This document summarizes the design, control, and testing of a flux switching permanent magnet machine that uses non-rare earth magnets. Key points include:
1) A 12/10 segmented stator FSPM machine was designed using finite element analysis to minimize cogging torque, noise, and vibration through pole shaping techniques.
2) A nonlinear model accounting for saturation and mutual coupling was developed to identify machine parameters for vector control.
3) Experimental results validated the control performance matches simulations, with torque ripple minimized to 5% and noise reduced by 7-8 dB at rated speed.
4) A 500W prototype was built and tested using the controller, showing good agreement between simulated and experimental
Induction Motor Circle Diagrams_GP Technologies White Paper_Rev0_19 October 2016Daniel Lang, P.Eng.
This document discusses the induction motor circle diagram, which graphically represents the locus of induction motor stator current from zero to synchronous speed. It provides details on how to construct the circle diagram using data from the no-load and locked rotor tests. The circle diagram allows visualization of motor parameters like torque, power, efficiency, and losses throughout the operating range. It provides an intuitive understanding of motor characteristics, though computational methods now provide more accurate results.
Design and Experimental Verification of Linear Switched Reluctance Motor with...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents the realization and design of a linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) with a new stator structure. One of the setbacks in the LSRM family is the presence of high force ripple leads to vibration and acoustic noise. The proposed structure provides a smooth force profile with reduced force ripple. Finite element analysis (FEA) is used to predict the force and other relevant parameters.A frequency spectrum analysis of the force profile using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) is presented.The FEA and experimental results of this paper prove that LSRMs are one of the strong candidates for linear propulsion drives.
The continuous model of the linear induction motor (LIM) has been made considering the edge effects and the attraction force. Taking the attraction force into account is im- portant when considering dynamic analysis when the motor operates under mechanical load. A laboratory prototype has been implemented from which the parameters of the equivalent LIM circuit have been obtained. The discrete model has been developed to quickly obtain computational solutions and to analyze non-linear behaviors through the application of discrete control systems. In order to obtain the discrete model of the LIM we have started from the solution of the continuous model. To develop the model, the magnetizing inductance has been considered, which reflects the edge effects. In the results, the model is compared without considering the edge effects or the attraction force with the proposed model.
PSO and SMC based Closed Loop V/F Control of AC Drive using SVPWMIRJET Journal
This document proposes a particle swarm optimization and sliding mode control scheme for V/F control of an induction motor drive. Space vector pulse width modulation is used to control the motor voltage and frequency, reducing total harmonic distortion. Particle swarm optimization is used as the main controller, while sliding mode control provides stability without requiring precise system knowledge. Simulation results in MATLAB validate the effectiveness of the proposed control system in controlling motor speed, current, and torque.
IRJET- A Review on Three-Phase to Seven-Phase Power Converter using TransformerIRJET Journal
This document proposes and discusses a technique to generate a seven-phase power supply from a standard three-phase supply using a special transformer connection scheme. The transformer has three iron cores each with one primary and multiple secondary coils. By connecting the secondary coils in a specific configuration based on turn ratios, a seven-phase star output is obtained where each phase is 51.43 degrees out of phase. This technique allows generation of a pure sinusoidal seven-phase voltage that can be used for multiphase motor testing or in seven-phase power transmission and rectifier systems. Mathematical analysis is provided to derive the turn ratios needed to produce the seven evenly spaced phases from the three input phases.
Direct Flux Vector Control of Induction Motor Drives with Maximum Efficiency ...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a direct flux vector control strategy for induction motor drives to maximize efficiency at a given torque demand. It involves computing an optimal "maximum efficiency per torque" stator flux map offline using no-load and short-circuit test data. During operation, the control system regulates the stator flux according to the desired torque level using the optimal flux reference from the precomputed map. This strategy significantly improves efficiency below rated torque compared to constant rated flux operation. The document also describes modeling the induction motor losses, including iron losses based on stator flux and frequency, to calibrate the machine loss model used for efficiency optimization.
Novelty Method of Speed Control Analysis of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC MotorIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on speed control of permanent magnet brushless DC motors (PMBLDC). It begins with an introduction to PMBLDC motors and their closed-loop speed control system using a PI controller. It then presents the mathematical model developed to simulate the motor drive system in LabVIEW. Key aspects of the model include the motor equations, torque equation, voltage and current relationships, and mechanical model relating speed, position, load torque and friction. Simulation results are used to analyze the motor's dynamic response and tune the PI controller gains.
The formula cars need high tire grip on racing challenge by reducing rolling displacement at corner or
double change lands. In this case study, the paper clarifies some issues related to suspension system with
inerter to reduce displacement and rolling angle under impact from road disturbance on Formula SAE
Car. We propose some new designs, which have an advance for suspension system by improving dynamics.
We optimize design of model based on the minimization of cost functions for roll dynamics, by reducing the
displacement transfer and the energy consumed by the inerter. Base on a passive suspension model that we
carried out quarter-car and half-car model for different parameters which show the benefit of the inerter.
The important advantage of the proposed solution is its integration a new mechanism, the inerter, this
system can increase advance in development and have effects on the vehicle dynamics in stability vehicle.
Induction Motor Circle Diagrams_GP Technologies White Paper_Rev0_19 October 2016Daniel Lang, P.Eng.
This document discusses the induction motor circle diagram, which graphically represents the locus of induction motor stator current from zero to synchronous speed. It provides details on how to construct the circle diagram using data from the no-load and locked rotor tests. The circle diagram allows visualization of motor parameters like torque, power, efficiency, and losses throughout the operating range. It provides an intuitive understanding of motor characteristics, though computational methods now provide more accurate results.
Design and Experimental Verification of Linear Switched Reluctance Motor with...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents the realization and design of a linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) with a new stator structure. One of the setbacks in the LSRM family is the presence of high force ripple leads to vibration and acoustic noise. The proposed structure provides a smooth force profile with reduced force ripple. Finite element analysis (FEA) is used to predict the force and other relevant parameters.A frequency spectrum analysis of the force profile using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) is presented.The FEA and experimental results of this paper prove that LSRMs are one of the strong candidates for linear propulsion drives.
The continuous model of the linear induction motor (LIM) has been made considering the edge effects and the attraction force. Taking the attraction force into account is im- portant when considering dynamic analysis when the motor operates under mechanical load. A laboratory prototype has been implemented from which the parameters of the equivalent LIM circuit have been obtained. The discrete model has been developed to quickly obtain computational solutions and to analyze non-linear behaviors through the application of discrete control systems. In order to obtain the discrete model of the LIM we have started from the solution of the continuous model. To develop the model, the magnetizing inductance has been considered, which reflects the edge effects. In the results, the model is compared without considering the edge effects or the attraction force with the proposed model.
PSO and SMC based Closed Loop V/F Control of AC Drive using SVPWMIRJET Journal
This document proposes a particle swarm optimization and sliding mode control scheme for V/F control of an induction motor drive. Space vector pulse width modulation is used to control the motor voltage and frequency, reducing total harmonic distortion. Particle swarm optimization is used as the main controller, while sliding mode control provides stability without requiring precise system knowledge. Simulation results in MATLAB validate the effectiveness of the proposed control system in controlling motor speed, current, and torque.
IRJET- A Review on Three-Phase to Seven-Phase Power Converter using TransformerIRJET Journal
This document proposes and discusses a technique to generate a seven-phase power supply from a standard three-phase supply using a special transformer connection scheme. The transformer has three iron cores each with one primary and multiple secondary coils. By connecting the secondary coils in a specific configuration based on turn ratios, a seven-phase star output is obtained where each phase is 51.43 degrees out of phase. This technique allows generation of a pure sinusoidal seven-phase voltage that can be used for multiphase motor testing or in seven-phase power transmission and rectifier systems. Mathematical analysis is provided to derive the turn ratios needed to produce the seven evenly spaced phases from the three input phases.
Direct Flux Vector Control of Induction Motor Drives with Maximum Efficiency ...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a direct flux vector control strategy for induction motor drives to maximize efficiency at a given torque demand. It involves computing an optimal "maximum efficiency per torque" stator flux map offline using no-load and short-circuit test data. During operation, the control system regulates the stator flux according to the desired torque level using the optimal flux reference from the precomputed map. This strategy significantly improves efficiency below rated torque compared to constant rated flux operation. The document also describes modeling the induction motor losses, including iron losses based on stator flux and frequency, to calibrate the machine loss model used for efficiency optimization.
Novelty Method of Speed Control Analysis of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC MotorIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on speed control of permanent magnet brushless DC motors (PMBLDC). It begins with an introduction to PMBLDC motors and their closed-loop speed control system using a PI controller. It then presents the mathematical model developed to simulate the motor drive system in LabVIEW. Key aspects of the model include the motor equations, torque equation, voltage and current relationships, and mechanical model relating speed, position, load torque and friction. Simulation results are used to analyze the motor's dynamic response and tune the PI controller gains.
The formula cars need high tire grip on racing challenge by reducing rolling displacement at corner or
double change lands. In this case study, the paper clarifies some issues related to suspension system with
inerter to reduce displacement and rolling angle under impact from road disturbance on Formula SAE
Car. We propose some new designs, which have an advance for suspension system by improving dynamics.
We optimize design of model based on the minimization of cost functions for roll dynamics, by reducing the
displacement transfer and the energy consumed by the inerter. Base on a passive suspension model that we
carried out quarter-car and half-car model for different parameters which show the benefit of the inerter.
The important advantage of the proposed solution is its integration a new mechanism, the inerter, this
system can increase advance in development and have effects on the vehicle dynamics in stability vehicle.
This paper proposes a long-stroke linear switched reluctance machine (LSRM) with a primary and a secondary translator for industrial conveyance applications. The secondary one can translate according to the primary one so that linear compound motions can be achieved. Considering the fact that either one translator imposes a time-variant, nonlinear disturbance onto the other, the self-tuning position controllers are implemented for the compound machine and experimental results demonstrate that the absolute steady-state error values can fall into 0.03 mm and 0.05 mm for the secondary and primary translator, respectively. A composite absolute precision of less than 0.6 mm can be achieved under the proposed control strategy.
A complete model characterization of brushless dc motorsKarol Kyslan
This document presents a method for developing an accurate mathematical model of a brushless DC motor (BLDCM) that accounts for magnetic saturation and reluctance variations. It describes how the modeling problem can be formulated by modeling the electromagnetic torque function and flux linkages as multidimensional surfaces. It also presents an experimental procedure that was implemented to identify the electromagnetic characteristics of a BLDCM and verify the accuracy of the developed mathematical model. The method reduces the complexity of the model while still capturing the essential behaviors and effects of the BLDCM.
Numerous studies had been made to improve the switched reluctance motor operation depend on the modification of the machine design, proposing the converter designs and/or applying a suitable control method. This paper introduces the field orientation control method for that motor using a simple and very efficient DC-DC converter topology. This control method is presented by two techniques; first technique is the advance of the turn-on switching angle and the other technique is the retard/delay of the turn-off switching angle. Instantaneous and average motor characteristics are obtained using Matlab/Simulink software package. Comparison between the simulation results presented using two converter types. A precise speed and torque control are obtained. The average total torque per current is maximized.
IRJET-Design of Charge Pump for PLL with Reduction In Current Mismatch and Va...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design of an improved charge pump circuit for phase locked loops (PLLs) with reduced current mismatch and variation. A current steering topology is used along with a feedback loop and compensation circuit. The proposed charge pump was designed in 180nm CMOS technology and simulated using Cadence. It achieved a current mismatch between 10-21%, flat output current over a 0.514V output voltage variation, and an output voltage swing of 1.525V. This represents an improvement over conventional charge pump designs in terms reducing current variation and extending the output voltage range.
This document describes the development of a neuro-fuzzy control system for a quarter car model of a semi-active Macpherson suspension using a magnetorheological damper. It introduces the Macpherson suspension model, MR damper model, desired LQR controller, neuro-fuzzy controller and neuro-fuzzy inverse MR damper model. Simulation results show that the neuro-fuzzy control system improves ride quality metrics like acceleration of the sprung mass and suspension deflection compared to a passive suspension system.
Flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machine with high temperature superconductors (HTS) bulks located between the rotor poles to eliminate the flux leakage in the rotor, termed as (HTS-FSPM) machine has been proposed in this paper. Using genetic algorithm, the HTS and the conventional FSPM machines having the same size constraints and load conditions have been globally optimized for max. aveage torque. To highlight the advantages of the HTS-FSPM machine, a performance comparison between the conventional and HTS-FSPM machines has been presented. It is found that the HTS-FSPM machine can increase the torque by 27%, however, this comes with the expense of higher torque ripple and power losses.
The differential phase shifter is an interesting four-port passive microwave network composed of two separate lines, the main line and the reference line, and providing stable phase difference between the two output signals over the specified bandwidth of interest. The most common differential phase shifter is the coupled-line Schiffman phase shifter. In this paper, a novel 90 degrees differential microstrip phase shifter configuration employing a half wavelength transmission line loaded with three open stubs is presented, the proposed design could achieve excellent performance with low phase variation over a wide bandwidth compared to the standard Schiffman phase shifter. The simulated results accomplished with the use of CST Microwave Studio and advanced design system (ADS), were found to be in good agreement and have shown that the proposed loaded-stub phase shifter achieved less than 1.1 dB insertion loss, greater than 13 dB return loss and constant 90±5 degrees phase shift over an 89 percent bandwidth.
This document proposes a method for estimating torque in a sensorless brushless DC motor (BLDC) using a sliding mode observer combined with an extended Kalman filter. BLDC motors are commonly used in applications that require fast torque response and high efficiency. However, torque pulsations in BLDC motors can cause noise and vibration issues. The proposed method uses a sliding mode observer to estimate the non-sinusoidal back-EMF waveform and an extended Kalman filter to estimate the rotor speed. Both estimates are then used to calculate the instantaneous electromagnetic torque. Simulation results show the estimated outputs are accurate, though there is some chattering effect. The proposed technique is shown to effectively minimize torque pulsations when applied to sensorless direct
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
A Novel 4WD Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for an Electrical Vehicle Cont...IRJET Journal
This document presents a novel 4WD permanent magnet synchronous motor control strategy for an electric vehicle based on direct torque control space vector modulation techniques. The control strategy uses DTC-SVM to independently control each of the four in-wheel motors. MATLAB/Simulink simulations were conducted to analyze the performance of the proposed controller under different speeds and topologies. The results show that the DTC-SVM controller has better dynamic performance than traditional DTC, with reduced torque and flux ripple. The control strategy could be successfully implemented in the traction drive of modern 4WD electric vehicles.
This document presents an output-based input shaping and proportional integral derivative (PID) control for load hoisting control of a 3D crane system. Unlike conventional input shaping that uses model parameters, output-based filtering is designed using the target system's output signal to avoid issues from model uncertainties. Simulation results show precise payload positioning with negligible sway is achieved. The proposed hybrid control is robust and can be easily implemented on higher order systems. Logarithmic decrement techniques are used to determine the crane system's damping ratio and natural frequency, simplifying the design. An output-based filter is designed by minimizing the difference between the target system and reference system outputs. Filter gains are then calculated to shape the input and reduce residual vibrations
The trend in the motor applications is to reduce weight and volume by increasing the efficiency. Because of the advantage of high efficiency and high density, interest in brushless DC motors and drives is increasing. Unlike DC motors, the brushless DC (BLDC) motors require inverter circuit and position detector. In this paper, we deal with the optimization of the BLDC motor, the inverter, and the position detector. The inverter is optimized to be mounted on the BLDC motor. This paper deals primarily with the design and implementation aspects of the BLDC motor and the integrated drive circuit. Experimental results for the prototype of the BLDC motor with integrated dirve circuit in the laboratory are presented to validate the feasibility.
This document summarizes research on switchable transformers conducted at the University of South Australia since 2000. It describes the initial development of a 1kVA switchable transformer with series and parallel winding configurations to improve efficiency compared to a conventional transformer. Testing showed efficiency gains. Later studies expanded this to 3kVA and 10kVA three-phase switchable transformers. Finite element analysis was used to optimize core design. Recent work involves using microcontrollers and data acquisition systems to monitor performance and control switching, as well as implementing adaptive fuzzy logic control. The research aims to further develop switchable transformer technology for improved energy efficiency.
The document summarizes a Matlab simulation and optimization of a 1/4 suspension model for a Tesla vehicle over various road types. The simulation models the road profile and suspension system using differential equations. Initial analysis found maximum velocities and damping forces for each road type using standard suspension parameters. Optimization focused on minimizing damping force for a given maximum velocity by testing different spring and damping coefficients. The optimal values found were the lowest tested, suggesting lower values should be tested. The merit function was found to overvalue damping force and undervalue maximum velocity.
This document compares two control strategies, zero d-current and MTPA, for interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSMs) used in railway traction applications. A simulation study was conducted using IPMSMs with different levels of saliency. The simulation analyzed the machines in the constant torque operating zone and showed that the MTPA control strategy optimizes stator current and power factor compared to the zero d-current strategy, especially for high saliency IPMSMs. Experimental results from a 100kW prototype confirmed the findings from the simulation study and demonstrated the benefits of MTPA control.
1) The document proposes a new vertically-aligned in-plane-switching (VA-IPS) LCD mode that can improve optical performance over traditional VA modes by controlling the tilt angles of LC molecules using different distances between in-plane switching electrodes.
2) It combines the VA-IPS mode with a T-T type dual data driving scheme and charge-shared structure to further enhance picture quality at oblique viewing angles by creating an extra voltage difference between electrode pairs.
3) Simulation and experimental results show the proposed VA-IPS mode achieves very small oblique gamma distortion and a low TRDI index of 0.13, indicating much better color washout performance than current 8-domain PSA VA modes
Multiphase Transformer Modelling using Finite Element MethodIAES-IJPEDS
In the year of 1970 saw the starting invention of the five-phase motor as the milestone in advanced electric motor. Through the years, there are many researchers, which passionately worked towards developing for multiphase drive system. They developed a static transformation system to obtain a multiphase supply from the available three-phase supply. This idea gives an influence for further development in electric machines as an example; an efficient solution for bulk power transfer. This paper highlighted the detail descriptions that lead to five-phase supply with fixed voltage and frequency by using Finite-Element Method (FEM). Identifying of specification on a real transformer had been done before applied into software modeling. Therefore, Finite-Element Method provides clearly understandable in terms of visualize the geometry modeling, connection scheme and output waveform.
Investigation on Chassis Dynamometer with Capability to Test Regenerative Bra...IJPEDS-IAES
An investigation-based approach to a bidirectional power flow method for
testing regenerative braking function on a chassis dynamometer is presented.
The requirements and specifications for capability to test regenerative
braking function of Electric Vehicle (EV) emulated by using a bidirectional
chassis dynamometer are discussed. The dynamometer emulates road load
conditions during testing, and regenerative braking is able to test their
function while the vehicle is in deceleration condition. Performances of
power requirement are illustrated and translated into sequence diagram. It is
shown that the proposed topology is particularly advantageous in generating
and regenerating power for energy consumption. The overview of
conventional chassis dynamometer and the proposed chassis dynamometer is
compared to investigate the parameter in the development of regenerative
braking test.
The document summarizes a study on developing an active control system for pantographs on high-speed railway vehicles. It discusses:
1) Issues with current collection stability at high speeds due to contact force variation from vertical body vibration and contact wire irregularities.
2) A model is developed using multi-body dynamics to simulate the flexible contact wire and pantograph interaction.
3) An active control approach is proposed that applies a cancellation force based on the vertical body vibration input to minimize variation in the contact force between the pantograph and overhead wire. Transfer functions are derived and used to design a controller to provide the cancellation force.
This document presents the forward and inverse kinematic analysis and dynamic analysis of a 2 degree of freedom robotic arm manipulator. It includes:
- Deriving the forward kinematics equations relating joint angles to end effector position.
- Determining the inverse kinematics and discussing issues like multiple solutions and singularities.
- Analyzing the manipulator performance in terms of condition number, mobility index, and singular configurations.
- Modeling the dynamics using Lagrangian and Newton-Euler approaches and deriving the equations of motion relating joint torques to accelerations.
Dynamic design and simulation analysis of permanent magnet motor in different...Mellah Hacene
This paper deals with investigation on non purely sinusoidal input supply analysis of line-start PMM using finite element analysis (FEA), in the present times a greater awareness is generated by the problems of harmonic voltages and currents produced by non-linear loads like the power electronic converters. These combine with non-linear nature of PMM core and produce severe distortions in voltages and currents and increase the power loss, additional copper losses due to harmonic currents, increased core losses, electromagnetic interference with communication circuits, efficiency reduction, increased in motors temperature and torque oscillations. In addition to the operation of PMM on the sinusoidal supplies, the harmonic behavior becomes important as the size and rating of the PMM increases. Thus the study of harmonics is of great practical significance in the operation of PMM.
This document discusses multiphysics modeling and simulation of induction machines using various software packages. It describes ANSYS, Flux2D/Flux-Portunus co-simulation, Motor-CAD co-simulation with SpeedLab, and Maxwell co-simulation with Ephysics software. It focuses on Maxwell software for finite element analysis modeling of an induction machine and presents simulation results for magnetic field, speed, torque, and losses using Maxwell. The results are then commented on.
This paper proposes a long-stroke linear switched reluctance machine (LSRM) with a primary and a secondary translator for industrial conveyance applications. The secondary one can translate according to the primary one so that linear compound motions can be achieved. Considering the fact that either one translator imposes a time-variant, nonlinear disturbance onto the other, the self-tuning position controllers are implemented for the compound machine and experimental results demonstrate that the absolute steady-state error values can fall into 0.03 mm and 0.05 mm for the secondary and primary translator, respectively. A composite absolute precision of less than 0.6 mm can be achieved under the proposed control strategy.
A complete model characterization of brushless dc motorsKarol Kyslan
This document presents a method for developing an accurate mathematical model of a brushless DC motor (BLDCM) that accounts for magnetic saturation and reluctance variations. It describes how the modeling problem can be formulated by modeling the electromagnetic torque function and flux linkages as multidimensional surfaces. It also presents an experimental procedure that was implemented to identify the electromagnetic characteristics of a BLDCM and verify the accuracy of the developed mathematical model. The method reduces the complexity of the model while still capturing the essential behaviors and effects of the BLDCM.
Numerous studies had been made to improve the switched reluctance motor operation depend on the modification of the machine design, proposing the converter designs and/or applying a suitable control method. This paper introduces the field orientation control method for that motor using a simple and very efficient DC-DC converter topology. This control method is presented by two techniques; first technique is the advance of the turn-on switching angle and the other technique is the retard/delay of the turn-off switching angle. Instantaneous and average motor characteristics are obtained using Matlab/Simulink software package. Comparison between the simulation results presented using two converter types. A precise speed and torque control are obtained. The average total torque per current is maximized.
IRJET-Design of Charge Pump for PLL with Reduction In Current Mismatch and Va...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design of an improved charge pump circuit for phase locked loops (PLLs) with reduced current mismatch and variation. A current steering topology is used along with a feedback loop and compensation circuit. The proposed charge pump was designed in 180nm CMOS technology and simulated using Cadence. It achieved a current mismatch between 10-21%, flat output current over a 0.514V output voltage variation, and an output voltage swing of 1.525V. This represents an improvement over conventional charge pump designs in terms reducing current variation and extending the output voltage range.
This document describes the development of a neuro-fuzzy control system for a quarter car model of a semi-active Macpherson suspension using a magnetorheological damper. It introduces the Macpherson suspension model, MR damper model, desired LQR controller, neuro-fuzzy controller and neuro-fuzzy inverse MR damper model. Simulation results show that the neuro-fuzzy control system improves ride quality metrics like acceleration of the sprung mass and suspension deflection compared to a passive suspension system.
Flux-switching permanent magnet (FSPM) machine with high temperature superconductors (HTS) bulks located between the rotor poles to eliminate the flux leakage in the rotor, termed as (HTS-FSPM) machine has been proposed in this paper. Using genetic algorithm, the HTS and the conventional FSPM machines having the same size constraints and load conditions have been globally optimized for max. aveage torque. To highlight the advantages of the HTS-FSPM machine, a performance comparison between the conventional and HTS-FSPM machines has been presented. It is found that the HTS-FSPM machine can increase the torque by 27%, however, this comes with the expense of higher torque ripple and power losses.
The differential phase shifter is an interesting four-port passive microwave network composed of two separate lines, the main line and the reference line, and providing stable phase difference between the two output signals over the specified bandwidth of interest. The most common differential phase shifter is the coupled-line Schiffman phase shifter. In this paper, a novel 90 degrees differential microstrip phase shifter configuration employing a half wavelength transmission line loaded with three open stubs is presented, the proposed design could achieve excellent performance with low phase variation over a wide bandwidth compared to the standard Schiffman phase shifter. The simulated results accomplished with the use of CST Microwave Studio and advanced design system (ADS), were found to be in good agreement and have shown that the proposed loaded-stub phase shifter achieved less than 1.1 dB insertion loss, greater than 13 dB return loss and constant 90±5 degrees phase shift over an 89 percent bandwidth.
This document proposes a method for estimating torque in a sensorless brushless DC motor (BLDC) using a sliding mode observer combined with an extended Kalman filter. BLDC motors are commonly used in applications that require fast torque response and high efficiency. However, torque pulsations in BLDC motors can cause noise and vibration issues. The proposed method uses a sliding mode observer to estimate the non-sinusoidal back-EMF waveform and an extended Kalman filter to estimate the rotor speed. Both estimates are then used to calculate the instantaneous electromagnetic torque. Simulation results show the estimated outputs are accurate, though there is some chattering effect. The proposed technique is shown to effectively minimize torque pulsations when applied to sensorless direct
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
A Novel 4WD Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for an Electrical Vehicle Cont...IRJET Journal
This document presents a novel 4WD permanent magnet synchronous motor control strategy for an electric vehicle based on direct torque control space vector modulation techniques. The control strategy uses DTC-SVM to independently control each of the four in-wheel motors. MATLAB/Simulink simulations were conducted to analyze the performance of the proposed controller under different speeds and topologies. The results show that the DTC-SVM controller has better dynamic performance than traditional DTC, with reduced torque and flux ripple. The control strategy could be successfully implemented in the traction drive of modern 4WD electric vehicles.
This document presents an output-based input shaping and proportional integral derivative (PID) control for load hoisting control of a 3D crane system. Unlike conventional input shaping that uses model parameters, output-based filtering is designed using the target system's output signal to avoid issues from model uncertainties. Simulation results show precise payload positioning with negligible sway is achieved. The proposed hybrid control is robust and can be easily implemented on higher order systems. Logarithmic decrement techniques are used to determine the crane system's damping ratio and natural frequency, simplifying the design. An output-based filter is designed by minimizing the difference between the target system and reference system outputs. Filter gains are then calculated to shape the input and reduce residual vibrations
The trend in the motor applications is to reduce weight and volume by increasing the efficiency. Because of the advantage of high efficiency and high density, interest in brushless DC motors and drives is increasing. Unlike DC motors, the brushless DC (BLDC) motors require inverter circuit and position detector. In this paper, we deal with the optimization of the BLDC motor, the inverter, and the position detector. The inverter is optimized to be mounted on the BLDC motor. This paper deals primarily with the design and implementation aspects of the BLDC motor and the integrated drive circuit. Experimental results for the prototype of the BLDC motor with integrated dirve circuit in the laboratory are presented to validate the feasibility.
This document summarizes research on switchable transformers conducted at the University of South Australia since 2000. It describes the initial development of a 1kVA switchable transformer with series and parallel winding configurations to improve efficiency compared to a conventional transformer. Testing showed efficiency gains. Later studies expanded this to 3kVA and 10kVA three-phase switchable transformers. Finite element analysis was used to optimize core design. Recent work involves using microcontrollers and data acquisition systems to monitor performance and control switching, as well as implementing adaptive fuzzy logic control. The research aims to further develop switchable transformer technology for improved energy efficiency.
The document summarizes a Matlab simulation and optimization of a 1/4 suspension model for a Tesla vehicle over various road types. The simulation models the road profile and suspension system using differential equations. Initial analysis found maximum velocities and damping forces for each road type using standard suspension parameters. Optimization focused on minimizing damping force for a given maximum velocity by testing different spring and damping coefficients. The optimal values found were the lowest tested, suggesting lower values should be tested. The merit function was found to overvalue damping force and undervalue maximum velocity.
This document compares two control strategies, zero d-current and MTPA, for interior permanent magnet synchronous machines (IPMSMs) used in railway traction applications. A simulation study was conducted using IPMSMs with different levels of saliency. The simulation analyzed the machines in the constant torque operating zone and showed that the MTPA control strategy optimizes stator current and power factor compared to the zero d-current strategy, especially for high saliency IPMSMs. Experimental results from a 100kW prototype confirmed the findings from the simulation study and demonstrated the benefits of MTPA control.
1) The document proposes a new vertically-aligned in-plane-switching (VA-IPS) LCD mode that can improve optical performance over traditional VA modes by controlling the tilt angles of LC molecules using different distances between in-plane switching electrodes.
2) It combines the VA-IPS mode with a T-T type dual data driving scheme and charge-shared structure to further enhance picture quality at oblique viewing angles by creating an extra voltage difference between electrode pairs.
3) Simulation and experimental results show the proposed VA-IPS mode achieves very small oblique gamma distortion and a low TRDI index of 0.13, indicating much better color washout performance than current 8-domain PSA VA modes
Multiphase Transformer Modelling using Finite Element MethodIAES-IJPEDS
In the year of 1970 saw the starting invention of the five-phase motor as the milestone in advanced electric motor. Through the years, there are many researchers, which passionately worked towards developing for multiphase drive system. They developed a static transformation system to obtain a multiphase supply from the available three-phase supply. This idea gives an influence for further development in electric machines as an example; an efficient solution for bulk power transfer. This paper highlighted the detail descriptions that lead to five-phase supply with fixed voltage and frequency by using Finite-Element Method (FEM). Identifying of specification on a real transformer had been done before applied into software modeling. Therefore, Finite-Element Method provides clearly understandable in terms of visualize the geometry modeling, connection scheme and output waveform.
Investigation on Chassis Dynamometer with Capability to Test Regenerative Bra...IJPEDS-IAES
An investigation-based approach to a bidirectional power flow method for
testing regenerative braking function on a chassis dynamometer is presented.
The requirements and specifications for capability to test regenerative
braking function of Electric Vehicle (EV) emulated by using a bidirectional
chassis dynamometer are discussed. The dynamometer emulates road load
conditions during testing, and regenerative braking is able to test their
function while the vehicle is in deceleration condition. Performances of
power requirement are illustrated and translated into sequence diagram. It is
shown that the proposed topology is particularly advantageous in generating
and regenerating power for energy consumption. The overview of
conventional chassis dynamometer and the proposed chassis dynamometer is
compared to investigate the parameter in the development of regenerative
braking test.
The document summarizes a study on developing an active control system for pantographs on high-speed railway vehicles. It discusses:
1) Issues with current collection stability at high speeds due to contact force variation from vertical body vibration and contact wire irregularities.
2) A model is developed using multi-body dynamics to simulate the flexible contact wire and pantograph interaction.
3) An active control approach is proposed that applies a cancellation force based on the vertical body vibration input to minimize variation in the contact force between the pantograph and overhead wire. Transfer functions are derived and used to design a controller to provide the cancellation force.
This document presents the forward and inverse kinematic analysis and dynamic analysis of a 2 degree of freedom robotic arm manipulator. It includes:
- Deriving the forward kinematics equations relating joint angles to end effector position.
- Determining the inverse kinematics and discussing issues like multiple solutions and singularities.
- Analyzing the manipulator performance in terms of condition number, mobility index, and singular configurations.
- Modeling the dynamics using Lagrangian and Newton-Euler approaches and deriving the equations of motion relating joint torques to accelerations.
Dynamic design and simulation analysis of permanent magnet motor in different...Mellah Hacene
This paper deals with investigation on non purely sinusoidal input supply analysis of line-start PMM using finite element analysis (FEA), in the present times a greater awareness is generated by the problems of harmonic voltages and currents produced by non-linear loads like the power electronic converters. These combine with non-linear nature of PMM core and produce severe distortions in voltages and currents and increase the power loss, additional copper losses due to harmonic currents, increased core losses, electromagnetic interference with communication circuits, efficiency reduction, increased in motors temperature and torque oscillations. In addition to the operation of PMM on the sinusoidal supplies, the harmonic behavior becomes important as the size and rating of the PMM increases. Thus the study of harmonics is of great practical significance in the operation of PMM.
This document discusses multiphysics modeling and simulation of induction machines using various software packages. It describes ANSYS, Flux2D/Flux-Portunus co-simulation, Motor-CAD co-simulation with SpeedLab, and Maxwell co-simulation with Ephysics software. It focuses on Maxwell software for finite element analysis modeling of an induction machine and presents simulation results for magnetic field, speed, torque, and losses using Maxwell. The results are then commented on.
The group worked on reproducing a life-sized pocket bike using CAD software. Each member created various parts and assemblies. Dimos created 15 parts including the frame and engine block. Chris created 10 parts like the impeller and front forks assembly. Vinicius created 30 parts and 4 assemblies such as the wheel assembly. Nathan created 23 parts and 5 assemblies, modeling the complex chain assembly with over 400 kinematic elements. The group overcame challenges in part fitting and measurements. Overall, the project provided an opportunity for the members to develop new CAD skills while applying knowledge from class and collaborating as a team.
ElectroMagneticWorks Inc. (EMW) is a electronic design automation (EDA) company. EMW focuses on the development, marketing and support of Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) and Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools based on electromagnetic principles and phenomena. With products covering frequencies ranging from DC to millimeter waves, EMW aims to meet the needs of its clients with the highest quality products.
EMW has a long track record of successful collaboration with SolidWorks Corporation and its analysis division COSMOSM. Today, EMW is the only company offering a complete electromagnetic analysis software suite that is fully embedded in SolidWorks. EMW\'s products meet SolidWorks\'s highest quality standards and are certified Gold products by SolidWorks.
Study of Permanent Magnent Synchronous MacnineRajeev Kumar
With respect of designing a PMSG, the permanent magnetic pole lies on the rotor and armature winding are in the inner part of stator that is electrically connected to the load. Armature winding consists of the set of three conductors which has phase difference 120 derg apart to each other and providing a uniform force or torque on the generator’s rotor. To operate PMGS, it is connected to wind turbine through a shaft without gear box and rotate at slow speed. This uniform torque produced by the resultant magnetic flux which induces current in the armature winding. The stator magnetic field combined spatially with rotor magnetic flux and rotates as the same speed of the rotor. So the two magnetic fields synchronously rotate in PGSM to maintain the relative motion of rotor and stator.
Thus the permanent magnets rotates at constant speed without any DC excitation system, which means it has not required any slip rings and contact brushes to make it more reliability or efficient.
This document summarizes brushless DC motors (BLDCM). It describes that BLDCMs have permanent magnets on the rotor and electronically-controlled windings on the stator. Hall sensors detect rotor position for electronic commutation of the winding currents. BLDCMs have advantages over brushed DC motors like higher efficiency, longer lifetime, and less noise, making them suitable for a wide range of applications from small devices to large industrial systems. The document provides details on the construction, working principle, speed-torque characteristics, and pros and cons of BLDCMs.
BLDC motors have evolved from conventional DC motors to permanent magnet DC motors to brushless permanent magnet DC motors. A BLDC motor consists of a stator and a rotor, with the rotor containing permanent magnets and the stator containing coil windings. BLDCs improve reliability and efficiency over brushed DC motors by replacing the brush and commutator assembly with electronic commutation, which controls the sequence of energizing the stator windings. This electronic control allows BLDCs to have higher speed and torque characteristics than conventional DC motors.
In recent years, Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSMs) are increasing
applied in several areas such as generation, traction, automobiles, robotics and aerospace
technology. Basically PMSG topology has been beneficial for slow speed and variable speed
operation and steady state output power produced in operation. PMSG is a part of
synchronous machine family, so its construction features almost equivalent to synchronous
machine.
With respect of designing a PMSG, the permanent magnetic pole lies on the rotor and
armature winding are in the inner part of stator that is electrically connected to the load.
Armature winding consists of the set of three conductors which has phase difference 1200
apart to each other and providing a uniform force or torque on the generator’s rotor. To
operate PMGS, it is connected to wind turbine through a shaft without gear box and rotate at
slow speed. This uniform torque produced by the resultant magnetic flux which induces
current in the armature winding. The stator magnetic field combined spatially with rotor
magnetic flux and rotates as the same speed of the rotor. So the two magnetic fields
synchronously rotate in PGSM to maintain the relative motion of rotor and stator.
Thus the permanent magnets rotates at constant speed without any DC excitation system,
which means it has not required any slip rings and contact brushes to make it more reliability
or efficient.
CAD based modeling of flywheel motor with multiple operatorIOSR Journals
Abstract : The Human powered flywheel motor (HPFM) is the integral part of the various manually energized
machines such as brick making machine, chaff cutter, pedal operated flour mill etc .Since its invention
continuous efforts are being made for its optimization with objective of the efficient energy utilization of human
energy. In an attempt this paper presents the development of flywheel motor for multiple rider as till now only
single rider system is developed. Further the CAD modeling of this system is developed by using the CAD
software SOLID EGDE.
Keywords - CAD modeling, HPFM, Solid edge.
Hybrid winding function method for inductance analysis of a line start synch...IJECEIAES
In recent years, there has been renewed interest in line-start synchronous reluctance machines (LSSRMs) due to their simple construction, magnet-free rotor, and low cost. To improve control performance, design optimization, and fault diagnostic analysis of these machines, it requires accurate estimation of their electromagnetic characteristics using detailed and time-consuming finite element analyses (FEAs). In this paper, inductances and electromagnetic torque of the LSSRM were calculated using the combination of winding function analysis and conformal mapping instead of FEA. The hybrid approach can be applied to the prediction of motor behavior, taking into account all space harmonics of the air-gap permeance without any restriction on the rotor saliencies and topologies. The influence of the core saturation, stator slots, and rotor bars were also considered. The results obtained by simulations were compared with FEA in terms of accuracy and computational time.
Beyond Phase Dependent Coefficients in the Modelling and Analysis of Five-Pha...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on modeling a five-phase synchronous reluctance machine. It considers models both with and without phase dependent parameters (PDP). The study aims to model the machine inductances directly without approximation, avoiding transformation to a reference frame. Similar performance is seen for both models, but with higher oscillation and transient differences of up to 2.4% for speed characteristics when using the PDP model during a loss of phase fault. The document provides equations for modeling the machine voltages, currents, torque, and inductances directly in the phase variables without using PDP.
MODELLING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN IMPROVED DSVM SCHEME FOR PMSM DTCpaperpublications3
This document discusses modelling and implementing an improved direct self control (DSC) scheme for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) using discrete space vector modulation (DSVM). It begins with an overview of field oriented control and direct torque control techniques for PMSMs. It then presents the PMSM model and basic direct torque control scheme. Issues with the basic DTC scheme like torque and flux ripples are discussed. The document reviews the existing DSVM DTC technique and proposes a new DSVM DTC scheme for PMSMs that takes motor speed and torque/flux errors into account. Comparisons of performance and switching losses between basic DTC and improved DSVM DTC are made through simulation and experiments.
ISSN 2395-650X
A Science Journal Publication serves as a reputable platform for the dissemination of scientific research and discoveries across a wide range of disciplines. These journals ensure the quality and accuracy of the research presented, fostering a collaborative environment where researchers share their insights, theories, and breakthroughs with the global scientific community.
The Journal of MC Square Scientific Research is published by MC Square Publication on the monthly basis. It aims to publish original research papers devoted to wide areas in various disciplines of science and engineering and their applications in industry. This journal is basically devoted to interdisciplinary research in Science, Engineering and Technology, which can improve the technology being used in industry. The real-life problems involve multi-disciplinary knowledge, and thus strong inter-disciplinary approach is the need of the research.
Simulation and Analysis of Modified DTC of PMSMIJECEIAES
This research paper describes the simulation and analysis of the modified DTC for Surface mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (SPMSM) using PI controller. Among all of the various drive systems,PMSM is widely used for accurate speed and torque control, with greater efficiency, superior torque to inertia and high power density.The Conventional DTC secheme widely used for this purpose but it is failed to achieve desirable performance of the system for which the modified DTC secheme is propsed.The modified DTC algorithm controls the voltage vectors, directly from a simple look up table depending on outcome of the torque and indirectly flux controllers.The overall drive system can be implemented in SIMULINK/MATLAB environment.The modified DTC is validated with loading conditions.The simulated results are focused on the speed, settling time at loaded conditions, torque and flux linkages ripple and THD in the phase current for modified DTC applied to SPMSM.
The document presents an electromagnetic and thermal analysis of an internal permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) design. It describes the initial design process including calculating dimensions, winding arrangement, and material selection. Finite element analysis was used to optimize the design by varying parameters like number of turns, magnet size, and flux barrier placement. This improved the torque from 5.25Nm to 12.94Nm. A lumped thermal network model was developed and losses were simulated. Temperature distribution was calculated and found to be within safe limits. Case studies on efficiency and load characteristics validated the machine configuration.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses modeling and field oriented control (FOC) of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) using MATLAB/Simulink. It first introduces PMSM drives and their components. It then presents the mathematical modeling of a PMSM in the d-q reference frame. This includes developing the voltage and flux linkage equations. It also discusses Parks transformation and the equivalent circuit model. Next, it covers PMSM control strategies like FOC which allows controlling the motor like a DC motor. It provides the details of FOC implementation including constant torque control. Finally, it discusses establishing the FOC simulation model in MATLAB/Simulink to simulate the control system.
Reduction of Cogging Torque by Adapting Bifurcated Stator Slots and Minimizat...IAES-IJPEDS
This paper proposes an improved methodology to minimize the cogging torque, harmonics and torque ripples in Brushless DC (BLDC) motor. The cogging torque is reduced by designing the BLDC motor with bifurcated active surface area using Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The harmonics and torque ripple is minimized using PI and Fuzzy controllers. These controllers are analyzed to bring out an optimal solution. The effectiveness and flexibility of the individual techniques of proposed control method is verified through simulations [Matlab Simulink]. The experimental result is shown only for fuzzy control because fuzzy is better comparing the performance of PI controllers.
Numerical Deterministic Method of Including Saturation Effect in the Performa...IJERD Editor
This document describes a numerical method for including the effect of magnetic saturation in the performance analysis of a single-phase induction motor. The author computes the magnetic saturation factor (Ksat) of the motor to be 1.18 by determining the magnetomotive force (mmf) in different parts of the magnetic circuit through numerical calculations. Using the saturation factor, the saturated values of the motor reactances are obtained. Performance parameters like efficiency, torque, current, losses are then computed using the saturated reactances. The efficiency decreases by 2.92% and starting torque increases by 17.1% with saturation included in the analysis.
IRJET- Three-Phase to Seven-Phase Power Converter using PI Controller and Tra...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a technique to generate a seven-phase power supply from a standard three-phase supply using a special transformer connection. The transformer has three cores, with one primary winding and multiple secondary windings on each core. By connecting the secondary windings with different turn ratios, seven phases can be produced with the required 51.43 degree phase shift between each phase. A PI controller is also used to reduce noise and errors in the converted signal. The proposed transformer connection could enable applications like seven-phase power transmission systems, rectifiers, and electric motor testing by providing a pure sinusoidal seven-phase supply.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This document discusses the calculation of total current harmonic distortion for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) using pulse width modulation (PWM) methods. It involves modeling and simulating a PMSM drive system in MATLAB/Simulink to analyze the effects on current harmonics. Field oriented control is used to control the rotor current and regulate speed. Simulation results show that PWM control produces lower total harmonic distortion compared to hysteresis control. Vector control methods produce even lower harmonics compared to PWM inverters alone. The document analyzes the harmonic spectra from the simulations to evaluate the performance of different control schemes.
Consists of two sets of windings:
3 phase armature winding on the stator distributed with centres 120° apart in space
field winding on the rotor supplied by DC
Two basic rotor structures used:
salient or projecting pole structure for hydraulic units (low speed)
round rotor structure for thermal units (high speed)
Salient poles have concentrated field windings; usually also carry damper windings on the pole face.Round rotors have solid steel rotors with distributed windings
Nearly sinusoidal space distribution of flux wave shape obtained by:
distributing stator windings and field windings in many slots (round rotor);
shaping pole faces (salient pole)
Physical Description
Mathematical Model
Park's "dqo" transportation
Steady-state Analysis
phasor representation in d-q coordinates
link with network equations
Definition of "rotor angle"
Representation of Synchronous Machines in Stability Studies
neglect of stator transients
magnetic saturation
Simplified Models
Synchronous Machine Parameters
Reactive Capability Limits
Consists of two sets of windings:
3 phase armature winding on the stator distributed with centres 120° apart in space
field winding on the rotor supplied by DC
Two basic rotor structures used:
salient or projecting pole structure for hydraulic units (low speed)
round rotor structure for thermal units (high speed)
Salient poles have concentrated field windings; usually also carry damper windings on the pole face.Round rotors have solid steel rotors with distributed windings
Nearly sinusoidal space distribution of flux wave shape obtained by:
distributing stator windings and field windings in many slots (round rotor);
shaping pole faces (salient pole)
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method called rotor pole shaping to reduce cogging torque in flux-switching permanent magnet machines (FSPMs). Cogging torque is relatively high in FSPMs due to their doubly salient structure and high flux density. The proposed method introduces flanges in the rotor teeth as a way to modify the rotor dimensions and reduce cogging torque without changing the stator. Finite element analysis is used to examine the impact of flange geometry on cogging torque. The effects on back-EMF, average torque, and torque ripple are also investigated. The results suggest rotor pole shaping is an effective method for cogging torque reduction in FSPMs.
Development of a low cost sensored control for high speed axial flux permanen...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes the development of a low-cost sensored control system for a high-speed axial flux permanent magnet electric machine. Key points:
1) A digital signal processor controller using Hall sensors provides accurate commutation of the three-phase windings to run the machine as a motor at speeds up to 50,000 RPM.
2) Computer simulations of the machine model and control system were performed and matched well with experimental tests, validating the machine's behavior under this control approach.
3) The sensored control provides a baseline for further research toward developing a more advanced sensorless control system for high-power, high-speed axial flux permanent magnet machines.
Comparitive Analysis of Speed and Position Control of BLDC Motor via Field Or...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative analysis of speed and position control of a brushless DC motor using field oriented control with two different pulse width modulation schemes: sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) and space vector PWM (SVPWM). Field oriented control is commonly used for high-performance motor control. The document models the BLDC motor and describes field oriented control, which represents stator currents in a rotating dq reference frame to separately control flux and torque. SPWM and SVPWM are two commonly used PWM techniques for motor control inverters. The analysis is carried out in Simulink to compare the performance of SPWM and SVPWM based field oriented control under different loading conditions. Preliminary results show similar performance under light loads
A Novel Modified Turn-on Angle Control Scheme for Torque- Ripple Reduction in...IJPEDS-IAES
In recent years, Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM) have been dramatically
considered with both researchers and industries. SRMs not only have a
simple and reliable structure, but also have low cost production process.
However, discrete torque production of SRM along with intensive magnetic
saturation in stator and rotor cores are the major drawbacks of utilizing in
variety of industrial applications and also causes the inappropriate torque
ripples. In this paper, a modified logical-rule-based Torque Sharing Function
(TSF) method is proposed considering turn-on angle control. The optimized
turn-on angle for conducting each phase is achieved by estimating the
inductance curve in the vicinity of unaligned position and based on an
analytical solution for each phase voltage equation. Simulation results on a
four-phase switched reluctance motor and comparison with the conventional
methods validates the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A Novel Modified Turn-on Angle Control Scheme for Torque- Ripple Reduction in...
EC-1635
1. Chandan Sikder
Email: csikder@ncsu.edu
Iqbal Husain
Email: ihusain2@ncsu.edu
Wen Ouyang
Email: wen.ouyang@us.abb.com
NSF FREEDM Systems Center, Department of ECE
NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
ABB US Corporate Research Center
Raleigh, NC, USA
Abstract— This paper presents the control and performance
of the Flux Switching Permanent Magnet (FSPM) machine
designed and built with non-rare-earth magnets. The design
objective has been minimization of volume and cost, and
reduction of cogging torque, noise and vibrations. A
comprehensive methodology has been adopted for the design of a
12/10 segmented stator structure FSPM. Machine parameters
have been identified with a nonlinear model taking mutual
coupling and saturation into account. Stator flux oriented vector
controller has been implemented using the machine parameters.
Experimental results for the designed and fabricated are included
for performance validation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Flux Switching Permanent Magnet (FSPM) machine is
characterized by a doubly salient structure and permanent
magnets in the stator. The magnet flux combined with the
bipolar change of winding flux result in high flux density and
high torque density. FSPM provides significant advantages
such as high efficiency, high torque density, and high flux
weakening capability and has favorable features for easier
cooling and high speed operation.
Cogging torque and acoustic noise are the few challenges
and concerns for the FSPM. The cogging torque in FSPM can
be high because of its doubly salient structure and high flux
density resulting from the flux concentration effects of the
circumferentially housed magnets. Prior research have also
reported that the torque ripple in FSPM is mainly caused by
the cogging torque [1],[2]. Therefore, cogging torque
minimization is important in designing the FSPM for high
performance requiring applications. The cogging torque
minimization technique proposed in [3] by geometric pole
shaping of the rotor has been applied for designing the
prototype.
There are several sources of noise and vibration in an
electric machine. Among those, lower order stator mode
frequencies and the normal stress at the airgap originating from
electromagnetic excitation are dominant. Pole shaping
technique of the stator to reduce the effect of lower order mode
frequencies is proposed and applied to the design of the FSPM
motor [4]. Applying the proposed comprehensive design
methodology , the torque ripple is minimized to as low as 5%
and the noise reduction at rated speed is about 7-8 dB without
significant reduction in electromagnetic torque [3]-[5]. This
makes the FSPM an attractive alternative for low-torque
ripple, high power desnity applications.
The FSPM behaves similarly to any conventional PM AC
machine from the control and operation perspective.
Therefore, it can be controlled using a stator flux oriented
vector control technique. For control of the machine, the motor
parameters including the d- and q-axes inductances have been
identified using an advanced model that includes mutual
coupling and saturation into account [6],[7]. Finally, the
prototype fabricated motor is tested and the experimental
results are compared with FEA simulation results. A heat run
test is also performed to observe the steady state thermal
behavior of the machine.
II. FINAL DESIGN OF THE PROTOTYPE FSPM
The comprehensive design methodology developed for
the FSPM design is based on using existing modeling
techniques analytical design rules and finite element analysis
(FEA) [3], [5], [8]-[12]. Cogging torque reduction for toque
ripple minimization has been achieved by a novel rotor pole
shaping technique. Improvement on acoustic noise due to the
resonance of excitation frequency with natural mode
frequencies have been achieved by stator pole shaping and was
verified using structural FEA. Fig. 1 and Table I give the
geometric design parameters of the machine.
Beta_RT
R0
StatorTooth
Coil
Area
(a)
Design, Control and Implementation of a Non-Rare-
Earth Flux Switching Permanent Magnet Machine
2. (b)
Figure 1: FEA Model of the final design of the prototype (a) Full
machine; (b) One stator and one rotor pole.
Table I: Geometric parameters of the final design
Parameter Value
Stator outer radius 60 mm
Active stack length 40 mm
Number of stator poles, Ns 12
Number of rotor poles, Nr 10
Airgap length 0.5 mm
Rotor outer diameter 35.5 mm
Split ratio 0.6
Stator tooth width, βst . °
Slot opening, βso . °
Magnet thickness, βm . °
Stator yoke thickness . °
Rotor pole width, βrt °
Stator Tooth Width 4.7 mm
Stator Back Iron Thickness 8 mm
Rotor Flange Width, Fy(=Fx) 1.7 mm
RMS current density, J (A/mm2
) 6 A/mm2
Rated Speed 1800 RPM
Power 500 W
Number of turns 47
Per phase resistance 0.586 Ohm
Magnet type Ferrite
III. MODELING OF FSPM INCLUDING SATURATION
AND MUTUAL COUPLING
Identifying the machine inductances is essential to
develop a high performance controller for the FSPM. The d-
and q-axes inductance determination starts with the dynamic
modeling and analyzing the cross-coupling and saturation
effects. The d and q-axes voltage equation of FSPM can be
expressed as:
= + − … …(1)
= + + … …(2)
where
= +
=
, , , : d-axis voltage, current, flux linkage and
inductance.
: Electrical speed (= No. of rotor poles × mechanical speed)
, , , : q-axis voltage, current, flux linkage and inductance.
: Flux linkage of Permanent Magnet
: Stator winding resistance.
Equations (1) and (2) do not consider saturation and
mutual coupling among the phases. To account for this, an
empirical model has been developed using the flux linkages
for different d- and q-axes currents and curve fitting of the FEA
obtained flux-linkage characteristics [6], [7]. The following
equations have been used for the flux-linkages to represent
their characteristics in an analytical model:
( , ) = +
( + )
1 + ( + ) +
…(3)
( , ) =
1 + ( + ) +
…(4)
(a)
(b)
Figure 2: d- and q-axes flux linkages with corresponding axis currents, with
ϕm and I0.
Fig. 2 shows the graphical representation of Eqs. (3) and
(4). In this model, the following assumptions have been made:
(i) At id=-I0, the magnetic flux linkage caused by id and
the permanent magnet are balanced in the common
flux path of d-q axes, and
(ii) The cross coupling between iq and due to the
magnetic saturation of the common flux path does
not occur as a result of assumption (i).
Co-efficients KLd and KSd governs the shape of the plot
containing saturation characteristics, and KSdq embodies the
saturation due the q-axis current iq. Fig. 3 shows the vector
diagram of FSPM when operated with a non-zero d- and q-axis
current. When id=0, the resultant d-axis flux linkage ( ) is
simply the magnet flux linkage, . Co-efficients KLq and KSq
primarily governs the shape of the flux linkage curve with
respect to current, and KSqd expresses the saturation by d-axis
current id.
Phase-A
q-axis
Ldid
Lqiq
φs
φm
is
Vs
ωr
δs
ϴe
ϴ
Figure 3: Vector diagram of FSPM with non-zero iq and id.
The constants and co-efficients can be determined using
curve-fitting technique to the actual current vs. flux linkage
characteristics of the motor obtained by finite element analysis.
Extensive set of data was collected from FEA to obtain d- and
q-axes flux linkages for different d- and q-axes currents. This
was accomplished by sweeping the current angle (γ) and
current magnitude. Based on the FEA results and proposed
3. equation, the required co-efficients to account for saturation
and mutual coupling was determined using curve-fitting
technique. Fig. 4 shows the flux linkages with respect to
current for both the FEA results and the model using the co-
efficients determined for the model.
Table II: FSPM motor co-efficients obtained using the advanced
model
Co-efficient Value
Kld (Ld) 0.005528
Ksd 6.61 × 10
Ksdq 0.000208
Klq (Lq) 0.006194
Ksqd 0.003196
Ksq 0.010312
I0 6.213062
φm 0.036
(a) ϕd vs. id
(b) ϕq vs. iq
(c) ϕq vs. id
(d) ϕd vs. iq
Figure 4: Correlation between current and magnetic flux linkages from FEA
model and analytical using the co-efficients for curve-fitting.
The parameters in the flux-linkage equations for the
designed FSPM are given in Table II. It is important to note
that represents the flux linkage by PM ( ), and can be
used to model and predict the torque, torque constant and
power for a specific q-axis current when id=0 control is used.
The motor will slowly move towards saturation as the q-axis
current is increased above 12 Amps. This is also verified from
experimental results as given in a later section. The degree of
mutual coupling is very low, and therefore d- and q-axes flux
linkages mostly depends on the corresponding axis currents
only. Because of negligible mutual coupling between d- and q-
axes currents and the inductances, and can simply be
used as a representation of and during normal operation
when the machine is not operated in the saturation region.
IV. FIELD ORIENTED CONTROL AND DYNAMIC CO-
SIMULATION OF FSPM DRIVE
The mathematical model of FSPM presented in the
previous section indicates that the transformation of FSPM
into an equivalent separately excited dc motor is possible, and
therefore, stator field oriented vector control technique can be
adopted to control such machines [13]-[15]. According to the
vector diagram of Fig. 3, phase-A is assumed to be the
reference. The instantaneous angular position of the rotor with
respect to the stator-PM flux linkage is at the angle from
phase-A. The q-axis current iq is vertical to the stator-PM flux
linkage. Consequently, id is along the stator-PM flux linkage
since in the reference, iq leads id by 90°. A positive id results in
an increase in the net airgap flux linkage, whereas a negative
id results in a decrease in net airgap flux linkage, thus
facilitating field weakening beyond the corner speed which is
the speed where the machine enters the constant power region
of the torque-speed characteristics. However, applying id has
other undesired consequence of deteriorating the overall
performance of the machine during normal operation.
Therefore, id is normally kept zero for rated operation at
constant speed.
Figure 5: Block diagram representation of FSPM drive with stator field
oriented control.
To examine the motor performance as well as the
controller response, computer simulations have been carried
out prior to experimental evaluation. In this research, a
dynamic co-simulation method is employed to analyze the
electromagnetic characteristics of the FSPM machine using
FEA model of the machine coupled with mathematical model
-0.03
0.00
0.03
0.06
-12 -9 -6 -3 0
φd,(Wb)
Id, (Amps)
φd (FEA)
φd (Model)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
-14 -11 -8 -5 -2 1
φq,(Wb)
Id, (Amps)
φq (FEA)
φq (Model)
-0.05
-0.03
0.00
0.03
0.05
0 6 12 18 24 30
φd,(Wb)
Iq, (Amps)
φd (FEA)
φd (Model)
4. of the PI-based current controller implemented using
Matlab/Simulink. Both solvers exchange the calculated data at
each co-simulation time step, and the results achieved by one
solver is exported to the other in the next time step. Complex
systems that comprise nonlinear dynamic subsystems such as
power electronic converter and electrical machines are better
modeled using the FEA tools to accurately represent the
performance of the system. Such co-simulation model has the
ability to directly couple multiple simultaneous physical
phenomena to provide results that are very close to the actual
experimental setup. Fig. 5 shows the block diagram
representation of the transient co-simulation model of the
12/10 FSPM motor drive system. The current controller and
the driver circuit is modeled using Matlab/Simulink. The
controller generates the required gate signals which is
essentially the PWM signals for the commanded current based
on the machine output torque and rotor position feedback
information.
V. FSPM DRIVE SIMULATION RESULTS
The electromagnetic performance of the FSPM is
investigated using the developed co-simulation model when
the machine is operated in constant speed, current control
mode. Stator field oriented vector control with id=0 has been
applied to test the controller response. PI controller parameters
for d- and q-axes current have been identified and tuned based
on the motor inductances determined in the previous section.
Fig. 6 shows the controller response (iq, phase currents and
electromagnetic torque) from the co-simulation model for step
changes in command currents to rated, 50% rated and 75%
rated currents.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 6: Controller response when the command current changes from 4.7
Amp (rated) to 2.35 Amp (50% rated) to 3.53 Amp (75% rated)
The simulation results presented here were obtained at
1800 rpm. A 50 μs time step equivalent to 20kHz has been used
in the simulation similar to the real time DSP controller. Space
vector modulation scheme has been implemented for
generation of PWM signals. From the simulated waveforms of
phase currents and electromagnetic torque, it can be seen that
the phase currents have good sinusoids, whereas the
electromagnetic torque exhibits some added ripple due to
PWM switching as compared to FEA results with ideal
sinusoidal phase currents. The controller is designed based on
the motor time constant so that it reaches the desired current
command within 1 ms. The calculated torque constant of the
designed FSPM machine shows good agreement between the
predicted torque (from q-axis current) and the output
electromagnetic torque form the FEA model.
VI. FSPM PROTOTYPE AND TEST RESULTS
In order to validate the design and performance of the
machine, a prototype of the 500W, 12/10 FSPM using ferrite
magnets was built and tested. Fig. 7 shows various parts of the
machine as well as the driver circuit board. The U-cores and
spoke shaped magnets are glued to each other using epoxy. The
entire stator containing the U-core and spoke shaped Ferrite
magnets are shrink-fitted onto the inner part of the internal
frame to obtain a stator with slots for coils while eliminating
bridges where the PM-flux can be shunted and hence losing
performance. The stator is then wound with strands of AWG
19, 47 turns per coil as designed. The salient rotor is similar to
any standard SRM rotor as shown in the figure. Texas
Instruments high voltage motor control kit equipped with
TMS320F28035 fixed point DSP is used to design and
implement the drive and controller for the FSPM operation.
(a) (b)
(c)
+ DC Bus (Vdc) -
(d)
Figure 7: Photographs of the prototype built (a) stator with winding, (b)
rotor, (c) complete motor after assembling the stator and rotor into the frame,
(d) TI High Voltage Motor Control Kit
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 18 36 54 72 90 108 126 144
q-axisCurrent,(Amps)
Rotor Position, (Mech. Degree)
Controller response with different Iq command
Iq (Command)
Iq (Machine)
-5
-2.5
0
2.5
5
0 18 36 54 72 90 108 126 144
Current,(Amps)
Rotor position, (Mech. Degree)
Phase currents with different Iq command
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0 18 36 54 72 90 108 126 144
Torque,(N.m)
Rotor position, (Mech. Degree)
Estimated and actual torque for different Iq commands
Torque from FSPM
Estimated torque
5. Fig. 8 shows the prototype mounted on the test stand. A
1kW DC dynamometer is used as a variable load for the test
bench. Himmelstein MCRT 48201V N-Z non-contact type
transient torque transducer is mounted between the FSPM and
the dynamometer to evaluate torque, speed and mechanical
power output from the motor.
(a)
160 V DC
Supply
FSPM Drive: TI
High Voltage
Motor Control Kit
Torque
Transducer
AC Drive
208V, 3-phase
Supply
FSPM
Dyno/AC
Machine
Readout
Encoder Coupling Coupling
(b)
Figure 8: Experimental dyno setup of the FSPM drive system (a) photograph,
(b) block diagram.
A. No-Load Tests
Fig. 9 shows the FEA predicted and measured no-load,
line to neutral RMS phase voltage against speed. The open
circuit back-EMF is in good agreement with the 2D FEA
prediction. Fig. 10 shows the FFT of the back-EMF at different
speeds. The measured back-EMF values are also in good
agreement with the simulation showing close agreement in
magnitudes of the fundamental and higher order harmonics.
The experimental results support the fact that the designed
machine have sinusoidal back-EMF with negligible higher
order harmonics according to the design which is one of the
many attractive features of FSPM.
Figure 9: Measured and FEA calculated back-EMF magnitude against speed.
(a) Fundamental=16.42V (a) Fundamental=16.04V
(b) Fundamental=32.83V (b) Fundamental=31.33V
(c) Fundamental = 59 V (c) Fundamental = 56.1 V
Figure 10: Spectrum analysis of the measured and FEA calculated back-EMF
by FFT for different speeds, (a) 500 RPM, (b) 1000 RPM, (c) 1800 RPM.
B. Steady State Phase Currents, Torque and Torque Ripple
The stator field oriented vector control with id=0 has been
implemented on the 0.5kW prototype FSPM on the TI DSP
based controller. Steady state motor performance was tested
for different current commands at rated speed and other higher
and lower speeds. This section presents the controller response
and machine behavior for different commands for the q-axis
current.
The torque ripple is of particular interest because the
machine displays sinusoidal back-EMF with very negligible
harmonics. Also, a novel cogging torque minimization
technique has been applied during the design of the machine
that helps in minimizing the torque ripple significantly. The
results in the figures show excellent regulation in q-axis
current command, followed by a flat torque with negligible
ripple of less than 10%.
Fig. 11 shows the phase currents and mechanical torque
outputs from the machine with three different command
currents. Table III presents the torque ripple values and their
comparison from simulation and experimental results. The
speed is chosen to be 100 RPM because at higher speeds some
portion of the ripple is filtered by the system inertia and sensor
bandwidth limitation. Thus, it is useful to observe the ripple
performance at lower operating speeds. At 100 RPM, the
percentage ripple was found to be less than 10% for all the
commanded current.
6. (a) (b)
Figure 11: Phase current and torque from experimental operation at 100
RPM for different current commands.
Torque ripple found from experiments was slightly higher
than FEA based simulations due to (i) PWM switching, (ii)
material characteristics, (iii) rotor eccentricity, and (iv) error in
mechanical alignment of the machine in the dyno setup. Ripple
due to cogging torque has been addressed in this work during
the design of the machine by applying a novel pole shaping
method. Torque ripple can be further reduced if required for
ripple sensitive applications by applying advanced control
techniques and algorithms such as (i) harmonic current
injection and (ii) current profiling. This makes it (FSPM) a
very attractive candidate for low torque ripple, high power
density applications such as electric power steering for
vehicles.
Table III: Comparison of Tavg and Tripple from simulation and
experiment
Tavg
(N.m)
Tripple
(N.m)
%Ripple
Iq = 2
Amps
Sim. 0.94 0.08 8.5%
Exp. 0.82 0.08 9.8%
Iq= 2.5
Amps
Sim. 1.17 0.09 7.7%
Exp. 1.03 0.098 9.6%
Iq= 3.8
Amps
Sim. 1.79 0.11 6.1%
Exp. 1.62 0.15 9.3%
VII. FSPM PERFORMANCE AT DIFFERENT LOAD
CONDITIONS
Stator field oriented control with id=0 has been used for
torque production at constant speed. The rated q-axis current
of the machine is 4.7 Amps; up to 200% of rated load has been
applied during the tests. An extensive set of data was collected
at three different speeds, and from a current command of zero
up to 200% rated for each speed. Fig. 12 shows the key
machine performances at 1800 RPM with varying current
command. Fig. 13 shows a sample set of steady state data from
the power analyzer when he machine is running at 1800 RPM
and under a q-axis current command of 2 Amps (Irms=1.4
Amps).
Fig. 12(a) shows the experimental and FEA predicted
torque as a function of current. The experimentally measured
torque is in good agreement but slightly smaller than
simulation at low current. The torque discrepancy increases
with the current. The discrepancies in back-EMF and torque
can be explained in terms of the leakage flux. As current
increases, the stator lamination become more saturated and
less permeable, leading to more end leakage fluxes and more
discrepancy from FEA predicted results.
Figure 12: Experimental results from the prototype FSPM and their
comparison with FEA at 1800 RPM (a) Torque vs. iq, (b) Input power vs. iq,
(c) Output power vs. iq, (d) Efficiency vs. iq, and (e) Power factor vs. iq, (f)
Estimated torque and iq*Torque Constant vs. iq.
Figure 13: Sample data from power analyzer for a command of 1.4 Amps at
1800 RPM.
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 2 4 6 8 10
Electromagnetic
Torque,Te(N.m)
q-axis current, Iq (Amps)
Torque at 1800 RPM
Torque (Exp)
Torque (FEA)
0
500
1000
1500
0 2 4 6 8 10
Power,(Watt)
q-axis current, Iq (Amps)
Input Power at 1800 RPM
Pe (Exp)
Pe (FEA)
0
250
500
750
1000
0 2 4 6 8 10
Power,(Watt)
q-axis current, Iq (Amps)
Output Mechanical Power
Pmech (Exp)
Pmech (FEA)
80
85
90
95
100
0 2 4 6 8 10
Efficiency(%)
q-axis current, Iq (Amps)
Efficiency at 1800 RPM
Efficiency (Exp)
Efficiency (FEA)
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 2 4 6 8 10
PowerFactor
q-axis current, Iq (Amps)
Power Factor
PF (EXP)
PF (FEA)
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 5 10 15 20 25
Torque,(N.m)
q-axis current, Iq, (Amps)
Unsaturated and saturated torque at
1800 RPM
Torque (FEA)
Iq*kT
7. The measured efficiencies are also reasonably close to the
predicted ones. Copper loss is the dominant among losses at a
rated speed of 1800 rpm, and as such is the main reason behind
the reduction in efficiency when higher than rated current is
applied. At higher operating speed, core loss will become
dominant and end winding and copper loss will have less
impact on efficiency.
A subsequent test was performed using FEA to check the
saturation level of the motor with increasing q-axis current.
Fig. 12(f) shows the unsaturated torque (iq multiplied by torque
constant kT) and actual output torque obtained from FEA. It is
found that the motor slowly move towards saturation as the
current increases above 12 Amps. This is also in agreement
with the flux linkage vs. q-axis current characteristics as seen
in Fig. 4(b).
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 14: Experimental results from the prototype FSPM and their
comparison with FEA at 1000 RPM (a) Torque vs. iq, (b) Input power vs. iq,
(c) Efficiency vs. iq, and (d) Power factor vs. iq
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 15: Experimental results from the prototype FSPM and their
comparison with FEA at 500 RPM (a) Torque vs. iq, (b) Input power vs. iq,
(c) Efficiency vs. iq, and (d) Power factor vs. iq
Figs. 14 and 15 summarize the machine performances
measured for up to 200% rated torque operation at other
speeds. The machine is able to produce the expected power
required by the specifications from 500 to 1800 RPM
according to the q-axis current command. The measured
efficiencies are reasonably close to the predicted ones for all
the currents at different operating speeds. The lower efficiency
measured at lower speed for 200% rated load is due to the
domination of copper loss over iron losses. As speed increases,
the iron loss will become dominant, and the copper loss will
have less impact on efficiency. The average torque for
different current commands, output power, and efficiency
from the experimental setup at different operating speeds are
in good agreement with FEA results.
VIII. HEAT RUN TEST RESULTS
Fig. 16 presents the heat run test results at rated operating
condition. The prototype FSPM was running under rated iq
command to produce rated torque at the base speed for more
than 90 minutes till the temperature reached to steady state in
the regions of interest. Then the motor was operated for 30
more minutes to verify that the temperature rise was less than
0.5 degree every 15 minutes which indicates that it has reached
the thermal steady state. Thermocouples were installed to
measure temperature at the end winding, permanent magnet
and U-core lamination. At 1800 RPM, the copper losses are
significant; therefore, the hot spot is on the end winding with
a temperature rise of 16.1 degree C. Among the remaining
stator regions, the next hot spot is on the PM (14 degree
increase) followed by the iron core lamination (13.5 degree).
(a)
(b) (c)
Figure 16: Steady state heat run results from the prototype FSPM (a)
Measured temperatures at three key locations during a heat run under 0.5kW,
1800 RPM continuous operation, (b) Steady state temperature, (c)
Comparison of temperature rise in the three regions measured
0
1
2
3
0 2 4 6
Electromagnetic
Torque,Te(N.m)
q-axis current, Iq (Amps)
Torque at 1000 RPM
Torque (Exp)
Torque (FEA)
0
150
300
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
InputPower,(Watt)
q-axis current, Iq (Amps)
Input power at 1000 RPM
Pe (Exp)
Pe (FEA)
25
50
75
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Efficiency
q-axis current, Iq (Amps)
Efficiency at 1000 RPM
Efficiency (Exp)
Efficiency (FEA)
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
PowerFactor
q-axis current, Iq (Amps)
Power Factor at 1000 RPM
PF (Exp)
PF (FEA)
0
1
2
3
4
0 2 4 6
Electromagnetic
Torque,Te(N.m)
q-axis current, Iq (Amps)
Torque at 500 RPM
Torque (Exp)
Torque (FEA)
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Power,(Watt)
q-axis current, Iq (Amps)
Input Power at 500 RPM
Pe (Exp)
Pe (FEA)
40
60
80
100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Efficiency
q-axis current, Iq (Amps)
Efficiency at 500 RPM
Efficiency (Exp)
Efficiency (FEA)
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
PowerFactor
q-axis current, Iq (Amps)
Power Factor at 500 RPM
PF (Exp)
PF (FEA)
20
28
36
44
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Temperature,(°C)
Time, (Minute)
Temperature rise in different regions of the motor at 1800 rpm
PM
Lamination
End Winding
39
40
41
42
43
44
92 102 112 122
Temperature,(°C)
Time, (Minute)
Steady state temperature in
different regions of the FSPM
PM
Lamination
End Winding
12
13
14
15
16
17
Temperature,(°C)
Material or region
Temeprature rise in different
regions of the FSPM at steady
state
8. It is expected that at a higher speeds, iron losses in the U-
cores will become more dominant, and hence, the lamination
and PM temperatures will be higher than those at base speed.
If speed is increased even further, the hot spot will gradually
shift to the PM because of increased eddy current loss in the
magnet, followed by iron core and end winding. The measured
temperature rises in the FSPM prototype confirms that the
machine can operate safely with the proposed electrical
loading and natural cooling scheme as designed.
It should be noted that for PM and lamination,
thermocouples were installed on the surface. Acknowledging
the fact that temperature gradients do exist for these materials
based on their shape, size and flow of air, the relative average
temperature rise (End Winding > PM > Lamination) at rated
speed and rated load in different regions of the machine is as
expected. Also, an FSPM with ferrite magnet will have
negligible magnet eddy loss and thus relatively lower
temperature rise in the magnet as compared to FSPM with rare-
earth magnet because of its low resistivity. A detailed FEA
based thermal analysis on the machine would provide an
estimation of temperature rise at different regions of the
machine at different operating speed and load conditions.
IX. CONCLUSION
This paper investigated the potential for non-rare earth
FSPM with improvement in torque ripple, noise and vibration
with experimental results. An advanced machine model was
developed considering saturation and mutual coupling. The
machine model is used to implement stator field oriented
vector control to run the motor at constant speed and desired
current commands. A prototype FSPM machine was built
based on innovative design techniques addressing
electromagnetics and structural features of the machine. The
performance parameters from the prototype under continuous
operation was in agreement with the simulation results
obtained during design. In addition, steady state heat run test
was also performed and the prototype was capable of
providing the required power with a safe temperature rise of
16 degrees for rated operation at 1800 rpm. The design met the
specification requirements such as mass, voltage required,
current, current density, temperature, and efficiency. Key
conclusion from this research is that the topology has a lot of
potential to be useful for many applications, like variable
speed, servo type or electric power steering. Depending on the
requirement, FSPM with rare-earth magnets can also be
applicable in traction type applications. The challenges of
torque ripple, noise and vibration introduced in FSPM due to
the structure of the machine have to be addressed carefully
during the design phase.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Authors would like to acknowledge the support of ABB
Inc. for the support of Electric Machines Research at NC State
University and to Magsoft Corporation for providing the finite
element analysis tool Flux2D.
REFERENCES
[1] M.-J. Jin, Y. Wang, J.-X. Shen, P. C.-K. Luk, W.-Z. Fei, and C.-F. Wang,
“Cogging torque suppression in a permanent-magnet flux-switching
integrated-starter-generator,” vol. 4, no. December 2009, pp. 647–656,
2010.
[2] Y. H. Yeh, M. F. Hsieh, and D. G. Dorrell, “Different arrangements for
dual-rotor dual-output radial-flux motors,” in IEEE Transactions on
Industry Applications, 2012, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 612–622.
[3] C. Sikder, I. Husain and W. Ouyang, "Cogging Torque Reduction in
Flux-Switching Permanent-Magnet Machines by Rotor Pole Shaping,"
in IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 3609-
3619, Sept.-Oct. 2015.
[4] C. Sikder, and I. Husain, “Stator Vibration and Acoustic Noise Analysis
of FSPM for a Low-Noise Design,” 2016 IEEE Energy Convers. Congr.
Expo. ECCE 2016, Milwaukee, WI, 2016.
[5] Chandan Sikder, Design and Controller Optimization of Switched
Reluctance and Flux Switching Machines, PhD Dissertation, NC State
University, Raleigh, NC, USA, August 2016.
[6] J. Nakatsugawa, N. Iwasaki, H. Nagura, and Y. Iwaji, “Proposal of
Mathematical Models Taking into Consideration Magnetic Saturation
and Cross-Coupling Effects in Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Motors,” IEEJ Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 130, pp. 1212–1220, 2010.
[7] H. Nagura, Y. Iwaji, J. Nakatsugawa, and N. Iwasaki, “New vector
controller for PM motors which modeled the cross-coupling magnetic
flux saturation,” 2010 Int. Power Electron. Conf. - ECCE Asia -, IPEC
2010, no. 1, pp. 1064–1070, 2010.
[8] J. T. Chen and Z. Q. Zhu, “Winding configurations and optimal stator
and rotor pole combination of flux-switching PM brushless AC
machines,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 293–302,
2010.
[9] W. Hua, M. Cheng, Z. Q. Zhu, and D. Howe, “Analysis and optimization
of back-EMF waveform of a novel flux-switching permanent magnet
motor,” Proc. IEEE Int. Electr. Mach. Drives Conf. IEMDC 2007, vol.
2, pp. 1025–1030, 2007.
[10] Z. Q. Zhu, Y. Pang, J. T. Chen, Z. P. Xia, and D. Howe, “Influence of
design parameters on output torque of flux-switching permanent magnet
machines,” 2008 IEEE Veh. Power Propuls. Conf. VPPC 2008, pp. 1–6,
2008.
[11] J. T. Chen, Z. Q. Zhu, S. Iwasaki, and R. P. Deodhar, “Influence of slot
opening on optimal stator and rotor pole combination and
electromagnetic performance of switched-flux PM brushless AC
machines,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 1681–1691, 2011.
[12] R. L. Owen, Z. Q. Zhu, A. S. Thomas, G. W. Jewell, and D. Howe,
“Alternate poles wound flux-switching permanent-magnet brushless AC
machines,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 790–797, 2010.
[13] I. Takahashi and T. Noguchi, “A New Quick-Response and High-
Efficiency Control Strategy of an Induction Motor,” Ind. Appl. IEEE
Trans., vol. IA-22, no. 5, pp. 820–827, 1986.
[14] P. Pillay and R. Krishnan, “Modeling, simulation, and analysis of
permanent-magnet motor drives. I. The permanent-magnet synchronous
motor drive,” Ind. Appl. IEEE Trans., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 265–273, 1989.
[15] T. M. Jahns, “Flux-weakening regime operation of an interior
permanent-magnet synchronous motor drive,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl.,
vol. IA-23, no. 4, pp. 681–689, 1987.