Recently, permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) having the diameter of 11inches was successfully developed and installed in electric scooter vehicle (ESV) for propulsion. It consists of segmented stators of 24 armature slots and 100 pieces of permanent magnet of 2 kg weight mounted on rotating rotor. Upon the huge amount of materials and permanent magnet used, PMSM produced 110Nm only. Looking at the size, this torque is low and could not sustain acceleration for long distance travels. To overcome the challenge of low torque, this paper presents a new machine type, flux switching motor (FSM) with 1 kg weight of permanent magnet flux source employing segmented outer rotor. Six ranges of split ratio of 0.80-0.85 for outer rotor 24slot-14pole FSPM motor configurations were designed and compared. The 2D-FEA by JMAG software version 14 is used to examine its performance in term of flux linkage, cogging torque, back-emf and average torque which the structure with split ratio of 0.85 took lead by securing highest torque profile of 209Nm. It also achieved low cogging torque to operate in safe region. In conclusion, appropriate split ratio significantly enhances high torque capability of permanent magnet flux switching motor for electric scooter propulsion.
A breakthrough in this century has been the development of electric vehicle which is propelled by electric motor powered by electricity. Already, many electric motors have been used for electric vehicle application but performances are low. In this paper, a permanent magnet motor technology using unconventional segmented rotor for high torque application is presented. Unlike conventional motors, this design, flux switching motor (FSM) is an advance form of synchronous machine with double rotating frequency. It accommodates both armature winding and flux source on the stator while the rotor is a simple passive laminated sheet steel. Conventionally, rotor of the maiden FSM and many emerging designs have focused on the salient pole, this design employs segmented rotor. Segmented rotor has advantages of short flux path more than salient rotor pole resulting in high flux linkage. Geometric topology of the proposed motor is introduced. It consists of 24Stator-14Pole using PM flux source with alternate stator tooth armature winding. The 2D-FEA model utilized JMAG Tool Solver to design and analyze motor’s performance in terms of torque with average torque output of 470Nm. The suitability of segmented outer-rotor FS motor as a high torque machine, using permanent magnet technology is a reliable candidate for electric vehicle.
Modeling and Simulation of Three Phase Induction Machine Using Written Pole T...IOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper in which stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same stator core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. In this study, it is suggested to operate the machine with flat efficiency characteristics, irrespective of shaft load. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt high frequency ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor. The aim of this paper is to analyze and simulate performance of a 1Hp three phase induction motor using written pole technology using the well known Park’s transformation. A three phase squirrel cage machine is reconfigured and modeled into a two three phase stator winding accommodate in same stator core of the same volume as the three phase machine. Different tests are carried out on the novel machine to determine machine parameters. Simulation results, that predicts the dynamic performance of the machine using ANSYS, at start up are presented and discussed.
A new design method for low speed torus type afpm machine for hev applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine type has some advantages such as compressed packaging, easy handling, and safety operation. In this paper the proper structure selection of AFPM machine for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application is one of the aims. To reduce the losses and the total volume of machine, the coreless TORUS-NS type machine is selected. Designing of this machine, to obtain a wide speed range with high efficiency, low cogging torque and high torque value, as in-wheel direct-drive AFPM machine for HEV, is investigated. The operation performance in low and medium speed ranges is studied. A new design method based on multi speed design (MSD) strategy is proposed. Using this method with a coreless type of stators, the total AFPM machine efficiency at the HEV operation cycles could be improved. Performance analysis of this in-wheel AFPM machine is done using finite-element method (FEM). FEM analysis of the single-speed design (SSD) method is also done. MSD and SSD designed machines are applied in HEV and simulated using urban and highway cycles. The obtained results show the better performance of HEV, using the MSD based designed machine in all operation cycles. The experimental results obtained from sample practical prototype, confirm the analytical method. Keywords: Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM), TORUS type, direct-drive, in-wheel, multi-speed design, single-speed design.
An Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) Generator for Defence Applications - Pa...IDES Editor
The document discusses the development of a novel axial-flux permanent magnet (AFPM) generator for defense applications. AFPM generators have advantages over conventional machines as they are compact, lightweight, and highly efficient. The authors developed a prototype 40kVA AFPM generator with twin stators and a sandwiched rotor. Testing showed the generator performed well under resistive and inductive loads, with 94% efficiency and smooth sinusoidal voltage output. Due to its unique features, the AFPM generator is well-suited as a futuristic power source for defense equipment.
This document presents a new design method for a low-speed torus type axial flux permanent magnet machine intended for hybrid electric vehicle applications. A torus-NS type machine structure with a coreless stator is selected to reduce losses and volume. A multi-speed design strategy is proposed and analyzed using finite element analysis. This method aims to improve machine efficiency over the vehicle's operating cycles. Both multi-speed and single-speed designed machines are simulated in urban and highway cycles, showing better performance from the multi-speed designed machine. Experimental results from a prototype confirm the analytical design method.
Seminar report on axial field electrical machineSaurabh Nandy
This document discusses various types of axial-field electric machines. It begins by introducing axial-field machines and comparing them to conventional radial-field machines. It then describes 10 main configurations of axial-field machines, including the Faraday disk, printed circuit board motors, axial-field induction motors, and torus machines. Applications mentioned include auxiliary power units, wind power generators, electric vehicles, and pumps. The document concludes that axial-field machines can achieve high power-to-weight ratios and may be useful in applications where their characteristics provide advantages over conventional machines.
Theory and Analysis of Three Phase Induction Motor using Written Pole TechnologyIOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper whose stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor.
Improved magnetic behavior of hemicycle PM motor via stator modification IJECEIAES
This article investigates electromagnetic performance of a hemicycle PM motor by introducing a little modification on both ends of a hemicycle stator. Prior to the investigation, an analytical model for the hemicycle PM motor weight is derived analytically for the purpose of comparison with a conventional design. Both motor weights are then verified and the hemicycle motor is found to have lighter weight than the conventional design. By having a proper design modification, an optimum motor performance is achievable due to improved magnetic permeance. Two designs that have different arc angle; i) 180° (188.5 mm arc length) and ii) >180° (204.2 mm arc length) are the subjects of investigation. It is found that a hemicycle PM motor in which arc angle >180° results maximum torque average with the smallest torque ripple and smallest cogging torque.
A breakthrough in this century has been the development of electric vehicle which is propelled by electric motor powered by electricity. Already, many electric motors have been used for electric vehicle application but performances are low. In this paper, a permanent magnet motor technology using unconventional segmented rotor for high torque application is presented. Unlike conventional motors, this design, flux switching motor (FSM) is an advance form of synchronous machine with double rotating frequency. It accommodates both armature winding and flux source on the stator while the rotor is a simple passive laminated sheet steel. Conventionally, rotor of the maiden FSM and many emerging designs have focused on the salient pole, this design employs segmented rotor. Segmented rotor has advantages of short flux path more than salient rotor pole resulting in high flux linkage. Geometric topology of the proposed motor is introduced. It consists of 24Stator-14Pole using PM flux source with alternate stator tooth armature winding. The 2D-FEA model utilized JMAG Tool Solver to design and analyze motor’s performance in terms of torque with average torque output of 470Nm. The suitability of segmented outer-rotor FS motor as a high torque machine, using permanent magnet technology is a reliable candidate for electric vehicle.
Modeling and Simulation of Three Phase Induction Machine Using Written Pole T...IOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper in which stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same stator core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. In this study, it is suggested to operate the machine with flat efficiency characteristics, irrespective of shaft load. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt high frequency ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor. The aim of this paper is to analyze and simulate performance of a 1Hp three phase induction motor using written pole technology using the well known Park’s transformation. A three phase squirrel cage machine is reconfigured and modeled into a two three phase stator winding accommodate in same stator core of the same volume as the three phase machine. Different tests are carried out on the novel machine to determine machine parameters. Simulation results, that predicts the dynamic performance of the machine using ANSYS, at start up are presented and discussed.
A new design method for low speed torus type afpm machine for hev applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine type has some advantages such as compressed packaging, easy handling, and safety operation. In this paper the proper structure selection of AFPM machine for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application is one of the aims. To reduce the losses and the total volume of machine, the coreless TORUS-NS type machine is selected. Designing of this machine, to obtain a wide speed range with high efficiency, low cogging torque and high torque value, as in-wheel direct-drive AFPM machine for HEV, is investigated. The operation performance in low and medium speed ranges is studied. A new design method based on multi speed design (MSD) strategy is proposed. Using this method with a coreless type of stators, the total AFPM machine efficiency at the HEV operation cycles could be improved. Performance analysis of this in-wheel AFPM machine is done using finite-element method (FEM). FEM analysis of the single-speed design (SSD) method is also done. MSD and SSD designed machines are applied in HEV and simulated using urban and highway cycles. The obtained results show the better performance of HEV, using the MSD based designed machine in all operation cycles. The experimental results obtained from sample practical prototype, confirm the analytical method. Keywords: Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM), TORUS type, direct-drive, in-wheel, multi-speed design, single-speed design.
An Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) Generator for Defence Applications - Pa...IDES Editor
The document discusses the development of a novel axial-flux permanent magnet (AFPM) generator for defense applications. AFPM generators have advantages over conventional machines as they are compact, lightweight, and highly efficient. The authors developed a prototype 40kVA AFPM generator with twin stators and a sandwiched rotor. Testing showed the generator performed well under resistive and inductive loads, with 94% efficiency and smooth sinusoidal voltage output. Due to its unique features, the AFPM generator is well-suited as a futuristic power source for defense equipment.
This document presents a new design method for a low-speed torus type axial flux permanent magnet machine intended for hybrid electric vehicle applications. A torus-NS type machine structure with a coreless stator is selected to reduce losses and volume. A multi-speed design strategy is proposed and analyzed using finite element analysis. This method aims to improve machine efficiency over the vehicle's operating cycles. Both multi-speed and single-speed designed machines are simulated in urban and highway cycles, showing better performance from the multi-speed designed machine. Experimental results from a prototype confirm the analytical design method.
Seminar report on axial field electrical machineSaurabh Nandy
This document discusses various types of axial-field electric machines. It begins by introducing axial-field machines and comparing them to conventional radial-field machines. It then describes 10 main configurations of axial-field machines, including the Faraday disk, printed circuit board motors, axial-field induction motors, and torus machines. Applications mentioned include auxiliary power units, wind power generators, electric vehicles, and pumps. The document concludes that axial-field machines can achieve high power-to-weight ratios and may be useful in applications where their characteristics provide advantages over conventional machines.
Theory and Analysis of Three Phase Induction Motor using Written Pole TechnologyIOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper whose stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor.
Improved magnetic behavior of hemicycle PM motor via stator modification IJECEIAES
This article investigates electromagnetic performance of a hemicycle PM motor by introducing a little modification on both ends of a hemicycle stator. Prior to the investigation, an analytical model for the hemicycle PM motor weight is derived analytically for the purpose of comparison with a conventional design. Both motor weights are then verified and the hemicycle motor is found to have lighter weight than the conventional design. By having a proper design modification, an optimum motor performance is achievable due to improved magnetic permeance. Two designs that have different arc angle; i) 180° (188.5 mm arc length) and ii) >180° (204.2 mm arc length) are the subjects of investigation. It is found that a hemicycle PM motor in which arc angle >180° results maximum torque average with the smallest torque ripple and smallest cogging torque.
This document discusses radial and axial flux permanent magnet machines. It describes how permanent magnets replaced electromagnets in synchronous machines, eliminating slip rings and brush assemblies. This contributed to the development of PMBLDC and PM synchronous machines. It categorizes PM machines as radial flux, axial flux, or transversal flux depending on the direction of flux through the air gap. Axial flux machines have magnetic force along the shaft plane, similar to disc brakes, while radial flux is perpendicular to the shaft. Various rotor and stator configurations are discussed for both radial and axial flux machines.
IRJET- Design, Modeling and Simulation of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchro...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design, modeling, and simulation of an axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine for electric vehicles. It begins with an introduction discussing how electrification of vehicles can help reduce pollution from emissions. It then provides an overview of axial flux machines and different topologies. The document focuses on modeling a TORUS-NS (torus non-slotted) type axial flux permanent magnet machine using 2D finite element analysis in Maxwell software. It provides the machine specifications and dimensions used in the simulation. The results obtained from the finite element analysis are then illustrated and discussed.
Development of high temperature magnetic bearingsjinfangliu
The document discusses a NASA/Electron Energy Corporation (EEC) Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) project to develop high temperature permanent magnet biased magnetic bearings and motors. The project aims to utilize EEC's patented SmCo magnets that can operate up to 550°C to develop a technology demonstrator operating at 540°C, including a motor and radial/thrust magnetic bearings. Bench tests of a designed radial bearing show it can produce over 2800N of force at 500°C, around 86% of room temperature performance. A solid model and test apparatus are presented, demonstrating progress toward the project goals.
PROJECT REPORT anti theft and auto braking carMehul kumar
The induction braking coil works by shorting the circuit around the stepper motor pins when activated by a relay, which stops the shaft of the vehicle momentarily. The IR sensing circuit uses a 555 timer and relay switching to sense obstructions, activating one relay to stop the DC motor and another to energize the induction braking coil, providing two mechanisms to brake the hybrid vehicle model. The induction braking coil provides an additional braking mechanism to the vehicle by shorting the stepper motor when a relay is triggered by the IR sensing circuit.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method called rotor pole shaping to reduce cogging torque in flux-switching permanent magnet machines (FSPMs). Cogging torque is relatively high in FSPMs due to their doubly salient structure and high flux density. The proposed method introduces flanges in the rotor teeth as a way to modify the rotor dimensions and reduce cogging torque without changing the stator. Finite element analysis is used to examine the impact of flange geometry on cogging torque. The effects on back-EMF, average torque, and torque ripple are also investigated. The results suggest rotor pole shaping is an effective method for cogging torque reduction in FSPMs.
The document describes experiments using a stepper motor control trainer. Experiment 1 operates a stepper motor in unipolar mode in full step operation. Experiment 2 also operates in unipolar mode but in half step operation. Experiment 3 operates the motor in bipolar mode. Experiment 4 operates the motor in bipolar mode without current sense feedback. The experiments allow students to learn different stepper motor operating modes and configurations.
Design and Development of Passive Magnetic BearingIJMER
Passive Magnetic Bearings (PMB) are known for their non-contact and negligible friction
operations but these desirable characteristics of PMB can only be attained if proper designing of bearing
is carried out based on the applied load. To aid to the design of PMB, 3D Coulombian model to estimate
the load carrying capacity of magnetic bearings has been proposed. To exemplify the design procedure,
analyses of various configurations of magnetic bearings have been presented. To economize the magnetic
bearings, usage of easily available square magnets in stator made of aluminium has been proposed.
Finally, a case study has been included to illustrate the design of magnetic bearing.
This document provides information about permanent magnet synchronous machines. It discusses the benefits of using permanent magnets in electrical machines, including higher efficiency and power density. It classifies permanent magnets and describes different types of permanent magnet synchronous machines, focusing on their construction aspects like rotor configuration (radial, axial, transverse), rotor position (inner rotor, outer rotor), and permanent magnet positioning (surface mounted, buried, inset). It also provides the operating principle, equivalent circuit model and voltage equations for permanent magnet synchronous machines.
Air Gap Effect on the AFPM Generator (Inner Rotor) PerformanceIJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- The axial flux permanent generator double stator- single rotor ((inner rotor) is presented in this paper. The aim study is find the relation between air gap size and output performance of the generator. By changing, the air gap size and observe the output generator are discussed. Torque types of the coreless AFPM generator (initial torque and electromagnetic torque) are calculated. The stators (S1 &S2) can be connected either in parallel to get more voltage or in series to get more current. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to calculate flux density of the permanent magnet at deferent air gap size by using (ANSOFT Maxwell) software. Also the output voltage sine wave of the generator and the phase angle between each pairs of the phases are verified. Moreover the output voltage can be controlled by control in air gap size, when the shaft speed was fixed is discussed.
Design, Modeling and Analysis of Linear Switched Reluctance Motor for Ground ...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes the design, modeling, and analysis of a linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) suitable for ground transit applications. LSRMs can generate linear motion without additional mechanical components, eliminating issues like backlash and elasticity in traditional belt or spindle drives. The paper presents the design and mathematical modeling of an LSRM, including its operating principle, longitudinal and transverse flux path configurations, inductance profile derivation based on machine dimensions, and applications in material handling and transport systems.
The document discusses different types of permanent magnet machines, including radial flux and axial flux machines. It notes that permanent magnets replaced electromagnets, eliminating slip rings and brush assemblies. This led to the development of permanent magnet brushless DC motors and synchronous motors. Axial flux motors have magnetic force along the motor shaft and length, like disc brakes, while radial flux motors have magnetic force perpendicular to the shaft. There are several configurations for both radial and axial flux machines depending on the stator and rotor placement and winding arrangements.
This document discusses the design and analysis of an in-wheel double stator slotted rotor brushless DC motor for electric bicycle applications. It begins with introducing the motivation and benefits of using a double stator motor over a single stator motor. It then outlines the design specifications and parameters calculated for the electric bicycle application. The document proceeds to describe the design process for the double stator slotted rotor motor based on the desired specifications. Finally, it presents and analyzes the results from finite element method simulations of the designed motor, including graphs of the average back EMF, inductance, flux densities, torque, and torque constant. The analysis shows the average torque achieved meets the motor torque requirement for the intended electric bicycle application.
IRJET- Implementation of 7500 Watt Asynchronous Three-Phase Induction Mot...IRJET Journal
This document describes the implementation of a 7500 Watt asynchronous three-phase induction motor in MATLAB Simulink. The motor is modeled under different load conditions and its speed, torque, stator current and rotor current are analyzed. The motor speed decreases and torque increases under full load, while speed increases and torque decreases under lower loads. The model provides a good platform to understand the working and optimize the parameters of three-phase induction motors.
Iaetsd a new multilevel inverter topology for fourIaetsd Iaetsd
This document proposes a new multilevel inverter topology for driving a four-pole induction motor. The topology uses four two-level inverters connected to the separated windings of the motor's stator to generate five voltage levels. This is done using a single DC link shared between the inverters. Sine triangular pulse width modulation is used to generate switching signals while avoiding common mode currents. Simulation results show the output voltage waveform for different modulation indices as well as the speed-torque characteristics of the induction motor driven by the proposed inverter topology. The topology reduces harmonics and improves efficiency compared to traditional multilevel inverter configurations.
The document provides information on the construction, working principle, and types of transformers. It begins by explaining the necessity of transformers in electrical power systems for stepping up and down voltages. The key points are:
- Transformers transfer power between circuits through electromagnetic induction without changing frequency. They have a primary and secondary winding wound around an iron core.
- Transformers can be used to step up or step down voltages depending on the ratio of turns in the primary and secondary windings. The voltage transformation ratio is equal to the ratio of turns.
- An ideal transformer has zero resistance windings, infinite core permeability, and is lossless. The voltage induced in each winding is directly proportional to its turns and the rate
Active suspension system
An active suspension is a type of automotive suspension on a vehicle. It uses an onboard system to control the vertical movement of the vehicle's wheels relative to the chassis or vehicle body rather than the passive suspension provided by large springs where the movement is determined entirely by the road surface. So-called active suspensions are divided into two classes: real active suspensions, and adaptive or semi-active suspensions. While adaptive suspensions only very shock absorber firmness to match changing road or dynamic conditions, active suspensions use some type of actuator to raise and lower the chassis independently at each wheel.
1) Rolling mills require motors that can produce heavy torque at low RPM to roll metal ingots into blooms or slabs. DC motors are well-suited as they can provide high starting torque and wide speed variation.
2) Paper mill drives need variable speed control of multiple rolls. Synchronous motors connected via a Schrage motor allow independent yet coordinated speed control.
3) Marine drives utilize electric propulsion motors like induction or synchronous types to independently power propellers via alternators, providing flexibility and economical operation.
Efficient Utilisation of Regenerative Braking in Railway OperationsIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses regenerative braking in Indian railways, which converts kinetic energy from slowing trains into electrical energy. Currently only 20-30% of energy can be regenerated and used by other trains; excess energy is wasted.
2) The author proposes using energy storage systems and a smart grid to store excess regenerative energy from braking trains and provide power to nearby railway stations and facilities, reducing reliance on fossil fuel power plants.
3) Regenerative braking occurs when a train's speed exceeds the synchronous speed of the electric grid, allowing the motors to act as generators and feed power back into the overhead lines. Currently most regenerated energy in India is wasted if no other trains can use it.
This paper presents a design and development of 8/6 switched reluctance motor for small electric vehicle using analytical method. The absent of permanent magnet, inherent fault tolerance capabilities, simple and robust construction make this motor become more attractive for small electric vehicle application such as electric scooter and go-kart. The switched reluctance motor is modelled using analytical formula in designing process. Later, the designed model is analyzed using ANSYS RMxprt software. In order to achieve 5kW power rating and to match with the design requirement, the switched reluctance motor model has been analyzed using RMxprt tools for the preliminary parameters design process. This tools is able to predict the output performance of motor in term of speed, flux linkage characteristic, output torque and efficiency.
In the past, 4S-10P E-Core Hybrid Flux Switching Motor (HFSM) had been studied. However, the motor suffers high cogging torque but it has high performance in terms of high power and high torque at high speed. Therefore, this paper is proposing the cogging torque reduction techniques to minimize the cogging torque. The high cogging torque gave an undesirable effect during low operating speed of the motor. In order to tackle the issue, the cogging torque mechanism in equation is laid out as a form of reference. Then the reduction techniques employed on the designs and analyzed with Finite Element analysis (FEA) in JMAG. The results show the cogging torque of the optimized design is 44.45% of the motor torque. Besides, the techniques employed to identify which techniques gave the most cogging torque reduction and analyzed the geometrical difference using the cogging torque mechanism. Finally, the analysis is discussed based on the modified geometrics.
This document discusses radial and axial flux permanent magnet machines. It describes how permanent magnets replaced electromagnets in synchronous machines, eliminating slip rings and brush assemblies. This contributed to the development of PMBLDC and PM synchronous machines. It categorizes PM machines as radial flux, axial flux, or transversal flux depending on the direction of flux through the air gap. Axial flux machines have magnetic force along the shaft plane, similar to disc brakes, while radial flux is perpendicular to the shaft. Various rotor and stator configurations are discussed for both radial and axial flux machines.
IRJET- Design, Modeling and Simulation of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchro...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design, modeling, and simulation of an axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine for electric vehicles. It begins with an introduction discussing how electrification of vehicles can help reduce pollution from emissions. It then provides an overview of axial flux machines and different topologies. The document focuses on modeling a TORUS-NS (torus non-slotted) type axial flux permanent magnet machine using 2D finite element analysis in Maxwell software. It provides the machine specifications and dimensions used in the simulation. The results obtained from the finite element analysis are then illustrated and discussed.
Development of high temperature magnetic bearingsjinfangliu
The document discusses a NASA/Electron Energy Corporation (EEC) Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) project to develop high temperature permanent magnet biased magnetic bearings and motors. The project aims to utilize EEC's patented SmCo magnets that can operate up to 550°C to develop a technology demonstrator operating at 540°C, including a motor and radial/thrust magnetic bearings. Bench tests of a designed radial bearing show it can produce over 2800N of force at 500°C, around 86% of room temperature performance. A solid model and test apparatus are presented, demonstrating progress toward the project goals.
PROJECT REPORT anti theft and auto braking carMehul kumar
The induction braking coil works by shorting the circuit around the stepper motor pins when activated by a relay, which stops the shaft of the vehicle momentarily. The IR sensing circuit uses a 555 timer and relay switching to sense obstructions, activating one relay to stop the DC motor and another to energize the induction braking coil, providing two mechanisms to brake the hybrid vehicle model. The induction braking coil provides an additional braking mechanism to the vehicle by shorting the stepper motor when a relay is triggered by the IR sensing circuit.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method called rotor pole shaping to reduce cogging torque in flux-switching permanent magnet machines (FSPMs). Cogging torque is relatively high in FSPMs due to their doubly salient structure and high flux density. The proposed method introduces flanges in the rotor teeth as a way to modify the rotor dimensions and reduce cogging torque without changing the stator. Finite element analysis is used to examine the impact of flange geometry on cogging torque. The effects on back-EMF, average torque, and torque ripple are also investigated. The results suggest rotor pole shaping is an effective method for cogging torque reduction in FSPMs.
The document describes experiments using a stepper motor control trainer. Experiment 1 operates a stepper motor in unipolar mode in full step operation. Experiment 2 also operates in unipolar mode but in half step operation. Experiment 3 operates the motor in bipolar mode. Experiment 4 operates the motor in bipolar mode without current sense feedback. The experiments allow students to learn different stepper motor operating modes and configurations.
Design and Development of Passive Magnetic BearingIJMER
Passive Magnetic Bearings (PMB) are known for their non-contact and negligible friction
operations but these desirable characteristics of PMB can only be attained if proper designing of bearing
is carried out based on the applied load. To aid to the design of PMB, 3D Coulombian model to estimate
the load carrying capacity of magnetic bearings has been proposed. To exemplify the design procedure,
analyses of various configurations of magnetic bearings have been presented. To economize the magnetic
bearings, usage of easily available square magnets in stator made of aluminium has been proposed.
Finally, a case study has been included to illustrate the design of magnetic bearing.
This document provides information about permanent magnet synchronous machines. It discusses the benefits of using permanent magnets in electrical machines, including higher efficiency and power density. It classifies permanent magnets and describes different types of permanent magnet synchronous machines, focusing on their construction aspects like rotor configuration (radial, axial, transverse), rotor position (inner rotor, outer rotor), and permanent magnet positioning (surface mounted, buried, inset). It also provides the operating principle, equivalent circuit model and voltage equations for permanent magnet synchronous machines.
Air Gap Effect on the AFPM Generator (Inner Rotor) PerformanceIJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:- The axial flux permanent generator double stator- single rotor ((inner rotor) is presented in this paper. The aim study is find the relation between air gap size and output performance of the generator. By changing, the air gap size and observe the output generator are discussed. Torque types of the coreless AFPM generator (initial torque and electromagnetic torque) are calculated. The stators (S1 &S2) can be connected either in parallel to get more voltage or in series to get more current. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to calculate flux density of the permanent magnet at deferent air gap size by using (ANSOFT Maxwell) software. Also the output voltage sine wave of the generator and the phase angle between each pairs of the phases are verified. Moreover the output voltage can be controlled by control in air gap size, when the shaft speed was fixed is discussed.
Design, Modeling and Analysis of Linear Switched Reluctance Motor for Ground ...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes the design, modeling, and analysis of a linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) suitable for ground transit applications. LSRMs can generate linear motion without additional mechanical components, eliminating issues like backlash and elasticity in traditional belt or spindle drives. The paper presents the design and mathematical modeling of an LSRM, including its operating principle, longitudinal and transverse flux path configurations, inductance profile derivation based on machine dimensions, and applications in material handling and transport systems.
The document discusses different types of permanent magnet machines, including radial flux and axial flux machines. It notes that permanent magnets replaced electromagnets, eliminating slip rings and brush assemblies. This led to the development of permanent magnet brushless DC motors and synchronous motors. Axial flux motors have magnetic force along the motor shaft and length, like disc brakes, while radial flux motors have magnetic force perpendicular to the shaft. There are several configurations for both radial and axial flux machines depending on the stator and rotor placement and winding arrangements.
This document discusses the design and analysis of an in-wheel double stator slotted rotor brushless DC motor for electric bicycle applications. It begins with introducing the motivation and benefits of using a double stator motor over a single stator motor. It then outlines the design specifications and parameters calculated for the electric bicycle application. The document proceeds to describe the design process for the double stator slotted rotor motor based on the desired specifications. Finally, it presents and analyzes the results from finite element method simulations of the designed motor, including graphs of the average back EMF, inductance, flux densities, torque, and torque constant. The analysis shows the average torque achieved meets the motor torque requirement for the intended electric bicycle application.
IRJET- Implementation of 7500 Watt Asynchronous Three-Phase Induction Mot...IRJET Journal
This document describes the implementation of a 7500 Watt asynchronous three-phase induction motor in MATLAB Simulink. The motor is modeled under different load conditions and its speed, torque, stator current and rotor current are analyzed. The motor speed decreases and torque increases under full load, while speed increases and torque decreases under lower loads. The model provides a good platform to understand the working and optimize the parameters of three-phase induction motors.
Iaetsd a new multilevel inverter topology for fourIaetsd Iaetsd
This document proposes a new multilevel inverter topology for driving a four-pole induction motor. The topology uses four two-level inverters connected to the separated windings of the motor's stator to generate five voltage levels. This is done using a single DC link shared between the inverters. Sine triangular pulse width modulation is used to generate switching signals while avoiding common mode currents. Simulation results show the output voltage waveform for different modulation indices as well as the speed-torque characteristics of the induction motor driven by the proposed inverter topology. The topology reduces harmonics and improves efficiency compared to traditional multilevel inverter configurations.
The document provides information on the construction, working principle, and types of transformers. It begins by explaining the necessity of transformers in electrical power systems for stepping up and down voltages. The key points are:
- Transformers transfer power between circuits through electromagnetic induction without changing frequency. They have a primary and secondary winding wound around an iron core.
- Transformers can be used to step up or step down voltages depending on the ratio of turns in the primary and secondary windings. The voltage transformation ratio is equal to the ratio of turns.
- An ideal transformer has zero resistance windings, infinite core permeability, and is lossless. The voltage induced in each winding is directly proportional to its turns and the rate
Active suspension system
An active suspension is a type of automotive suspension on a vehicle. It uses an onboard system to control the vertical movement of the vehicle's wheels relative to the chassis or vehicle body rather than the passive suspension provided by large springs where the movement is determined entirely by the road surface. So-called active suspensions are divided into two classes: real active suspensions, and adaptive or semi-active suspensions. While adaptive suspensions only very shock absorber firmness to match changing road or dynamic conditions, active suspensions use some type of actuator to raise and lower the chassis independently at each wheel.
1) Rolling mills require motors that can produce heavy torque at low RPM to roll metal ingots into blooms or slabs. DC motors are well-suited as they can provide high starting torque and wide speed variation.
2) Paper mill drives need variable speed control of multiple rolls. Synchronous motors connected via a Schrage motor allow independent yet coordinated speed control.
3) Marine drives utilize electric propulsion motors like induction or synchronous types to independently power propellers via alternators, providing flexibility and economical operation.
Efficient Utilisation of Regenerative Braking in Railway OperationsIRJET Journal
1) The document discusses regenerative braking in Indian railways, which converts kinetic energy from slowing trains into electrical energy. Currently only 20-30% of energy can be regenerated and used by other trains; excess energy is wasted.
2) The author proposes using energy storage systems and a smart grid to store excess regenerative energy from braking trains and provide power to nearby railway stations and facilities, reducing reliance on fossil fuel power plants.
3) Regenerative braking occurs when a train's speed exceeds the synchronous speed of the electric grid, allowing the motors to act as generators and feed power back into the overhead lines. Currently most regenerated energy in India is wasted if no other trains can use it.
This paper presents a design and development of 8/6 switched reluctance motor for small electric vehicle using analytical method. The absent of permanent magnet, inherent fault tolerance capabilities, simple and robust construction make this motor become more attractive for small electric vehicle application such as electric scooter and go-kart. The switched reluctance motor is modelled using analytical formula in designing process. Later, the designed model is analyzed using ANSYS RMxprt software. In order to achieve 5kW power rating and to match with the design requirement, the switched reluctance motor model has been analyzed using RMxprt tools for the preliminary parameters design process. This tools is able to predict the output performance of motor in term of speed, flux linkage characteristic, output torque and efficiency.
In the past, 4S-10P E-Core Hybrid Flux Switching Motor (HFSM) had been studied. However, the motor suffers high cogging torque but it has high performance in terms of high power and high torque at high speed. Therefore, this paper is proposing the cogging torque reduction techniques to minimize the cogging torque. The high cogging torque gave an undesirable effect during low operating speed of the motor. In order to tackle the issue, the cogging torque mechanism in equation is laid out as a form of reference. Then the reduction techniques employed on the designs and analyzed with Finite Element analysis (FEA) in JMAG. The results show the cogging torque of the optimized design is 44.45% of the motor torque. Besides, the techniques employed to identify which techniques gave the most cogging torque reduction and analyzed the geometrical difference using the cogging torque mechanism. Finally, the analysis is discussed based on the modified geometrics.
The document presents the design improvement of a 12Slot-14Pole outer rotor field excitation flux switching motor (ORFEFSM) using deterministic optimization methods (DOM) involving 2D finite element analysis (FEA). The initial motor design had a torque of 112.95 Nm and power of 50.46 kW. Through DOM, parameters related to the rotor, field excitation coil, and armature coil were optimized sequentially. This led to an improved design with a maximum torque of 221.83 Nm and power of 189 kW, achieving the target of 210 Nm and 123 kW. The optimization process enhanced the motor performance by reducing flux saturation and improving flux linkage.
This paper addresses the irreversible permanent magnet (PM) demagnetization analysis of hybrid excitation flux switching motor (HEFSM) with outer-rotor configuration. PM demagnetization cause the PM strength used in the motor significantly reduces and hence contributes less torque performance. The study is focused on thermal analysis and conducted at various temperature up to as high as 180 degrees Celsius which has a tendency to be demagnetized. Therefore, PM demagnetization is among a critical issue and influences the choice of the applied motor. The analysis is carried out based on finite element method (FEM) and percentage of PM demagnetization is then calculated. Finally, based on simulated and calculated results the final design outer-rotor HEFSM has only 0.85 percent PM demagnetization at very high temperature and obviously the is no PM demagnetization at normal operating conditions.
Permanent magnet flux switching machine (PMFSM) is a joint venture of switch reluctance machine (SRM) and permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). It has become a prominent research topic for various applications because of robust rotor structure, high torque and power densities but few were developed for downhole applications mainly due to harsh environmental conditions. Formerly, most of developed PMFSMs for downhole applications were mainly concentrated on inner-rotor type design, and difficult to find research work on outer-rotor configuration. Therefore, this paper introduces the design and investigation of PMFSM with outer-rotor configuration for downhole application. Primarily, the geometric topology of proposed design is described in detail. Then, the no load and load analysis are implemented in order to investigate the initial performance of the proposed design.
The document presents an electromagnetic and thermal analysis of an internal permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) design. It describes the initial design process including calculating dimensions, winding arrangement, and material selection. Finite element analysis was used to optimize the design by varying parameters like number of turns, magnet size, and flux barrier placement. This improved the torque from 5.25Nm to 12.94Nm. A lumped thermal network model was developed and losses were simulated. Temperature distribution was calculated and found to be within safe limits. Case studies on efficiency and load characteristics validated the machine configuration.
Electromagnetic Performance due to Tooth-tip DesIJPEDS-IAES
Permanent Magnet (PM) machines are favorable as an alternative to other
machine topologies due to simpler construction and high torque density.
However, it may result hight torque ripple due to an influence of cogging
torque and electronic commutation. In this paper, comparisons of phase
back-emf, static torque and cogging torque due to influence of tooth-tip
asymmetry in 12-slot/10-pole double-layer and 12-slot/10-pole single layer
winding machines are carried out using 2D Finite-Element Analysis. At rated
condition, the stator asymmetry has great influence on the torque
performance as there is significant reduction of torque ripple in 12-slot/10-
pole mahine equipped with single layer winding than one equipped with
double layer winding machine. It si confirmed that an optimum torque
performance is desirable via stator iron modification in PM machines.
This paper describes the performance enhancement of double stator permanent magnet synchronous machines (DS-PMSM) based on genetic algorithm optimization (GAO). Generally, throughout the development stage, an analytical calculation is implemented to build the initial model of the DS-PMSM since the analytical calculation can provide the initial parameters based on the types and materials used in the machine design. For further improvement, GAO might potentially be applied to provide the optimization technique in searching the optimal motor parameters iteratively and intelligently with specific objective functions. For this aim, a three-phase, DS-PMSM with different number of slots between the outer and inner stators is first designed by using analytical parameter estimation and then later optimized by GAO. The outer and inner stators have 12-slots and 9-slots respectively, while, the rotor carries 10 magnetic poles. Four main input motor parameters, i.e. outer stator slot opening, outer magnet pole arc, inner stator slot opening and inner magnet pole arc are varied and optimized to achieve the design objective functions, i.e. high output torque, low torque ripple, low cogging torque and low total harmonic distortion (THDv). The results from the optimized GAO are compared with the initial motor model and further validated by finite element method (FEM). The results show a good agreement between GAO and FEM. GAO has achieved very significant improvements in enhancing the machine performance.
This document provides an overview of axial-field electrical machines. It discusses various types of axial-field machines including single stator/rotor designs, central stator designs, and multi-disc designs. It also compares axial-field machines to conventional radial-field machines and summarizes some of their advantages such as higher power-to-weight ratios and ability for internal cooling via the rotating discs. Several specific axial-field machine designs are described in detail such as Faraday disks, printed circuit motors, and Torus machines. A wide range of applications are listed that could benefit from the special features of axial-field machines.
This paper discusses about winding arrangement of fractional slot of a new type hollow rotor Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor. Hollow rotor has higher performance compared to other BLDC motor because it minimizes the unused flux below permanent magnet and maximize torque produce by the motor. It’s also known that 8 pole motor is favorite used in industrial because it has an optimum space of permanent magnet for a smaller motor size. The number of pole will affect the maximum speed of the rotor. Thus, the objective of this research is to investigate the best winding arrangement for 8 pole of hollow rotor that could produce the highest electromagnetic performance. At starts, four combinations of slot number and coil sizes had been selected. Structural comparison in term of coil vector and winding arrangement is studied. Finite Element Method (FEM) had been used to simulate the parameters such as backemf and torque waveforms. It was convinced that 9 slot 8 pole with 0.6 size of coil produces the best performance. The confirmed model had been fabricated and measured. Both results from FEM and measurement are compared in term of backemf and torque where percentage differences are 7.4 % and 8 %, respectively. As conclusion, this research shows the fundamental of winding arrangement of fractional slot of motor especially 8 pole motor.
Efficient Cooling Systems for Motor & Motor Controller in Electric Vehicle A ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews efficient cooling systems for motors and motor controllers in electric vehicles. It discusses different types of electric motors used in EVs like DC motors, induction motors, and permanent magnet synchronous motors. It also covers simulation of thermal performance, battery management systems, and concludes that liquid cooling is the most efficient system. Key topics covered include heat dissipation challenges, temperature effects on battery life, and using simulation to evaluate heat sources and optimize cooling design.
Nowadays power electronics circuits are embedded to most of electrical application areas. This approached offers a great control mechanism with simple and easy circuit configuration. Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) is one of the most recent apparatus which draws a great number of researchers’ interests. Previously several attempts are made to use the power converters as driver for SRM such as Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) and bridge converters. This paper presents an analysis study of three level inverter to control the SRM. The inverter is controlled using space vector modulation SVM. The aim of this paper is to report the use the multilevel inverter to be fed into the SRM. The implementation of the multilevel inverter is abl to reduce the Total Harmonics Distortion (THD). Performance comparison are made between the multilevel and previous power electronics circuits that applied to the SRM. The simulation results have been conducted by MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Switched Reluctance Motors For Electric Vehicle Applications Introduction.pdfsdfghj21
This document provides an introduction to using switched reluctance motors for electric vehicle applications. It discusses the benefits of SRM such as robust structure, high thermal capability, and reliability. However, SRMs also suffer from acoustic noise and torque ripples. The document outlines the objectives of developing mathematical models for SRM control, determining optimal control parameters, evaluating inverter and controller types, and developing a MATLAB/Simulink model for SRM control in electric vehicles.
ME5507 Electrical Services And Lighting Design.docxstirlingvwriters
The document discusses switched reluctance motors (SRMs) for electric vehicle applications. SRMs have advantages over other motors like permanent magnet motors due to their robust and simple structure, high thermal capability, and low cost. However, they also have issues like acoustic noise and torque ripple that require improved control strategies. The document outlines the operational principles and components of SRMs. It states that SRMs are well-suited for electric vehicles due to their reliability, efficiency over a wide speed range, and high torque-to-weight ratio. However, controlling SRMs is challenging due to their nonlinear magnetic characteristics. The aim of the document is to design an efficient and robust SRM drive for electric vehicles by developing control models and evaluating in
Comparative performances analysis of different rotor types for pmsg used in w...Mellah Hacene
PMSG provides a high performance, compact size, light weight, and low noise, without forgetting its simple structure, high thrust, and ease of maintenance, allow replacing steam catapults in the future. Most turbine generators at low wind speed are presented PMSGs, These it has advantages of high efficiency and reliability, since there is no need of external excitation and loss of drivers are removed from the rotor. In this paper, a comparative PMSG performance study's with several rotor topology is presented, each topology rotor has its own permanent magnet structure that is width, thickness and angle. These results are obtained by finite element method (FEM); this approach is a powerful and useful tool to study and design PMSGs, as represented in this paper.
Optimized design of submersible induction motor using maxwell 16IAEME Publication
This document summarizes the optimization of a 7.5 kW submersible induction motor design using Maxwell 16 software. The existing motor design with TYPE 2 stator slots is compared to a proposed design with modified TYPE 4 slots. Simulation results show the proposed slot design achieves 2.05% higher efficiency, lower magnetizing current, higher power factor, torque, and output power. This optimized design improves motor performance without requiring complex manufacturing changes or increased costs.
This document presents a direct instantaneous torque control approach to minimize torque ripple in a four-phase switched reluctance motor. The proposed method generates reference phase torques from a required torque using torque sharing functions. A hysteresis controller directly generates switching signals by comparing the reference and estimated phase torques. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink confirm that the proposed direct instantaneous torque control scheme can effectively reduce torque ripple compared to a system without torque control. Key aspects of the proposed control approach include torque estimation from phase currents and position, reference torque generation using torque sharing functions, and direct hysteresis control of switching signals based on torque error.
Application and Performance of Switched Reluctance motor and Induction Motor ...IRJET Journal
This document compares the performance of four electric motors - induction motor, switched reluctance motor, axial flux permanent magnet brushless DC motor, and radial flux permanent magnet brushless DC motor - for use in a variable speed washing machine application. It derives the torque equations for each motor type and compares their torque per unit volume. The switched reluctance motor is found to have better performance and efficiency compared to the commonly used single phase induction motor for domestic applications. The document also discusses the advantages, disadvantages and applications of switched reluctance motors.
1) The document discusses the electromagnetic field analysis of different rotor slot configurations in a single-phase capacitor-run induction motor using a composite rotor conductor made of aluminum and copper sub-conductors.
2) Four models are simulated using the Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) software: a base model and three models with different rotor slot geometries.
3) The simulation results show that Model III has the most sinusoidal flux distribution and the highest efficiency of 83.75%, indicating it is the optimal design configuration among those analyzed.
Design and fabrication of rotor lateral shifting in the axial-flux permanent-...IJECEIAES
The development of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines has become a mature technology. The single-stator double-rotor (SSDR) AFPM structure has advantages on the compactness and the low up to medium power applications so the microscale size and low-cost applications are reachable to be designed. The research main objectives are designing and manufacturing the lateral shifting from the north poles of the first rotor face the north poles of the second rotor (NN) to the north poles of the first rotor face the south poles of the second rotor (NS) categories as well as finding the best performance of the proposed method and implementing in a low cost and micro-scale AFPMG. The novel lateral shifting on the one of the rotors shows performance at 19.2 0 has the highest efficiency at 88.39% during lateral shifting from N–N (0 0 ) to N–S (36 0 ) on rotor 2.
Similar to High Torque Flux Switching Permanent Magnet Machine in Segmented Outer Rotor using Appropriate Split Ratio for Electric Scooter Propulsion (20)
The aim of this research is the speed tracking of the permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using an intelligent Neural-Network based adapative backstepping control. First, the model of PMSM in the Park synchronous frame is derived. Then, the PMSM speed regulation is investigated using the classical method utilizing the field oriented control theory. Thereafter, a robust nonlinear controller employing an adaptive backstepping strategy is investigated in order to achieve a good performance tracking objective under motor parameters changing and external load torque application. In the final step, a neural network estimator is integrated with the adaptive controller to estimate the motor parameters values and the load disturbance value for enhancing the effectiveness of the adaptive backstepping controller. The robsutness of the presented control algorithm is demonstrated using simulation tests. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that the presented NN-adaptive control algorithm can provide good trackingperformances for the speed trackingin the presence of motor parameter variation and load application.
The document presents a new method for fault classification and direction discrimination in transmission lines using 1D convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs). A 132kV transmission line model is simulated to generate training and testing data for the 1D-CNN algorithm. The proposed 1D-CNN approach directly uses the voltage and current signals from one end as input, merging feature extraction and classification into a single learning process. Testing shows the 1D-CNN method accurately classifies and discriminates fault direction with higher accuracy than conventional neural network and fuzzy neural network methods under different fault conditions.
Among the most widespread renewable energy sources is solar energy; Solar panels offer a green, clean, and environmentally friendly source of energy. In the presence of several advantages of the use of photovoltaic systems, the random operation of the photovoltaic generator presents a great challenge, in the presence of a critical load. Among the most used solutions to overcome this problem is the combination of solar panels with generators or with the public grid or both. In this paper, an energy management strategy is proposed with a safety aspect by using artificial neural networks (ANNs), in order to ensure a continuous supply of electricity to consumers with a maximum solicitation of renewable energy.
In this paper, the artificial neural network (ANN) has been utilized for rotating machinery faults detection and classification. First, experiments were performed to measure the lateral vibration signals of laboratory test rigs for rotor-disk-blade when the blades are defective. A rotor-disk-blade system with 6 regular blades and 5 blades with various defects was constructed. Second, the ANN was applied to classify the different x- and y-axis lateral vibrations due to different blade faults. The results based on training and testing with different data samples of the fault types indicate that the ANN is robust and can effectively identify and distinguish different blade faults caused by lateral vibrations in a rotor. As compared to the literature, the present paper presents a novel work of identifying and classifying various rotating blade faults commonly encountered in rotating machines using ANN. Experimental data of lateral vibrations of the rotor-disk-blade system in both x- and y-directions are used for the training and testing of the network.
This paper focuses on the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, which is a nonlinear optimization problem. is proposed to find the optimal power flow (OPF). To solve this problem, we will apply the ABC algorithm to a power system incorporating wind power. The proposed approach is applied on a standard IEEE-30 system with wind farms located on different buses and with different penetration levels to show the impact of wind farms on the system in order to obtain the optimal settings of control variables of the OPF problem. Based on technical results obtained, the ABC algorithm is shown to achieve a lower cost and losses than the other methods applied, while incorporating wind power into the system, high performance would be gained.
The significance of the solar energy is to intensify the effectiveness of the Solar Panel with the use of a primordial solar tracking system. Here we propounded a solar positioning system with the use of the global positioning system (GPS) , artificial neural network (ANN) and image processing (IP) . The azimuth angle of the sun is evaluated using GPS which provide latitude, date, longitude and time. The image processing used to find sun image through which centroid of sun is calculated and finally by comparing the centroid of sun with GPS quadrate to achieve optimum tracking point. Weather conditions and situation observed through AI decision making with the help of IP algorithms. The presented advance adaptation is analyzed and established via experimental effects which might be made available on the memory of the cloud carrier for systematization. The proposed system improve power gain by 59.21% and 10.32% compare to stable system (SS) and two-axis solar following system (TASF) respectively. The reduced tracking error of IoT based Two-axis solar following system (IoT-TASF) reduces their azimuth angle error by 0.20 degree.
Kosovo has limited renewable energy resources and its power generation sector is based on fossil fuels. Such a situation emphasizes the importance of active research and efficient use of renewable energy potential. According to the analysis of meteorological data for Kosovo, it can be concluded that among the most attractive potential wind power sites are the locations known as Kitka (42° 29' 41" N and 21° 36' 45" E) and Koznica (42° 39′ 32″ N, 21° 22′30″E). The two terrains in which the analysis was carried out are mountain areas, with altitudes of 1142 m (Kitka) and 1230 m (Koznica). the same measuring height, about 84 m above the ground, is obtained for these average wind speeds: Kitka 6,667 m/s and Koznica 6,16 m/s. Since the difference in wind speed is quite large versus a difference in altitude that is not being very large, analyses are made regarding the terrain characteristics including the terrain relief features. In this paper it will be studied how much the roughness of the terrain influences the output energy. Also, that the assumption to be taken the same as to how much they will affect the annual energy produced.
The document summarizes a research paper that proposes using a battery energy storage system (BESS) with droop control to reduce frequency fluctuations in a multi-machine power system connected to a large-scale photovoltaic (PV) plant. The paper develops a droop control strategy for the BESS that incorporates a frequency error signal and dead-band. Simulation results using PSCAD/EMTDC software show that the proposed droop control-based BESS can efficiently curtail frequency oscillations caused by fluctuations in PV power injection due to changing solar irradiance.
This study investigates experimentally the performance of two-dimensional solar tracking systems with reflector using commercial silicon based photovoltaic module, with open and closed loop control systems. Different reflector materials were also investigated. The experiments were performed at the Hashemite University campus in Zarqa at a latitude of 32⁰, in February and March. Photovoltaic output power and performance were analyzed. It was found that the modified photovoltaic module with mirror reflector generated the highest value of power, while the temperature reached a maximum value of 53 ̊ C. The modified module suggested in this study produced 5% more PV power than the two-dimensional solar tracking systems without reflector and produced 12.5% more PV power than the fixed PV module with 26⁰ tilt angle.
This paper focuses on the modeling and control of a wind energy conversion chain using a permanent magnet synchronous machine. This system behaves a turbine, a generator, DC/DC and DC/AC power converters. These are connected on both sides to the DC bus, where the inverter is followed by a filter which is connected to the grid. In this paper, we have been used two types of controllers. For the stator side converter, we consider the Takagi-Sugeno approach where the parameters of controller have been computed by the theory of linear matrix inequalities. The stability synthesis has been checked using the Lyapunov theory. According to the grid side converter, the proportional integral controller is exploited to keep a constant voltage on the DC bus and control both types of powers. The simulation results demonstrate the robustness of the approach used.
The development of modeling wind speed plays a very important in helping to obtain the actual wind speed data for the benefit of the power plant planning in the future. The wind speed in this paper is obtained from a PCE-FWS 20 type measuring instrument with a duration of 30 minutes which is accumulated into monthly data for one year (2019). Despite the many wind speed modeling that has been done by researchers. Modeling wind speeds proposed in this study were obtained from the modified Rayleigh distribution. In this study, the Rayleigh scale factor (Cr) and modified Rayleigh scale factor (Cm) were calculated. The observed wind speed is compared with the predicted wind characteristics. The data fit test used correlation coefficient (R2), root means square error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). The results of the proposed modified Rayleigh model provide very good results for users.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh, as well as to examine various forms of renewable energies in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of how to address Bangladesh's power crisis issues in a sustainable manner. Electricity is currently the most useful kind of energy in Bangladesh. It has a substantial influence on a country's socioeconomic standing and living standards. Maintaining a stable source of energy at a cost that is affordable to everyone has been a constant battle for decades. Bangladesh is blessed with a wealth of natural resources. Bangladesh has a huge opportunity to accelerate its economic development while increasing energy access, livelihoods, and health for millions of people in a sustainable way due to the renewable energy system.
When the irradiance distribution over the photovoltaic panels is uniform, the pursuit of the maximum power point is not reached, which has allowed several researchers to use traditional MPPT techniques to solve this problem Among these techniques a PSO algorithm is used to have the maximum global power point (GMPPT) under partial shading. On the other hand, this one is not reliable vis-à-vis the pursuit of the MPPT. Therefore, in this paper we have treated another technique based on a new modified PSO algorithm so that the power can reach its maximum point. The PSO algorithm is based on the heuristic method which guarantees not only the obtaining of MPPT but also the simplicity of control and less expensive of the system. The results are obtained using MATLAB show that the proposed modified PSO algorithm performs better than conventional PSO and is robust to different partial shading models.
A stable operation of wind turbines connected to the grid is an essential requirement to ensure the reliability and stability of the power system. To achieve such operational objective, installing static synchronous compensator static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) as a main compensation device guarantees the voltage stability enhancement of the wind farm connected to distribution network at different operating scenarios. STATCOM either supplies or absorbs reactive power in order to ensure the voltage profile within the standard-margins and to avoid turbine tripping, accordingly. This paper present new study that investigates the most suitable-location to install STATCOM in a distribution system connected wind farm to maintain the voltage-levels within the stability margins. For a large-scale squirrel cage induction generator squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG-based) wind turbine system, the impact of STATCOM installation was tested in different places and voltage-levels in the distribution system. The proposed method effectiveness in enhancing the voltage profile and balancing the reactive power is validated, the results were repeated for different scenarios of expected contingencies. The voltage profile, power flow, and reactive power balance of the distribution system are observed using MATLAB/Simulink software.
The electrical and environmental parameters of polymer solar cells (PSC) provide important information on their performance. In the present article we study the influence of temperature on the voltage-current (I-V) characteristic at different temperatures from 10 °C to 90 °C, and important parameters like bandgap energy Eg, and the energy conversion efficiency η. The one-diode electrical model, normally used for semiconductor cells, has been tested and validated for the polemeral junction. The PSC used in our study are formed by the poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Our technique is based on the combination of two steps; the first use the Least Mean Squares (LMS) method while the second use the Newton-Raphson algorithm. The found results are compared to other recently published works, they show that the developed approach is very accurate. This precision is proved by the minimal values of statistical errors (RMSE) and the good agreement between both the experimental data and the I-V simulated curves. The obtained results show a clear and a monotonic dependence of the cell efficiency on the studied parameters.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
The document describes a proposed modified bridge-type nonsuperconducting fault current limiter (NSFCL) for distribution networks. The NSFCL consists of a bridge rectifier, two DC reactors (one small in series and one large in parallel), and an IGBT semiconductor switch controlled by a command circuit. During normal operation, the IGBT is on and the parallel reactor is bypassed, making the NSFCL invisible. During a fault, the IGBT turns off, inserting the parallel reactor to limit fault current. Simulation results showed the design effectively limits fault current while minimally affecting normal operation.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
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11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
2. IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694
High Torque Flux Switching Permanent Magnet Machine in Segmented Outer… (Enwelum Mbadiwe I)
1643
associated with PMSM, this paper presents a permanent magnet flux switching motor (FSM) employing
segmented outer rotor in which all active parts of armature winding and permanent magnet flux source are
located on the stationary stator leaving the rotating rotor passive to contain with rotation for optimum
performance [6]. This machine uses less materials for its construction, making its construction cost low. FSM
has three kinds arising from excitation sources such as flux switching permanent magnet machine (FSPMM)
whose source of excitation is PM, field excitation flux switching machine with field excitation coil (FEFSM)
and hybrid excitation flux switching machine (HEFSM) which employs both PM and FE as main source and
secondary source respectively [7]-[9]. Due to its loss-free source of excitation, the choice of FSPM motor is
adopted for ESV application. Furthermore, the rotary component of electric motor, the rotor is classified into
toothed or salient and segmented rotor respectively. This proposed motor is designed using segmented outer
rotor while PMSM employed cylindrical/round rotor type. Segmented rotor has been used in the past in inner
structure machine and its performance was excellent [10]-[12]. However, it appears that transiting this to the
outer structure posed challenges of securing the rotor segments without adding an excessive amount of
inactive material [13]. The objective of this design is to properly secure these rotating segments while
ensuring optimum performance in terms of high torque that matches size of 11 inches. Figure 2 illustrates the
growth demand of ESVs from 2014 - 2024 [5].
There are numerous advantages for employing segmented rotor in PMFSM such as short flux path
and shorter end windings thus significantly increasing the saliency ratio compared to using toothed rotors and
in a similar effect to the application of flux barriers [14]. Furthermore, each armature stator tooth experiences
bipolar flux and effectively increases the magnetic loading capability in the magnetic structure because the
flux undergoes the flux change compared to a design for unipolar flux [15]. More still, the use of segmented
rotor with PMs requires single tooth armature windings which secures the ruggedness of its motor for every
application.
Figure 1. Examples of three-phase PMSM (a) Toothed stator (b) Segmented stator
Figure 2. Brands demand of electric scooters [5]
2. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS, RESTRICTION AND SPECIFICATIONS
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Design specification and requirements of the 24SSlot-14pole FSPM motor understudy for ESV are the same
with conventional PMSM [1]. Every electrical restriction related with inverter are as listed in Table 1. The
limit of armature current density is set at 30Arms/mm2 for the armature coils. The target torque of the
proposed motor is set to be much more than 110Nm with the output power more than 6kW. The rotor
structure is segmented and secured using external shaft made of aluminium. The Commercial 2D-FEA
Software package, JMAG released by Japanese Research Institute (JRI) is used for the design. Figure 3
shows cross-sections of three-phase design of FSPM motor employing segmented rotor having 12 armature
coils with four set of windings and 12 PMs flux source alternately placed on the stator tooth in radial
magnetizing direction.
Figure 3. Cross sections of 24 slot-14pole FSPM motor (Outer rotor)
Table 1. Machine Specifications and Restrictions
2.1. Design of the Segmented Rotor
The choice of an unconventional rotor segment for the proposed FSPM motor is necessary to reduce
manufacturing cost, lowering iron loss while achieving high flux linkage and high torque capability. It is on
record that rotor segment exhibits good receptacle of the flux at the air gap periphery with pole depth being
in relation to the width and span for useful working flux density to subsist in the segment core [16]-[17]. For
speed operation, external rotor shaft is useful for rotor retainment. Figure 4 illustrates segmented shapes
4. IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694
High Torque Flux Switching Permanent Magnet Machine in Segmented Outer… (Enwelum Mbadiwe I)
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considered for outer rotor configuration. Segment shape in Figure 4 (a) shows the geometry employed in
field wound flux switching machine (FWFSM) [13]. However, this design has drawbacks ranging from lack
of employment of external rotor shaft. Therefore, this machine understudy, adopts a new design with
modifications for rotor retainment as shown in Figure 4(b). Geometric design follows the relationship
between rotor segment span angle and rotor tooth width and is similar to segment of a circle to length of arc
given in Equation (1):
(mm)
radius
rotor
inner
x
(mm)
radius
h width
rotor toot
x
180
(1)
Figure 4. Rotor segments under consideration
2.2. Split Ratio Analysis
Split ratio, which is the ratio of dimension of two main components of electric machine namely;
stator and rotor respectively [18]. Specifically, in outer rotor machines, the ratio of stator external radius to
rotor external radius is necessary to be improved since it fundamentally impacts torque output profile [19]. At
initial stage, six different ranges of split ratios of 0.80-0.85 were designed and compared which implies the
stator possessed 80%-85% of each machine size according to outer rotor design principle [20]. The highest
value of torque is accomplished when the ratio is set at 0.85 as shown in Figure 5. Therefore, appropriate
dimension of outer stator and corresponding rotor is required. The highest torque for the initial design is
achieved with split ratio of 85% (0.85), thus it is selected as the appropriate stator to rotor design dimension.
Figure 5. Torque versus split ratio comparison
3. NO-LOAD ANALYSIS
Under no-load analysis test, armature current density Ja value will be set Ja =0 Arms/mm2 while PM flux
linkage is remaining constant throughout the paper. As a result, the maximum generated flux lines and flux
distribution in the motor, cogging torque, and induced emf are comprehension examined.
3.1. Coil Arrangement Test
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The purpose of coil arrangement is to set the correct position of each armature coil and validating
the operation FSPM motor. First of all, all windings are set in clockwise direction while no current was
injected except the excitation flux from the PM. By comparing the flux linkage of each armature coil which
must be 120 degrees apart making three-phase balance system as U, V and W phases. These have been
combined as shown in Figure 6.
3.2. Cogging Torque
Cogging torque is the unwanted torque that causes noise and makes machine to vibrate during
motor operation if it exceeds the acceptable range. The FSPM motor for pure electric scooter propulsion
should build a torque on the rotor which is expressed in Equation (2). Meanwhile, the acceptable range of
cogging torque for machine safe operation must not exceed 10% of the average torque [21]. Figure 7 presents
the cogging torque peak-to-peak of the motor understudy generated by the PM at the rotation of 25 electrical
degrees having six electrical cycles. However, this torque value is expected to reduce during design
improvement and optimization.
cogg
avg T
T
T
(2)
where, Tavg and Tcogg are the average generated torque and related cogging torque respectively. It is necessary
to specify that energy alteration inside the electric motor created by the movement of rotor results cogging
torque.
Figure 6. Three-phase 24slot-14pole magnetic flux
linkage produced by the PM
Figure 7. Cogging torque of 24slot-14pole FSPM
Motor
3.3. Flux Lines and distribution
Another load-analysis for examination are flux lines and flux distribution for proposed 24slot-
14pole FSPM motor. The impression behind flux lines is to monitor the flow of flux, while flux distribution
reflects the influence of flux capacity and saturation in the motor. It is shown from Figure 8 that the flux lines
make short tour from the inner stator tooth to outer rotor pole, link with it and back into the next stator tooth
pole and making a bipolar flux linkage and completing full cycle. In the same vein, flux is seen to be
distributed throughout the stator teeth and rotor which causes high flux linkage and flux density of 2.28T.
Figure 8. Flux lines and flux distribution of 24slots-14pole FSPM motor
6. IJPEDS ISSN: 2088-8694
High Torque Flux Switching Permanent Magnet Machine in Segmented Outer… (Enwelum Mbadiwe I)
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3.4. Induced Back-Emf
The term induced back-emf, is the voltage that occurs in electric motors where there is relative
motion between the armature of the motor and the magnetic field from the motor's field magnets, or
windings. This voltage so produced opposes the current flowing through the coil, when the armature rotates.
For 24slot-14pole FSPM motor understudy, PM generated induced voltages with the speed of 1900rev/min
under open circuit condition is illustrated in Figure 9. It has the amplitude of roughly 210.V laded with
harmonics which will be improved in design refinement and optimization.
Figure 9. Induced back-EMF of 24slot-14pole FSPM motor
4. LOAD ANALYSIS
Under load analysis, the current density is injected into the armature coil and varied from Ja of
5A/mm2
to maximum value of 30A/mm2
to examine torque and speed characteristics. Furthermore, the
computation of torque and power and finally, the efficiency of motor.
4.1. Torque at Various Armature Current Densities
The average output torque of the motor understudy is examined at various the armature current
densities. The obtained results are illustrated in Figure 10, in which armature current density is varied from
0Arms/mm2
to 30Arms/mm2
. From the plot, it is observed that the maximum torque is produced when armature
current density is set at 30Arms/mm2
which is 209Nm. However, the graph shows that output torque increased
linearly proportional to increase in armature current density. Moreover, it is expected that this value will still
be enhanced to optimum value after design optimization.
4.2. Torque against Speed Charactaeristics
Having simulated average torque values at the various armature current densities of Ja 5 A/mm2
to
30A/mm2
at various angle rotation from 0 to 80 degrees respectively, average torque versus speed
characteristics plot of the of 24 stator-14 pole FSPM motor is shown in Figure 11 in which at the base speed
of 1,374 rev/min, the average torque of 209Nm is achieved. Similarly, at high speed operation, this begins to
decrease beyond base speed.
Figure 10. Average torque against armature current
density Ja (Arms/mm2
)
Figure 11. Torque versus speed characteristics of 24
slot-14 pole FSPM motor
4.3. Torque and Power against Speed Charactaeristics
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Plot of torque and power against speed is shown in Figure 12. At the base speed of 1374 rev/min
which is attained by the motor understudy generated output power of 28kW. And this promising performance
is expected to improve with design improvement.
4.4. Motor Loss and Efficiency of the FSPM motor
The loss and efficiency of the motor understudy are calculated using finite element analysis
considering iron losses in all the laminated steel cores and copper losses in the armature coils. Figure 13
highlights the chosen operating points from 1 through point 8 in all. They are considered at maximum torque,
maximum power and frequency operating point within the operating region as specified. Detailed loss
analysis is outlined in Figure 14. At high torque operating point 1, efficiency of the motor is 93.16% with the
low copper loss under load condition. Meanwhile, at the highest speed at point 2, the efficiency is 94.35%
under the lowest load condition. However, efficiency is highest at this point as a result of less copper loss and
iron loss. For the remaining operating points of 3 to 8, under medium load condition, the motor achieves high
efficiency rate. The losses at each operating point are outlined in Table 2.
Figure 12. Torque and power versus speed of 24 slot-
14 pole FSPM motor
Figure 13. Specific operating points of 24slot-
14pole FSPM motor
Table 2. The detailed loss analysis and motor efficiency
Average Efficiency 94.6%
Figure 14. Loss and motor efficiency at frequent operating points of the motor
Point Pout (W) Piron (W) Pcopper (W) Ptotal (W) Efficiency (%)
1 332328 414.114 16482.66 349224.8 93.16
2 196910 3969.002 457.8516 201336.9 94.35
3 100000 72.53145 2770.735 102843.3 94.42
4 200000 210.1237 2770.735 202980.9 95.18
5 300000 396.203 2770.735 303166.9 95.0
6 5000 54.87562 1354.508 51409.38 94.09
7 10000 158.4833 1354.508 101513 95.28
8 150000 293.2833 1354.508 151647.8 95.31
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5. CONCLUSION
This paper has presented a novel design of 24slot-14pole FSPM motor employing segmented outer
rotor for pure electric scooter propulsion using appropriate split ratio because it plays a vital role in
enhancing high torque. JMAG Software version 14 is used in the design and simulation. Segmented rotor
ensures low manufacturing cost, less material usage, fault tolerant and high performance, thus, the proposed
motor is suitable for ESV propulsion for long distance travel. Based on 2D-FEA, the motor which is secured
using an external rotor shaft achieved the torque of 209Nm and will further be improved in optimization.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) Postgraduate Studies.
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