useful in studying the performance of motor system. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB Simulink environment. Ishita Gupta | Akash Varshney "Speed-Torque Characteristics of BLDC Motor with Load Variations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31197.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/31197/speedtorque-characteristics-of-bldc-motor-with-load-variations/ishita-gupta
The energy consumption of electric vehicles (EVs)depends on traffic environment, terrain, resistive forces acting on vehicle, vehicle characteristics and driving habits of driver. The battery pack in EV is the main energy storage element and the energy capacity determines the range of vehicle. This paper discusses the behavior of battery when EV is subjected to different driving environments such as urban and highway. The battery rating is selected based on requirement of driving cycle. The MATLAB/Simulink model of battery energy storage system (BESS) consisting of battery, bidirectional DC/DCconverter and electric propulsion system is built. The simulation is carried out and the performance of BESS is tested for standard driving cycles which emulate actual driving situations. It has been shown that, the amount of the energy recovered by battery during deceleration depends on the amount of regenerative energy available in the driving cycle. If the battery recovers more energy during deceleration, the effective energy consumed by it reduces and the range of the vehicle increases.
This paper discusses about winding arrangement of fractional slot of a new type hollow rotor Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor. Hollow rotor has higher performance compared to other BLDC motor because it minimizes the unused flux below permanent magnet and maximize torque produce by the motor. It’s also known that 8 pole motor is favorite used in industrial because it has an optimum space of permanent magnet for a smaller motor size. The number of pole will affect the maximum speed of the rotor. Thus, the objective of this research is to investigate the best winding arrangement for 8 pole of hollow rotor that could produce the highest electromagnetic performance. At starts, four combinations of slot number and coil sizes had been selected. Structural comparison in term of coil vector and winding arrangement is studied. Finite Element Method (FEM) had been used to simulate the parameters such as backemf and torque waveforms. It was convinced that 9 slot 8 pole with 0.6 size of coil produces the best performance. The confirmed model had been fabricated and measured. Both results from FEM and measurement are compared in term of backemf and torque where percentage differences are 7.4 % and 8 %, respectively. As conclusion, this research shows the fundamental of winding arrangement of fractional slot of motor especially 8 pole motor.
This document proposes a tutorial on design issues and practical solutions for electric and hybrid electric vehicle propulsion systems. The tutorial will be split into three sessions covering: an introduction to EV/HEV propulsion systems; modeling, design, and control of advanced motor drives; and electric machine design issues and solutions. The introduction will cover vehicle power system architectures and efficiency modeling techniques. The second session will present advanced motor drive topologies, with case studies of an in-wheel direct drive system using PMSM and an SRM drive using FPGA control. The final session addresses electric machine design considerations and a case study comparing IPM, SRM, and IM machines for an HEV application.
The document discusses electromagnetic phenomena and threats that must be considered for critical systems, particularly aircraft systems. It provides context on trends in aircraft design including increased use of composite materials and electronics. It then summarizes various electromagnetic phenomena like high intensity radiated fields, lightning, and electrostatic discharge. Formulas for calculating radiated fields from transmitters are presented. Methods for demonstrating that systems can withstand specified field levels are also outlined.
This paper presents the comparative performances of Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) for the three-phase induction motor. Recently, the interest of widely used the induction motor at industries because of reliability, ruggedness and almost free in maintenance. Thus, the IFOC scheme is employed to control the speed of induction motor. Therefore, P and PI controllers based on IFOC approach are analyzed at differences speed commands with no load condition. On the other hand, the PI controller is tuned based on Ziegler-Nichols method by using PSIM software which is user-friendly for simulations, design and analysis of motor drive, control loop and the power converter in power electronics studies. Subsequently, the simulated of P controller results are compared with the simulated of PI controller results at difference speed commands with no load condition. Finally, the simulated results of speed controllers are compared with the experimental results in order to explore the performances of speed responses by using IFOC scheme for three-phase induction motor drives.
The document discusses the dependence on mechanical design in railway electrification. It notes that railway electrification systems rely heavily on the mechanical design of overhead contact lines (OCLs) to ensure high quality service and performance. Complex OCL designs can be explained by the high sensitivity of service quality to OCL mechanical performance. Standards for interoperability and calculations for static and dynamic analyses are also briefly introduced. The main components of a railway electrification system are described, including the OCLs, substations, and high voltage connections. Alternating current electrification systems are the focus.
Optimization of controlling of performance characteristics of induction moIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that proposes a fuzzy logic based online efficiency optimization control for an indirect vector controlled induction motor drive system. The control aims to minimize input power by decrementing rotor flux until the lowest power point is reached. This is done without requiring knowledge of motor parameters and is insensitive to parameter changes. Fast convergence is achieved using an adaptive excitation current step size, and low frequency torque pulsations are suppressed via feedforward compensation. The control scheme is described and mathematical models of the induction motor, electrical systems, and mechanical systems are provided.
The document discusses electric traction systems. It begins by defining electric traction as a locomotion system where the driving force is obtained from an electric motor. It then covers major classifications of traction systems including non-electric and electric examples. The document also outlines requirements of an ideal traction system and discusses merits and demerits of electric traction. It provides details on different electric traction supply systems and speed variation considerations.
Ev Motor Prius Rfl Comparison Paper Rfl Vs Prius Final 020510ThomasBraegelmann
The document compares the specifications and performance of Radial Flux Laboratories' electric motor design to the Toyota Prius motor. The RFL motor is smaller, lighter, and more powerful than the Prius motor. It can produce 104.5 kW of power and 783 Nm of torque if scaled up to the same size as the Prius motor, significantly outperforming the Prius motor. The RFL motor uses advanced design that makes much more effective use of materials than the Prius motor, requiring over 70% less active materials. This allows for improved electric vehicle performance, range, and simplification of vehicle power systems.
A Novel Technique for Tuning PI-controller in Switched Reluctance Motor Drive...IJECEIAES
This paper presents, an optimal basic speed controller for switched reluctance motor (SRM) based on ant colony optimization (ACO) with the presence of good accuracies and performances. The control mechanism consists of proportional-integral (PI) speed controller in the outer loop and hysteresis current controller in the inner loop for the three phases, 6/4 switched reluctance motor. Because of nonlinear characteristics of a SRM, ACO algorithm is employed to tune coefficients of PI speed controller by minimizing the time domain objective function. Simulations of ACO based control of SRM are carried out using MATLAB /SIMULINK software. The behavior of the proposed ACO has been estimated with the classical Ziegler- Nichols (ZN) method in order to prove the proposed approach is able to improve the parameters of PI chosen by ZN method. Simulations results confirm the better behavior of the optimized PI controller based on ACO compared with optimized PI controller based on classical Ziegler-Nichols method.
Fuzzy Adaptive Control for Direct Torque in Electric VehicleIAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a technique to control the electric vehicle (EV) speed and torque at any curve. Our propulsion model consists of two permanent magnet synchronous (PMSM) motors. The fuzzy adaptive PI controller is used to adjust the different static error constants, as per the speed error. The suggested based on the direct torque fuzzy control (DTFC). A Mamdani type fuzzy direct torque controller is first developed and then rules are modified using stator current membership functions. The computations are ensured by the electronic differential, this driving process permit to steer each driving wheels at any curve separately.Modeling and simulation are carried out using the Matlab/Simulink tool to investigate the performance of the proposed system.
Novel approach to extend standby battery life for mobile deviceseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design, Modelling& Simulation of Double Sided Linear Segmented Switched Reluc...IOSR Journals
This document presents the design, modeling, and simulation of a double-sided linear segmented switched reluctance motor (LSSRM). The LSSRM is modeled using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show current, inductance, torque, and speed characteristics. A 6/4 LSSRM is designed and compared to a conventional SRM and segmented SRM (SSRM) of the same power rating. The LSSRM design uses concentric windings instead of full pitch windings, reducing copper usage and weight. Simulation results validate the LSSRM model and control strategy. The LSSRM provides higher torque than SRM and SSRM for the same frame size due to increased aligned inductance.
This paper presents a new design and performance of single phase permanent magnet flux-switching machine (PMFSM) for electric bicycle application. 8Slot-12Pole design machine were choose by analyzing the highest power density value. All active parts such as permanent magnet and armature coil are located on the stator, while the rotor part consists of only single piece iron. PMFSM have a great advantage with robust rotor structure that make it much higher power and applicable for EV application compared to SRM and IPMSM. The design, operating principles, characteristics of torque, and power of this new topology are investigated by JMAG-Designer via a 2D-FEA. Size of motor and volume of PM is designed at 75mm and 80g, respectively. Based on the investigation, it can be concluded that the proposed topology of single phase 8Slot 12Pole PMFSM achieved the target of highest performance of power density, approximately at 0.113W/mm3 with reduced permanent magnet and size of design motor. Due to the low torque performance of this initial design, further works is ongoing to improve the torque performance. In future work, outer rotor PMFSM structure design will be presented and compared with the “Deterministic Optimization Method” to improve the initial design.
The document presents the design improvement of a 12Slot-14Pole outer rotor field excitation flux switching motor (ORFEFSM) using deterministic optimization methods (DOM) involving 2D finite element analysis (FEA). The initial motor design had a torque of 112.95 Nm and power of 50.46 kW. Through DOM, parameters related to the rotor, field excitation coil, and armature coil were optimized sequentially. This led to an improved design with a maximum torque of 221.83 Nm and power of 189 kW, achieving the target of 210 Nm and 123 kW. The optimization process enhanced the motor performance by reducing flux saturation and improving flux linkage.
In the past, 4S-10P E-Core Hybrid Flux Switching Motor (HFSM) had been studied. However, the motor suffers high cogging torque but it has high performance in terms of high power and high torque at high speed. Therefore, this paper is proposing the cogging torque reduction techniques to minimize the cogging torque. The high cogging torque gave an undesirable effect during low operating speed of the motor. In order to tackle the issue, the cogging torque mechanism in equation is laid out as a form of reference. Then the reduction techniques employed on the designs and analyzed with Finite Element analysis (FEA) in JMAG. The results show the cogging torque of the optimized design is 44.45% of the motor torque. Besides, the techniques employed to identify which techniques gave the most cogging torque reduction and analyzed the geometrical difference using the cogging torque mechanism. Finally, the analysis is discussed based on the modified geometrics.
Energy Management System in Electric Vehicle with PV Fed SRM SystemIJMTST Journal
This project presents the switched reluctance motor (SRM) with hybrid renewable system. Switched
Reluctance Motors (SRM) has a wide range of industrial applications because of their advantages over
conventional AC/DC Drives. This is due to simple construction, ruggedness and inexpensive manufacturing
potential. Various methods have used and applied to control SRM speed generally, the PV-fed EV has a
similar structure to the hybrid electrical vehicle, whose internal combustion engine(ICE) is replaced by the
hybrid system. A hybrid energy system, or hybrid power, usually consists of two or more renewable energy
sources used together to provide increased system efficiency as well as greater balance in energy supply.
The PV has different characteristics to ICEs, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and solar energy
utilization are the unique factors for the PV-fed EVs. This matter is done by applying the proposed system to
a multi-objective function including both speed error and torque ripple. This controller is implemented for an
8/6, 4-kW SRM. In this paper to coordinate the PV panel, SRM and battery. Hybrid renewables applied in
Energy storage like battery technologies, superconducting magnetic energy, capacitors, compressed air and
pumped storage, seems to be an alternative method that the operator of an electrical power grid can use to
adapt energy production to energy consumption, both of which can vary randomly over time. The simulation
results confirm excellent dynamic performance, reduced torque ripple and current oscillation can be achieved
by using ANFIS
Application of Graphical User Interface (GUI) for Analysing Voltage Instabili...IJSRED
This document describes the development of a graphical user interface (GUI) platform to analyze voltage instability in electrical power systems using modal analysis technique. The GUI allows users to analyze voltage instability in both a 3-bus test system and the IEEE 14-bus test system. For the 3-bus system, results from the GUI show that Load Bus 2 has the highest participation factor, indicating a higher chance of voltage instability. For the IEEE 14-bus system, Load Bus 14 has the highest participation factor. The developed GUI is intended for use in teaching voltage stability analysis concepts to engineering students and professionals.
Module 1: Electric vehicle Technology for VTU - by Dr. C V MohanDrCVMOHAN
This document provides an introduction to electric and hybrid electric vehicles. It discusses the types of electric vehicles including battery electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell electric vehicles. Examples of popular electric vehicles are also presented such as the Tesla Roadster, Toyota Prius, Chevrolet Volt, and Mitsubishi i-MiEV. The document then discusses electric vehicle configurations and components including electric drive systems, traction motors, and transmission requirements. Vehicle performance metrics like maximum speed, gradeability, and acceleration are also examined. Finally, the document covers topics like normal driving tractive effort using common drive cycles and energy consumption calculations.
Cascaded Multiport Converter for SRM Based Hybrid Electrical Vehicleijtsrd
This document summarizes a research article about a cascaded multiport converter for switched reluctance motor-based hybrid electric vehicles. The proposed converter provides flexible energy conversion between various power sources and the motor. It also achieves battery management functions like state-of-charge balance control and bus voltage regulation. The converter topology and control strategies are analyzed through MATLAB simulations. The results demonstrate that the converter can achieve different driving, regenerative braking, and charging modes to satisfy various operation requirements of hybrid electric vehicles.
This document describes the development of a quad-rotor robot called the X-4 Flyer intended to serve as an experimental platform. It summarizes:
1) Existing quad-rotor platforms are often based on toys and lack reliability for experimental use, while the X-4 Flyer was designed with custom components for robustness and a payload capacity.
2) The dynamics and control system of the X-4 Flyer are modeled mathematically, including rotor thrust and torque equations accounting for blade flapping.
3) A linear controller is designed and tested in simulation to stabilize the aircraft's roll and pitch for continuous flight.
Speed Torque Characteristics of BLDC Motor with Load Variationsijtsrd
Nowadays, Brushless DC motors are in high demand due to its high efficiency and other significant features. As there is no use of brushes, this type of motor is having many advantages like high torque to inertia ratio, high speed, and power density and low cost compared to conventional brushed motors. This paper determines speed torque characteristics of brushless dc motor with different load variation by using the proposed method and the developed controller. The variation in motor speed torque characteristics for half load, full load, and overloading condition is analyzed. This research has been conducted to analyze the model and compared with the simulation results which are very useful in studying the performance of motor system. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB Simulink environment. Ishita Gupta | Akash Varshney "Speed-Torque Characteristics of BLDC Motor with Load Variations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31197.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/31197/speedtorque-characteristics-of-bldc-motor-with-load-variations/ishita-gupta
The energy consumption of electric vehicles (EVs)depends on traffic environment, terrain, resistive forces acting on vehicle, vehicle characteristics and driving habits of driver. The battery pack in EV is the main energy storage element and the energy capacity determines the range of vehicle. This paper discusses the behavior of battery when EV is subjected to different driving environments such as urban and highway. The battery rating is selected based on requirement of driving cycle. The MATLAB/Simulink model of battery energy storage system (BESS) consisting of battery, bidirectional DC/DCconverter and electric propulsion system is built. The simulation is carried out and the performance of BESS is tested for standard driving cycles which emulate actual driving situations. It has been shown that, the amount of the energy recovered by battery during deceleration depends on the amount of regenerative energy available in the driving cycle. If the battery recovers more energy during deceleration, the effective energy consumed by it reduces and the range of the vehicle increases.
This paper discusses about winding arrangement of fractional slot of a new type hollow rotor Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor. Hollow rotor has higher performance compared to other BLDC motor because it minimizes the unused flux below permanent magnet and maximize torque produce by the motor. It’s also known that 8 pole motor is favorite used in industrial because it has an optimum space of permanent magnet for a smaller motor size. The number of pole will affect the maximum speed of the rotor. Thus, the objective of this research is to investigate the best winding arrangement for 8 pole of hollow rotor that could produce the highest electromagnetic performance. At starts, four combinations of slot number and coil sizes had been selected. Structural comparison in term of coil vector and winding arrangement is studied. Finite Element Method (FEM) had been used to simulate the parameters such as backemf and torque waveforms. It was convinced that 9 slot 8 pole with 0.6 size of coil produces the best performance. The confirmed model had been fabricated and measured. Both results from FEM and measurement are compared in term of backemf and torque where percentage differences are 7.4 % and 8 %, respectively. As conclusion, this research shows the fundamental of winding arrangement of fractional slot of motor especially 8 pole motor.
This document proposes a tutorial on design issues and practical solutions for electric and hybrid electric vehicle propulsion systems. The tutorial will be split into three sessions covering: an introduction to EV/HEV propulsion systems; modeling, design, and control of advanced motor drives; and electric machine design issues and solutions. The introduction will cover vehicle power system architectures and efficiency modeling techniques. The second session will present advanced motor drive topologies, with case studies of an in-wheel direct drive system using PMSM and an SRM drive using FPGA control. The final session addresses electric machine design considerations and a case study comparing IPM, SRM, and IM machines for an HEV application.
The document discusses electromagnetic phenomena and threats that must be considered for critical systems, particularly aircraft systems. It provides context on trends in aircraft design including increased use of composite materials and electronics. It then summarizes various electromagnetic phenomena like high intensity radiated fields, lightning, and electrostatic discharge. Formulas for calculating radiated fields from transmitters are presented. Methods for demonstrating that systems can withstand specified field levels are also outlined.
This paper presents the comparative performances of Indirect Field Oriented Control (IFOC) for the three-phase induction motor. Recently, the interest of widely used the induction motor at industries because of reliability, ruggedness and almost free in maintenance. Thus, the IFOC scheme is employed to control the speed of induction motor. Therefore, P and PI controllers based on IFOC approach are analyzed at differences speed commands with no load condition. On the other hand, the PI controller is tuned based on Ziegler-Nichols method by using PSIM software which is user-friendly for simulations, design and analysis of motor drive, control loop and the power converter in power electronics studies. Subsequently, the simulated of P controller results are compared with the simulated of PI controller results at difference speed commands with no load condition. Finally, the simulated results of speed controllers are compared with the experimental results in order to explore the performances of speed responses by using IFOC scheme for three-phase induction motor drives.
The document discusses the dependence on mechanical design in railway electrification. It notes that railway electrification systems rely heavily on the mechanical design of overhead contact lines (OCLs) to ensure high quality service and performance. Complex OCL designs can be explained by the high sensitivity of service quality to OCL mechanical performance. Standards for interoperability and calculations for static and dynamic analyses are also briefly introduced. The main components of a railway electrification system are described, including the OCLs, substations, and high voltage connections. Alternating current electrification systems are the focus.
Optimization of controlling of performance characteristics of induction moIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that proposes a fuzzy logic based online efficiency optimization control for an indirect vector controlled induction motor drive system. The control aims to minimize input power by decrementing rotor flux until the lowest power point is reached. This is done without requiring knowledge of motor parameters and is insensitive to parameter changes. Fast convergence is achieved using an adaptive excitation current step size, and low frequency torque pulsations are suppressed via feedforward compensation. The control scheme is described and mathematical models of the induction motor, electrical systems, and mechanical systems are provided.
The document discusses electric traction systems. It begins by defining electric traction as a locomotion system where the driving force is obtained from an electric motor. It then covers major classifications of traction systems including non-electric and electric examples. The document also outlines requirements of an ideal traction system and discusses merits and demerits of electric traction. It provides details on different electric traction supply systems and speed variation considerations.
Ev Motor Prius Rfl Comparison Paper Rfl Vs Prius Final 020510ThomasBraegelmann
The document compares the specifications and performance of Radial Flux Laboratories' electric motor design to the Toyota Prius motor. The RFL motor is smaller, lighter, and more powerful than the Prius motor. It can produce 104.5 kW of power and 783 Nm of torque if scaled up to the same size as the Prius motor, significantly outperforming the Prius motor. The RFL motor uses advanced design that makes much more effective use of materials than the Prius motor, requiring over 70% less active materials. This allows for improved electric vehicle performance, range, and simplification of vehicle power systems.
A Novel Technique for Tuning PI-controller in Switched Reluctance Motor Drive...IJECEIAES
This paper presents, an optimal basic speed controller for switched reluctance motor (SRM) based on ant colony optimization (ACO) with the presence of good accuracies and performances. The control mechanism consists of proportional-integral (PI) speed controller in the outer loop and hysteresis current controller in the inner loop for the three phases, 6/4 switched reluctance motor. Because of nonlinear characteristics of a SRM, ACO algorithm is employed to tune coefficients of PI speed controller by minimizing the time domain objective function. Simulations of ACO based control of SRM are carried out using MATLAB /SIMULINK software. The behavior of the proposed ACO has been estimated with the classical Ziegler- Nichols (ZN) method in order to prove the proposed approach is able to improve the parameters of PI chosen by ZN method. Simulations results confirm the better behavior of the optimized PI controller based on ACO compared with optimized PI controller based on classical Ziegler-Nichols method.
Fuzzy Adaptive Control for Direct Torque in Electric VehicleIAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a technique to control the electric vehicle (EV) speed and torque at any curve. Our propulsion model consists of two permanent magnet synchronous (PMSM) motors. The fuzzy adaptive PI controller is used to adjust the different static error constants, as per the speed error. The suggested based on the direct torque fuzzy control (DTFC). A Mamdani type fuzzy direct torque controller is first developed and then rules are modified using stator current membership functions. The computations are ensured by the electronic differential, this driving process permit to steer each driving wheels at any curve separately.Modeling and simulation are carried out using the Matlab/Simulink tool to investigate the performance of the proposed system.
Novel approach to extend standby battery life for mobile deviceseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Design, Modelling& Simulation of Double Sided Linear Segmented Switched Reluc...IOSR Journals
This document presents the design, modeling, and simulation of a double-sided linear segmented switched reluctance motor (LSSRM). The LSSRM is modeled using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show current, inductance, torque, and speed characteristics. A 6/4 LSSRM is designed and compared to a conventional SRM and segmented SRM (SSRM) of the same power rating. The LSSRM design uses concentric windings instead of full pitch windings, reducing copper usage and weight. Simulation results validate the LSSRM model and control strategy. The LSSRM provides higher torque than SRM and SSRM for the same frame size due to increased aligned inductance.
This paper presents a new design and performance of single phase permanent magnet flux-switching machine (PMFSM) for electric bicycle application. 8Slot-12Pole design machine were choose by analyzing the highest power density value. All active parts such as permanent magnet and armature coil are located on the stator, while the rotor part consists of only single piece iron. PMFSM have a great advantage with robust rotor structure that make it much higher power and applicable for EV application compared to SRM and IPMSM. The design, operating principles, characteristics of torque, and power of this new topology are investigated by JMAG-Designer via a 2D-FEA. Size of motor and volume of PM is designed at 75mm and 80g, respectively. Based on the investigation, it can be concluded that the proposed topology of single phase 8Slot 12Pole PMFSM achieved the target of highest performance of power density, approximately at 0.113W/mm3 with reduced permanent magnet and size of design motor. Due to the low torque performance of this initial design, further works is ongoing to improve the torque performance. In future work, outer rotor PMFSM structure design will be presented and compared with the “Deterministic Optimization Method” to improve the initial design.
The document presents the design improvement of a 12Slot-14Pole outer rotor field excitation flux switching motor (ORFEFSM) using deterministic optimization methods (DOM) involving 2D finite element analysis (FEA). The initial motor design had a torque of 112.95 Nm and power of 50.46 kW. Through DOM, parameters related to the rotor, field excitation coil, and armature coil were optimized sequentially. This led to an improved design with a maximum torque of 221.83 Nm and power of 189 kW, achieving the target of 210 Nm and 123 kW. The optimization process enhanced the motor performance by reducing flux saturation and improving flux linkage.
In the past, 4S-10P E-Core Hybrid Flux Switching Motor (HFSM) had been studied. However, the motor suffers high cogging torque but it has high performance in terms of high power and high torque at high speed. Therefore, this paper is proposing the cogging torque reduction techniques to minimize the cogging torque. The high cogging torque gave an undesirable effect during low operating speed of the motor. In order to tackle the issue, the cogging torque mechanism in equation is laid out as a form of reference. Then the reduction techniques employed on the designs and analyzed with Finite Element analysis (FEA) in JMAG. The results show the cogging torque of the optimized design is 44.45% of the motor torque. Besides, the techniques employed to identify which techniques gave the most cogging torque reduction and analyzed the geometrical difference using the cogging torque mechanism. Finally, the analysis is discussed based on the modified geometrics.
This paper addresses the irreversible permanent magnet (PM) demagnetization analysis of hybrid excitation flux switching motor (HEFSM) with outer-rotor configuration. PM demagnetization cause the PM strength used in the motor significantly reduces and hence contributes less torque performance. The study is focused on thermal analysis and conducted at various temperature up to as high as 180 degrees Celsius which has a tendency to be demagnetized. Therefore, PM demagnetization is among a critical issue and influences the choice of the applied motor. The analysis is carried out based on finite element method (FEM) and percentage of PM demagnetization is then calculated. Finally, based on simulated and calculated results the final design outer-rotor HEFSM has only 0.85 percent PM demagnetization at very high temperature and obviously the is no PM demagnetization at normal operating conditions.
Recently, permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) having the diameter of 11inches was successfully developed and installed in electric scooter vehicle (ESV) for propulsion. It consists of segmented stators of 24 armature slots and 100 pieces of permanent magnet of 2 kg weight mounted on rotating rotor. Upon the huge amount of materials and permanent magnet used, PMSM produced 110Nm only. Looking at the size, this torque is low and could not sustain acceleration for long distance travels. To overcome the challenge of low torque, this paper presents a new machine type, flux switching motor (FSM) with 1 kg weight of permanent magnet flux source employing segmented outer rotor. Six ranges of split ratio of 0.80-0.85 for outer rotor 24slot-14pole FSPM motor configurations were designed and compared. The 2D-FEA by JMAG software version 14 is used to examine its performance in term of flux linkage, cogging torque, back-emf and average torque which the structure with split ratio of 0.85 took lead by securing highest torque profile of 209Nm. It also achieved low cogging torque to operate in safe region. In conclusion, appropriate split ratio significantly enhances high torque capability of permanent magnet flux switching motor for electric scooter propulsion.
Efficient Cooling Systems for Motor & Motor Controller in Electric Vehicle A ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews efficient cooling systems for motors and motor controllers in electric vehicles. It discusses different types of electric motors used in EVs like DC motors, induction motors, and permanent magnet synchronous motors. It also covers simulation of thermal performance, battery management systems, and concludes that liquid cooling is the most efficient system. Key topics covered include heat dissipation challenges, temperature effects on battery life, and using simulation to evaluate heat sources and optimize cooling design.
Comparative performances analysis of different rotor types for pmsg used in w...Mellah Hacene
PMSG provides a high performance, compact size, light weight, and low noise, without forgetting its simple structure, high thrust, and ease of maintenance, allow replacing steam catapults in the future. Most turbine generators at low wind speed are presented PMSGs, These it has advantages of high efficiency and reliability, since there is no need of external excitation and loss of drivers are removed from the rotor. In this paper, a comparative PMSG performance study's with several rotor topology is presented, each topology rotor has its own permanent magnet structure that is width, thickness and angle. These results are obtained by finite element method (FEM); this approach is a powerful and useful tool to study and design PMSGs, as represented in this paper.
Development of a low cost sensored control for high speed axial flux permanen...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes the development of a low-cost sensored control system for a high-speed axial flux permanent magnet electric machine. Key points:
1) A digital signal processor controller using Hall sensors provides accurate commutation of the three-phase windings to run the machine as a motor at speeds up to 50,000 RPM.
2) Computer simulations of the machine model and control system were performed and matched well with experimental tests, validating the machine's behavior under this control approach.
3) The sensored control provides a baseline for further research toward developing a more advanced sensorless control system for high-power, high-speed axial flux permanent magnet machines.
Electric vehicles and electric drives of essentially new typeIJRTEMJOURNAL
The principal type of energy for mankind, i.e. for heat and light production infrastructure, for supplying
maintenance of transport and industry work, is the electric power. About 90% of the electric power is produced
by EG (EG – the electric generator), about 60% of which are used from EM (EM – the electric motor). EM (EM
– electrical machines, i.e. EM and EG, currently has two directions of development – as SA-EMn (SA-EMn
separate object of general purpose industrial use, in abbreviated form – SA-EMn) and inside of electric drive OMEM (OM-EM - electric drive). At the same time depending on convenience of description, the electric drive can
include the operating member of cars or not. Nowadays SA-EM and OM-EM, have substantial drawbacks and
limitations. SA-EM – bulky; material-intensive; having small efficiency, especially widely used medium and low
powered EM. OM-EM – have low energy efficiency. For example, the existing electric vehicles have to carry
approximately 500 kg of accumulators. For cooling of accumulators and electric motors it is used powerful cooling
systems, i.e. much of energy is lost inefficiently.
Electric vehicles and electric drives of essentially new typejournal ijrtem
The principal type of energy for mankind, i.e. for heat and light production infrastructure, for supplying
maintenance of transport and industry work, is the electric power. About 90% of the electric power is produced
by EG (EG – the electric generator), about 60% of which are used from EM (EM – the electric motor). EM (EM
– electrical machines, i.e. EM and EG, currently has two directions of development – as SA-EMn (SA-EMn
separate object of general purpose industrial use, in abbreviated form – SA-EMn) and inside of electric drive OMEM
(OM-EM - electric drive). At the same time depending on convenience of description, the electric drive can
include the operating member of cars or not. Nowadays SA-EM and OM-EM, have substantial drawbacks and
limitations. SA-EM – bulky; material-intensive; having small efficiency, especially widely used medium and low
powered EM. OM-EM – have low energy efficiency. For example, the existing electric vehicles have to carry
approximately 500 kg of accumulators. For cooling of accumulators and electric motors it is used powerful cooling
systems, i.e. much of energy is lost inefficiently.
This document presents an online efficiency optimization method for an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive system in an electric vehicle. A finite element analysis is used to build an accurate machine model that considers magnetic saturation, spatial harmonics, and iron loss effects. The proposed method calculates the total system losses, including fundamental copper and iron losses, harmonic copper and iron losses, magnet loss, and inverter losses. An online algorithm is developed to determine the optimal current angle for maximum efficiency per ampere control over the entire speed range. Simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed online method over conventional offline efficiency optimization techniques.
The document discusses the Power Optimized Aircraft (POA) project, a European Union initiative aimed at reducing aircraft operating costs through technology improvements. The POA project evaluates options for optimizing individual aircraft equipment systems and engines, as well as optimizing the entire system of systems at the aircraft level. Initial findings show that electrical systems are generally more energy efficient than conventional hydraulic and pneumatic systems, but also heavier. However, optimizing systems together at the aircraft level, as the POA project aims to do, could provide overall benefits in reduced fuel consumption and costs by lowering peak power usage and waste. The project is using complex simulations to analyze potential future aircraft-level architectures combining more efficient electrical systems.
This document presents a mathematical model of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) for a wind turbine, developed using MATLAB/Simulink. It includes models of the wind turbine's aerodynamic and mechanical systems, as well as electrical models of the DFIG. The DFIG model is based on equations in a synchronous rotating reference frame. Simulation results demonstrating the response of the wind turbine and DFIG outputs to changing wind speed are presented and analyzed. The paper concludes the model can effectively represent the dynamic behavior of an actual DFIG wind turbine system.
On the Performances Investigation of Different Surface Mounted Permanent Magn...IAES-IJPEDS
In recent years, permanent magnet machines have become a common choice
in many industrial applications. Therefore, several structures have been
developed, and the choice of a topology designed for a specified application
requires the knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of different
topologies. The present work deals with the evaluation of the performances
of different radial flux surface-mounted permanent magnet motors designed
for an electric vehicle motor application. The objective of this survey is to
show the effect of the rotor position (inner or outer) and the magnets
segmentation on the machine output torque and iron losses. In this context,
four machines with: (i) inner rotor, (ii) inner rotor segmented magnets, (iii)
outer rotor and (iv) outer rotor segmented magnets have been designed and
studied. All these machines have the same geometrical dimensions and
current loading. The main idea is to develop a machine with smoothness
torque, lower torque ondulation, lower iron losses, and which is mechanically
robust. Firstly, the output torque of the different structure is computed.
Secondly, by means of an improved analytical model coupled with 2
dimensional transient finite element analysis (FEA), the machines iron losses
are predicted.
A new design method for low speed torus type afpm machine for hev applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine type has some advantages such as compressed packaging, easy handling, and safety operation. In this paper the proper structure selection of AFPM machine for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application is one of the aims. To reduce the losses and the total volume of machine, the coreless TORUS-NS type machine is selected. Designing of this machine, to obtain a wide speed range with high efficiency, low cogging torque and high torque value, as in-wheel direct-drive AFPM machine for HEV, is investigated. The operation performance in low and medium speed ranges is studied. A new design method based on multi speed design (MSD) strategy is proposed. Using this method with a coreless type of stators, the total AFPM machine efficiency at the HEV operation cycles could be improved. Performance analysis of this in-wheel AFPM machine is done using finite-element method (FEM). FEM analysis of the single-speed design (SSD) method is also done. MSD and SSD designed machines are applied in HEV and simulated using urban and highway cycles. The obtained results show the better performance of HEV, using the MSD based designed machine in all operation cycles. The experimental results obtained from sample practical prototype, confirm the analytical method. Keywords: Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM), TORUS type, direct-drive, in-wheel, multi-speed design, single-speed design.
This document presents a new design method for a low-speed torus type axial flux permanent magnet machine intended for hybrid electric vehicle applications. A torus-NS type machine structure with a coreless stator is selected to reduce losses and volume. A multi-speed design strategy is proposed and analyzed using finite element analysis. This method aims to improve machine efficiency over the vehicle's operating cycles. Both multi-speed and single-speed designed machines are simulated in urban and highway cycles, showing better performance from the multi-speed designed machine. Experimental results from a prototype confirm the analytical design method.
This paper describes the performance enhancement of double stator permanent magnet synchronous machines (DS-PMSM) based on genetic algorithm optimization (GAO). Generally, throughout the development stage, an analytical calculation is implemented to build the initial model of the DS-PMSM since the analytical calculation can provide the initial parameters based on the types and materials used in the machine design. For further improvement, GAO might potentially be applied to provide the optimization technique in searching the optimal motor parameters iteratively and intelligently with specific objective functions. For this aim, a three-phase, DS-PMSM with different number of slots between the outer and inner stators is first designed by using analytical parameter estimation and then later optimized by GAO. The outer and inner stators have 12-slots and 9-slots respectively, while, the rotor carries 10 magnetic poles. Four main input motor parameters, i.e. outer stator slot opening, outer magnet pole arc, inner stator slot opening and inner magnet pole arc are varied and optimized to achieve the design objective functions, i.e. high output torque, low torque ripple, low cogging torque and low total harmonic distortion (THDv). The results from the optimized GAO are compared with the initial motor model and further validated by finite element method (FEM). The results show a good agreement between GAO and FEM. GAO has achieved very significant improvements in enhancing the machine performance.
This document provides an overview of axial-field electrical machines. It discusses various types of axial-field machines including single stator/rotor designs, central stator designs, and multi-disc designs. It also compares axial-field machines to conventional radial-field machines and summarizes some of their advantages such as higher power-to-weight ratios and ability for internal cooling via the rotating discs. Several specific axial-field machine designs are described in detail such as Faraday disks, printed circuit motors, and Torus machines. A wide range of applications are listed that could benefit from the special features of axial-field machines.
Flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machine with high temperature superconductors (HTS) bulks located between the rotor poles to eliminate the flux leakage in the rotor, termed as (HTS-FSPM) machine has been proposed in this paper. Using genetic algorithm, the HTS and the conventional FSPM machines having the same size constraints and load conditions have been globally optimized for max. aveage torque. To highlight the advantages of the HTS-FSPM machine, a performance comparison between the conventional and HTS-FSPM machines has been presented. It is found that the HTS-FSPM machine can increase the torque by 27%, however, this comes with the expense of higher torque ripple and power losses.
Permanent magnet flux switching machine (PMFSM) is a joint venture of switch reluctance machine (SRM) and permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). It has become a prominent research topic for various applications because of robust rotor structure, high torque and power densities but few were developed for downhole applications mainly due to harsh environmental conditions. Formerly, most of developed PMFSMs for downhole applications were mainly concentrated on inner-rotor type design, and difficult to find research work on outer-rotor configuration. Therefore, this paper introduces the design and investigation of PMFSM with outer-rotor configuration for downhole application. Primarily, the geometric topology of proposed design is described in detail. Then, the no load and load analysis are implemented in order to investigate the initial performance of the proposed design.
Similar to Design and analysis of double stator HE-FSM for aircraft applications (20)
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
The document presents a new method for fault classification and direction discrimination in transmission lines using 1D convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs). A 132kV transmission line model is simulated to generate training and testing data for the 1D-CNN algorithm. The proposed 1D-CNN approach directly uses the voltage and current signals from one end as input, merging feature extraction and classification into a single learning process. Testing shows the 1D-CNN method accurately classifies and discriminates fault direction with higher accuracy than conventional neural network and fuzzy neural network methods under different fault conditions.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a battery energy storage system (BESS) with droop control to reduce frequency fluctuations in a multi-machine power system connected to a large-scale photovoltaic (PV) plant. The paper develops a droop control strategy for the BESS that incorporates a frequency error signal and dead-band. Simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC software show that the proposed droop control-based BESS can efficiently curtail frequency oscillations caused by fluctuations in PV power injection due to changing solar irradiance.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The document describes a proposed modified bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter (NSFCL) for distribution networks. The NSFCL consists of a bridge rectifier, two DC reactors (one small in series and one large in parallel), and an IGBT semiconductor switch controlled by a command circuit. During normal operation, the IGBT is on and the parallel reactor is bypassed, making the NSFCL invisible. During a fault, the IGBT turns off, inserting the parallel reactor to limit fault current. Simulation results showed the design effectively limits fault current while minimally affecting normal operation.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
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Design and analysis of double stator HE-FSM for aircraft applications
1. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS)
Vol. 12, No. 1, Mar 2021, pp. 51~58
ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i1.pp51-58 51
Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com
Design and analysis of double stator HE-FSM for aircraft
applications
Hassan Ali1
, Erwan Sulaiman2
, Mahyuzie Jenal3
, Irfan Ali4
, Laili Iwani Jusoh5
, Zarafi Ahmad6
,
Mohd Firdaus7
1,2,3,4,5,6
Research Centre for Applied Electromagnetics, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat, Malaysia
7
Center for Roboticts & Industrial Automation, Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik, University Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
urian Tunggal, Malaysia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Aug 26, 2020
Revised Jan 14, 2021
Accepted Jan 26, 2021
The main objective of aerospace industry is to produce all electric aircraft
(AEA) equipped by electrical devices in coming developments. Electrical
machines that provide higher torque densities are gaining more interest for
researchers to obtain sustainable direct-drive electrical propulsion system for
aircraft applications. In addition to lesser weight and higher torque density, a
machine should be “fault tolerant” to applied in aerospace applications. A
novel machine for high starting torque, identified as flux switching machine
(FSM) was established over the last decade. FSMs comprise all effective
sources on stator including robust rotor structure. These machines exhibited
higher “torque-to-weight ratios” and reliability. Nonetheless, the challenge of
developing a machine suitable for aircraft applications goes far beyond
electromagnetic design and much deeper into the field of mechanical systems
than traditional ones. Thus, a new double stator (DS) hybrid excitation (HE)
FSM design employing segmented rotor is proposed and analyzed in this
research work. The suggested design for DS HE-FSM comprises of six field
excitation coils (FECs) and six permanent magnets (PMs) as their excitation
sources. In this research, investigation of DS HE-FSM is accomplished with
respect to flux linkage, back EMF, cogging torque and torque analysis based
on 2D FEA.
Keywords:
Aircraft
Double stator
Flux switching
Hybrid excitation
Segmented rotor
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Hassan Ali
Research Center for Applied Electromagnetics
Institute of Integrated Engineering
Universiti Tun Hussien Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat Johor, Malaysia
Email: engg.hassansoomro@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
The Integration of electrical power to “drive aircraft systems and sub-systems previously propelled by
hydraulic, pneumatic, and mechanical structures is now becoming an attractive segment in the aviation
industry. Advancements in the power electronics sectors provide the innovations to improve the effectiveness
and protection of operation. The aviation industry operators undergo a long-term transformation from
mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic power systems to worldwide optimized electrical systems [1]-[3].
Electric motor drives are capable of transferring electrical power to various systems, like drive actuators,
pumps, compressors as well as other subsystems at various speeds, combined with progressive electronics and
control approaches [4]. Electrical drives are able to offer improvements in overall performance, while reducing
weight and meeting reliability requirements at low cost. The main objective for the aviation industry is to
accomplish the all-electric aircraft (AEA), converting all power systems to electric” power [5]. Moreover,
2. ISSN: 2088-8694
Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 1, March 2021 : 51 – 58
52
mechanically actuators have significantly replaced hydraulic actuators with electronic servo valve control. The
"more electric" advancement has permitted decrease in mechanical components and hydraulic power supply
systems to be more simplified. Such as, electric machine fuel pumps were recognized in place of hydraulic
pumps to offer advantages of system efficiency, and speed control flexibility [6], [7].
Significant improvements can be acquired by “presenting multi-phase machines to enhance the
reliability of motor drives for MEA. These machines are typically represented as machines with more than
three phases, this number being presumed to be the critical threshold in situation of a single-phase fault.
Reporting suggestions for multi-phase motors powered by multi-phase electronic converters can be found in
literature, in which both the motor and the drive are required to meet extreme fault tolerant requirements [8],
[9]. By providing solutions for potential failures, a fault-tolerant system can realize goals of reliability
deprived of resorting to un-optimized redundancy or over-sizing [10]. Engine generators, flight surface
actuators, flap actuators, engine fuel pumps, and landing gear nose wheel”steering systems are main regions to
be condsider for safety drives in aircraft [11].
Recently, for top performance applications like within the aerospace, and electric vehicles, “flux
switching machines” (FSM) using PMs have presented high torque densities besides “fault tolerance” abilities
[12]-[14]. FSMs contain active sources flux within the stationary part of the “motor with the benefit of sturdy
rotor assembly, which is helpful to be used for higher speed applications. Where the flux control is maintained
by DC excitation” coil. FSMs are divided three main types such as “permanent magnet (PM) FSM”, “field
excitation (FE) FSM”, and “hybrid excitation (HE) FSM”. Active flux producing sources in case of “PM-
FSM” and “FE-FSM” are PMs and “field excitation (FE) coil” respectively. While in case of “HE-FSM” PMs
and FE Coils are combined to generate the flux [15], [16].
“PM-FSMs” are becoming common in different applications due to the technologically advanced
high-performance rare earth magnetic products, varying “from electric and hybrid electric cars, renewable
energy systems like wind power turbines, electric aircraft, industrial drives, automation” to household
appliances [17], [18].
Moreover, “PM machines” have certain limitations, such as higher cost of “rare earth” materials,
comparatively low flux weakening, unchanging flux, demagnetization and restricted operating
temperature [19]. Hence, the machines which are completely free from PMs got attention of the researchers.
FE-FSM was suggested and evaluated using “double stator” in [20], [21]. Though, this causes high “copper
losses”, as both the armature and field coils are mounted individually on both stators. Besides, it also
compromises the torque and efficiency because of low flux strength [22].
Consequently, the idea of HE machines have been proposed to incorporate the advantages PM and
DC excitations. HE machines are effective applicants for varying speeds applications e.g. electric cars, aircraft
and wind power generation [23]-[25]. HE machine models are diversified, as two sources of excitation are
being assembled efficiently. In the last twenty years a wide variety of promising designs have been studied and
developed. Even so, these structures are needed to be further improvement due to flux cancellations issues
between certain PM flux and FE flux.
Therefore, the new structure of DS HE-FSM with segmented rotor has been proposed and examined
in this paper. PM and FE are being used as main and secondary excitation in the proposed system and generate
“parallel hybrid excitation” to prevent “flux cancellations” and the influences of demagnetization. In addition,
the coil test is performed to legitimize the motor's operating principles, as well as the non-load and load
conditions performance is also observed based on the 2-D FEA.
2. PARAMETR SPECIFICAIONS AND DESIGN METHODOLOGY OF PROPOSED DS HE-FSM
The design specification and parameters of a proposed (DS) HE-FSM using segmental rotor are
itemized in Table 1. The maximum limit of both “armature current density (Ja)” and “FEC current density
(Je)” is 15 A/mm2
. Whereas, the weight of PM is fixed as 1kg. The proposed machine consists of 6 PMs
situated only at internal stator tips, together “with 6 FECs uniformly distributed in the midst of each outer
stator teeth. Armature windings and FECs are mounted on the outer stator. Figure 1 presents a cross-sectional
view of proposed DS HE-FSM with a segmented rotor. The flux linkage in the armature coil has one periodic
cycle for motor rotation through 1/10 of a revolution and so the frequency of back EMF in the armature coil is
ten times the mechanical” rotation.
The design specifications are basically classified into two parts, including those referring to the
stators and the rotor. On the stator, it is subdivided into three clusters which are the shape of the FEC slot, the
shape of the armature slot and the PM in (inner stator).
3. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Design and analysis of double stator HE-FSM for aircraft applications (Hassan Ali)
53
Table 1. Design parameters and restrictons of DS
HE-FSM
Items
DS HE-FSM with
segmented rotor
Diameter of outer stator (mm) 273
Diameter of inner stator (mm) 131
Number of rotor segments 10
Tooth width of outer stator
(mm)
11
Outer stator back iron length
(mm)
20
Air gap length (mm) 0.5
Armature coil slot area of
(mm2
)
526
FEC slot area (mm2
) 526
FEC number of turns per slot 10
Armature coil number of turns
per slot
10
Segment span (degree) 30°
Figure 1. Initial design of proposed DS HE FSM with
segmental rotor
3. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF DS HE FSSM
Performances of proposed DS HE-FSM are analyzed on the basis of 2D-FEA using JMAG designer.
The material used for PM is “NEOMAX-35AH” while “electro-magnetic steel (35H210)” is used for the cores
of rotors and stators. The slot area of the “armature coil (Sa)” provides maximum amount of armature coil
turns (Na), while, the boundaries of “armature current density Ja” is set to 15 Arms/mm2
. Equally, the
maximum “field current density Je” is set to 15 A/mm2
.
3.1. Flux linkage at diffrent sources
The results of suggested “DS HE-FSM with segmented rotor” at open circuit including flux linkage,
back-EMF, and cogging torque are initially evaluated. Flux linkage is an examination to affirm the “magnetic
flux”, produced through the combination of “PMs and FECs”. The flux linkage of proposed machine is
investigated and compared at different excitations sources such as PM only, FEC only and at HE conditions as
shown in Figure 2. From the figure, it can be seen that the machine draws lowest flux linkage when only FE
sources is active (without PMs).
The determined flux linkage is generated as both the excitations are used at hybrid condition where
the flux linkage achieved is almost 0.0345 Wb. It also verifies that the flux linkages from both sources are
combined properly and hybrid excitation is successfully achieved. Whereas, in case of “only PM excitation”,
the amount of flux density obtained is approximately 0.025 Wb.
Figure 2. Flux linkage at various conditions PM only, FEC only and HE
3.2. Cogging torque examination of DE HE-FSM
At first, the behavior of the cogging torque for presented DS HE-FSM has been evaluated being
shown in Figure 3 at no load circumstance. That can be seen from figure that cogging torque at “PM only” is
about 5.57 Nm peak to peak. Although the “maximum field current density” of 15 A/mm2
is inserted into field
Outer stator
FE Coils
Armature
coils
PMs
Rotor segments
Inner stator
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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 1, March 2021 : 51 – 58
54
coil in the case of FE only. In the case of “FE only” the value of cogging torque is increased due to high
current in the FE coil, which can cause fluctuations and ambient sounds in the motor.
On the other side, while machine is under no load circumstances, the cogging torque is dropped, and
a reasonable value of about 12 Nm “peak to peak” has been generated. Though, the obtained value of “cogging
torque” of the initial design is high compared to “in case of PM only”. The initial structure of the new “DS
HE-FSM” affirms that the performance of proposed motor will be uniform at higher speeds with fewer
vibrations and noises.
Figure 3. Cogging torque of proposed DS HE FSM with segmental rotor
3.3. Induced EMF of proposed DS HE-FSM
Figure 4 demonstrate induced EMF of suggested DS HE-FSM at open circuit condition with speed of
500 rpm. The magnitude of induced voltage produced from PM only is around 26.5 V, with a certain distortion
in the sinusoidal waveform as shown in Figure 4. Nevertheless, "FE only" generates lesser induced voltage
than PM, although there is some distortion in the waveform. Although the magnitude of induced EMF is
increased to nearly 35 V by combining both sources (PM and FE) due to field-strengthening effect. Whereas, it
can be seen in the figure that the variation has also been decreased and validates that the suggested DS HE-
FSM motor operates seamlessly under safe region.
Figure 4. Induced EMF against rotor position
3.4. Flux distribution and flux density at full load
Magnetic flux distribution and flux density of suggested “DS HE-FSM” are examined at full load
conditions for sources of excitations. The flux distribution of proposed “DS HE-FSM” are shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5(a) displays the flux distribution at “field current density of 15 A/mm2
” besides “armature current
5. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Design and analysis of double stator HE-FSM for aircraft applications (Hassan Ali)
55
density of 15 Arms/mm2
”. It can be seen from figure that flux density at full load is 2.53 T, whereas, above
2.53T, flux get “saturated which can be seen at the tips of the teeth of outer stator in red” circles. Besides,
Figure 5(b) demonstrates the flux distribution” when “PM only” excitation is utilized at full load, realizing
smooth distribution around the cores of machine and achieving the “maximum flux density of 2.60 T”.
Whereas in case of Figure 5(c), in which “PM and FE” excitations are united to produce magnetic flux linkage.
From Figure 5(c), the overall magnetic flux can be seen circulated almost 100% over the core of machine, due
to the PMs, which are positioned on the surface of inner stator whereas around the outer stator almost 90% of
“magnetic flux” is dispersed with 10% empty core caused by flux saturation at the tips of stator tooth and
occurrence of leakage. Furthermore, from Figure 5(c), it is obvious that maximum and minimum flux density
attained in “DS HE-FSM” are 2.9 T and 3.6 E-05 T respectively. This investigation affirms that the “DS HE-
FSM” competence enough to create high levels of flux densities to reach highest essential torque for aircraft
applications at various speed ranges.
(a) FE source only (b) PM source only
(c) Both sources (HE)
Figure 5. Magnetic flux density at different excitation sources
4. TORQUE INVESTIGATION AT DIFFERENT CURRENT DENSITIES
The torque investigation of proposed DS HE-FSM is conducted by inserting variable values of
armature current densities from 3 Arms/mm2
to 15 Arms/mm2
at various loads. Henceforward, at maximum
field current density of 15 A/mm2
, the value of torque has been observed at various “armature current densities
(Ja)” such as at 3 Arms/mm2
, 6 Arms/mm2
, 9 Arms/mm2
, 12 Arms/mm2
and 15 Arms/mm2
. As a source of
flux, PM produces consistent flux and thus the current density of the field is varied to evaluate the output
torque at various loads. Figure 6 demonstrates the result of torque at various current densities under various
currents in the armature. As from figure, it is shown that as the field current density raises, the amount of
torque grows. Therefore, the flux generated from "PMs and FECs" is appropriately combined at high densities.
This favors that the machine being proposed is able to generate higher torque at full load. From figure it seems
to be clear that at a maximum "armature current density of 15 Arms/mm2
", the maximum torque attained is
about 160Nm. In addition, the torque plot suggests that DS HE-FSM still tends to withstand the more fluxes
while avoiding any saturation and cancellations between "PM and FEC" fluxes as shown in Figure 7. Electric
motors for aircraft applications require high torques, especially at lower altitudes and lower speeds, hence,
performances of DS HE-FSM are prominent to be applied for such applications.
Saturation Magnetic Flux density
Saturation
Magnetic flux density
Empty space
Empty space
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Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst, Vol. 12, No. 1, March 2021 : 51 – 58
56
Figure 6. Average torque of DS HE-FSM with segmented rotor
5. TORQUE AND POWER CHARACTERISTICS WITH RESPECT TO SPEED OF INITIAL
DESIGN
Figure 7 demonstrates the torque and power characteristics of the “DS HESFM”. From figure, the
graph of torque and power of the proposed design is presented in blue and orange lines respectively. Where, it
is obvious from the figure that proposed “DS HE-FSM” has attained the maximum torque almost 160 Nm
which is continued till the base speed of 3750 rpm. Besides, the value of torque performance is reduced
gradually and reaches till 10Nm at speed of around 16,000 rpm.
Figure 7. Torque and power vs speed chrachteristics of DS HE-FSM
Moreover, the initial design has attained maximum power of around 70 kW at speed of 6000 rpm.
Nevertheless, with rise of speed, the value of power is slowly reduced until 48 kW at maximum speed. This
slowly reduction in power is due to core and eddy current losses on the outer stator. As a conclusion, the
proposed design of “DS HE-FSM” has realized adequate outcomes of maximum torque at high speed ranges.
It also confirms that proposed “DS HE-FSM” can be the favorite solution for aircraft applications where high
torque at high speeds is essential requirement.
6. CONCLUSION
This paper presents the design analysis and examination of DS HE-FSM. The investigated design
includes two stators within a segmental rotor. Using JMAG designer, performance evaluation of presented
design is examined based on 2D-FEA. The preliminary results of proposed design determines that the design
has produced acceptable values of flux output, smoother flux lines and high torque output. In addition to this,
back EMF, cogging torque, and flux distribution and flux lines have also been tested and confirmed that the
proposed machine would work on safe mood with satisfactory outcomes. The expected study of magnetic flux
and torque demonstrated that the suggested “DS HE-FSM” does have the potential to be further enhanced that
can be used for various applications in the aircraft.
7. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Design and analysis of double stator HE-FSM for aircraft applications (Hassan Ali)
57
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research work is sponsored by “Research and Management center” University Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia (UTHM), under research fund E15501.
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8. ISSN: 2088-8694
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Hassan A. Soomro was born in Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan, on May 01, 1985. He received his
B.E and M.E degrees in Electrical Engineering from Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering
Science and Technology Nawabshah, Pakistan in 2008 and University Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia (UTHM) in 2016 respectively. He has been with UTHM from April 2014 as Graduate
Assistant researcher. “Currently, He is doing PhD in Department of Electrical Power
Engineering, UTHM. His research interests include design and optimizations HE-FSM with”
segmental rotor structure.
Erwan Bin Sulaiman “was born in Johor, Malaysia, on August 31, 1978. He received his B.E
and M.E degrees in Electrical Engineering from University of Malaya in 2001 and University
Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) in 2004 respectively. He received Doctorate Degree in
Electrical Engineering from Nagoya Institute of Technology (NIT), Japan in 2012. He is
currently Associate Professor at Department of Electrical Power Engineering, UTHM. His
research interests include design optimizations of Flux Switching Machines.
Mahyuzie Jenal “got his birth in Johor, Malaysia, on December 4, 1977. He got his B.E and
M.E degrees in Electrical Engineering from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia in 2000 and
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) in 2009. He has completed his PhD from
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) in 2020. He has been with UTHM from June
2003 as instructor and selected as a lecturer in” 2009. His research interest is electric machine
design especially in permanent magnet flux switching machine.
Irfan Ali Soomro is a researcher. He received bachelor’s degree in “Electrical Engineering from
Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology, Nawabshah” Sindh,
Pakistan. Currently he is a full-time researcher at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
(UTHM). Currently, he is pursuing his research in electrical power engineering at the same
university consecutively. His research interest includes design of flux switching motor.
Laili Iwani binti Jusoh “was born in Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia, on August 2, 1987. She
achieved her B.E degree in Electrical Engineering form University of Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia in 2010. After that, she obtained Master in Technical Vocational and Education from
UTHM in 2014. Currently, she is pursuing Ph.D at UTHM. Her research targets are mainly
related to single and three phase permanent magnet flux switching machines for light electric”
vehicles.
Mohd Zarafi Bin Ahmad “received his BE degree in electrical engineering from University
Technology Mara in 2003 and ME degree in electrical engineering from University Technology
Malaysia in 2006. He has been a lecturer at University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia since 2006
where he received his Ph. D in 2017. His research interests include electric machine design” and
drive control.
Mohd Firdaus Mohd Ab “Halim graduated from Universiti Tenaga Nasional in Bachelor of
Electrical Engineering. He finished Master Degree of EEIT at University of Applied Science
Rosenheim, Germany. Currently he is a full-time researcher at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia
Melaka, Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan. His reseach mainly focus in Energy Efficiency,
Renewable Energy and Electrical Vehicle. Currently he is full time studying Doctor Of
Philosophy In Electrical Engineering in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn (UTHM)”