This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...Yayah Zakaria
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind
speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
This paper presents the modeling and simulation of wind energy Conversion System using the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The objectives are: to extract the maximum power of the wind speed by controlling the electromagnetic torque of the PMSG, to maintain constant the DC-link voltage despite the wind speed variations and to attain the unity power factor. In order to ensure a regulation with high performance and a good robustness against the internal and the external disturbances, a new control strategy called the Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is used. Therefore, the Analysis and simulation of the ADRC and PI controllers are developed with MATLAB/Simulink software. The performance of these controllers is compared in term of references tracking, robustness and grid faults.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Independent Control of Active and Reactive Powers of a DFIG Based Wind Energy...IJERA Editor
The paper deals with a design and implementation of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy conversion system (WECS) connected to the power grid. A back-to-back AC/DC/AC converter is incorporated between the stator and the rotor windings of a DFIG, in order to obtain variable speed operation. The DFIG can be controlled from sub-synchronous speed to super synchronous speed operation. The main objective of the paper is to control the flow of the Active and Reactive powers produced by the DFIG based wind energy conversion system. A vector control strategy with stator flux orientation is applied to both the grid side converter and the rotor side converter for the independent control of Active and reactive powers produced by the DFIG based wind energy conversion system. The system along with its control circuit were simulated in a Matlab/simulink and the results are presented and discussed.
In this paper, we focus on the modeling and control of a wind power system based on a double-fed induction generator DFIG. We proposed a technique of active and reactive power control to improve the performance and dynamics of variable speed wind system. The objective of the modeling is to apply the direct and indirect vector control stator flux orientation to control independently, the active and reactive power generated doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). The simulation results are tested and compared in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed system.
Wind Energy Conversion Based On Matrix ConverterIAES-IJPEDS
In recent years renewable sources such as solar, wave and wind are used for the generation of electricity. Wind is one of the major renewable sources. The amount of energy from a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) depends not only on the wind at the site, but also on the control strategy used for the WECS. In assistance to get the appropriate wind energy from the conversion system, wind turbine generator will be run in variable speed mode. The variable speed capability is achieved through the use of an advanced power electronic converter. Fixed speed wind turbines and induction generators are often used in wind farms. But the limitations of such generators are low efficiency and poor power quality which necessitates the variable speed wind turbine generators such as Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). A high-performance configuration can be obtained by using a PMSG and a converter in combination AC-DC-AC connect between stator & rotor points for providing the required variable speed operation.
Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with a variable speed wind turbine coupled with a permanent magnet synchronous generator connected through a two mass drive train. This drive train is connected to synchronous generator and after the conversion process finally connected to grid and the idea of transmission over a long distance makes the use of converter necessary and at the receiving end. The inverter is used to convert it back and the inverter is designed with a proper gate signal to get the best output three phase voltages. The fuzzy logic controller is used to track generator speed with varying wind speed to optimize turbine aerodynamic efficiency in the outer speed loop. Pitch angle control of wind turbine has been used widely to reduce torque and output power variation in high rated wind speed areas .The machine side converter is designed to extract maximum power from the wind. In this work a WECS connected with grid is designed in Matlab and a Fuzzy controller is designed to improve the output and we can see the major difference in DC link voltage and reactive power in transmission line. From the outputs we can also go through the reactive power issue which system is best for inductive load or capacitive load. The simple PI system is good for capacitive load and the fuzzy system is better option for the inductive load. The results of both the system of normal controller and fuzzy controller is compared and analyzed. Key Words: Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) , Pulse width modulation (PWM), Wind energy conversion system, DC link capacitor. FACTS Flexible A.C Transmission system, PI proportional integral
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...Yayah Zakaria
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind
speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
This paper presents the modeling and simulation of wind energy Conversion System using the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The objectives are: to extract the maximum power of the wind speed by controlling the electromagnetic torque of the PMSG, to maintain constant the DC-link voltage despite the wind speed variations and to attain the unity power factor. In order to ensure a regulation with high performance and a good robustness against the internal and the external disturbances, a new control strategy called the Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) is used. Therefore, the Analysis and simulation of the ADRC and PI controllers are developed with MATLAB/Simulink software. The performance of these controllers is compared in term of references tracking, robustness and grid faults.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Independent Control of Active and Reactive Powers of a DFIG Based Wind Energy...IJERA Editor
The paper deals with a design and implementation of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy conversion system (WECS) connected to the power grid. A back-to-back AC/DC/AC converter is incorporated between the stator and the rotor windings of a DFIG, in order to obtain variable speed operation. The DFIG can be controlled from sub-synchronous speed to super synchronous speed operation. The main objective of the paper is to control the flow of the Active and Reactive powers produced by the DFIG based wind energy conversion system. A vector control strategy with stator flux orientation is applied to both the grid side converter and the rotor side converter for the independent control of Active and reactive powers produced by the DFIG based wind energy conversion system. The system along with its control circuit were simulated in a Matlab/simulink and the results are presented and discussed.
In this paper, we focus on the modeling and control of a wind power system based on a double-fed induction generator DFIG. We proposed a technique of active and reactive power control to improve the performance and dynamics of variable speed wind system. The objective of the modeling is to apply the direct and indirect vector control stator flux orientation to control independently, the active and reactive power generated doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). The simulation results are tested and compared in order to evaluate the performance of the proposed system.
Wind Energy Conversion Based On Matrix ConverterIAES-IJPEDS
In recent years renewable sources such as solar, wave and wind are used for the generation of electricity. Wind is one of the major renewable sources. The amount of energy from a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) depends not only on the wind at the site, but also on the control strategy used for the WECS. In assistance to get the appropriate wind energy from the conversion system, wind turbine generator will be run in variable speed mode. The variable speed capability is achieved through the use of an advanced power electronic converter. Fixed speed wind turbines and induction generators are often used in wind farms. But the limitations of such generators are low efficiency and poor power quality which necessitates the variable speed wind turbine generators such as Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). A high-performance configuration can be obtained by using a PMSG and a converter in combination AC-DC-AC connect between stator & rotor points for providing the required variable speed operation.
Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with a variable speed wind turbine coupled with a permanent magnet synchronous generator connected through a two mass drive train. This drive train is connected to synchronous generator and after the conversion process finally connected to grid and the idea of transmission over a long distance makes the use of converter necessary and at the receiving end. The inverter is used to convert it back and the inverter is designed with a proper gate signal to get the best output three phase voltages. The fuzzy logic controller is used to track generator speed with varying wind speed to optimize turbine aerodynamic efficiency in the outer speed loop. Pitch angle control of wind turbine has been used widely to reduce torque and output power variation in high rated wind speed areas .The machine side converter is designed to extract maximum power from the wind. In this work a WECS connected with grid is designed in Matlab and a Fuzzy controller is designed to improve the output and we can see the major difference in DC link voltage and reactive power in transmission line. From the outputs we can also go through the reactive power issue which system is best for inductive load or capacitive load. The simple PI system is good for capacitive load and the fuzzy system is better option for the inductive load. The results of both the system of normal controller and fuzzy controller is compared and analyzed. Key Words: Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) , Pulse width modulation (PWM), Wind energy conversion system, DC link capacitor. FACTS Flexible A.C Transmission system, PI proportional integral
Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Advanced Control of Wind Electric Pumping System for Isolated Areas ApplicationIAES-IJPEDS
The supply water in remote areas of windy region is one of most attractive application of wind energy conversion. This paper proposes an advanced controller suitable for wind-electric pump in isolated applications in order to have a desired debit from variation of reference speed of the pump also the control scheme of DC voltage of SIEG for feed the pump are presented under step change in wind speed. The simulation results showed a good performance of the global proposed control system.
Wind energy has many advantages, it does not pollute and it is an inexhaustible source. However, the cost of this energy is still too high to compete with traditional fossil sources. The yield of a wind turbine depends on three parameters: the power of the wind, the turbine power curve and the ability of the generator to respond to fluctuations in the wind. This article presented the MPPT of a wind turbine system equipped with an asynchronous generator has dual power under MatlabSimulink program, in the first time we simulated all the conversion chain with complete model of DFIG and vector control in second stepthen applied the extracted maximum power MPPT strategists, this command is effective and has several advantages it offered to kept the maximum power delivered to network despite all the parameter is change.
Wind Energy Conversion System Using PMSG with T-Source Three Phase Matrix Con...IJTET Journal
This paper presents an analysis of a PMSG wind power system using T-Sourcethree phase matrix converter. PMSG using T-Source three phase matrix converterhas advantages that it can provide any desired AC output voltage regardless of DC input with regulation in shoot-through time. In this control system T-Source capacitor voltage can be kept stable with variations in the shoot-through time, maximum power from the wind turbine to be delivered. Inaddition, of a new future, the converter employs a safe-commutation strategy toconduct along a continuous current flow, which results in theelimination of voltage spikes on switches without the need for a snubber circuit. With the use of matrix converter the surely need forrectifier circuit and passive components to store energy arereduced. The MATLAB/Simulinkmodel of the overall system is carried out and theoretical wind energy conversion output load voltage calculations are madeand feasibility of the new topology has been verified and that theconverter can produce an output voltage and output current. This proposed method has greater efficiency and lower cost.
A Lyapunov Based Approach to Enchance Wind Turbine Stabilityijeei-iaes
This paper introduces a nonlinear control of a wind turbine based on a Double Feed Induction Generator. The Rotor Side converter is controlled by using field oriented control and Backstepping strategy to enhance the dynamic stability response. The Grid Side converter is controlled by a sliding mode. These methods aim to increase dynamic system stability for variable wind speed. Hence, The Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is studied in order to illustrate its behavior in case of severe disturbance, and its dynamic response in grid connected mode for variable speed wind operation. The model is presented and simulated under Matlab/ Simulink.
In recent years, wind energy has become one of the most promising renewable energy sources. Various wind turbine concepts with different generator topologies have been developed to convert this abundant energy into electric power. The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is currently the most common type of generator used in wind farms. Usually the DFIG generator is a wound rotor induction machine, where the stator circuit is directly connected to grid while the rotor’s winding is connected to the grid via a three-phase converter. This paper describes an approach for the independent control of the active and reactive powers of the variable-speed DFIG. The simulation model including a 1.5 MW-DFIG driven by a wind turbine, a PWM back-to-back inverter and the proposed control strategy are developed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems environment.
This paper presents an online efficiency optimization method for the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive system in an electric vehicle (EV). The proposed method considers accurately the total system losses including fundamental copper and iron losses, harmonic copper and iron losses, magnet loss, and inverter losses. Therefore, it has the capability to always guarantee maximum efficiency control. A highly trusted machine model is built using finite element analysis (FEA). This model considers accurately the magnetic saturation, spatial harmonics, and iron loss effect. The overall system efficiency is estimated online based on the accurate determination of system loss, and then the optimum current angle is defined online for the maximum efficiency per ampere (MEPA) control. A series of results is conducted to show the effectiveness and fidelity of proposed method. The results show the superior performance of proposed method over the conventional offline efficiency optimization methods.
Modeling and Control of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator for Wind Turbine-Gen...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a vector control direct (FOC) of double fed induction generator intended to control the generated stator powers. This device is intended to be implemented in a variable-speed wind-energy conversion system connected to the grid. In order to control the active and reactive power exchanged between the machine stator and the grid, the rotor is fed by a bi-directional converter. The DFIG is controlled by standard relay controllers. Details of the control strategy and system simulation were performed using Simulink and the results are presented in this here to show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
In this work, we are interested in improving the performance of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind system, by applying a sliding mode control strategy. The objective is the regulation of the active and reactive power, also the voltage and the frequency of the signal injected into the distribution network. The model proposed for the control is based on the sliding mode technique with performance estimators. The proposed model was validated by a simulation on MATLAB/Simulink.
Sliding mode performance control applied to a DFIG system for a wind energy p...IJECEIAES
This project presents a strategy of field control then sliding mode control put in to the conversion process of wind energy containing an asynchronous generator with double fed (DFAG; DFIG). A model was developed for each component of the wind turbine (turbine, DFAG and cascade rectifierinverter). MPPT device must be introduced in order to obtain maximum energy efficiency so that PI-MPPT method is made. The objective is to apply this command to control independently the active and reactive powers generated by the asynchronous generator uncoupled by orientation from the flow. The results of digital simulations obtained show the improvement of the performances of the sliding control compared to the field control, also it has provided information on the commands available techniques as reference tracking and robustness.
Control of the powerquality for a DFIG powered by multilevel inverters IJECEIAES
This paper treats the modeling, and the control of a wind power system based on a doubly fed induction generator DFIG, the stator is directly connected to the grid, while the rotor is powered by multilevel inverters. In order to get a decoupled system of controlfor an independently transits of active and reactive power, a vector control method based on stator flux orientation SFOC is considered: Direct vector control based on PI controllers. Cascaded H-bridge CHBI multilevel inverters are used in the rotor circuit to study its effect on supply power quality. All simulation models are built in MATLAB/Simulink software. Results and waveforms clearly show the effectiveness of vector control strategy. Finally, performances of the system will tested and compared for each levels of inverter.
In industrial electric drive systems, it is common to find objects that need to solve the problem of angular position control, moving the object from one position to another asymptotically with no over-correction and guarantee. calculation of maximum fast impact. This is a multi-target optimization problem with many different solutions. This paper presents a method of constructing a PMSM motor position controller with a variable structure using dSPACE 1104 card. The system consists of a position control loop with a variable structure that is an outer loop and a speed control loop degree is the inner loop. In which, the speed adjustment loop uses adaptive law to compensate for uncertain functions and build a sliding mode observation to estimate load torque, friction and noise. The results of the simulation study were verified on Matlab-Simulink environment and experimented on dSPACE 1104 card to check the correctness of the built controller algorithm. The research results in the paper are the basis for the evaluation and setting up of control algorithms, design of electric drive systems in industry and the military.
Development of DC voltage control from wind turbines using proportions and in...IJECEIAES
This research article presents the method to control the DC voltage of the boost converter by using a proportional-integral (PI) controller. With AC voltage from a wind turbine generator, converting to DC voltage level by rectifier, this DC voltage controlled by PI controller is to control boost converter that sends DC links to the inverter which converting alternating current voltage to direct current voltage through three-phase load and to the grid-connected system. For switching the IGBTs in the inverter, the PWM signal, on the hysteresis current control, is controlled by the signal from the detected reference voltage based on the grid-connected system and the voltage from a wind turbine generator. The tests made the comparison of results from the simulation with the MATLAB/Simulink program and result from the hardware on the prototype. The power quality results, such as harmonic, power factor, are in acceptable ranges.
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...IJECEIAES
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
This article presents nonlinear control of wind conversion chain connected to the grid based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The control objectives are threefold; i) forcing the generator speed to track a varying reference signal in order to extract the maximum power at different wind speed (MPPT); ii) regulating the rectifier output capacitor voltage; iii) reducing the harmonic and reactive currents injected in the grid. This means that the inverter output current must be sinusoidal and in phase with the AC supply voltage (PFC). To this end, a nonlinear state-feedback control is developed, based on the average nonlinear model of the whole controlled system. This control strategy involves backstepping approach, Lyapunov stability and other tools from theory of linear systems. The proposed state-feedback control strategy is tested by numerical simulation which shows that the developed controller reaches its objectives.
4.power quality improvement in dg system using shunt active filterEditorJST
Injection of power generated by the wind turbine system into an electric grid mainly effects the power quality. The performance of this wind turbine and its power quality is determined on the basis of its measurement of power ratings as per IEEE standards. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation. To mitigate the power quality problems this paper proposes the shunt compensator techniques. Here, the proposed system is verified experimentally using both STATCOM and TSC compensators. This control schemes for grid connected wind energy system is simulated using Matlab/Simulink.
Performance analysis of various parameters by comparison of conventional pitc...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Advanced Control of Wind Electric Pumping System for Isolated Areas ApplicationIAES-IJPEDS
The supply water in remote areas of windy region is one of most attractive application of wind energy conversion. This paper proposes an advanced controller suitable for wind-electric pump in isolated applications in order to have a desired debit from variation of reference speed of the pump also the control scheme of DC voltage of SIEG for feed the pump are presented under step change in wind speed. The simulation results showed a good performance of the global proposed control system.
Wind energy has many advantages, it does not pollute and it is an inexhaustible source. However, the cost of this energy is still too high to compete with traditional fossil sources. The yield of a wind turbine depends on three parameters: the power of the wind, the turbine power curve and the ability of the generator to respond to fluctuations in the wind. This article presented the MPPT of a wind turbine system equipped with an asynchronous generator has dual power under MatlabSimulink program, in the first time we simulated all the conversion chain with complete model of DFIG and vector control in second stepthen applied the extracted maximum power MPPT strategists, this command is effective and has several advantages it offered to kept the maximum power delivered to network despite all the parameter is change.
Wind Energy Conversion System Using PMSG with T-Source Three Phase Matrix Con...IJTET Journal
This paper presents an analysis of a PMSG wind power system using T-Sourcethree phase matrix converter. PMSG using T-Source three phase matrix converterhas advantages that it can provide any desired AC output voltage regardless of DC input with regulation in shoot-through time. In this control system T-Source capacitor voltage can be kept stable with variations in the shoot-through time, maximum power from the wind turbine to be delivered. Inaddition, of a new future, the converter employs a safe-commutation strategy toconduct along a continuous current flow, which results in theelimination of voltage spikes on switches without the need for a snubber circuit. With the use of matrix converter the surely need forrectifier circuit and passive components to store energy arereduced. The MATLAB/Simulinkmodel of the overall system is carried out and theoretical wind energy conversion output load voltage calculations are madeand feasibility of the new topology has been verified and that theconverter can produce an output voltage and output current. This proposed method has greater efficiency and lower cost.
A Lyapunov Based Approach to Enchance Wind Turbine Stabilityijeei-iaes
This paper introduces a nonlinear control of a wind turbine based on a Double Feed Induction Generator. The Rotor Side converter is controlled by using field oriented control and Backstepping strategy to enhance the dynamic stability response. The Grid Side converter is controlled by a sliding mode. These methods aim to increase dynamic system stability for variable wind speed. Hence, The Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) is studied in order to illustrate its behavior in case of severe disturbance, and its dynamic response in grid connected mode for variable speed wind operation. The model is presented and simulated under Matlab/ Simulink.
In recent years, wind energy has become one of the most promising renewable energy sources. Various wind turbine concepts with different generator topologies have been developed to convert this abundant energy into electric power. The doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) is currently the most common type of generator used in wind farms. Usually the DFIG generator is a wound rotor induction machine, where the stator circuit is directly connected to grid while the rotor’s winding is connected to the grid via a three-phase converter. This paper describes an approach for the independent control of the active and reactive powers of the variable-speed DFIG. The simulation model including a 1.5 MW-DFIG driven by a wind turbine, a PWM back-to-back inverter and the proposed control strategy are developed and implemented using MATLAB/Simulink/SimPowerSystems environment.
This paper presents an online efficiency optimization method for the interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drive system in an electric vehicle (EV). The proposed method considers accurately the total system losses including fundamental copper and iron losses, harmonic copper and iron losses, magnet loss, and inverter losses. Therefore, it has the capability to always guarantee maximum efficiency control. A highly trusted machine model is built using finite element analysis (FEA). This model considers accurately the magnetic saturation, spatial harmonics, and iron loss effect. The overall system efficiency is estimated online based on the accurate determination of system loss, and then the optimum current angle is defined online for the maximum efficiency per ampere (MEPA) control. A series of results is conducted to show the effectiveness and fidelity of proposed method. The results show the superior performance of proposed method over the conventional offline efficiency optimization methods.
Modeling and Control of a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator for Wind Turbine-Gen...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents a vector control direct (FOC) of double fed induction generator intended to control the generated stator powers. This device is intended to be implemented in a variable-speed wind-energy conversion system connected to the grid. In order to control the active and reactive power exchanged between the machine stator and the grid, the rotor is fed by a bi-directional converter. The DFIG is controlled by standard relay controllers. Details of the control strategy and system simulation were performed using Simulink and the results are presented in this here to show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
In this work, we are interested in improving the performance of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind system, by applying a sliding mode control strategy. The objective is the regulation of the active and reactive power, also the voltage and the frequency of the signal injected into the distribution network. The model proposed for the control is based on the sliding mode technique with performance estimators. The proposed model was validated by a simulation on MATLAB/Simulink.
Sliding mode performance control applied to a DFIG system for a wind energy p...IJECEIAES
This project presents a strategy of field control then sliding mode control put in to the conversion process of wind energy containing an asynchronous generator with double fed (DFAG; DFIG). A model was developed for each component of the wind turbine (turbine, DFAG and cascade rectifierinverter). MPPT device must be introduced in order to obtain maximum energy efficiency so that PI-MPPT method is made. The objective is to apply this command to control independently the active and reactive powers generated by the asynchronous generator uncoupled by orientation from the flow. The results of digital simulations obtained show the improvement of the performances of the sliding control compared to the field control, also it has provided information on the commands available techniques as reference tracking and robustness.
Control of the powerquality for a DFIG powered by multilevel inverters IJECEIAES
This paper treats the modeling, and the control of a wind power system based on a doubly fed induction generator DFIG, the stator is directly connected to the grid, while the rotor is powered by multilevel inverters. In order to get a decoupled system of controlfor an independently transits of active and reactive power, a vector control method based on stator flux orientation SFOC is considered: Direct vector control based on PI controllers. Cascaded H-bridge CHBI multilevel inverters are used in the rotor circuit to study its effect on supply power quality. All simulation models are built in MATLAB/Simulink software. Results and waveforms clearly show the effectiveness of vector control strategy. Finally, performances of the system will tested and compared for each levels of inverter.
In industrial electric drive systems, it is common to find objects that need to solve the problem of angular position control, moving the object from one position to another asymptotically with no over-correction and guarantee. calculation of maximum fast impact. This is a multi-target optimization problem with many different solutions. This paper presents a method of constructing a PMSM motor position controller with a variable structure using dSPACE 1104 card. The system consists of a position control loop with a variable structure that is an outer loop and a speed control loop degree is the inner loop. In which, the speed adjustment loop uses adaptive law to compensate for uncertain functions and build a sliding mode observation to estimate load torque, friction and noise. The results of the simulation study were verified on Matlab-Simulink environment and experimented on dSPACE 1104 card to check the correctness of the built controller algorithm. The research results in the paper are the basis for the evaluation and setting up of control algorithms, design of electric drive systems in industry and the military.
Development of DC voltage control from wind turbines using proportions and in...IJECEIAES
This research article presents the method to control the DC voltage of the boost converter by using a proportional-integral (PI) controller. With AC voltage from a wind turbine generator, converting to DC voltage level by rectifier, this DC voltage controlled by PI controller is to control boost converter that sends DC links to the inverter which converting alternating current voltage to direct current voltage through three-phase load and to the grid-connected system. For switching the IGBTs in the inverter, the PWM signal, on the hysteresis current control, is controlled by the signal from the detected reference voltage based on the grid-connected system and the voltage from a wind turbine generator. The tests made the comparison of results from the simulation with the MATLAB/Simulink program and result from the hardware on the prototype. The power quality results, such as harmonic, power factor, are in acceptable ranges.
Study of Wind Turbine based Variable Reluctance Generator using Hybrid FEMM-M...IJECEIAES
Based on exhaustive review of the state of the art of the electric generators fitted to Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), this study is focused on an innovative machine that is a Variable Reluctance Generator (VRG). Indeed, its simple and rugged structure (low cost), its high torque at low speed (gearless), its fault-tolerance (lowest maintenance), allow it to be a potential candidate for a small wind power application at variable wind speed. For better accuracy, a finite element model of a studied doubly salient VRG is developed using open source software FEMM to identify the electromagnetic characteristics such as linkage flux, torque or inductance versus rotor position and stator excitation. The obtained data are then transferred into look-up tables of MATLAB/Simulink to perform various simulations. Performance of the proposed wind power system is analyzed for several parameters and results are discussed.
This article presents nonlinear control of wind conversion chain connected to the grid based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator. The control objectives are threefold; i) forcing the generator speed to track a varying reference signal in order to extract the maximum power at different wind speed (MPPT); ii) regulating the rectifier output capacitor voltage; iii) reducing the harmonic and reactive currents injected in the grid. This means that the inverter output current must be sinusoidal and in phase with the AC supply voltage (PFC). To this end, a nonlinear state-feedback control is developed, based on the average nonlinear model of the whole controlled system. This control strategy involves backstepping approach, Lyapunov stability and other tools from theory of linear systems. The proposed state-feedback control strategy is tested by numerical simulation which shows that the developed controller reaches its objectives.
4.power quality improvement in dg system using shunt active filterEditorJST
Injection of power generated by the wind turbine system into an electric grid mainly effects the power quality. The performance of this wind turbine and its power quality is determined on the basis of its measurement of power ratings as per IEEE standards. The influence of the wind turbine in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, variation of voltage, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation. To mitigate the power quality problems this paper proposes the shunt compensator techniques. Here, the proposed system is verified experimentally using both STATCOM and TSC compensators. This control schemes for grid connected wind energy system is simulated using Matlab/Simulink.
A variable gain PI to improve the performances of a unified power flow contro...IJAEMSJORNAL
The instability problems in the electrical supply networks have had a great impact on recent research studies on modern devices. The unified power flow controller (UPFC) is one of the various FACTS (Flexible Alternative Current Transmission Sys-tems) devices that allow the electrical supply networks to be stable with a strong effectiveness. In this paper, the performances of such a device using both a classical PI and a variable gains PI controllers are examined. For this instance, the compensator is first stabilized before trying to stabilize the network. A series of comparative simulation tests have been undertaken for both regulators and analyzed. From the obtained results it is clearly shown that when the system is equipped with the variable gain PI regulator, the performance are much better.
This article addresses the problem of controlling an overall wind energy conversion system (WECS) formed by a wind turbine connected to the grid via a doubly fed introduction generator (DFIG) and an AC/DC/AC converter. The main control objectives are fourfold: (i) designing an output feedback speed controller that makes the DFIG rotate at the optimal value delivered by the MPPT strategy, (ii) controlling the stator reactive power so as to be null, (iii) guaranteeing the DC-link voltage in the grid side converter to be at a given constant value, (iv) ensuring a unitary power factor. A high gain observer is synthesized, in order to provide estimated values of the mechanical variables. To achieve the control objectives, a sliding mode controller involving the mechanical observer is designed. The performance of the system configuration based on the 2MW-DFIG with the proposed controller is evaluated by a numerical simulation under a realistic wind profile using MATLAB/SIMULINK/SimPowerSystems environment.
A Hybrid Control Scheme for Fault Ride-Through Capability using Line-Side Con...Suganthi Thangaraj
As the wind power installations are increasing in number, Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) are required to have Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capabilities. Lately developed grid operating codes demand the WTGs to stay connected during fault conditions, supporting the grid to recover faster back to its normal state. In this paper, the generator side converter incorporates the maximum power point tracking algorithm to extract maximum energy from wind turbine system. A hybrid control scheme for energy storage systems (ESS) and braking choppers for fault ride-through capability and a suppression of the output power fluctuation is proposed for permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine systems. During grid faults, the dc-link voltage is controlled by the ESS instead of the line-side converter (LSC), whereas the LSC is exploited as a STATCOM to inject reactive current into the grid for assisting in the grid voltage recovery. A simple model of the proposed system is developed and simulated in MATLAB environment. The effectiveness of the system is validated through extensive simulation results
This paper proposes a feedback linearization control of doubly fed induction generator based wind energy systems for improving decoupled control of the active and reactive powers stator. In order to enhance dynamic performance of the controller studied, the adopted control is reinforced by a fuzzy logic controller. This approach is designed without any model of rotor flux estimation. The difficulty of measuring of rotor flux is overcome by using high gain observer. The stability of the nonlinear observer is proved by the Lyapunov theory. Numerical simulations using MATLAB-SIMULINK shown clearly the robustness of the proposed control, particularly to the disturbance rejection and parametric variations compared with the conventional method.
STATCOM Based Wind Energy System by using Hybrid Fuzzy Logic ControllerIJMTST Journal
The influence of the hybrid system in the grid system concerning the power quality measurements are the active power, reactive power, voltage deviation, flicker, harmonics, and electrical behavior of switching operation and these are measured according to International Electro-Technical Commission (IEC). The STATCOM provides reactive power support to hybrid system and load. These voltage fluctuations can be eliminated with the help of advanced reactive power compensator device such as SVC and STATCOM. This work focus on design, modeling and analysis of FACTS device in wind farm interconnected with grid during fault. These devices can be controlled by Synchronous Reference Frame theory. The performance is analyzed with the help of PI controller and Fuzzy logic technique. by using Matlab/Simulink Model.
The paper proposes a complete modeling and control technique of variable speed wind turbine system (WTS) based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). Two levels back-to-back converter is used to ensure the energy transfer between the DFIG rotor and the grid. The wind turbine to operate efficiently, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is implemented. Then, direct power control (DPC) strategy has been combined with the MPPT technique in order to guarantee the selection of the appropriate rotor voltage vectors and to minimize the active and reactive power errors. Finally, the simulation is performed by using MATLAB/simulink platform basing on 7.5KW DFIG wind generation system, and the results prove the effectiveness of our proposed control technique.
This paper explained details of Comparison of solar based closed loop DC -DC converter using PID and ANN Control for Shunt motor drive. Solar panel output is given to full bridge converter, stepup transformer, full wave converter, ∏ filter and Shunt motor drive are connected.Comparator compare the set value and the output signal of the motor produce a signal, based on the signal, full wave conveter produce the voltage to run the motor, Speed of motor,Torque and Armature current,Rise time,Peak time, Settling time and Steady state error are measured and evaluated by experimental.A circuit operation and simulation designed for a 1000 RPM speed of shunt motor arrived and tested.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
1.firefly algorithm based reactive power control of an isolated wind diesel h...EditorJST
This work proposes the reactive power control of an isolated hybrid power system. The system consists of a synchronous generator incorporated for diesel engine system, induction generator incorporated for the wind energy conversion system. In order to minimize the surplus reactive power requirement of the system, FACTS device SVC is employed in the system. For a robust voltage control of the system, controllers of proportional and integral type have been incorporated for AVR of the excitation system of the synchronous generator and SVC. The controller parameters are optimized using firefly algorithm (FA). The dynamic response of the system has been tested for different degrees of load disturbances plus variable nature of the wind system.
Power Control of Wind Turbine Based on Fuzzy Sliding-Mode ControlIJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents the study of a variable speed wind energy conversion system (WECS) using a Wound Field Synchronous Generator (WFSG) based on a Fuzzy sliding mode control (FSMC) applied to achieve control of active and reactive powers exchanged between the stator of the WFSG and the grid to ensure a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of a wind energy conversion system. However the principal drawback of the sliding mode, is the chattering effect which characterized by torque ripple, this phenomena is undesirable and harmful for the machines, it generates noises and additional forces of torsion on the machine shaft. A direct fuzzy logic controller is designed and the sliding mode controller is added to compensate the fuzzy approximation errors. The simulation results clearly indicate the effectiveness and validity of the proposed method, in terms of convergence, time and precision.
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
This paper presents a fast and accurate fault detection, classification and direction discrimination algorithm of transmission lines using one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs) that have ingrained adaptive model to avoid the feature extraction difficulties and fault classification into one learning algorithm. A proposed algorithm is directly usable with raw data and this deletes the need of a discrete feature extraction method resulting in more effective protective system. The proposed approach based on the three-phase voltages and currents signals of one end at the relay location in the transmission line system are taken as input to the proposed 1D-CNN algorithm. A 132kV power transmission line is simulated by Matlab simulink to prepare the training and testing data for the proposed 1D- CNN algorithm. The testing accuracy of the proposed algorithm is compared with other two conventional methods which are neural network and fuzzy neural network. The results of test explain that the new proposed detection system is efficient and fast for classifying and direction discrimination of fault in transmission line with high accuracy as compared with other conventional methods under various conditions of faults.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
Large-scale grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) station are increasing rapidly. However, this large penetration of PV system creates frequency fluctuation in the grid due to the intermittency of solar irradiance. Therefore, in this paper, a robust droop control mechanism of the battery energy storage system (BESS) is developed in order to damp the frequency fluctuation of the multi-machine grid system due to variable active power injected from the PV panel. The proposed droop control strategy incorporates frequency error signal and dead-band for effective minimization of frequency fluctuation. The BESS system is used to consume/inject an effective amount of active power based upon the frequency oscillation of the grid system. The simulation analysis is carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC software to prove the effectiveness of the proposed droop control-based BESS system. The simulation result implies that the proposed scheme can efficiently curtail the frequency oscillation.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The electrical distribution network is undergoing tremendous modifications with the introduction of distributed generation technologies which have led to an increase in fault current levels in the distribution network. Fault current limiters have been developed as a promising technology to limit fault current levels in power systems. Though, quite a number of fault current limiters have been developed; the most common are the superconducting fault current limiters, solid-state fault current limiters, and saturated core fault current limiters. These fault current limiters present potential fault current limiting solutions in power systems. Nevertheless, they encounter various challenges hindering their deployment and commercialization. This research aimed at designing a bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter with a novel topology for distribution network applications. The proposed bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter was designed and simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed design in fault current limiting, voltage sag compensation during fault conditions, and its ability not to affect the load voltage and current during normal conditions as well as in suppressing the source powers during fault conditions. Simulation results also showed very minimal power loss by the fault current limiter during normal conditions.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
This paper presents a new simplified cascade multiphase DC-DC buck power converter suitable for low voltage and large current applications. Cascade connection enables very low voltage ratio without using very small duty cycles nor transformers. Large current with very low ripple content is achieved by using the multiphase technique. The proposed converter needs smaller number of components compared to conventional cascade multiphase DC-DC buck power converters. This paper also presents useful analysis of the proposed DC-DC buck power converter with a method to optimize the phase and cascade number. Simulation and experimental results are included to verify the basic performance of the proposed DC-DC buck power converter.
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Generator and grid side converter control for wind energy conversion system
1. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS)
Vol. 12, No. 3, September 2021, pp. 1832~1844
ISSN: 2088-8694, DOI: 10.11591/ijpeds.v12.i3.pp1832-1844 1832
Journal homepage: http://ijpeds.iaescore.com
Generator and grid side converter control for wind energy
conversion system
Asma Tounsi, Hafedh Abid
Laboratory of Sciences and Techniques of Automatic control & computer engineering (Lab-STA), National School of
Engineering of Sfax ENIS, University of Sfax, Tunisia
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Apr 4, 2021
Revised Jun 3, 2021
Accepted Jul 14, 2021
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion
chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves
a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are
connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a
filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two
types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-
Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by
the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been
checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the
proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the
DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate
the robustness of the approach used.
Keywords:
DC bus
Generator side converter
Grid side inverter
Permanent magnet synchronous
Generator
Takagi-Sugeno
Wind energy conversion system
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Asma Tounsi
Laboratory (Lab-STA), ENIS
University of Sfax
Université de Route de l'Aéroport Km 0.5 BP 1169 .3029 Sfax Sfax, 3029, Tunisia
Email: asmatounsi130@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
Wind energy (WE) is considered as the first sources exploited by humans after the energy of wood
[1], [2]. It has been used to generate electrical energy for several decades [3], [4]. According to the renewable
energies observatory, WE are at this time the most dynamic sector energy in the world [5]. Following the
global oil crisis, the development and marketing of wind turbines was strongly encouraged [6]. Since then,
the exploitation of wind resources has become increasingly efficient and the wind industry has experienced
considerable growth over the last decade [7]. There exist two structures of wind turbines [3], [5]; the first
structure operates at a fixed speed. It is directly connected to the electrical energy network. Whereas, the
second structure operates at variable speed, this type of turbines can follow wind speed variations, such
systems requiring power converters between generators and the grid.
Several types of generators can be used such as asynchronous machine, dual feed induction machine
and permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG). Newly, the exploitation of the PMSG becomes more
and more common thanks to its advantages. Indeed, the direct connection of the PMSG to the turbine allows to
obtain a significant at reduced speed [7]. For small power wind turbines, the use of a PMSG avoids the use of
the gearbox, while for big power wind turbines, a gearbox is needed despite the use of the PMSG. The latter is
connected to a rectifier, which supplies a DC bus connected on the other side to an inverter. This allows to
separate the controls of the converters of stator and grid sides. For stator side converter (SSC), many control
2. Int J Pow Elec & Dri Syst ISSN: 2088-8694
Generator and grid side converter control for wind energy conversion system (Asma Tounsi)
1833
methods are used in the literature, such as field-oriented control approach [8], feedback linearization control [9],
these controllers are simple but they are classical and lack performance. Other works used sliding mode control
[10] and backstepping control [11] however their main drawbacks are the complexity and difficulty of
implementation. Thus, to overcome the drawbacks of the controllers mentioned above and thanks to the
advantages given by Takagi Sugeno (TS) fuzzy controller applied to nonlinear systems and which has proven its
performance and efficiency, we used in this work the TS controller and we applied the theory of Lyapunov
stability.
The aim of the control of grid side converter (GSC), makes it possible to control the production of
active and reactive power as well as the maintenance of a constant voltage at the level of the DC bus [7]. In
this part, we used the classical proportional integral (PI) controller thanks to its simplicity, so two control
loops have been used in this section, an external control loop for the voltage of the DC bus, and an internal
control loop for the powers. Thanks to the proportionality relationship between powers and currents, the
power control is brought to a current control. So decoupling control of direct and quadrature currents is vital
in order to control separetly the two types of powers [7].
The main contribution in this paper consists in using a TS fuzzy estimator and a TS fuzzy controller.
The fuzzy estimator makes it possible, from any value of the wind speed, to predict the angular speed and the
power converted at the level of the synchronous generator. While the TS fuzzy controller provides angular
speed control, the electric power as well as the direct and quadrature currents of the synchronous generator.
The paper is structured as shown in: The second section presents a general overview of the WECC and
models each component. Section 3 describes the controller used for each part of the chain. The results of
simulation are given in section 4 to confirm effectiveness of controllers. The paper is closed by a conclusion.
2. WIND ENERGY CONVERSION CHAIN BASED ON PMSG
The wind energy conversion chain (WECC) is made up of two parts, the first is defined by a turbine,
a generator and a rectifier, while the second is made up of a DC bus, an inverter and a filter which is
connected to the grid. The conversion principle described above is illustrated by the Figure 1.
Figure 1. General structure of wind energy conversion chain
2.1. Wind turbine modeling
The turbine is the first component of the WECC, the latter tranforms kinetic energy into mechanical
energy. The converted aerodynamic power from wind is defined as [12]-[14]:
(1)
Where ro, Cp, R, V and represent respectively the air density, the power coefficient, the length of the blade
and the wind speed.The power coefficient is characterized by [15], [16]:
( ) (2)
Where λi is described by as shown in [17] ,[18]:
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(3)
The expression of tip speed ratio λ is [18]:
(4)
Where, Ω represents the mechanical rotation speed. The overall mechanical dynamics of WECC is given by
the as shown in [15], [19]:
(5)
Where J represents the global inertia moment which depends on the turbine inertia, the generator inertia and
the gearbox reduction.
2.2. PMSG modeling
The turbine is followed by a PMSG. From this machine, we obtain electrical energy. The
electromagnetic torque of the machine in the d-q rotating frame is expressed as [20]:
(6)
For the PMSG we consider that [10]:
(7)
So,
(8)
The dynamics behavior of the PMSG can be modeled by the as shown of state [21] :
̇ (9)
Where A represents the state matrix, B the control vector, x describes the state vector and u is the control
input. The state vector and the control input are respectively defined as:
] , ]
( )
The state matrix A includes the angular velocity Ω. However, the TS fuzzy model includes two local models
each one is characterized by the state matrix Ai.
( )
,
( )
The TS fuzzy model of the system can be described by if-then rules.
Rule i : If i
z t is F Then
i
x t A x t Bu t
1,2
fori (10)
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The member ship functions are chosen as rectangular form, which nonlinearity is presented by two models:
(11)
(12)
The TS fuzzy model can be written as [22], [23]:
̇ ∑ ( ) ( ) (13)
Where, r is the rule’s number (number of linear local model). The activation’s degree for rule is defined as:
∑
, , i = 1, …r
2.3. Grid side inverter modeling
The two parts of WECS are linked through a continuous bus as shown by Figure 2. The modeling of
the second part of the chain is given by these different equations [24]:
(14)
(15)
(16)
Where (Vg.d, Vg.q) are grid voltages of d-q axes, (Vd, Vq) designate the direct and quadrature components of
the output inverter, (Ig.d, Ig.q) represent the grid currents along d and q axes, Rf and Lf represent respectively
the resistance and the inductance of the filter, ωg represents the angular frequency, C is the capacitance of the
capacitor, Udc represents the DC voltage of the capacitor, Idc.s is the current of the SSC output to the DC link
and Idc.g is the current of the DC link output to the grid. The following two equations represent respectively
the formulas relating to the active and reactive power [18]:
(17)
(18)
Figure 2. DC link capacitor
3. CONTROL STRATEGIES OF THE WIND SYSTEM
In this section, we are interested in controlling the WECS. It has two parts, the first relates to the
control of the SSC and the second relates to the control of the GSC.
3.1. Controller for generator side converter
To maximize the conversion of wind energy, some equations of the system are used. The power
coefficient is keeped at its maximum value Cpmax as well as the optimum value of the tip speed ratio.
Likewise, mechanical rotational speed Ω must be maintained at an optimum value and vary proportionally
with the wind speed V. So, the mechanical reference speed is expressed as:
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(19)
The power extracted by the wind turbine is also maintained at its maximum and it is expressed as shown in:
(20)
The direct reference current is equal to zero and the q-axis reference current is obtained based as shown in
(10):
(21)
It is indispensable to control the mechanical speed of the turbine blades as well as the currents of the
generator to increase the efficiency of the energy transformation. The diagram of the control strategy is
presented in Figure 3, which includes two fuzzy blocks. The first block is a Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy estimator
while the second is the Takagi Sugeno fuzzy controller.
Figure 3. Stator side converter control
3.1.1. T-S Fuzzy estimator
Based on the minimum and maximum wind speeds (Vmin, Vmax) allowed by the turbine as well as the
corresponding optimum angular speed (Ωopt1, Ωopt2) to each of these wind speeds and the corresponding
optimum power. It is then possible to predict, using a TS type fuzzy supervisor, the optimal angular speed
Ωopt and the electrical power generated Popt for any wind speed located in the (Vmin, Vmax) range. Membership
functions are shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. Membership function
(22)
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(23)
Where, denote the member ship function for power extraction,
denote the optimum power for the maximum and minimum wind speed respectively.
3.1.2. TS type fuzzy controller
To control speed and stator current, we propose parallel-distributed compensation (PDC) controller,
which is based on TS fuzzy theory. The PDC controller has been proposed to stabilize the nonlinear system.
The PDC controller rules can be written in the form:
Rule: if z1(t) is F1i and zp(t) is Fpi, so u(t)= - ki x(t) i=1,...,r
Which is a state feedback controller to the consequence part. The TS fuzzy controller is expressed by:
∑ ( ) (24)
With ki represents the gain for local model for i=1,..,r . The following expression defined the tracking error:
(25)
The derivate expression is expressed by:
̇ ̇ ̇ (26)
In a tracking problem, the expression of the control law (24) becomes as shown in [9]:
∑ ( ) (27)
So,
̇ ∑ ( ) (28)
̇ ∑ ∑ ( ) ∑ ∑ ( ) (29)
Theorem:
The error of the overall closed loop system converge to zero, if there exists a matrix X definite
positive which satisfies the following matrix inequalities:
, i=1..r (30)
, i<j=<r (31)
Where i i
M K X
and 1
X P
Proof:
The quadratic Lyapunov candidate function is chosen as follows:
(32)
Where, er is the error and P is the symmetric matrix definite positive. The derivate of the Lyapunov function is:
̇ ̇ ̇ (33)
Using as shown in (29), its follows that:
̇ (∑ ∑ ( ) ) (∑ ∑ ( ) ) (34)
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̇ ∑ ∑ ( ( ) ( ) ) (35)
̇ ∑ ∑ ( (( ) ( )) ) (36)
̇ ∑ ∑ ( ( ) ) (37)
to prove that as shown in (37) is negative we transform the stability problem into LMI problem.
̇ ∑ ( ( ) ) ∑ ∑ ( (
) )
(38)
It is very clear that as shown in (38) is a bilinear matrix inequality (BLMI). However, to transform
as shown in (38) into an LMI, we must multiply the inequality in the left and the right by P-1
. Then we make
the following change of variable X= P-1
. Then we obtain theas shown in:
̇ ∑ ( ( ) ) ∑ ∑ ( (
) )
(39)
with Mi = Ki X
We remarque that as shown in (39) is the sum of two terms. To guarantee that this latter is negative.
Each term must be negative. However, we get the following equations which verify the proposed theorem.
, i=1r (40)
, i<j≤r (41)
̇ ̇ ̇ (42)
So,
̇ (43)
3.2. Controller of grid side converter
In this part, we are interested to control the DC voltage across DC bus and powers, which will be
transmetted to power grid. According to as shown (17) and (18), the two powers previously defined are
strongly coupled, which makes it difficult to control them independently. However, it is necessary to
decouple them. For this, we choose to align the direct axis component of the grid voltage with the direct axis
of the field-oriented control frame and we keep zeroing the componen of grid voltage along the quadrature
axis [25].
(44)
(45)
Therefore, the powers equations become as shown in [25]:
(46)
(47)
Therefore, the expressions of these two powers are decoupled as shown (46) and (47). The currents along the
direct and quadrature axes allow to controlrespectively the active and reactive powers. Figure 5 describes the
diagram structure of the current controllers along the d and q axes.
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(a) (b)
Figure 5. (a) currents control along d-axis, and (b) currents control along q-axis
The transfert function of the open loop is given by :
(48)
To determine the parameters of the PI controller, we use the pole compensation method. However, we choose
And
So, the transfer function in closed loop becomes as:
(49)
where,
We propose a PI type controller to keep a constant DC bus. In this case, two control loops are
obtained along the direct axis. A first internal loop for controlling the current and a second external loop for
the voltage of DC bus. In this case, the reference current along the direct axis is provided by the output of the
controller. Figure 6 describes the general structure of the DC bus voltage controller.
Figure 6. General structure for DC bus control
The current transfer function represents a first order function, where 1
. However, we
approximate the function to a unit gain, so the transfer function of open loop of the DC bus voltage can be
written as:
(50)
The transfer function of closed loop is presented by:
(51)
This function is of the form:
(52)
With ξ describes the damping factor and ω0 represents the own pulsation of the system. In this work ξ=1 and
ω0=40 rad/s. Finally, we obtain the parameters of the DC bus controller:
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(53)
0
2
p
K C
(54)
Figure 7 summarizes the GSC control part, indeed, the measured currents are compared to their
references. The direct reference current is obtained from the DC bus controller, while the quadrature
reference current is zero to obtain zero reactive power. Two PI controllers are proposed, one for direct
current and the other for quadrature current. The compensation terms are added to the voltages obtained at
the output of these two controllers. The two finally obtained voltages are transformed by the PARK
transformation to obtain the modulating voltages which will be compared with a carrier: this is the principle
of pulse width modulation (PWM).
Figure 7. Grid side inverter control
4. RESULTS OF SIMULATION
In order to chek the performance of the controllers, some results obtained are presented in this
section. For this, the system parameters used are given in Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3.
Table 1. Turbine parameters
Radius of blades Tip speed ratio Pitch Angle Rated power
R = 3 m λopt=8.1 β = 0 P=10 Kw
Table 2. PMSG parameters
Inertia Friction coefficient Stator resistance d-q axis inductance Magnetic flux Number of poles pair Gearbox
J = 0.05 N.m F = 0.006 Nm sec/rad Rs = 0.5 Ohm Ls = 1 Mh Փf = 0.16 wb P = 8 G=8
Table 3. DC bus parameters
Capacitor Udc_ref
10e-4 F 400 V
The resolution of the LMIs (30) and (31) gave the following matrix X and gains Ki:
X= [0.3230 -0.0000 0.0000; -0.0000 0.3284 -0.6670; 0.0000 -0.6670 58.4888]
K1= [1.1295 -67.3718 136.8268; 66.2580 1.0497 5.7163]
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K2= [1.1295 -111.1048 225.6451; 109.2680 1.0497 5.7163]
K3 = [1.1295 -133.3102 270.7425; 131.1063 1.0497 5.7163]
K4 = [1.1295 0.0089 -0.0180; -0.0087 1.0497 5.7163]
The parameters of the PI controllers have been chosen as:
For the currents: Kp=0.05 and Ki=10
For the DC bus voltage: Kp=0.8 and Ki=16
The real wind speed can take any value, for this work we chose as shown in curve Figures 8 to10.
The power coefficient reaches its maximum and it is maintained at this value despite the change of wind
speed as given in the Figure 9. This coefficient guarantees the extraction of the optumum power as described
in Figure 10, in fact the power is maintained at the maximum value for the two values of the wind thanks to
the best value of power coefficient.
The angular speed is given by Figure 11. It is clear that the measured angular speed follows the
reference angular speed even when changing the wind speed. The evolution in the behavior of the currents
along the axes q and d is presented in Figures 12 and 13. It is clear that the curves obtained by the controller
follow the reference curves. In fact, the current obtained along the q-axis is near to its reference in the two
wind intervals. Also, the current along the d-axis is near to zero in both intervals.
Figure 14 demonstrates that the voltage across the DC bus is continuous and practically constant
despite the change of the wind speed. The voltage value follows its reference. Figures 15 and 16 describe the
obtained currents along axes d-q of the power grid side, these currents are near to the reference ones. The d-
axis current follows its reference with a small overshoot when changing the wind speed. Also, the current
along q-axis converge to zero.
Figure 17 represents the currents obtained at the output of the filter. These currents are three-phase,
balanced and offset by 2*π/3. Their amplitude is influenced by the change of the wind speed, in fact they
have the same appearance, and this is clarified in Figure 18 which we zoomed in for the two wind intervals to
show the amplitude of the current in these two intervals.
Figure 19 represents the voltages obtained at the output of the filter. These voltages are three phases,
balanced and offset by 2*π/3 and their amplitude is constant despite the change of the wind speed, this is
clarified in Figure 20. Figure 19 represents the voltages obtained at the output of the filter. These voltages are
three phases, balanced and offset by 2*π/3 and their amplitude is constant despite the change of the wind
speed, this is clarified in Figure 20.
Figures 21 and 22 demonstrate that the two powers previously defined follow their references. In
fact, the active power is near to its reference with a fairly small delay while the reactive power is practically
zero. The tracking of powers to their references is due to the proportionality relationship between the currents
and the powers and confirms the performance of the controller applied for control of the currents.
Figure 8. Evolution of wind speed Figure 9. Power coefficient response
Figure 10. Evolution of power Figure 11. Angular speed
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Figure 12. behaviour of Q-axis current Figure 13. Behavior of D-axis current
Figure 14. DC bus voltage Figure 15. Grid-side direct current
Figure 16. Grid-side quadrature current Figure 17. 3-phase current at the filter output
(a) (b)
Figure 18. (a) zoom on currents for the first interval; (b) zoom on currents for the second interval
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Figure 19. 3-phase voltage at the filter output
(a) (b)
Figure 20. (a) zoom on the voltages for the first interval; (b) zoom on the voltages for the second interval
Figure 21. Active power Figure 22. Reactive power
5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we are concerned into control the WECC. However, we started with the modeling of
the system. The latter has two parts, a first is called SSC and a second is called GSC. In the first part we have
used a fuzzy estimator and a Takagi Sygeno type controller to maximize the conversion of wind energy. The
fuzzy estimator makes it possible to predict the optimum mechanical rotation speed of the blades as well as
the optimum power that the turbine can transform from the wind. In the second part, we have used a PI type
controller. The goal is to retain the DC bus constant as well as the control powers. The results of simulation
are given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed controllers in the two parts. It can be concluded
that the two controllers have succeeded in achieving the desired objectives.
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