Any variable frequency drive requires an efficient and controlled braking system. Therefore, different braking techniques have been the subject area of researchers to enhance the performance as well as overall life of the drives. In this paper, a literature study is made of various existing braking methods, focused on induction motor (IM) drive performance. The braking methods are compared and summarized based on speed range, braking time and efficiency of 3-phase squirrel cage IM drive. Finally, an advancedD.C. braking technique is presented where braking torque in terms of varyingD.C.signal is injected into the stator windings using fully controlled Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation pulses (SVPWM). A method has been described for providing occasional fast, smooth and controlled braking torque from a non-regenerative VFD, without additional power circuits. Simulations are performed in MATLAB/Simulink, tested and validated on Digital signal processor (DSP) based drive. Test results are presented in this paper.
IRJET- Speed Control of Three Phase Motor using Fuzzy Logic ControllerIRJET Journal
This document discusses speed control of a three phase induction motor using a fuzzy logic controller. It proposes implementing a fuzzy logic controller based speed control system in MATLAB Simulink. The controller aims to reduce errors between the rotor speed and reference speed as quickly as possible. Simulation results show that the fuzzy logic controller improves the dynamic performance of the induction motor compared to a conventional PI controller. The motor is also able to better withstand load disturbances with less effect on stability. The fuzzy logic control scheme does not require a complex mathematical model of the motor.
This paper describes the design and the simulation of a non-linear controller for two-mass system using induction motor basing on the backstepping method. The aim is to control the speed actual value of load motor matching with the speed reference load motor, moreover, electrical drive’s respone ensuring the “fast, accurate and small overshoot” and reducing the resonance oscillations for two-mass system using induction motor fed by voltage source inveter with ideally control performance of stator current. Backstepping controller uses the non-linear equations of an induction motor and the linear dynamical equations of two-mass system, the Lyapunov analysis and the errors between the real and the desired values. The controller has been implemented in both simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) real-time experiments using Typhoon HIL 402 system, when the drive system operates at a stable speed (rotor flux is constant) and greater than rated speed (field weakening area). The simulation and HIL results presented the correctness and effectiveness of the controller is proposed; furthermore, compared to PI method to see the response of the system clearly.
Design, Modelling& Simulation of Double Sided Linear Segmented Switched Reluc...IOSR Journals
This document presents the design, modeling, and simulation of a double-sided linear segmented switched reluctance motor (LSSRM). The LSSRM is modeled using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show current, inductance, torque, and speed characteristics. A 6/4 LSSRM is designed and compared to a conventional SRM and segmented SRM (SSRM) of the same power rating. The LSSRM design uses concentric windings instead of full pitch windings, reducing copper usage and weight. Simulation results validate the LSSRM model and control strategy. The LSSRM provides higher torque than SRM and SSRM for the same frame size due to increased aligned inductance.
Speed Torque Characteristics of BLDC Motor with Load Variationsijtsrd
Nowadays, Brushless DC motors are in high demand due to its high efficiency and other significant features. As there is no use of brushes, this type of motor is having many advantages like high torque to inertia ratio, high speed, and power density and low cost compared to conventional brushed motors. This paper determines speed torque characteristics of brushless dc motor with different load variation by using the proposed method and the developed controller. The variation in motor speed torque characteristics for half load, full load, and overloading condition is analyzed. This research has been conducted to analyze the model and compared with the simulation results which are very useful in studying the performance of motor system. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB Simulink environment. Ishita Gupta | Akash Varshney "Speed-Torque Characteristics of BLDC Motor with Load Variations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31197.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/31197/speedtorque-characteristics-of-bldc-motor-with-load-variations/ishita-gupta
A PROJECT REPORT SIM & SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTIO DRIVEPawan Kumar
The document discusses speed control methods for three-phase induction motors. It analyzes the transients during starting of an induction motor with different machine parameters. It then examines various speed control methods including variable rotor resistance, variable stator voltage, and constant V/f control. Simulation results are presented to show the torque-speed characteristics for each method. Vector control is also introduced, which allows independent control of torque and flux.
To Design and simulate 3-Ø Induction motor driveUmang Patel
This document is a project report submitted by four students to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Power Electronics. It outlines a project to design and simulate a three-phase induction motor drive using constant voltage-to-frequency control with a PIC microcontroller. The report includes sections on electric drives, induction motors, voltage source inverters, simulation in MATLAB and Proteus, PIC microcontrollers, hardware implementation, and PCB design. Tables and figures are included to illustrate the system components, simulation results, and PCB layouts.
This document discusses active magnetic bearings (AMBs). It provides background on AMBs, explaining that they support rotating machinery without physical contact using electromagnetic forces controlled by sensors and electronics. The document then describes the basic components and working principles of AMB systems, including electromagnets, position sensors, and control systems that use feedback to maintain the rotor's position. It explains that AMBs offer benefits over traditional bearings like reduced friction, vibration, and maintenance needs. However, it notes that AMB systems are more complex and expensive to implement initially.
Fuzzy Adaptive Control for Direct Torque in Electric VehicleIAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a technique to control the electric vehicle (EV) speed and torque at any curve. Our propulsion model consists of two permanent magnet synchronous (PMSM) motors. The fuzzy adaptive PI controller is used to adjust the different static error constants, as per the speed error. The suggested based on the direct torque fuzzy control (DTFC). A Mamdani type fuzzy direct torque controller is first developed and then rules are modified using stator current membership functions. The computations are ensured by the electronic differential, this driving process permit to steer each driving wheels at any curve separately.Modeling and simulation are carried out using the Matlab/Simulink tool to investigate the performance of the proposed system.
IRJET- Speed Control of Three Phase Motor using Fuzzy Logic ControllerIRJET Journal
This document discusses speed control of a three phase induction motor using a fuzzy logic controller. It proposes implementing a fuzzy logic controller based speed control system in MATLAB Simulink. The controller aims to reduce errors between the rotor speed and reference speed as quickly as possible. Simulation results show that the fuzzy logic controller improves the dynamic performance of the induction motor compared to a conventional PI controller. The motor is also able to better withstand load disturbances with less effect on stability. The fuzzy logic control scheme does not require a complex mathematical model of the motor.
This paper describes the design and the simulation of a non-linear controller for two-mass system using induction motor basing on the backstepping method. The aim is to control the speed actual value of load motor matching with the speed reference load motor, moreover, electrical drive’s respone ensuring the “fast, accurate and small overshoot” and reducing the resonance oscillations for two-mass system using induction motor fed by voltage source inveter with ideally control performance of stator current. Backstepping controller uses the non-linear equations of an induction motor and the linear dynamical equations of two-mass system, the Lyapunov analysis and the errors between the real and the desired values. The controller has been implemented in both simulation and hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) real-time experiments using Typhoon HIL 402 system, when the drive system operates at a stable speed (rotor flux is constant) and greater than rated speed (field weakening area). The simulation and HIL results presented the correctness and effectiveness of the controller is proposed; furthermore, compared to PI method to see the response of the system clearly.
Design, Modelling& Simulation of Double Sided Linear Segmented Switched Reluc...IOSR Journals
This document presents the design, modeling, and simulation of a double-sided linear segmented switched reluctance motor (LSSRM). The LSSRM is modeled using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show current, inductance, torque, and speed characteristics. A 6/4 LSSRM is designed and compared to a conventional SRM and segmented SRM (SSRM) of the same power rating. The LSSRM design uses concentric windings instead of full pitch windings, reducing copper usage and weight. Simulation results validate the LSSRM model and control strategy. The LSSRM provides higher torque than SRM and SSRM for the same frame size due to increased aligned inductance.
Speed Torque Characteristics of BLDC Motor with Load Variationsijtsrd
Nowadays, Brushless DC motors are in high demand due to its high efficiency and other significant features. As there is no use of brushes, this type of motor is having many advantages like high torque to inertia ratio, high speed, and power density and low cost compared to conventional brushed motors. This paper determines speed torque characteristics of brushless dc motor with different load variation by using the proposed method and the developed controller. The variation in motor speed torque characteristics for half load, full load, and overloading condition is analyzed. This research has been conducted to analyze the model and compared with the simulation results which are very useful in studying the performance of motor system. The simulation is carried out in MATLAB Simulink environment. Ishita Gupta | Akash Varshney "Speed-Torque Characteristics of BLDC Motor with Load Variations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31197.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/31197/speedtorque-characteristics-of-bldc-motor-with-load-variations/ishita-gupta
A PROJECT REPORT SIM & SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTIO DRIVEPawan Kumar
The document discusses speed control methods for three-phase induction motors. It analyzes the transients during starting of an induction motor with different machine parameters. It then examines various speed control methods including variable rotor resistance, variable stator voltage, and constant V/f control. Simulation results are presented to show the torque-speed characteristics for each method. Vector control is also introduced, which allows independent control of torque and flux.
To Design and simulate 3-Ø Induction motor driveUmang Patel
This document is a project report submitted by four students to fulfill the requirements for a Bachelor of Engineering degree in Power Electronics. It outlines a project to design and simulate a three-phase induction motor drive using constant voltage-to-frequency control with a PIC microcontroller. The report includes sections on electric drives, induction motors, voltage source inverters, simulation in MATLAB and Proteus, PIC microcontrollers, hardware implementation, and PCB design. Tables and figures are included to illustrate the system components, simulation results, and PCB layouts.
This document discusses active magnetic bearings (AMBs). It provides background on AMBs, explaining that they support rotating machinery without physical contact using electromagnetic forces controlled by sensors and electronics. The document then describes the basic components and working principles of AMB systems, including electromagnets, position sensors, and control systems that use feedback to maintain the rotor's position. It explains that AMBs offer benefits over traditional bearings like reduced friction, vibration, and maintenance needs. However, it notes that AMB systems are more complex and expensive to implement initially.
Fuzzy Adaptive Control for Direct Torque in Electric VehicleIAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a technique to control the electric vehicle (EV) speed and torque at any curve. Our propulsion model consists of two permanent magnet synchronous (PMSM) motors. The fuzzy adaptive PI controller is used to adjust the different static error constants, as per the speed error. The suggested based on the direct torque fuzzy control (DTFC). A Mamdani type fuzzy direct torque controller is first developed and then rules are modified using stator current membership functions. The computations are ensured by the electronic differential, this driving process permit to steer each driving wheels at any curve separately.Modeling and simulation are carried out using the Matlab/Simulink tool to investigate the performance of the proposed system.
This document summarizes research on techniques to minimize torque ripple in switched reluctance motors (SRM). It discusses that torque ripple is inherent in SRM due to their doubly salient structure. It reviews two main approaches: 1) Improving the magnetic design of the motor and 2) Using sophisticated electronic control techniques like indirect torque control methods using torque sharing functions or direct torque control. Indirect methods involve converting torque references to current references using look-up tables, while direct methods estimate torque directly from stored profiles. The document surveys literature on different torque sharing functions and controllers like hysteresis control and sliding mode control that can be used to optimize control parameters and minimize torque ripple.
Speed control of three phase im by vf open and close loop methodeSAT Journals
This document presents a simulation of speed control for a three-phase induction motor using open-loop and closed-loop V/F control methods. In the open-loop method, a PWM inverter drives the motor and the torque is observed to remain constant with varying rotor speed. In the closed-loop method, a PI controller provides feedback to vary the supply frequency to maintain a constant V/F ratio. Simulation results in MATLAB Simulink show that closed-loop control provides superior speed regulation compared to the open-loop method.
Adaptive Variable Structure Controller Application to Induction Motor DriveIJERA Editor
Variable structure control is an adaptive control that gives robust performance of a drive with parameter variation and load torque disturbance. Variable control structure is a robust control scheme based on the concept of changing the structure of the controller in response to the changing state of the system in order to obtain a desired response. The control is nonlinear and can be applied to the linear or nonlinear plant. A high speed switching control action is used to switch between different structures of the controller and the trajectory of the system is forced to move along a chosen switching manifold in the state space. The controller detects the deviation of the actual trajectory from the reference trajectory and corresponding changes the switching strategy to restore the tracking. Prominent characteristics such as invariance, robustness, order reduction, and control chattering are discussed in detail. Methods for coping with chattering are presented. Both linear and nonlinear systems are considered. By using Variable structure controller to control the step change in reference speed and drive system under load torque variations.
The document summarizes the optimization design of a permanent magnet actuator (PMA) for a 126-kV vacuum circuit breaker. It discusses:
1) The structure and working principles of the mono-stable PMA with separated magnetic circuits for holding and driving functions.
2) A multi-step optimization method that divides the design into three modules - breaking spring mechanism, PM holding mechanism, and closing driving mechanism.
3) The optimization results showing improved performance over the initial design, with validation from a physical prototype, helping to reduce costs and extend service life.
This paper deals with the problem of estimation of rotor angular position for the indirect pulse-vector control of wound rotor induction motor drive. The paper considers issues of thematic justification and expanding of the field of using sensorless motor drives. With a view to improve energy consumption readings during design and modernization of motor drives of massive mechanisms with moderate standards for accuracy of velocity control, requiring long-term velocity decrease during load reduction (according to technological process conditions), using the system of the pulse-vector control of wound rotor induction motor is suggested. The paper provides the solution for the problem of developing math models of this motor drive system both for the motor-mounted sensor, and for indirect angular position sensing. The models were developed in ANSYS Electromagnetics Suite using the finite element method for studying electromagnetic processes. Based on the models, the investigation of transition and steady states of a motor drive was carried out, process quality parameters were obtained, namely: max and root-mean-square currents, torques; velocity control errors caused by pulse operation mode. From that simulation, the result illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
This document summarizes an experimental study on velocity control of a hydraulic cylinder using an electro-hydraulic servo system. The system uses either a variable displacement axial piston pump controlled by a swashplate, or a proportional valve, to control the velocity of the cylinder. Mathematical models of the pump, valve, cylinder and external loads are developed. A PID controller is implemented to achieve constant velocity control under varying external loads. Experimental results show the PID controller can achieve good velocity control using either the variable pump or proportional valve under changing load conditions.
IRJET- Efficient BLDC Motor for Mixer and GrinderIRJET Journal
This document discusses replacing the universal motor currently used in residential mixers and grinders with a brushless DC (BLDC) motor to improve energy efficiency. Some key points:
- BLDC motors are more efficient than universal motors due to electronic commutation and lack of brushes. They allow for easier speed control and produce less heat.
- A BLDC motor was designed for a mixer/grinder with specifications like 60W power, 24V voltage, 3000 rpm speed. Speed can be varied using a potentiometer.
- Tests show the universal motor in mixers has low efficiency around 50% due to high no-load power loss. Replacing it with a BLDC motor
Comparative analysis of PID and neural network controllers for improving star...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Unlike 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor, starting-up of 3-phase wound rotor counter part can be improved by adding an external resistance to the rotor circuit.Thus, leads to reduce starting current and increase starting torque. In this paper two controllers for 3-phase wound rotor induction motor have been proposed include conventional proportional integral derivative (PID) controller and the other based on artificial neural network (NARMA-L2). A comparison between these controllers has been conducted. It has been shown that starting torque of the motor has been improved, when utilizing the neural network controller compared to the conventional counter part. It should be noted that MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used to implement both controllers.
This document discusses dimensioning a drive system, including:
1. The general steps of dimensioning including selecting the motor and frequency converter.
2. Common load types like constant torque, quadratic torque, and constant power loads.
3. How a motor's thermal loadability decreases at lower speeds for self-ventilated motors, but separate cooling allows overloading at low speeds.
ENERGY EFFICIENT VARIABLE SPEED HIGH POWER FACTOR THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR...Journal For Research
Paper presents a new energy efficient technique of three phase AC to AC voltage control using medium frequency pulse width modulation and extinction angle control. This technique is deployed to obtain independent control on speed and power factor of the three phase induction motor, using four semiconductor controllable switches. The technique has been realized using AC freewheeling switch. Power factor (PF) of induction motor reduces as it depends on the load parameters, thus induction motor draws more current, increase stator copper losses. Increased stator copper losses of induction motor causes depreciation of power factor and efficiency. Proposed drive maintains power factor of induction motor at unity for controllable speed of the motor. Thus reduces current consumption of the motor at low speeds. Stator copper losses also reduce and efficiency of the motor is improved. Advantage of proposed drive is its higher efficiency and unity power factor with simplicity of control. .If number of motors are driven using the proposed drive, plenty of power conservation is possible.
Improved Torque Control Performance in Direct Torque Control using Optimal Sw...IJPEDS-IAES
This paper presents the significant improvement of Direct Torque Control (DTC) of 3-phases induction machine using a Cascaded H- Bidge Multilevel Inverter (CHMI). The largest torque ripple and variable switching frequency are known as the major problem founded in DTC of induction motor. As a result, it can diminish the performance induction motor control. Therefore, the conventional 2- level inverter has been replaced with CHMI the in order to increase the performance of the motor either in dynamic or steady-state condition. By using the multilevel inverter, it can produce a more selection of the voltage vectors. Besides that, it can minimize the torque ripple output as well as increase the efficiency by reducing the switching frequency of the inverter. The simulation model of the proposed method has been developed and tested by using Matlab software. Its improvements were also verified via experimental results.
Speed Sensorless Direct Rotor Field-Oriented Control of Single- Phase Inducti...IAES-IJPEDS
Nowadays, Field-Oriented Control (FOC) strategies broadly used as a vector based controller for Single-Phase Induction Motors (SPIMs). This paper is focused on Direct Rotor FOC (DRFOC) of SPIM. In the proposed technique, transformation matrices are applied in order to control the motor by converting the unbalanced SPIM equations to the balanced equations (in this paper the SPIM with two different stator windings is considered). Besides this control technique, a method for speed estimation of SPIM based on Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) to achieve the higher performance of SPIM drive system is presented. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the high performance of the presented techniques.
The velocity control of the electro hydraulic servo systemeSAT Journals
Abstract In general two basic methods are used for controlling the velocity of a hydraulic cylinder. First by an axial variable-displacement pump for controls flow to the cylinder. This configuration is commonly known as a hydrostatic transmission. Second by proportional valve powered by a constant-pressure source, such as a pressure compensated pump, drives the hydraulic cylinder. In this study, the electro-hydraulic servo system (EHSS) for velocity control of hydraulic cylinder is investigated experimentally and its analysis theoretically. Where the controlled hydraulic cylinder is altered by a swashplate axial piston pump or by proportional valve to achieve velocity control. The theoretical part includes the derivation of the mathematical model equations of combination system. Velocity control system for hydraulic cylinder using simple (PID) controller to get constant velocity range of hydraulic cylinder under applied external variable loads . An experimental set-up is constructed, which consists of the hydraulic test pump unit, the electro-hydraulic proportional valve unit, the hydraulic actuator unit , the external load control unit and interfacing electronic unit. The experimental results show that PID controller can be achieve good velocity control by variable displacement axial piston pump and also by proportional valve under external loads variations. Keywords: Velocity control, Swashplate, Proportional valve, Hydraulic cylinder, PID controller, Axial piston pump
Design of Switched Reluctance Motor for Three Wheeler Electric Vehicleidescitation
Switched Reluctance M achines (SRM ) offer
attractive attributes for automotive applications. Low cost, high
reliability, and competitive weight and efficiency combine to
make the switched reluctance (SR) motor drive a strong
candidate for application in future electric vehicle (EV)
propulsion systems. This paper proposes a methodology to
determine separately the peak and continuous power ratings
of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for electric propulsion
of an electric vehicle (EV).same machine have to deliver peak
and continuous power for different road load condition of
vehicle. Then gives switched reluctance design guidelines for
battery operated electric vehicles. Finally, it presents the
design and simulation of a switched reluctance motor power
train.
Gearbox Noise & Vibration Prediction and ControlIRJET Journal
This document discusses techniques for reducing noise and vibration in gearboxes. It begins by reviewing common sources of gearbox noise like transmission error between gear teeth and vibration transferred to surrounding structures. Next, it examines factors that influence gear noise like torque, speed, and tooth design properties. Methods for analyzing noise like determining transmission error and time-varying gear mesh stiffness are presented. The goal is to minimize excitations from meshing gears that cause vibration of the gearbox casing and radiate noise.
In recent advancements in electric machine and drives, wound rotor motor is extensively used. The merit of using wound rotor induction motor is to control speed/torque characteristics by inserting external resistance. Wound rotor induction motor can be used in the cases such as (a) low inrush current, (b) load requiring high starting torque, (c) lower starting current is required, (d) loads having high inertia, and (e) gradual built up of torque. Examples include conveyers, cranes, pumps, elevators, and compressors. This paper includes speed control of wound induction motor using MATLAB/Simulink for rotor resistance and slip power recovery method. The characteristics of these speed control methods are hence analysed.
1. The document discusses the continuous and discontinuous operation of a DC motor fed from a thyristor chopper.
2. It presents the basic system equations that model the motor current and speed during the ON and OFF periods of chopper operation.
3. Conditions for continuous and discontinuous conduction are defined based on whether the minimum motor current goes to zero between chopping cycles. The criterion for discontinuous operation depends on duty ratio, chopping frequency and motor speed.
Interfacing and Commissioning of Motor and Drive to the Tandem test jigIJERA Editor
The motors and drives have wide applications from servos to traction and it is mainly used in automation industry, CNC machines and robots. The application of interfacing and commissioning of motor and drive to the tandem test jig helps to achieve improved reliability and cost effectiveness. This paper mainly describes how motors and drive system is interfaced to tandem test jig.BG605 motor grader vehicle is used for grading operation and bank cutting operation of roads. Tandem is a part of BG605 Motor grader equipment and it is used for transmission of power in the equipment. Testing of the tandem before assembling on to the vehicle is very much essential.
Simulation and Analysis of Modified DTC of PMSMIJECEIAES
This research paper describes the simulation and analysis of the modified DTC for Surface mounted Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (SPMSM) using PI controller. Among all of the various drive systems,PMSM is widely used for accurate speed and torque control, with greater efficiency, superior torque to inertia and high power density.The Conventional DTC secheme widely used for this purpose but it is failed to achieve desirable performance of the system for which the modified DTC secheme is propsed.The modified DTC algorithm controls the voltage vectors, directly from a simple look up table depending on outcome of the torque and indirectly flux controllers.The overall drive system can be implemented in SIMULINK/MATLAB environment.The modified DTC is validated with loading conditions.The simulated results are focused on the speed, settling time at loaded conditions, torque and flux linkages ripple and THD in the phase current for modified DTC applied to SPMSM.
Performance Analysis of Brushless DC Motor under Different Loading Conditionsijtsrd
This paper deal with the speed response characteristics analysis of brushless dc motor under different load variations. BLDC drive are widely used motors now a days due to its good speed control characteristics and high efficiency which improves the performance of motor. PI controller is used in motor operation to maintain the constant speed. The analysis is carried out in three different type of load condition which are given as under load, rated load and overload conditions. The performance of BLDC motor is observed through speed, current, back emf and torque response. To evaluate the result appropriate value of Kp and Ki of controller has been taken in order to get the better result for characteristics parameter of the speed response of BLDC motor. The result are then calculated mathematically and analysed according to the load variations. The required model has been developed using Simulink Matlab and speed torque characteristics graph is also analysed using PI controller. Ishita Gupta | Akash Varshney "Performance Analysis of Brushless DC Motor under Different Loading Conditions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30462.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/30462/performance-analysis-of-brushless-dc-motor-under-different-loading-conditions/ishita-gupta
1. The document discusses the design of a new engine coolant testing rig built in association with ARAI to test materials under high pressure and temperature.
2. The old rig lacked safety features, automation, and had problems with leakage. The new rig addresses these issues with a touchscreen interface, alarms, automated readings, and improved piping and insulation.
3. The new rig is more compact and safe to operate while still providing accurate results according to industry standards. It aims to eliminate human intervention and downtime through the use of modern technologies.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
This document summarizes research on techniques to minimize torque ripple in switched reluctance motors (SRM). It discusses that torque ripple is inherent in SRM due to their doubly salient structure. It reviews two main approaches: 1) Improving the magnetic design of the motor and 2) Using sophisticated electronic control techniques like indirect torque control methods using torque sharing functions or direct torque control. Indirect methods involve converting torque references to current references using look-up tables, while direct methods estimate torque directly from stored profiles. The document surveys literature on different torque sharing functions and controllers like hysteresis control and sliding mode control that can be used to optimize control parameters and minimize torque ripple.
Speed control of three phase im by vf open and close loop methodeSAT Journals
This document presents a simulation of speed control for a three-phase induction motor using open-loop and closed-loop V/F control methods. In the open-loop method, a PWM inverter drives the motor and the torque is observed to remain constant with varying rotor speed. In the closed-loop method, a PI controller provides feedback to vary the supply frequency to maintain a constant V/F ratio. Simulation results in MATLAB Simulink show that closed-loop control provides superior speed regulation compared to the open-loop method.
Adaptive Variable Structure Controller Application to Induction Motor DriveIJERA Editor
Variable structure control is an adaptive control that gives robust performance of a drive with parameter variation and load torque disturbance. Variable control structure is a robust control scheme based on the concept of changing the structure of the controller in response to the changing state of the system in order to obtain a desired response. The control is nonlinear and can be applied to the linear or nonlinear plant. A high speed switching control action is used to switch between different structures of the controller and the trajectory of the system is forced to move along a chosen switching manifold in the state space. The controller detects the deviation of the actual trajectory from the reference trajectory and corresponding changes the switching strategy to restore the tracking. Prominent characteristics such as invariance, robustness, order reduction, and control chattering are discussed in detail. Methods for coping with chattering are presented. Both linear and nonlinear systems are considered. By using Variable structure controller to control the step change in reference speed and drive system under load torque variations.
The document summarizes the optimization design of a permanent magnet actuator (PMA) for a 126-kV vacuum circuit breaker. It discusses:
1) The structure and working principles of the mono-stable PMA with separated magnetic circuits for holding and driving functions.
2) A multi-step optimization method that divides the design into three modules - breaking spring mechanism, PM holding mechanism, and closing driving mechanism.
3) The optimization results showing improved performance over the initial design, with validation from a physical prototype, helping to reduce costs and extend service life.
This paper deals with the problem of estimation of rotor angular position for the indirect pulse-vector control of wound rotor induction motor drive. The paper considers issues of thematic justification and expanding of the field of using sensorless motor drives. With a view to improve energy consumption readings during design and modernization of motor drives of massive mechanisms with moderate standards for accuracy of velocity control, requiring long-term velocity decrease during load reduction (according to technological process conditions), using the system of the pulse-vector control of wound rotor induction motor is suggested. The paper provides the solution for the problem of developing math models of this motor drive system both for the motor-mounted sensor, and for indirect angular position sensing. The models were developed in ANSYS Electromagnetics Suite using the finite element method for studying electromagnetic processes. Based on the models, the investigation of transition and steady states of a motor drive was carried out, process quality parameters were obtained, namely: max and root-mean-square currents, torques; velocity control errors caused by pulse operation mode. From that simulation, the result illustrates the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
This document summarizes an experimental study on velocity control of a hydraulic cylinder using an electro-hydraulic servo system. The system uses either a variable displacement axial piston pump controlled by a swashplate, or a proportional valve, to control the velocity of the cylinder. Mathematical models of the pump, valve, cylinder and external loads are developed. A PID controller is implemented to achieve constant velocity control under varying external loads. Experimental results show the PID controller can achieve good velocity control using either the variable pump or proportional valve under changing load conditions.
IRJET- Efficient BLDC Motor for Mixer and GrinderIRJET Journal
This document discusses replacing the universal motor currently used in residential mixers and grinders with a brushless DC (BLDC) motor to improve energy efficiency. Some key points:
- BLDC motors are more efficient than universal motors due to electronic commutation and lack of brushes. They allow for easier speed control and produce less heat.
- A BLDC motor was designed for a mixer/grinder with specifications like 60W power, 24V voltage, 3000 rpm speed. Speed can be varied using a potentiometer.
- Tests show the universal motor in mixers has low efficiency around 50% due to high no-load power loss. Replacing it with a BLDC motor
Comparative analysis of PID and neural network controllers for improving star...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Unlike 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor, starting-up of 3-phase wound rotor counter part can be improved by adding an external resistance to the rotor circuit.Thus, leads to reduce starting current and increase starting torque. In this paper two controllers for 3-phase wound rotor induction motor have been proposed include conventional proportional integral derivative (PID) controller and the other based on artificial neural network (NARMA-L2). A comparison between these controllers has been conducted. It has been shown that starting torque of the motor has been improved, when utilizing the neural network controller compared to the conventional counter part. It should be noted that MATLAB/SIMULINK has been used to implement both controllers.
This document discusses dimensioning a drive system, including:
1. The general steps of dimensioning including selecting the motor and frequency converter.
2. Common load types like constant torque, quadratic torque, and constant power loads.
3. How a motor's thermal loadability decreases at lower speeds for self-ventilated motors, but separate cooling allows overloading at low speeds.
ENERGY EFFICIENT VARIABLE SPEED HIGH POWER FACTOR THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR...Journal For Research
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IRJET- IoT based Energy Efficient Ceiling Fan with BLDC Motor for Home Automa...IRJET Journal
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Brushles DC motor are one type of motors that are rapidly gaining the popularity and are penetrating in industrial applications, home appliances, automotive, consumer, medical etc. Because of there many advantages such as high efficiency ,silent operation, compact form ,reliability, low maintenance (due to the absence of brushess), long operating life, high speed ranges etc. for the proper commution of current in inverter the rotar position information is necessary, this information is usually provided by the mechanical position sensors mounted within the motor. however it is well known that these position sensors have many drawbacks therefore a sensor less control of BLDC motor is developed which eliminates the sensing equipment ,reduces the cost of motor and increases the reliability of the BLDC motor. In this paper the position information is obtained from the zero crossing detection of the back EMF which is also called as the terminal voltage sensing method which is the simplest ,method of detecting the back EMF zero crossing ,here the motor voltages are sensed and give to the lowpass filter whose output is give to the ZCD which determines the zero crossing of the back EMF waveform and ZCD generates the signal required for the controller to provide the pulses for the inverter operation the controller used is a high performance controller(DSPic30F4011) which as both the features of microcontroller and digital signal processor .The complete model is simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK software. the proposed hardware and simulation program are found to be efficient and the results are promising
This document describes an algorithm for analyzing the transient and steady states of a DC motor, including during braking operations. It discusses different types of braking for DC motors, including mechanical, rheostatic, plugging, and regenerative braking. The key advantages of electrical braking over mechanical braking are reducing wear on mechanical brakes and shorter stopping times. The document also presents the mathematical models used in the algorithm, including first-order and second-order differential equations, to analyze the motor's behavior during different operating conditions like braking with improved accuracy over first-order models.
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SURVEY OF CONVENTIONAL &NEW GENERATION ADVANCED D.C.BRAKING SYSTEM OF 3-PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR WITH VFD
1. International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI) Vol. 4, No. 2, April 2015
DOI: 10.5121/ijci.2015.4219 199
SURVEY OF CONVENTIONAL &NEW GENERATION
ADVANCED D.C.BRAKING SYSTEM OF 3-PHASE
SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR WITH VFD
Deepak Kotkar1
, Upama Bose2
, Atul Gupta3
, R. Rajamanickam4
, Sneha Sankar5
1
M.Tech Scholar, VJTI, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400019,
2,5
M.Tech Scholar, VIT University, Katpadi, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014,
3,4
Larsen & Toubro, R&D, Electrical & automation, Mahape, Navi Mumbai,
ABSTRACT
Any variable frequency drive requires an efficient and controlled braking system. Therefore, different
braking techniques have been the subject area of researchers to enhance the performance as well as
overall life of the drives. In this paper, a literature study is made of various existing braking methods,
focused on induction motor (IM) drive performance. The braking methods are compared and summarized
based on speed range, braking time and efficiency of 3-phase squirrel cage IM drive. Finally, an
advancedD.C. braking technique is presented where braking torque in terms of varyingD.C.signal is
injected into the stator windings using fully controlled Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation pulses
(SVPWM). A method has been described for providing occasional fast, smooth and controlled braking
torque from a non-regenerative VFD, without additional power circuits. Simulations are performed in
MATLAB/Simulink, tested and validated on Digital signal processor (DSP) based drive. Test results are
presented in this paper.
KEYWORDS
3-Phase Induction Motor, Braking, Conventional, AC Drive, VFD, MATLAB/Simulink, DSP.
1. INTRODUCTION
Three-phase induction motor drives are extensively used in different sectors of drives industry,
but it is a challenge to stop them in short period of timeespecially for high inertia loads. To
control an electric machine by electric drives, its braking system is very important because it
helps to decrease the speed of the motor according to will and necessity. Braking is also a part of
controlled stopping (as opposed to coasting), which helps to increase occupational safety while
reducing wear on power transmission belts, sprockets, and gears.
Besides mechanical brakes, today’s options include electronic brakes. Electronic D.C. braking
provides reliable and fast load deceleration and stopping, requiring no maintenance and conserves
energy as well with reduced maintenance costs. Many such applications where D.C. injection
braking can be deployed are roller-table drives, grinding machines, centrifuges, circular saws,
planers, roller and ball mills and so on to cut down stopping time. D.C. braking reduces
undesirable oscillations and even vibratory motors can be stopped within few tens of seconds.
Apart from all these, D.C. braking increases safety and productivity at thesame time.
Many conventional braking schemes are already practised by leading industrial drive
manufacturers which could be broadly classified into two parts VFDand Non-VFD basedbraking.
2. International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI) Vol. 4, No. 2, April 2015
200
Non-VFD braking includes capacitor self-excitation braking, electronic brake module using
rectifiers and thyristors for D.C. injection, single shortcircuit method(magnetic braking),
simultaneous magnetic braking and D.C. injection refer reference[6], zero sequence braking, etc.
VFD braking includes flux braking, dynamic braking (like D.C. injection braking, regenerative
braking), double frequency braking, etc. The detailed descriptions of the braking schemes are
provided in next section.
2. CONVENTIONAL BRAKING SCHEMES
Braking of inductionmotorscanbeclassifiedmainlyinthreecategories:
1) Regenerative braking
2) Plugging or reverse voltage braking
3) Dynamic braking
This paper will focus mainly on dynamic braking.
2.1. Dynamic braking can be further classified as
a)Self-excited braking using capacitors: Sometimes capacitors are kept permanent by
connecting across the supply terminals of the motor. This is called self-excited braking of
induction motors. This type of braking works mainly by the property of the capacitorsto store
energy. Whenever the motor is disconnected from the supply, the motor starts to work as a self-
excited induction generator and the power comes from thecapacitors connected across the
terminals. The values of the capacitor are so chosen that they are sufficient to make the motor
work as an induction generator after being disconnected from the supply. When the motor works
as an induction generator the produced torque opposes the normal rotation of the motor and hence
braking takes place.
b) Magnetic Braking: In this method, two or all three terminals of the stator windings are
shorted for braking after power supply is cut. Magnetic braking is achieved when the residual
magnetism of the already rotating rotor induces currents in the short circuit which opposes the
motion of the rotor.
c) D.C. Injection braking: In non VFD D.C. Braking, a D.C. supply is connected between two
stator terminals, with the third winding kept open or shorted with any of the other two
windings.As it is known that speed of rotation of the air-gap field is directly proportional to the
supply frequency, therefore, applying D.C. means air-gap field has effectively zero frequency,
and the air-gap field will be stationary. The rotor always tries to run at the same speed as the field.
So, if the field is stationary, and the rotor is still rotating, then a braking torque will be exerted
which retards the rotor. The DC components in the input voltages and currents do not "pass
through" the air gap of the induction motors and so have noimpact on the rotor circuit.
For safety reasons, power circuits are usually incorporated into the motor’s thermal andoverload
circuitry as D.C. injection generate a lot of heat.. Thus, when the motor is critically overheated,
brakes won’t turn on. This D.C. Braking can be controlled by means of RMS magnitude
modulation of chopped, rectified D.C. waveforms.
In VFD based D.C Injection, the amount of braking torque depends on the magnitude of the
current which can be varied pulse by pulse. This allows the retardation to be varied over a wide
time range. D.C. braking is initiated following a brake-enable delay of approx. 200ms. As soon as
the set braking time-out is reached the PWM pulses are inhibited and the braking current
3. International Journal on Cybernetics & Informatics (IJCI) Vol. 4, No. 2, April 2015
201
decays.A typical torque-speed curve for braking a cage motor is shown in Figure 1, from which
we see that the braking (negative) torque falls to zeroas the rotor comes to rest. Braking is a
dissipative process, all the kinetic energy being turned into heat inside the motor. For standard
D.C. braking method (VFD based) braking torque can be generated only up to 66% where
asproposedadvanced DC braking is capable of generating braking torque up to 100%.
Characteristic of dynamic braking (fast ramp down) is the typical nonlinear stopping
characteristic as shown in Figure 2. To increase the deceleration rate (decrease the stopping time),
D.C. can be applied to the motor windings during the last 10% to 20% of the motor’s speed. For
example, a motor is turning at 1,500 rpm when the stop command is issued. Fast deceleration
ramp reduces the speed to 150 rpm, and then injecting D.C. reduces the total stopping time by
many seconds than if it were stoppedonly by dynamic braking alone.
Figure 1.Torque Speed Curve of IM
Figure 2. Stopping with dynamic braking and D.C. injection braking
Time
Stop command
Dynamic Braking
DC Braking
Speed
Improved timing
Braking
torque
in %
Speed in %
High inertial load
60%
100%
Low inertial load
High inertial load
Low inertial load
Advanced D.C. Braking
Standard D.C. Braking
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d) Zero sequence braking: Here, the stator terminals are connected in series and either AC or
D.C. voltage is supplied across two terminals. This produces a static magnetic field that opposes
the rotor’s motion.
The detail of zero sequence braking is mentioned in reference [1] and [5]. Finally, all the methods
are combined and each method is employed for braking for different time intervals, known as
multistage braking. The speed range and time duration during which these methods are most
effective, are analysed, by means of changing the capacitor values and injected D.C. current
levels.
Capacitor self-excitation method of braking is found to be more effective at high speeds whereas
zero sequence braking at medium and lower speeds and D.C. injection braking at low speeds.
It has been observed that the overall efficiency is improved and the braking response becomes
fast in multistage braking as compared to individual methods done separately.
A series of experiments were performed in reference [3] to compare the performances of the
conventional methods individually. Finally, it was observed that a combination of two or more
methods will produce the most effective braking. The paper experimentally found out the range of
speed and time duration that are most effective in fast brakingsystem. The minimum capacitance
value has been determined by means of no-load test and block-rotor test.
The reference [7] describes multistage braking being achieved by capacitor self- excitation,
magnetic braking and then D.C. injection braking at lower speed. Two parallel capacitors are used
for capacitor self -excitation braking, with only one capacitor, speed drops up to 50% of final
speed and then second capacitors comes into picture which further reduces the speed of motor.
After completion of capacitor self-excitation magnetic braking is applied in which two legs are
made short-circuited and at further lower speed D.C. is applied between two legs.
The Braking time is further reduced by combining magnetic braking with D.C. braking.In
reference [2], the thermal behaviour of the induction motor is simulated by modelling the stator
winding. The resistance/temperature model of stator is prepared by adopting D.C. injection
methodology via soft-starters.
2.2 D.C. Braking Implementation by Different Drive Manufacturers
Various D.C. braking techniques are being followed in the industry by different leading drive
manufacturers. In Figure 3, the waveforms related to typicalD.C. injection braking adopted in
drives industries have been shown. From the graphs, it is clearly understood that when D.C.
injection braking is initiated, current is unidirectional, i.e. D.C. and consequently speed starts
decreasing. But before injecting direct current into the windings, some amount of time should be
given as ‘wait time’ for the windings to get demagnetised.
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203
Figure 3.Typical D.C. braking adopted in drive industries
3. PROPOSED MODIFIED D.C. INJECTION BRAKING
VFDs have always included cost effective methods for providing fast, reliable braking. In this
paper, an advanced technique of D.C. injection has been proposed that is flexible and easy to
implement. The disadvantage of traditional D.C. injection is that maximum braking torque is
limited (approximately 66%of full motor torque) and motor heating can be excessive. On the
other hand dynamic braking uses a resistor bank to dissipate the heat. The motor being
decelerated operate as a generator, which feeds energy into the drive’s D.C. bus and braking
resistor.In our proposed method, when braking is in progress, the frequency of voltage is
controlled to maintain negative slip.This allows kinetic energy to be absorbed from the motor and
load inertia. Voltage is applied to dissipate the absorbed energy in the motor as heat. Figure4
illustrates the balance of energy during braking.
Figure 4. Balance of energy during D.C. braking
Proposed advanced D.C. Braking is a cost-effective sopping method whichproduces drastic
reduction in braking time while eliminating the extra expense of external braking resistors and
additional braking chopper power circuits by offering higher braking torque per ampere in non-
regenerative A.C. drives. The modified D.C. braking discussed in this paper for high inertia loads
can provide braking torque in excess of 100% full load motor torque. Control scheme, controls
VFD Motor Load
Energy lost as heat
in rotor & stator
Kinetic energy from
rotating inertia
Absorbed due
to negative slip
Losses due to
injected D.C.
External
braking
unit
Braking resistor
(not required)
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the deceleration to make the motor operate as very inefficient induction generator by modifying
the V/F pattern so that load energy is observed in the rotor bars, stator windings and stator core of
the motor. Current level is controlled to avoid excessive motor heating. Deceleration time is
directly related to the actual load torque and inertia.
Simulationsare performed on MATLAB/Simulink platform (R2014a).Here D.C. voltage, in form
of pulses is injected in two phases and magnetic braking is performed by shorting two phases
externally. Three phases and single phase switches are used to switch the braking methods using
specified time. Series of experiments were performed and graphs were plotted to analyse the
results.To apply D.C. braking, duty cycle of PWM pulses were varied based on current required
denoted in equation (1) and (2).
∗ವ
ଶோೞ
ൌ ܫ(1)
்
்
ൌ
ଶோೞ∗ூೝ
ವ
(2)
I୰ୣ୯is the required D.C. current to be injected. Tis the ON time of the injected pulses. Rୱis the
stator resistance, Vୈେ is the D.C. bus voltage, 1
Tൗ is switching frequency. For simulation 3 phase,
415V, 50Hz, 5.5kW squirrel cage IM was used.
3.1. MATLAB Simulation Results
To apply D.C. braking we have two methods, one is to apply D.C. after supply is cut-off and
base-block time is attained. And in second methodmotor speed is decelerated according to
deceleration ramp in ‘ramp to stop’ and when speed reaches pre-determined value D.C. braking is
applied. The amplitude of D.C. Braking current affects the strength of the braking torque
attempting to lock the motor shaft. Increasing the level of current increases the amount of heat
generated in stator windings.
Figure5. MATLAB circuit of D.C. Injection braking combined magnetic braking
Referring Figure 5, The control strategy used for simulation is constant V/Hz method in which
RPM is taken as input and converted in frequency as, ݂ݍ݁ݎ ൌ ܴܲܯ ∗ ,021/ where is number
of poles. The frequency is taken as reference and corresponding modulation index is selected by
constant V/Hz curve. Pulses are generated by SVPWM and applied to converter. Converter
generates three phase ac signals and these signals are fed to motor via circuit breaker. Loads
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205
ranging from 0 to full are selected by switch. Second circuit breaker is used for applying D.C.
Braking. Line voltage, stator current, speed and motor torque were observed in scope. Induction
motor was stopped at ݐ ൌ 5,ܿ݁ݏ magnetic braking applied at ݐ ൌ 5.5ܿ݁ݏ up to ݐ ൌ 7ܿ݁ݏ and D.C.
Braking applied after ݐ ൌ 5.7ܿ݁ݏ as shown in figure 6.
Figure 6.Speed- time curve and Line to Line voltage of IM during combined D.C. braking and magnetic
braking.
3.2 DSP
The control of the IM drive in actual hardware set-up is carried out through Digital Signal
Processor (DSP). TMS320F28335 is used for the purpose, TMS320F28335 is MCU based
control-CARD by Texas instruments having High-Performance Static CMOS Technology and
clock frequency of 150MHz. TMS320F28335 is single-precision floating point DSP having 32 bit
CPU. TMS320F28335 having six-channel DMA controller for ADC, ePWM. This DSP is well
suited for motor control applications.
3.3 Hardware Experimental Results
ApplyingD.C. in two phases in terms of fixed duty cycle pulses is not feasible as sufficient back
emfappears in off period and as a result average D.C. is low as shown in Figure 7. Hence, this
paper proposes a technique where very low frequency of 1/100Hz sine wave with less modulation
index of 0.2 is applied for the time duration of 200msec for each phase. For such small time the
sine wave can be approximated as D.C. signal and the problem of back emfcan be avoided.
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206
Figure 7. Conventional D.C. Braking (VFD based) applied in two phases of IM with different Duty ratio.
Figure 8 represents the phase current of IM Drive during D.C.braking done onleading Japanese
Drive at 800Rpm.The results from the actual experimental set-up are shown as shown in Figure 9,
10 and 11.
Figure 8.Stator current when applied D.C. Braking at 800 rpm on Japanese Drive
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Figure 9. Drive DC Voltage (Green), Motor Line to line voltage (Blue), and Motor current (Red) for IM
Drive when applied Advance D.C. Injection Braking.
Figure 10 and 11 represents the phase current when D.C. Braking is applied at 800 rpm and 1200
rpm for various load conditions respectively by proposed techniques of the paper. Before
applying D.C.braking base-block time of 200msec is given to de-magnetise the stator coils. After
base-block time D.C. Braking applied for short period. It has been observed that the peak of
injected current is reduced as load is increased.Also, a comparative analysis can be shown that in
the proposed topology the effect of back emf is totally suppressed as compared to the previous IM
drives. Hence current direction is purely unidirectional.
Figure 10.Stator current when applied advanceD.C. Injection Braking at 1200 rpm.
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Figure 11.Stator current when applied advanceD.C. Injection Braking at 800 rpm.
In figure 12, speed characteristics of the IM drive is shown when D.C. Braking is injected at 1200
and 800 rpm respectively. It can be observed that the speed comes to zero in lesser time when
D.C. is injected at 800 rpm than 1200 rpm.Tests have provided some amazing results. Motor have
been able to stop from spins speeds in less than 0.5 seconds without noticeable motor heating.
This same machine would take 40 to 50 seconds to coast to stop.
Figure 12. Speed-time curves when D.C. Braking applied at 1200rpm and 800rpm.
Lastly, in Table 1, a comparative observation has been shown between different D.C. braking
schemes It is clearly visible that the advanced D.C. injection brake system is better and more
efficient than the rest braking schemes in terms of the amount of braking torque and the ability to
stop motors with high inertia loads rapidly.
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Table 1.Comparison between regenerative/non-regenerative braking schemes in VFD
Parameters
D.C. injection
braking
Dynamic braking
Advance D.C.
injection
braking
Flux braking
Braking Type Non-
regenerative
Regenerative Non-
regenerative
Regenerative
Braking Torque Up to 66% 100 to 150% 100% Limited
Motor Heating High None Controlled High
Sink of energy Both Stator &
Rotor*
External braking
resistor
Both Stator &
Rotor
Stator (core)
Power Range Low to medium High High upto 7.5KW
High Inertia Load Not required Not required Required Not required
Control Required VFD VFD + Brake Chopper
& Resistor
VFD VFD
Cost 0 Additional 20 to 30% 0 0
* In case of Non-VFD, energy is dissipated only in stator.
3.4. Influence of Bus Voltage on D.C. Braking Curve
At any given slip, the air-gap flux density is proportional to the applied voltage, and the induced
current in the rotor is proportional to the flux density. The torque, which depends on the product
of the flux and the rotor current, therefore depends on the square of the D.C.voltage. This means
that a comparatively modest fall in the voltage will result in a much larger reduction in torque
capability.
4. THERMAL BEHAVIOUR OF INDUCTION MOTOR DURING D.C. INJECTION
It is the fact that IM are the key elements in most industrial process or daily life, and the most
important consideration is the stator winding insulation property during thermal overload
conditions because motor life is greatly dependent on stator winding insulation.Most of the
energy absorbed during proposed advanced D.C. braking is dissipated in the stator and rotor of
the induction motor. This is analogous to standard D.C. injection braking. For best utilization, a
VFD system that incorporates this braking method should also include a thermal model of the
motor, estimating both the rotor and stator temperatures, and providing alarm and shut-down
signals.
4.1 Analysis of D.C. Signal Injection on Stator Temperature
It has already been discussed that once D.C. signal is injected, it induces the non-rotational
magnetic field which opposes the rotational magnetic field. This may result in unbalanced motor
magnetic saturation which later increases the losses in stator and rotor cores as stated in reference
[4]. This magnetic saturation may also cause heat dissipation in the stator and rotor and thermal
stress on motor components. Thus accurate monitoring and estimating of stator winding
temperature is necessary to protect the motor.
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4.2 Effects of Magnetic Saturation
When D.C. signal is injected,the resultant magnetic flux consists of 2 components: stationary flux
and rotating flux.As a result in each cycle the magnitude of the flux is varying due to injected
D.C. bias.
The magnitude of the flux decreases when the rotating flux is in phase with the stationary flux
and magnitude of flux increases when the rotating flux is in opposite phase with stationary flux.
4.3 Losses in Induction Machine
The injected D.C. current ݅݀ܿin stator windings has direct relations with the losses taken place in
stator, mainly in terms of an additional stator copper loss as denoted in equation (3).
ܲݎ݁ܿ,ݏ ൌ
3
2
݅݀ܿ
2
ܴݏ (3)
ܴݏis stator resistance, ܲݎ݁ܿ,ݏis loss in stator
The rotor copper loss by D.C. injection can be stated in equation (4).
ܲݎ݁ܿ,ݎ ൌ
3(ܮܿ݀ݓ݉)2
2(ܴݎ
2
+(ܮݓݎ
2
))
݅݀ܿ
2
ܴݎ (4)
ܴݎis rotor resistance, ܲݎ݁ܿ,ݎis loss in rotor, ܮ݉ is mutual inductance.
Since rotor resistance and rotor leakage inductance are negligible,compared to mutual
inductance,rotor copper loss can be estimated as given in equation (5).
ܲݎ݁ܿ,ݏ ൌ
3
2
݅݀ܿ
2
ܴݎ (5)
4.4 First Order Thermal Model of Induction Machine
The thermal model based on temperature estimation of stator winding help us in realizing the
Motor thermal protection. The stator winding insulation is normally the weakest component
during thermal overload,since its thermal limit is reached before that of any other motor
component. About 35-40% of induction motorfailures are related to stator winding insulation
failure. It is commonly assumed that the motor's life is reduced by50% for every 10°C increase
above its stator winding temperature limit.Figure 13 depicts the first order thermal model of IM.
Figure 13. First order thermal model of induction motor.
Here ܶݏand ܶܽrepresent the stator winding temperature and the ambienttemperature,
respectively;ܴݐℎ represents the equivalentthermal resistance, which models the cooling capability
fromthe stator winding to the ambient; ܥݐℎ represents theequivalent thermal capacitance, which
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AUTHORS
Deepak Kotkar received B.E. degree from university of Pune in electronics and tele-
communication in 2008. He is currently pursuing M.Tech degree in control system from
VeermataJij abai Technological Institute, Mumbai. His current areas of interests are power
electronics, control system, electric machines and drives.
Upama Bose received B.Tech degree in Electrical Engineering from Narula Institute Of
Technology, WBUT. She is currently pursuing M.TECH degree in Power Electronics &
Drives from Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore. Her current areas of interests are
power electronics, electric machines a nd drives, FACTs.
Atul Gupta received the B.E. degree inE &TC engineering from Army Institute of
Technology, affiliatedto Pune University, MH, India, in 2002,and the M.Tech. degree in
Instrumentationfrom SOI affiliated to DAVV University,Indore, MP, India. From 2004to
2007, he was with the R&D, TVS-E,Bangalore, India, where he worked ondevelopment
of on-line uninterruptiblepower system, sine wave inverters, and low-power dc–dc
converters.He also worked at Emerson Network Power as ChampionR&D in the head
office at Thane, India. From Sept 2007 to June 2014, he was with the Santerno India Design Center, Pune,
India. Since July 2014, he hasbeen working as Manager, R&D in Larsen & Toubro Ltd. His
researchinterest includes power conditioning, Solar Energy, Hybrid Energy, Grid Interconnection of
Renewable Energy sources, Advance control of LV and MV Industrial drives.
R. Rajamanickam completed BE (Electrical & Electronics) from Anna University,
Tamilnadu in 2005. He is currently working as Manager, R&D in Larsen & Toubro Ltd.
His area of interest is Power electron ics drives & its application.
SnehaSankar received B.E. degree in Instrumentation engineering from Mumbai
University. She is currently pursuing M.Tech degree in Power Electronics and Drives.
Her current areas of interests are power electronics, control systems , signal processing
and drives.