This article investigates electromagnetic performance of a hemicycle PM motor by introducing a little modification on both ends of a hemicycle stator. Prior to the investigation, an analytical model for the hemicycle PM motor weight is derived analytically for the purpose of comparison with a conventional design. Both motor weights are then verified and the hemicycle motor is found to have lighter weight than the conventional design. By having a proper design modification, an optimum motor performance is achievable due to improved magnetic permeance. Two designs that have different arc angle; i) 180° (188.5 mm arc length) and ii) >180° (204.2 mm arc length) are the subjects of investigation. It is found that a hemicycle PM motor in which arc angle >180° results maximum torque average with the smallest torque ripple and smallest cogging torque.
Recently, permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) having the diameter of 11inches was successfully developed and installed in electric scooter vehicle (ESV) for propulsion. It consists of segmented stators of 24 armature slots and 100 pieces of permanent magnet of 2 kg weight mounted on rotating rotor. Upon the huge amount of materials and permanent magnet used, PMSM produced 110Nm only. Looking at the size, this torque is low and could not sustain acceleration for long distance travels. To overcome the challenge of low torque, this paper presents a new machine type, flux switching motor (FSM) with 1 kg weight of permanent magnet flux source employing segmented outer rotor. Six ranges of split ratio of 0.80-0.85 for outer rotor 24slot-14pole FSPM motor configurations were designed and compared. The 2D-FEA by JMAG software version 14 is used to examine its performance in term of flux linkage, cogging torque, back-emf and average torque which the structure with split ratio of 0.85 took lead by securing highest torque profile of 209Nm. It also achieved low cogging torque to operate in safe region. In conclusion, appropriate split ratio significantly enhances high torque capability of permanent magnet flux switching motor for electric scooter propulsion.
This paper describes the performance enhancement of double stator permanent magnet synchronous machines (DS-PMSM) based on genetic algorithm optimization (GAO). Generally, throughout the development stage, an analytical calculation is implemented to build the initial model of the DS-PMSM since the analytical calculation can provide the initial parameters based on the types and materials used in the machine design. For further improvement, GAO might potentially be applied to provide the optimization technique in searching the optimal motor parameters iteratively and intelligently with specific objective functions. For this aim, a three-phase, DS-PMSM with different number of slots between the outer and inner stators is first designed by using analytical parameter estimation and then later optimized by GAO. The outer and inner stators have 12-slots and 9-slots respectively, while, the rotor carries 10 magnetic poles. Four main input motor parameters, i.e. outer stator slot opening, outer magnet pole arc, inner stator slot opening and inner magnet pole arc are varied and optimized to achieve the design objective functions, i.e. high output torque, low torque ripple, low cogging torque and low total harmonic distortion (THDv). The results from the optimized GAO are compared with the initial motor model and further validated by finite element method (FEM). The results show a good agreement between GAO and FEM. GAO has achieved very significant improvements in enhancing the machine performance.
A new design method for low speed torus type afpm machine for hev applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine type has some advantages such as compressed packaging, easy handling, and safety operation. In this paper the proper structure selection of AFPM machine for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application is one of the aims. To reduce the losses and the total volume of machine, the coreless TORUS-NS type machine is selected. Designing of this machine, to obtain a wide speed range with high efficiency, low cogging torque and high torque value, as in-wheel direct-drive AFPM machine for HEV, is investigated. The operation performance in low and medium speed ranges is studied. A new design method based on multi speed design (MSD) strategy is proposed. Using this method with a coreless type of stators, the total AFPM machine efficiency at the HEV operation cycles could be improved. Performance analysis of this in-wheel AFPM machine is done using finite-element method (FEM). FEM analysis of the single-speed design (SSD) method is also done. MSD and SSD designed machines are applied in HEV and simulated using urban and highway cycles. The obtained results show the better performance of HEV, using the MSD based designed machine in all operation cycles. The experimental results obtained from sample practical prototype, confirm the analytical method. Keywords: Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM), TORUS type, direct-drive, in-wheel, multi-speed design, single-speed design.
Design, Modelling& Simulation of Double Sided Linear Segmented Switched Reluc...IOSR Journals
This document presents the design, modeling, and simulation of a double-sided linear segmented switched reluctance motor (LSSRM). The LSSRM is modeled using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show current, inductance, torque, and speed characteristics. A 6/4 LSSRM is designed and compared to a conventional SRM and segmented SRM (SSRM) of the same power rating. The LSSRM design uses concentric windings instead of full pitch windings, reducing copper usage and weight. Simulation results validate the LSSRM model and control strategy. The LSSRM provides higher torque than SRM and SSRM for the same frame size due to increased aligned inductance.
Modeling and Simulation of Three Phase Induction Machine Using Written Pole T...IOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper in which stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same stator core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. In this study, it is suggested to operate the machine with flat efficiency characteristics, irrespective of shaft load. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt high frequency ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor. The aim of this paper is to analyze and simulate performance of a 1Hp three phase induction motor using written pole technology using the well known Park’s transformation. A three phase squirrel cage machine is reconfigured and modeled into a two three phase stator winding accommodate in same stator core of the same volume as the three phase machine. Different tests are carried out on the novel machine to determine machine parameters. Simulation results, that predicts the dynamic performance of the machine using ANSYS, at start up are presented and discussed.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method called rotor pole shaping to reduce cogging torque in flux-switching permanent magnet machines (FSPMs). Cogging torque is relatively high in FSPMs due to their doubly salient structure and high flux density. The proposed method introduces flanges in the rotor teeth as a way to modify the rotor dimensions and reduce cogging torque without changing the stator. Finite element analysis is used to examine the impact of flange geometry on cogging torque. The effects on back-EMF, average torque, and torque ripple are also investigated. The results suggest rotor pole shaping is an effective method for cogging torque reduction in FSPMs.
A breakthrough in this century has been the development of electric vehicle which is propelled by electric motor powered by electricity. Already, many electric motors have been used for electric vehicle application but performances are low. In this paper, a permanent magnet motor technology using unconventional segmented rotor for high torque application is presented. Unlike conventional motors, this design, flux switching motor (FSM) is an advance form of synchronous machine with double rotating frequency. It accommodates both armature winding and flux source on the stator while the rotor is a simple passive laminated sheet steel. Conventionally, rotor of the maiden FSM and many emerging designs have focused on the salient pole, this design employs segmented rotor. Segmented rotor has advantages of short flux path more than salient rotor pole resulting in high flux linkage. Geometric topology of the proposed motor is introduced. It consists of 24Stator-14Pole using PM flux source with alternate stator tooth armature winding. The 2D-FEA model utilized JMAG Tool Solver to design and analyze motor’s performance in terms of torque with average torque output of 470Nm. The suitability of segmented outer-rotor FS motor as a high torque machine, using permanent magnet technology is a reliable candidate for electric vehicle.
Analysis of Energy Absorption Tubes (Crush Can)IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the energy absorption of different tube designs through finite element analysis. It summarizes that square, circular, rectangular, and square tubes with holes were modeled and subjected to axial impact loading at 15 m/s. The square tube absorbed the most energy by reducing the initial peak force and increasing progressive crushing. Validation experiments were also conducted on an aluminum tube under quasi-static loading, with the force-displacement curve and failure modes matching FEA results. The analysis concludes circular and rectangular tubes perform similarly in absorbing energy through axial loading, while the square tube with holes minimizes initial peak force to reduce occupant harm.
Recently, permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) having the diameter of 11inches was successfully developed and installed in electric scooter vehicle (ESV) for propulsion. It consists of segmented stators of 24 armature slots and 100 pieces of permanent magnet of 2 kg weight mounted on rotating rotor. Upon the huge amount of materials and permanent magnet used, PMSM produced 110Nm only. Looking at the size, this torque is low and could not sustain acceleration for long distance travels. To overcome the challenge of low torque, this paper presents a new machine type, flux switching motor (FSM) with 1 kg weight of permanent magnet flux source employing segmented outer rotor. Six ranges of split ratio of 0.80-0.85 for outer rotor 24slot-14pole FSPM motor configurations were designed and compared. The 2D-FEA by JMAG software version 14 is used to examine its performance in term of flux linkage, cogging torque, back-emf and average torque which the structure with split ratio of 0.85 took lead by securing highest torque profile of 209Nm. It also achieved low cogging torque to operate in safe region. In conclusion, appropriate split ratio significantly enhances high torque capability of permanent magnet flux switching motor for electric scooter propulsion.
This paper describes the performance enhancement of double stator permanent magnet synchronous machines (DS-PMSM) based on genetic algorithm optimization (GAO). Generally, throughout the development stage, an analytical calculation is implemented to build the initial model of the DS-PMSM since the analytical calculation can provide the initial parameters based on the types and materials used in the machine design. For further improvement, GAO might potentially be applied to provide the optimization technique in searching the optimal motor parameters iteratively and intelligently with specific objective functions. For this aim, a three-phase, DS-PMSM with different number of slots between the outer and inner stators is first designed by using analytical parameter estimation and then later optimized by GAO. The outer and inner stators have 12-slots and 9-slots respectively, while, the rotor carries 10 magnetic poles. Four main input motor parameters, i.e. outer stator slot opening, outer magnet pole arc, inner stator slot opening and inner magnet pole arc are varied and optimized to achieve the design objective functions, i.e. high output torque, low torque ripple, low cogging torque and low total harmonic distortion (THDv). The results from the optimized GAO are compared with the initial motor model and further validated by finite element method (FEM). The results show a good agreement between GAO and FEM. GAO has achieved very significant improvements in enhancing the machine performance.
A new design method for low speed torus type afpm machine for hev applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machine type has some advantages such as compressed packaging, easy handling, and safety operation. In this paper the proper structure selection of AFPM machine for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) application is one of the aims. To reduce the losses and the total volume of machine, the coreless TORUS-NS type machine is selected. Designing of this machine, to obtain a wide speed range with high efficiency, low cogging torque and high torque value, as in-wheel direct-drive AFPM machine for HEV, is investigated. The operation performance in low and medium speed ranges is studied. A new design method based on multi speed design (MSD) strategy is proposed. Using this method with a coreless type of stators, the total AFPM machine efficiency at the HEV operation cycles could be improved. Performance analysis of this in-wheel AFPM machine is done using finite-element method (FEM). FEM analysis of the single-speed design (SSD) method is also done. MSD and SSD designed machines are applied in HEV and simulated using urban and highway cycles. The obtained results show the better performance of HEV, using the MSD based designed machine in all operation cycles. The experimental results obtained from sample practical prototype, confirm the analytical method. Keywords: Hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM), TORUS type, direct-drive, in-wheel, multi-speed design, single-speed design.
Design, Modelling& Simulation of Double Sided Linear Segmented Switched Reluc...IOSR Journals
This document presents the design, modeling, and simulation of a double-sided linear segmented switched reluctance motor (LSSRM). The LSSRM is modeled using MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show current, inductance, torque, and speed characteristics. A 6/4 LSSRM is designed and compared to a conventional SRM and segmented SRM (SSRM) of the same power rating. The LSSRM design uses concentric windings instead of full pitch windings, reducing copper usage and weight. Simulation results validate the LSSRM model and control strategy. The LSSRM provides higher torque than SRM and SSRM for the same frame size due to increased aligned inductance.
Modeling and Simulation of Three Phase Induction Machine Using Written Pole T...IOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper in which stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same stator core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. In this study, it is suggested to operate the machine with flat efficiency characteristics, irrespective of shaft load. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt high frequency ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor. The aim of this paper is to analyze and simulate performance of a 1Hp three phase induction motor using written pole technology using the well known Park’s transformation. A three phase squirrel cage machine is reconfigured and modeled into a two three phase stator winding accommodate in same stator core of the same volume as the three phase machine. Different tests are carried out on the novel machine to determine machine parameters. Simulation results, that predicts the dynamic performance of the machine using ANSYS, at start up are presented and discussed.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new method called rotor pole shaping to reduce cogging torque in flux-switching permanent magnet machines (FSPMs). Cogging torque is relatively high in FSPMs due to their doubly salient structure and high flux density. The proposed method introduces flanges in the rotor teeth as a way to modify the rotor dimensions and reduce cogging torque without changing the stator. Finite element analysis is used to examine the impact of flange geometry on cogging torque. The effects on back-EMF, average torque, and torque ripple are also investigated. The results suggest rotor pole shaping is an effective method for cogging torque reduction in FSPMs.
A breakthrough in this century has been the development of electric vehicle which is propelled by electric motor powered by electricity. Already, many electric motors have been used for electric vehicle application but performances are low. In this paper, a permanent magnet motor technology using unconventional segmented rotor for high torque application is presented. Unlike conventional motors, this design, flux switching motor (FSM) is an advance form of synchronous machine with double rotating frequency. It accommodates both armature winding and flux source on the stator while the rotor is a simple passive laminated sheet steel. Conventionally, rotor of the maiden FSM and many emerging designs have focused on the salient pole, this design employs segmented rotor. Segmented rotor has advantages of short flux path more than salient rotor pole resulting in high flux linkage. Geometric topology of the proposed motor is introduced. It consists of 24Stator-14Pole using PM flux source with alternate stator tooth armature winding. The 2D-FEA model utilized JMAG Tool Solver to design and analyze motor’s performance in terms of torque with average torque output of 470Nm. The suitability of segmented outer-rotor FS motor as a high torque machine, using permanent magnet technology is a reliable candidate for electric vehicle.
Analysis of Energy Absorption Tubes (Crush Can)IRJET Journal
The document analyzes the energy absorption of different tube designs through finite element analysis. It summarizes that square, circular, rectangular, and square tubes with holes were modeled and subjected to axial impact loading at 15 m/s. The square tube absorbed the most energy by reducing the initial peak force and increasing progressive crushing. Validation experiments were also conducted on an aluminum tube under quasi-static loading, with the force-displacement curve and failure modes matching FEA results. The analysis concludes circular and rectangular tubes perform similarly in absorbing energy through axial loading, while the square tube with holes minimizes initial peak force to reduce occupant harm.
Design of Switched Reluctance Motor for Three Wheeler Electric Vehicleidescitation
Switched Reluctance M achines (SRM ) offer
attractive attributes for automotive applications. Low cost, high
reliability, and competitive weight and efficiency combine to
make the switched reluctance (SR) motor drive a strong
candidate for application in future electric vehicle (EV)
propulsion systems. This paper proposes a methodology to
determine separately the peak and continuous power ratings
of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for electric propulsion
of an electric vehicle (EV).same machine have to deliver peak
and continuous power for different road load condition of
vehicle. Then gives switched reluctance design guidelines for
battery operated electric vehicles. Finally, it presents the
design and simulation of a switched reluctance motor power
train.
For driving constant loads in industry, the use of direct-on-line-start permanent-magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motors with ferrite magnets (DOL-Start-PMa-SynRM) is proposed. The bibliographic search demonstrated that this new motor has greater efficiency than one similar induction motor (IM). It was evidenced that the main element that is required for direct starting is to insert a squirrel cage into the rotor of a PMa-SynRM, which does not produce negative operational effects in a steady state. An economic evaluation was carried out in a sugar mill company, applying the differential net present value (NPV) method, and a sensitivity analysis, considering the four factors that present the most variation. It was demonstrated, by means of a Pareto diagram standardized for the NPV that the most significant factors are fuel factor, lifespan and the multiplication of both. With response surfaces that are obtained with a multilevel factorial experiment, it was determined that, by varying the factors in the ranges considered, the NPV always remains positive and higher than 2200 USD. This is mainly due to the notable difference between the efficiency of the DOL-Start-PMa-SynRM and that of the IM. Consequently, is proved that an investment in the DOL-Start-PMa-SynRM may be feasible.
This paper discusses about winding arrangement of fractional slot of a new type hollow rotor Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor. Hollow rotor has higher performance compared to other BLDC motor because it minimizes the unused flux below permanent magnet and maximize torque produce by the motor. It’s also known that 8 pole motor is favorite used in industrial because it has an optimum space of permanent magnet for a smaller motor size. The number of pole will affect the maximum speed of the rotor. Thus, the objective of this research is to investigate the best winding arrangement for 8 pole of hollow rotor that could produce the highest electromagnetic performance. At starts, four combinations of slot number and coil sizes had been selected. Structural comparison in term of coil vector and winding arrangement is studied. Finite Element Method (FEM) had been used to simulate the parameters such as backemf and torque waveforms. It was convinced that 9 slot 8 pole with 0.6 size of coil produces the best performance. The confirmed model had been fabricated and measured. Both results from FEM and measurement are compared in term of backemf and torque where percentage differences are 7.4 % and 8 %, respectively. As conclusion, this research shows the fundamental of winding arrangement of fractional slot of motor especially 8 pole motor.
Performance of Fractional-Slot Winding PM Machines due to Un-even Coil Turns ...IJPEDS-IAES
PM machines in which slot number and pole number combination differs by
one have to be configured with asymmetric winding pattern in order to
maximize it back-emf performance. However, this asymmetric winding
configuration inherently results an unwanted Unabalanced Magnetic Force
(UMF). Investigations of electromagnetic performance of fractional-slot
asymmetric winding PM machines using 2-D Finite-Element Analysis are
presented. The investigations are mainly driven by the effort of minimizing
the UMF. By employing techniques such as non-uniform number of coil
turns in every tooth and asymmetric design of stator tooth, the UMF are
expected can be minimized. The investigations show that the radial
component of UMF has greater effect than the tangential component on the
UMF itself. In all proposed techniques, a slight reduction of machine torque
performance is inevitable.
In the past, 4S-10P E-Core Hybrid Flux Switching Motor (HFSM) had been studied. However, the motor suffers high cogging torque but it has high performance in terms of high power and high torque at high speed. Therefore, this paper is proposing the cogging torque reduction techniques to minimize the cogging torque. The high cogging torque gave an undesirable effect during low operating speed of the motor. In order to tackle the issue, the cogging torque mechanism in equation is laid out as a form of reference. Then the reduction techniques employed on the designs and analyzed with Finite Element analysis (FEA) in JMAG. The results show the cogging torque of the optimized design is 44.45% of the motor torque. Besides, the techniques employed to identify which techniques gave the most cogging torque reduction and analyzed the geometrical difference using the cogging torque mechanism. Finally, the analysis is discussed based on the modified geometrics.
This paper addresses the irreversible permanent magnet (PM) demagnetization analysis of hybrid excitation flux switching motor (HEFSM) with outer-rotor configuration. PM demagnetization cause the PM strength used in the motor significantly reduces and hence contributes less torque performance. The study is focused on thermal analysis and conducted at various temperature up to as high as 180 degrees Celsius which has a tendency to be demagnetized. Therefore, PM demagnetization is among a critical issue and influences the choice of the applied motor. The analysis is carried out based on finite element method (FEM) and percentage of PM demagnetization is then calculated. Finally, based on simulated and calculated results the final design outer-rotor HEFSM has only 0.85 percent PM demagnetization at very high temperature and obviously the is no PM demagnetization at normal operating conditions.
This paper presents a design and development of 8/6 switched reluctance motor for small electric vehicle using analytical method. The absent of permanent magnet, inherent fault tolerance capabilities, simple and robust construction make this motor become more attractive for small electric vehicle application such as electric scooter and go-kart. The switched reluctance motor is modelled using analytical formula in designing process. Later, the designed model is analyzed using ANSYS RMxprt software. In order to achieve 5kW power rating and to match with the design requirement, the switched reluctance motor model has been analyzed using RMxprt tools for the preliminary parameters design process. This tools is able to predict the output performance of motor in term of speed, flux linkage characteristic, output torque and efficiency.
Permanent magnet flux switching machine (PMFSM) is a joint venture of switch reluctance machine (SRM) and permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). It has become a prominent research topic for various applications because of robust rotor structure, high torque and power densities but few were developed for downhole applications mainly due to harsh environmental conditions. Formerly, most of developed PMFSMs for downhole applications were mainly concentrated on inner-rotor type design, and difficult to find research work on outer-rotor configuration. Therefore, this paper introduces the design and investigation of PMFSM with outer-rotor configuration for downhole application. Primarily, the geometric topology of proposed design is described in detail. Then, the no load and load analysis are implemented in order to investigate the initial performance of the proposed design.
Numerous studies had been made to improve the switched reluctance motor operation depend on the modification of the machine design, proposing the converter designs and/or applying a suitable control method. This paper introduces the field orientation control method for that motor using a simple and very efficient DC-DC converter topology. This control method is presented by two techniques; first technique is the advance of the turn-on switching angle and the other technique is the retard/delay of the turn-off switching angle. Instantaneous and average motor characteristics are obtained using Matlab/Simulink software package. Comparison between the simulation results presented using two converter types. A precise speed and torque control are obtained. The average total torque per current is maximized.
Design, Modeling and Analysis of Linear Switched Reluctance Motor for Ground ...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes the design, modeling, and analysis of a linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) suitable for ground transit applications. LSRMs can generate linear motion without additional mechanical components, eliminating issues like backlash and elasticity in traditional belt or spindle drives. The paper presents the design and mathematical modeling of an LSRM, including its operating principle, longitudinal and transverse flux path configurations, inductance profile derivation based on machine dimensions, and applications in material handling and transport systems.
Design and Finite element analysis for static and dynamic behaviour of compos...Salim Malik
This document discusses the design and finite element analysis of composite drive shafts. It begins with an introduction to drive shafts, their types, and components like universal joints and constant velocity joints. It then discusses composite materials, their advantages over other materials, and common types. It also covers failure theories like the von-Mises stress theory. The document reviews past literature on composite drive shaft design and analysis. It examines factors of safety and concludes with discussing the objectives of analyzing the static and dynamic behavior of composite drive shafts.
This document analyzes an axial-flux permanent magnet synchronous machine with contra-rotating rotors under unbalanced load conditions using 3D finite element analysis. It discusses how the back electromotive force (EMF) produced by each rotor combines to produce a distorted total back EMF when the rotors are at different angular positions. 3D FEA is used to model the machine and simulate its operation under unbalanced loads to obtain characteristics of the back EMF and torque production. The analysis aims to better understand performance issues like torque ripple and current oscillation that occur under unbalanced loads.
Theory and Analysis of Three Phase Induction Motor using Written Pole TechnologyIOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper whose stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document describes a double-rotor switched reluctance machine (DRSRM) that could be used as a hybrid electric vehicle powertrain. A DRSRM contains two rotors and one stator within a single machine housing. The two rotors can be independently operated and controlled, allowing the machine to output power and torque from two independent drive shafts. This integrated design is potentially more compact, lower cost, and enables two mechanical outputs suitable for hybrid electric transmissions. The document outlines the configuration, design, simulation, optimization, and testing of a DRSRM prototype.
IRJET - Performance Comparison of a Small Size Rotor with Self Induced Instab...IRJET Journal
This document presents a performance comparison of stabilizing a small size rotor experiencing self-induced instability using sliding mode control and fractional-order control. It first introduces the challenges of stabilizing small rotors due to their size, then describes a proposed smart structure with embedded sensors, controllers, and piezoelectric actuators. It analyzes the rotor instability, derives equations of motion, and calculates the critical threshold speed. Finally, it proposes using fractional-order PID control and modulating the internal damping parameter to stabilize the rotor, as this approach allows shifting the critical speed beyond the operating speed more practically than alternative control methods.
design and analysis of composite leaf spring for light weight vehicleEr Deepak Sharma
This document presents a study on the design and analysis of a composite leaf spring for a light weight vehicle to reduce weight. A CAD model of the leaf spring and suspension components was created in CATIA V5. The leaf spring was modeled from composite E-glass/epoxy and graphite epoxy materials and a steel spring. The springs were analyzed in ANSYS for deflection and stress. Results showed the graphite epoxy spring had the lowest deflection of 5.12mm and stress of 434.43MPa, making it a better material to reduce weight compared to the steel spring.
Application of CAE Methods to Increase Efficiency in Powertrain DevelopmentSimulationX
The document describes efforts by Jaguar Land Rover, ZF, and ITI GmbH to develop a complete powertrain torsional system model using SimulationX to increase efficiency in powertrain development. A multi-body dynamics model of the engine is coupled to a torque converter damper and 8-speed automatic transmission model. Analysis of the model shows good correlation to test data and allows investigation of noise and vibration issues and optimization of modal placement early in the design process.
Investigation on Chassis Dynamometer with Capability to Test Regenerative Bra...IJPEDS-IAES
An investigation-based approach to a bidirectional power flow method for
testing regenerative braking function on a chassis dynamometer is presented.
The requirements and specifications for capability to test regenerative
braking function of Electric Vehicle (EV) emulated by using a bidirectional
chassis dynamometer are discussed. The dynamometer emulates road load
conditions during testing, and regenerative braking is able to test their
function while the vehicle is in deceleration condition. Performances of
power requirement are illustrated and translated into sequence diagram. It is
shown that the proposed topology is particularly advantageous in generating
and regenerating power for energy consumption. The overview of
conventional chassis dynamometer and the proposed chassis dynamometer is
compared to investigate the parameter in the development of regenerative
braking test.
This document summarizes a study on the finite element analysis and design of experiments of a parabolic leaf spring for a mini loader truck. The leaf spring was modeled in CATIA V5 and analyzed for maximum von Mises stress and displacement. Design of experiments was conducted by varying the camber and eye distance. The results showed that increasing camber decreases displacement while increasing stress, and increasing eye distance increases both displacement and stress. The optimum leaf spring dimensions can be determined from the design of experiments analysis.
Comparative performances analysis of different rotor types for pmsg used in w...Mellah Hacene
PMSG provides a high performance, compact size, light weight, and low noise, without forgetting its simple structure, high thrust, and ease of maintenance, allow replacing steam catapults in the future. Most turbine generators at low wind speed are presented PMSGs, These it has advantages of high efficiency and reliability, since there is no need of external excitation and loss of drivers are removed from the rotor. In this paper, a comparative PMSG performance study's with several rotor topology is presented, each topology rotor has its own permanent magnet structure that is width, thickness and angle. These results are obtained by finite element method (FEM); this approach is a powerful and useful tool to study and design PMSGs, as represented in this paper.
This paper discusses the performance of three and five-phase double stator slotted rotor permanent magnet generator (DSSR-PMG). The objective of this research is to propose five-phase DSSR-PMG structure that could minimize output voltage ripple compared to three phase. In this research Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to simulate the characteristic of the three and five-phase permanent magnet generator at various speeds. The characteristic of back-EMF, flux linkage, cogging torque and flux density for three and five-phase configurations is presented. As a result, five-phase DSSR-PMG shows a lower cogging torque and voltage ripple compared to three-phase. The cogging torque for five-phase is 80% lower than three-phase DSSR-PMG and the ripple voltage (peak to peak) of back-EMF in five-phase is 2.3% compared to the three-phase DSSR-PMG which is 55%.
Design of Switched Reluctance Motor for Three Wheeler Electric Vehicleidescitation
Switched Reluctance M achines (SRM ) offer
attractive attributes for automotive applications. Low cost, high
reliability, and competitive weight and efficiency combine to
make the switched reluctance (SR) motor drive a strong
candidate for application in future electric vehicle (EV)
propulsion systems. This paper proposes a methodology to
determine separately the peak and continuous power ratings
of a switched reluctance motor (SRM) for electric propulsion
of an electric vehicle (EV).same machine have to deliver peak
and continuous power for different road load condition of
vehicle. Then gives switched reluctance design guidelines for
battery operated electric vehicles. Finally, it presents the
design and simulation of a switched reluctance motor power
train.
For driving constant loads in industry, the use of direct-on-line-start permanent-magnet-assisted synchronous reluctance motors with ferrite magnets (DOL-Start-PMa-SynRM) is proposed. The bibliographic search demonstrated that this new motor has greater efficiency than one similar induction motor (IM). It was evidenced that the main element that is required for direct starting is to insert a squirrel cage into the rotor of a PMa-SynRM, which does not produce negative operational effects in a steady state. An economic evaluation was carried out in a sugar mill company, applying the differential net present value (NPV) method, and a sensitivity analysis, considering the four factors that present the most variation. It was demonstrated, by means of a Pareto diagram standardized for the NPV that the most significant factors are fuel factor, lifespan and the multiplication of both. With response surfaces that are obtained with a multilevel factorial experiment, it was determined that, by varying the factors in the ranges considered, the NPV always remains positive and higher than 2200 USD. This is mainly due to the notable difference between the efficiency of the DOL-Start-PMa-SynRM and that of the IM. Consequently, is proved that an investment in the DOL-Start-PMa-SynRM may be feasible.
This paper discusses about winding arrangement of fractional slot of a new type hollow rotor Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motor. Hollow rotor has higher performance compared to other BLDC motor because it minimizes the unused flux below permanent magnet and maximize torque produce by the motor. It’s also known that 8 pole motor is favorite used in industrial because it has an optimum space of permanent magnet for a smaller motor size. The number of pole will affect the maximum speed of the rotor. Thus, the objective of this research is to investigate the best winding arrangement for 8 pole of hollow rotor that could produce the highest electromagnetic performance. At starts, four combinations of slot number and coil sizes had been selected. Structural comparison in term of coil vector and winding arrangement is studied. Finite Element Method (FEM) had been used to simulate the parameters such as backemf and torque waveforms. It was convinced that 9 slot 8 pole with 0.6 size of coil produces the best performance. The confirmed model had been fabricated and measured. Both results from FEM and measurement are compared in term of backemf and torque where percentage differences are 7.4 % and 8 %, respectively. As conclusion, this research shows the fundamental of winding arrangement of fractional slot of motor especially 8 pole motor.
Performance of Fractional-Slot Winding PM Machines due to Un-even Coil Turns ...IJPEDS-IAES
PM machines in which slot number and pole number combination differs by
one have to be configured with asymmetric winding pattern in order to
maximize it back-emf performance. However, this asymmetric winding
configuration inherently results an unwanted Unabalanced Magnetic Force
(UMF). Investigations of electromagnetic performance of fractional-slot
asymmetric winding PM machines using 2-D Finite-Element Analysis are
presented. The investigations are mainly driven by the effort of minimizing
the UMF. By employing techniques such as non-uniform number of coil
turns in every tooth and asymmetric design of stator tooth, the UMF are
expected can be minimized. The investigations show that the radial
component of UMF has greater effect than the tangential component on the
UMF itself. In all proposed techniques, a slight reduction of machine torque
performance is inevitable.
In the past, 4S-10P E-Core Hybrid Flux Switching Motor (HFSM) had been studied. However, the motor suffers high cogging torque but it has high performance in terms of high power and high torque at high speed. Therefore, this paper is proposing the cogging torque reduction techniques to minimize the cogging torque. The high cogging torque gave an undesirable effect during low operating speed of the motor. In order to tackle the issue, the cogging torque mechanism in equation is laid out as a form of reference. Then the reduction techniques employed on the designs and analyzed with Finite Element analysis (FEA) in JMAG. The results show the cogging torque of the optimized design is 44.45% of the motor torque. Besides, the techniques employed to identify which techniques gave the most cogging torque reduction and analyzed the geometrical difference using the cogging torque mechanism. Finally, the analysis is discussed based on the modified geometrics.
This paper addresses the irreversible permanent magnet (PM) demagnetization analysis of hybrid excitation flux switching motor (HEFSM) with outer-rotor configuration. PM demagnetization cause the PM strength used in the motor significantly reduces and hence contributes less torque performance. The study is focused on thermal analysis and conducted at various temperature up to as high as 180 degrees Celsius which has a tendency to be demagnetized. Therefore, PM demagnetization is among a critical issue and influences the choice of the applied motor. The analysis is carried out based on finite element method (FEM) and percentage of PM demagnetization is then calculated. Finally, based on simulated and calculated results the final design outer-rotor HEFSM has only 0.85 percent PM demagnetization at very high temperature and obviously the is no PM demagnetization at normal operating conditions.
This paper presents a design and development of 8/6 switched reluctance motor for small electric vehicle using analytical method. The absent of permanent magnet, inherent fault tolerance capabilities, simple and robust construction make this motor become more attractive for small electric vehicle application such as electric scooter and go-kart. The switched reluctance motor is modelled using analytical formula in designing process. Later, the designed model is analyzed using ANSYS RMxprt software. In order to achieve 5kW power rating and to match with the design requirement, the switched reluctance motor model has been analyzed using RMxprt tools for the preliminary parameters design process. This tools is able to predict the output performance of motor in term of speed, flux linkage characteristic, output torque and efficiency.
Permanent magnet flux switching machine (PMFSM) is a joint venture of switch reluctance machine (SRM) and permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). It has become a prominent research topic for various applications because of robust rotor structure, high torque and power densities but few were developed for downhole applications mainly due to harsh environmental conditions. Formerly, most of developed PMFSMs for downhole applications were mainly concentrated on inner-rotor type design, and difficult to find research work on outer-rotor configuration. Therefore, this paper introduces the design and investigation of PMFSM with outer-rotor configuration for downhole application. Primarily, the geometric topology of proposed design is described in detail. Then, the no load and load analysis are implemented in order to investigate the initial performance of the proposed design.
Numerous studies had been made to improve the switched reluctance motor operation depend on the modification of the machine design, proposing the converter designs and/or applying a suitable control method. This paper introduces the field orientation control method for that motor using a simple and very efficient DC-DC converter topology. This control method is presented by two techniques; first technique is the advance of the turn-on switching angle and the other technique is the retard/delay of the turn-off switching angle. Instantaneous and average motor characteristics are obtained using Matlab/Simulink software package. Comparison between the simulation results presented using two converter types. A precise speed and torque control are obtained. The average total torque per current is maximized.
Design, Modeling and Analysis of Linear Switched Reluctance Motor for Ground ...IOSR Journals
The document summarizes the design, modeling, and analysis of a linear switched reluctance motor (LSRM) suitable for ground transit applications. LSRMs can generate linear motion without additional mechanical components, eliminating issues like backlash and elasticity in traditional belt or spindle drives. The paper presents the design and mathematical modeling of an LSRM, including its operating principle, longitudinal and transverse flux path configurations, inductance profile derivation based on machine dimensions, and applications in material handling and transport systems.
Design and Finite element analysis for static and dynamic behaviour of compos...Salim Malik
This document discusses the design and finite element analysis of composite drive shafts. It begins with an introduction to drive shafts, their types, and components like universal joints and constant velocity joints. It then discusses composite materials, their advantages over other materials, and common types. It also covers failure theories like the von-Mises stress theory. The document reviews past literature on composite drive shaft design and analysis. It examines factors of safety and concludes with discussing the objectives of analyzing the static and dynamic behavior of composite drive shafts.
This document analyzes an axial-flux permanent magnet synchronous machine with contra-rotating rotors under unbalanced load conditions using 3D finite element analysis. It discusses how the back electromotive force (EMF) produced by each rotor combines to produce a distorted total back EMF when the rotors are at different angular positions. 3D FEA is used to model the machine and simulate its operation under unbalanced loads to obtain characteristics of the back EMF and torque production. The analysis aims to better understand performance issues like torque ripple and current oscillation that occur under unbalanced loads.
Theory and Analysis of Three Phase Induction Motor using Written Pole TechnologyIOSRJEEE
Three phase induction motors are employed in almost all the industries because of its simple construction and easy operation. Efficiency of the induction motor is affected by its fixed losses and variable losses which mainly depend on the input supply voltage and load current respectively. An attempt is made to minimize the iron losses by using the permanent magnet ferrite. A new Three Phase Induction Motor Using Written Pole Technology is proposed in this paper whose stator consists of two three phase windings accommodated in the same core and rotor is used as squirrel cage rotor with ferrite material on its periphery. Shaft loads are categorized as low, medium and high, Stator coils are energized through a controller based on the load demand. When compared to conventional induction motor, the motor efficiency and power factor are improved. Another approach of this machine is that the ferrite layer on the rotor periphery will reduce the motor losses which results in improving the motor efficiency. In this motor, one windings (main winding) is designed for the 238 volt ac voltage while the second winding (exciter winding) is designed for 8 volt ac voltage. Experimental result ensures the considerable increase in the efficiency and power factor.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document describes a double-rotor switched reluctance machine (DRSRM) that could be used as a hybrid electric vehicle powertrain. A DRSRM contains two rotors and one stator within a single machine housing. The two rotors can be independently operated and controlled, allowing the machine to output power and torque from two independent drive shafts. This integrated design is potentially more compact, lower cost, and enables two mechanical outputs suitable for hybrid electric transmissions. The document outlines the configuration, design, simulation, optimization, and testing of a DRSRM prototype.
IRJET - Performance Comparison of a Small Size Rotor with Self Induced Instab...IRJET Journal
This document presents a performance comparison of stabilizing a small size rotor experiencing self-induced instability using sliding mode control and fractional-order control. It first introduces the challenges of stabilizing small rotors due to their size, then describes a proposed smart structure with embedded sensors, controllers, and piezoelectric actuators. It analyzes the rotor instability, derives equations of motion, and calculates the critical threshold speed. Finally, it proposes using fractional-order PID control and modulating the internal damping parameter to stabilize the rotor, as this approach allows shifting the critical speed beyond the operating speed more practically than alternative control methods.
design and analysis of composite leaf spring for light weight vehicleEr Deepak Sharma
This document presents a study on the design and analysis of a composite leaf spring for a light weight vehicle to reduce weight. A CAD model of the leaf spring and suspension components was created in CATIA V5. The leaf spring was modeled from composite E-glass/epoxy and graphite epoxy materials and a steel spring. The springs were analyzed in ANSYS for deflection and stress. Results showed the graphite epoxy spring had the lowest deflection of 5.12mm and stress of 434.43MPa, making it a better material to reduce weight compared to the steel spring.
Application of CAE Methods to Increase Efficiency in Powertrain DevelopmentSimulationX
The document describes efforts by Jaguar Land Rover, ZF, and ITI GmbH to develop a complete powertrain torsional system model using SimulationX to increase efficiency in powertrain development. A multi-body dynamics model of the engine is coupled to a torque converter damper and 8-speed automatic transmission model. Analysis of the model shows good correlation to test data and allows investigation of noise and vibration issues and optimization of modal placement early in the design process.
Investigation on Chassis Dynamometer with Capability to Test Regenerative Bra...IJPEDS-IAES
An investigation-based approach to a bidirectional power flow method for
testing regenerative braking function on a chassis dynamometer is presented.
The requirements and specifications for capability to test regenerative
braking function of Electric Vehicle (EV) emulated by using a bidirectional
chassis dynamometer are discussed. The dynamometer emulates road load
conditions during testing, and regenerative braking is able to test their
function while the vehicle is in deceleration condition. Performances of
power requirement are illustrated and translated into sequence diagram. It is
shown that the proposed topology is particularly advantageous in generating
and regenerating power for energy consumption. The overview of
conventional chassis dynamometer and the proposed chassis dynamometer is
compared to investigate the parameter in the development of regenerative
braking test.
This document summarizes a study on the finite element analysis and design of experiments of a parabolic leaf spring for a mini loader truck. The leaf spring was modeled in CATIA V5 and analyzed for maximum von Mises stress and displacement. Design of experiments was conducted by varying the camber and eye distance. The results showed that increasing camber decreases displacement while increasing stress, and increasing eye distance increases both displacement and stress. The optimum leaf spring dimensions can be determined from the design of experiments analysis.
Comparative performances analysis of different rotor types for pmsg used in w...Mellah Hacene
PMSG provides a high performance, compact size, light weight, and low noise, without forgetting its simple structure, high thrust, and ease of maintenance, allow replacing steam catapults in the future. Most turbine generators at low wind speed are presented PMSGs, These it has advantages of high efficiency and reliability, since there is no need of external excitation and loss of drivers are removed from the rotor. In this paper, a comparative PMSG performance study's with several rotor topology is presented, each topology rotor has its own permanent magnet structure that is width, thickness and angle. These results are obtained by finite element method (FEM); this approach is a powerful and useful tool to study and design PMSGs, as represented in this paper.
This paper discusses the performance of three and five-phase double stator slotted rotor permanent magnet generator (DSSR-PMG). The objective of this research is to propose five-phase DSSR-PMG structure that could minimize output voltage ripple compared to three phase. In this research Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to simulate the characteristic of the three and five-phase permanent magnet generator at various speeds. The characteristic of back-EMF, flux linkage, cogging torque and flux density for three and five-phase configurations is presented. As a result, five-phase DSSR-PMG shows a lower cogging torque and voltage ripple compared to three-phase. The cogging torque for five-phase is 80% lower than three-phase DSSR-PMG and the ripple voltage (peak to peak) of back-EMF in five-phase is 2.3% compared to the three-phase DSSR-PMG which is 55%.
Switched Reluctance Motors For Electric Vehicle Applications Introduction.pdfsdfghj21
This document provides an introduction to using switched reluctance motors for electric vehicle applications. It discusses the benefits of SRM such as robust structure, high thermal capability, and reliability. However, SRMs also suffer from acoustic noise and torque ripples. The document outlines the objectives of developing mathematical models for SRM control, determining optimal control parameters, evaluating inverter and controller types, and developing a MATLAB/Simulink model for SRM control in electric vehicles.
Electromagnetic Performance due to Tooth-tip DesIJPEDS-IAES
Permanent Magnet (PM) machines are favorable as an alternative to other
machine topologies due to simpler construction and high torque density.
However, it may result hight torque ripple due to an influence of cogging
torque and electronic commutation. In this paper, comparisons of phase
back-emf, static torque and cogging torque due to influence of tooth-tip
asymmetry in 12-slot/10-pole double-layer and 12-slot/10-pole single layer
winding machines are carried out using 2D Finite-Element Analysis. At rated
condition, the stator asymmetry has great influence on the torque
performance as there is significant reduction of torque ripple in 12-slot/10-
pole mahine equipped with single layer winding than one equipped with
double layer winding machine. It si confirmed that an optimum torque
performance is desirable via stator iron modification in PM machines.
This document discusses rotor design considerations for BLDC motors used in electric two-wheeler vehicles. Three rotor designs are analyzed through computational simulation. Design 1 has magnets spaced with an inclined tip structure, Design 2 has magnets spaced such that every three stator slots are covered by one magnet, and Design 3 has an irregular spacing of magnets. Simulation results show that Design 1 has the highest efficiency between 96-80% from 6000-8700 rpm and torque of 86 Nm. Design 2 has similar performance but in a smaller speed range. Design 3 has the lowest performance due to its irregular rotor structure causing aerodynamic instability. Proper rotor design influences the magnetic loading and performance of BLDC motors.
Design and fabrication of rotor lateral shifting in the axial-flux permanent-...IJECEIAES
The development of axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) machines has become a mature technology. The single-stator double-rotor (SSDR) AFPM structure has advantages on the compactness and the low up to medium power applications so the microscale size and low-cost applications are reachable to be designed. The research main objectives are designing and manufacturing the lateral shifting from the north poles of the first rotor face the north poles of the second rotor (NN) to the north poles of the first rotor face the south poles of the second rotor (NS) categories as well as finding the best performance of the proposed method and implementing in a low cost and micro-scale AFPMG. The novel lateral shifting on the one of the rotors shows performance at 19.2 0 has the highest efficiency at 88.39% during lateral shifting from N–N (0 0 ) to N–S (36 0 ) on rotor 2.
ME5507 Electrical Services And Lighting Design.docxstirlingvwriters
The document discusses switched reluctance motors (SRMs) for electric vehicle applications. SRMs have advantages over other motors like permanent magnet motors due to their robust and simple structure, high thermal capability, and low cost. However, they also have issues like acoustic noise and torque ripple that require improved control strategies. The document outlines the operational principles and components of SRMs. It states that SRMs are well-suited for electric vehicles due to their reliability, efficiency over a wide speed range, and high torque-to-weight ratio. However, controlling SRMs is challenging due to their nonlinear magnetic characteristics. The aim of the document is to design an efficient and robust SRM drive for electric vehicles by developing control models and evaluating in
The document presents an electromagnetic and thermal analysis of an internal permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) design. It describes the initial design process including calculating dimensions, winding arrangement, and material selection. Finite element analysis was used to optimize the design by varying parameters like number of turns, magnet size, and flux barrier placement. This improved the torque from 5.25Nm to 12.94Nm. A lumped thermal network model was developed and losses were simulated. Temperature distribution was calculated and found to be within safe limits. Case studies on efficiency and load characteristics validated the machine configuration.
Efficient Cooling Systems for Motor & Motor Controller in Electric Vehicle A ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews efficient cooling systems for motors and motor controllers in electric vehicles. It discusses different types of electric motors used in EVs like DC motors, induction motors, and permanent magnet synchronous motors. It also covers simulation of thermal performance, battery management systems, and concludes that liquid cooling is the most efficient system. Key topics covered include heat dissipation challenges, temperature effects on battery life, and using simulation to evaluate heat sources and optimize cooling design.
This document provides an overview of axial-field electrical machines. It discusses various types of axial-field machines including single stator/rotor designs, central stator designs, and multi-disc designs. It also compares axial-field machines to conventional radial-field machines and summarizes some of their advantages such as higher power-to-weight ratios and ability for internal cooling via the rotating discs. Several specific axial-field machine designs are described in detail such as Faraday disks, printed circuit motors, and Torus machines. A wide range of applications are listed that could benefit from the special features of axial-field machines.
The trend in the motor applications is to reduce weight and volume by increasing the efficiency. Because of the advantage of high efficiency and high density, interest in brushless DC motors and drives is increasing. Unlike DC motors, the brushless DC (BLDC) motors require inverter circuit and position detector. In this paper, we deal with the optimization of the BLDC motor, the inverter, and the position detector. The inverter is optimized to be mounted on the BLDC motor. This paper deals primarily with the design and implementation aspects of the BLDC motor and the integrated drive circuit. Experimental results for the prototype of the BLDC motor with integrated dirve circuit in the laboratory are presented to validate the feasibility.
This document presents a study on reducing cogging torque and flux per pole in a brushless DC motor by adapting U-clamped magnetic poles. Finite element analysis is used to calculate cogging torque and flux per pole for different magnetic pole shapes, including conventional, iso-diametric, semi-circled, and proposed U-clamped shapes. Results show the U-clamped poles greatly reduce cogging torque compared to other designs by reducing certain Fourier coefficients related to cogging torque. Flux per pole is also reduced slightly by decreasing the rate of change of flux density, thereby further reducing cogging torque. Various slot numbers are analyzed, demonstrating the effectiveness of U-clamped poles for an 8-pole motor with
Application and Performance of Switched Reluctance motor and Induction Motor ...IRJET Journal
This document compares the performance of four electric motors - induction motor, switched reluctance motor, axial flux permanent magnet brushless DC motor, and radial flux permanent magnet brushless DC motor - for use in a variable speed washing machine application. It derives the torque equations for each motor type and compares their torque per unit volume. The switched reluctance motor is found to have better performance and efficiency compared to the commonly used single phase induction motor for domestic applications. The document also discusses the advantages, disadvantages and applications of switched reluctance motors.
SIMULINK Based Model for Determination of Different Design Parameters of a Th...IOSR Journals
1) A SIMULINK model is presented to determine the design parameters of a 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor through computer simulation. The model calculates dimensions such as stator and rotor diameters, core lengths, slot sizes, conductor areas, and other parameters based on input specifications.
2) The document outlines the SIMULINK models used to calculate key motor components like the main frame, stator, conductor size, slots, core, air gap, rotor, end rings, and performance parameters. Test inputs are provided and the model outputs various motor dimensions that meet the specified ratings and design constraints.
3) The simulation results match expected values and indicate the motor slip will be around 5.8%, which is
IRJET- Design, Modeling and Simulation of Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchro...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the design, modeling, and simulation of an axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine for electric vehicles. It begins with an introduction discussing how electrification of vehicles can help reduce pollution from emissions. It then provides an overview of axial flux machines and different topologies. The document focuses on modeling a TORUS-NS (torus non-slotted) type axial flux permanent magnet machine using 2D finite element analysis in Maxwell software. It provides the machine specifications and dimensions used in the simulation. The results obtained from the finite element analysis are then illustrated and discussed.
This document discusses radial and axial flux permanent magnet machines. It describes how permanent magnets replaced electromagnets in synchronous machines, eliminating slip rings and brush assemblies. This contributed to the development of PMBLDC and PM synchronous machines. It categorizes PM machines as radial flux, axial flux, or transversal flux depending on the direction of flux through the air gap. Axial flux machines have magnetic force along the shaft plane, similar to disc brakes, while radial flux is perpendicular to the shaft. Various rotor and stator configurations are discussed for both radial and axial flux machines.
Compound Chain Drive Transmission System for Automotive VehiclesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on designing a compound chain drive transmission system for an all-terrain vehicle. The system uses a compound arrangement of sprockets and chains to achieve a higher overall gear ratio of 4.57 within the space constraints. Finite element analysis was conducted on the aluminum alloy compound hubs to validate stresses remained below yield levels under maximum torque loads. The compound drive design improved the vehicle's torque, speed, and efficiency while meeting the objectives of reduced weight and safer design.
Electromagnetic Design of a 7kW Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for a Two-...IRJET Journal
This document presents the electromagnetic design of a 7kW permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) for a two-wheeled electric vehicle. It begins by discussing different motor types used in electric vehicles and their performance characteristics, concluding that PMSMs are well-suited for traction applications. The motor specifications and design approach are then outlined. Primary dimensions such as stator diameter and air gap length are calculated. A 12-slot, 8-pole interior PMSM topology is selected. Winding selection and slot dimensions are determined based on current, power, and other factors. Finally, the magnetic circuit design is discussed, including calculation of air gap shear stress and electrical/thermal loadability. The proposed motor design is optimized
There are abundant of wave energy converter technologies available to convert wave energy into useable energy. However, most of them are huge and suitable for large application. Thus, this paper aimed to propose portable pico generator designs for small scale application. Investigation on the performance of designs with varying halbach magnet shapes was mainly focused and discussed. Two designs of different magnet shape i.e. triangular and trapezoid were proposed. Open-circuit simulation and optimization results were obtained using Finite Element Method. From the results, it was found out that Trapezoid Magnet Design produced better performance and lower material cost compared to another proposed design, Triangular Magnet as well as conventional Rectangular Magnet shape.
1) The document discusses the electromagnetic field analysis of different rotor slot configurations in a single-phase capacitor-run induction motor using a composite rotor conductor made of aluminum and copper sub-conductors.
2) Four models are simulated using the Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) software: a base model and three models with different rotor slot geometries.
3) The simulation results show that Model III has the most sinusoidal flux distribution and the highest efficiency of 83.75%, indicating it is the optimal design configuration among those analyzed.
Similar to Improved magnetic behavior of hemicycle PM motor via stator modification (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
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essential to achieve an optimum performance. In this case, double-sided of Radial Flux Permanet magnet
Motor (RFPM) is preferable where the motors are configured with dual-rotor and single-stator or dual-stator
and single-rotor individually. For dual rotor topology, two sets of permanent magnets were mounted on
different surfaces, at the outer stator and inner stator surfaces respectively. This configuration resulted lower
usage of copper winding leading to a relative high of motor’s efficiency and its torque density as compared to
the conventional design [12, 13]. Yet, more complex structure, bulk size and unwanted high torque ripple
were unavoidable [14].
While dual stator design is configured with single constant magnetic rotor and two stator (DSPM-
SR) design, outer and inner stator structure. The coils are typically wound around the stator teeth which
deliberately results two sets of independent torque leading to a relative high of motor’s torque density and
flux linkages that were about doubly than the conventional design geometry [15, 16]. The investigation is
then extended with design variations of slotted stator such as Double Stator Arc Permanent Magnet (DSPM-
AP), Double Stator Double Pole (DSPM-DP), Double Stator with Interior Magnet (DSPM-IP), Double Stator
with Cup Rotor (DSPM-CR) and DSPM-SR for optimum torque performance i.e. constant torque density and
desirable efficiency [17]. Again, parasitic effects like high cogging torque and high torque ripple together
with manufacturing constraints like complex in fabrication leading to high cost were not avoidable. Instead of
cogging torque elimination, the PM motor topologies as in Figure 2 are radial flux oriented. It should be
noted that the magnets are still can be magnetized in radial or parallel direction. For the same stator
configuration as shown in Figure 3 [18], its rotor magnets can be surface mounted or buried (interior
mounted). Although the Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) motor is superior than the Surface Mounted
Permanent Magnet (SPM) motor due to Lq and Ld characteristic for flux-weakening control, the SPM motor
is still a competitive candidate to replace the IPM motor because of less complexity in fabrication process.
Figure 1. An overview of PM motor topologies
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Figure 2. Radial flux orientation PM motors [11], (a) slotted (single-sided), (b) slotless (single-sided),
(c) double rotor, (d) double stator
Permanent Magnet motor
Radial Flux orientation
Single-sided Double-sided
Axial Flux orientation
Single-sided Double-sided
Slotted Slotless
Dual rotor Dual stator
Slotted Slotless
Interior stator Interior rotor
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3325
(a) (b)
Figure 3. Type of permanent magnet rotor topologies [18], (a) surface mounted, (b) interior mounted
Instead of conventional slotted radial flux SPM motor designs, the axial flux oriented motors which
geometry is a pancake looked alike is an alternative. For axial flux designs with slotted stator, the motors are
advantageous in term of shorter stack length, achieveable high torque density and high efficiency as
compared to the slotted, radial flux configuration [19-22]. In addition, these motor topologies offer better
ventilation and heat removal [23].Similar to conventional flux topologies, AFPM motors also can be
constructed in single sided or double sided, and with or without slots. For slotted axial flux configuration,
the single-sided structure results simple geometry and cheaper but potentially having poor performance i.e.
low torque density, low efficiency, high cogging torque and unbalanced magnetic force as compared to
the other axial flux topologies [24]. While for non-slotted type, high power-to-weight ratio, low inductance
leakages, minimum cogging torque and low vibration are possibly achieved [25].
Better torque performance can be achieved by having dual-sided configuration such as one-stator
two-rotor (TORUS) and two-stator-one-rotor (AFIR) designs. In many cases, these topologies result
high-torque density, balanced magnetic force and high power density instead of single-sided type. In [26],
the comparison of TORUS and AFIR motor with slotted and non-slotted configurations were investigated.
The slotted TORUS design resulted high torque density with a relative small electrical loading. While
the AFIR motors, a relative low current density for a similar amount of electrical loading is obtained.
For non-slotted configuration, both designs would have minimum cogging torque and low torque ripple than
slotted type [27]. However, complex design, severe torque pulsation and low torque density in various
on-load situations were inherited compared to the conventional motors design [25].
(a) (b) (c)
(d)
Figure 4. Axial flux orientation PM motors [24], (a) Single-sided, (b) Interior stator (double-sided),
(c) Interior rotor (double-sided), d) Slotless vs slotted
Rotor
PM
Rotor
PM
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In this article, further investigation on the developed prototype in [28, 29] equipped with
asymmetric stator design is carried out to ensure significant reduction of overall motor weight is successfully
achieved while maintaining desired torque performance. As the initial approach was taken by by removing
partial stator magnetic iron path which inherently results a hemicycle stator equipped with a set of an
asymmetric disposition of phase coils, a little modification at both ends of the hemicycle stator is introduced.
The investigation is carried out using 2D-Finite Element Analysis in which non-linear saturation condition is
included.
2. ANALYSIS OF HEMICYCLE STATOR DESIGN
A PM motor in which design is configured with a hemicycle stator is basically derived from a slot
number/pole number combination of Ns =2p±2 [29]. The configuration results a symmetric disposition of
coils for each phase and proved by the balanced winding mmf vectors among phases. Thus, by removing
partial stator magnetic iron path, a balanced set of the mmf vectors is still visible. However, this situation will
not be occurred for PM motors in which Ns =2p±1. Table 1 tabulates parametric specifications over slight
change on geometry of hemicycle stator. The motors are designed to run at a rated speed of 100 rpm while
the excitation current depends on the back-emf profiles i.e. 10A for conventional topology while 3A for
hemicycle stator topology. Silicon steel and Neodynium Iron Boron (NdFeB) are the soft and hard magnetic
materials used for modeling and analysis. Table 2 compares a few possible combinations of PM motors that
can be converted into hemicycle motor configuration. It is shown that the winding factors between the two
design topologies are remain unchanged. It should be noted that the removal of partial stator iron magnetic
paths in the early stage resulted poor motor performance.
Table 1. Parametric specification over various stator design
Parameter Specifications
Model configuration Design 1 Design 1 (optimized) Design 2 Design 3
Outer stator radius (mm) 60
Inner stator radius (mm) 36
Split ratio 0.6
Tooth body width (mm) 13.1 11.1 11.1 11.1
Coil turns per phase 104 136 104 136
Arc length (mm) 188.52 188.52 188.52 ~204.23
Length covered between
arc ends (mm)
0 0 5mm inward 5mm outward
Stator back iron depth (mm) 6.7
Slot depth (mm) 13
Stack length (mm) 20
Magnet thickness (mm) 5
Airgap thickness (mm) 1
Slot opening (mm) 1.1
Tooth tip height (mm) 3.3
Operating mode DC
Table 2. Potential slot numbers for hemicycle configuration when 2p =10
Pole number (2p) Conventional Hemicycle
Slot number Winding factor Slot number Winding factor
10
6 0.50 3 0.5
9 0.94 - -
12 0.96 6 0.96
15 0.86 - -
18 0.74 9 0.74
From the previuos investigation [29], an optimum width of stator teeth and suitable number of coil
turns per phase with respect to the slot area played important roles in enuring optimum electromagnetic
performance. In this stage, further investigation is carried out by introducing additional modification on
the magnetic iron path at both ends of stator arc; i) introducing additional stator tooth of 5mm thick, which
space taken over the area of both end slots (Design 2), ii) introducing extended arc length of 5mm length
(~204.23 mm in total instead of 188.52) beyond the 180° angle of hemicycle shape (Design 3). Figure 5
5. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Improved magnetic behavior of hemicycle PM motor via stator modification (Kwang T. C.)
3327
visualizes these modifications. The main idea to impose this additional magnetic iron path is to ensure all
magnetic fluxes dvelope a closed loop circuit along the satator and rotor which in principle can exhibit
optimum motor performance via acceptable back-emf and torque waveforms.
For Design 2, the additional stator tooth within 180○
arc may limit the slot area and number of coil
turns which inherently affect desired electric loading, While, Design 3 may exhibit suitable magnetic flux
distribution and better output performance for a similar number of coil turns. Figure 6 compares the winding
arrangements implemented between the conventional dan hemicycle design topologies. For extended works,
the Design 3 becomes a main subject as the influence of modification on both stator arc ends is investigated.
(a) (b) (c)
Figure 5. Geometry layouts, (a) Design 1 (180°, arc length 188.52 mm), (b) Design 2 (180°, arc length
188.52mm ), (c) Design 3 (˃ 180○
, arc length ~204.23mm )
(a) (b)
Figure 6. Winding layouts, (a) conventional (12-slot), (b) Design 1, 2 and 3 (6-slot)
2.1. Weight of proposed PM motor design
The weight of standard motor design is formulated as follows:
ssas
siso
s LA
dd
W
44
22
(1)
cstatbwcc NNLSrW 2
2
(2)
mpa
mimop
m NL
ddP
W
442
22
(3)
where Ws, Wc, Wm are the weight of stator, copper winding and permanent magnet respectively. While dso, dsi,
As , La , rc , Stbw , Nt , Ns , Np , Pp , dmo , dmi , are the outer stator diameter, inner stator diameter, slot area, axial
length, radius of copper coil, tooth body width, number of turns of copper coil, slot number, pole number,
pole-pitch, outer rotor magnet, and inner rotor magnet respectively. For the mass densities, pss , pc , pm are
the mass density of silicon steel [7600 kg/m3
], mass density of copper [8960 kg/ m3
] and mass density of
NdFeB permanent magnet [7400 kg/ m3
] respectively. For the hemicycle motor, the weight of stator body,
copper winding and permanent magnet are mathematically derived as follows:
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ssas
siso
sh LA
dd
W
44360
180
22
(4)
cstatbwchc NNLSrW 2
2
(5)
mpa
mimop
mh NL
ddP
W
442
22
(6)
where Wsh, Wch, Wmh are the total weight of stator, copper windings and permanent magnets
respectively.Finally, the formulated weights are summed up as:
mcsT WWWW (7)
Table 3 compares the individual weight fractions of each motor design involved. The fractions of
these weights are stator body, copper winding and permanent magnet. It is shown that theoretically
the weights of standard motor design and all hemicycle designs are 1.368 kg and 0.68kg respectively, and
results 44% reduction significantly.
Table 3. Breakdown Weight in propose motors design
Materials Standard motor Design 1 Design 2 Design 3
Stator body (kg) 1.032 0.518 0.519 0.556
Copper windings (kg) 0.256 0.098 0.098 0.128
Permanent magnets (kg) 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08
Total weight (kg) 1.368 0.696 0.697 0.764
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
3.1. Modification on hemicycle stator ends
Figure 7 compares the flux-lines of all designs at no-load condition. It can be seen that the fluxes in
Design 2 and 3 are highly concentrated than in the Design 1. In other way, the little modification at both ends
of the hemicycle stator results new route for the fluxes to complete as closed magnetic circuit. This
phenomenon would help the motors to have better electromagnetic characteristics such as flux-linkages and
back-emfs.
The back-emf’s characteristics of all designs are compared in Figures 8(a)-(b). Obviously,
the Design 1 has shown a 33% increament of back-emf from 3V to 4V together with enlargement shape
which later becomes Design 3. However, no significant change of phase back-emf exists in Design 2 as
the slot area adjacent to the 5mm inward tooth is squeezed leading to a highly potential of quick saturation
condition. The harmonics contents in each back-emf can be compared in Figure 8(b). The rise of higher
multiple order harmonic (3rd
, 5th
, 7th
,etc.) indicates dented peaks in all back-emfs. Interestingly in
Figure 8(c), the flux-linkages in all design are relatively sinusoidal which opposes their respective
back-emf’s shapes. The peak flux-linkage in Design 1 is 0.06 Wb and rose up to 33% in Design 3.
While Design 2 results no significant change of flux linkage due to smaller slot area and less number of
copper turns.
Figure 9 compares the static torque in all designs. Again, the Design 3 results better torque
performance in term of torque average torque and torque ripple. The torque average increases around 23%,
from 4.8 Nm in Design 1 to 5.9 Nm and the torque ripple reduces significantly around 50%. Meanwhile,
severe torque performance exists in Design 2 where its respective torque average and torque ripple contras to
the one obtained by Design 3. It should be noted that the torque is calculated in static condition in which
six-step commutation for 1 electrical cycle is implemented as theorectically applied in convetional PM
motors. It also should be taken into consideration that an intelligent switching scheme must be carefully
designed to encounter the unconventional torque waveform.
In term of cogging torque, the Design 1 and its optimized model (Design 1 optimized) result
maximum peak of 0.96 Nm as shown in Figure 10. However, the peak reduces when Design 2 and Design 3
are introduced where their individual percentage of reductions are 9.4% and 34% respectively. An obvious
finding is obtained in Design 3 where there are reductions of maximum peak in alternate cycles as well as an
increase in cogging cycles. This phenomenon exists due to due to the additional 5mm thick tooth body at
both ends of hemicycle stator in which high magnetic permeance is achieved.
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(a) (b) (c)
Figure 7. Flux contours at no-load condition, (a) Design 1, (b) Design 2, (c) Design 3
(a) (b)
(c)
Figure 8. Back-emfs and flux-linkages; a) Phase back-emfs, b) harmonics in phase back-emfs, c) flux linkage
Figure 9. Static electromagnetic torque
Figure 10. Cogging torque
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3.2. Influence of tooth thickness at both ends of hemicycle stator
From the preceding section, the Design 3 is the best model for the hemicycle stator design.
The question arises after the whole discussion is on the selection of 5mm thickness which results in extended
stator arc length of ~204.23 mm instead of 188.52 mm. In this section, a detailed analysis of the influence of
additional tooth with 5mm thickness on both stator ends is broken down to its effect on phase back-emf,
flux-linkage, static torque and cogging torque respectively. Figure 11(a) compares the phase back-emf over
specific ranges of end tooth thickness. There is a slight increase of peak back-emf when 4 mm is included,
and the waveform remains unchanged when the thickness is varied up to 6 mm. A similar trend is duplicated
by the flux-linkages as shown in Figure 11(b). In term of static torque as shown in Figure 11(c), the torque
average and torque ripple in all designs over specific tooth thicknes are relatively constant. However, 5 mm
thicknes would be a good choice as it compromises between achieveable torque average and a slight lower
torque ripple. In term of cogging torque as shown in Figure 11(d), thicker tooth results smaller cogging
torque and introduce higher cogging cycles. This would be good for torque production as it lessen
the parasitic effect on the torque ripple and vibration as well. All information related to the above analysis is
tabulated in Table 4.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Figure 11. Electromagnetic performance over variation additional stator tooth, (a) Phase back-emf,
(b) Flux-linkage, (c) Static torque (d) Cogging torque
Table 4. Overall electromagnetic characteristic in the proposed motor design
Design /
Modification
Configuration Peak
back-emf (V)
Flux-linkage
(Wb)
Torque
Average (Nm)
Torque
ripple (%)
Cogging
torque (Nm)
1 Hemicycle Design 1 3.0 0.06 4.8 60.0 0.96
stator design Design 1
(optimized)
3.9 0.08 5.7 55.6 0.96
Design 2 3.0 0.06 3.9 99.8 0.87
Design 3 4.0 0.09 5.9 30.0 0.63
2 Additional 0 3.9 0.08 5.7 55.6 0.96
stator tooth
in Design 3
4
4.0 0.09 5.8 32.8 0.84
(mm) 5 4.0 0.09 5.9 30.0 0.63
6 4.0 0.09 5.8 34.6 0.44
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Improved magnetic behavior of hemicycle PM motor via stator modification (Kwang T. C.)
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4. CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that a PM motor equipped with a hemicycle stator theoretically can operate as
a regular conventional PM motor. Its main advantage is the reduction of total weight reduction as derived
analytically. The analytical model used to represent the overall weight of hemicycle motor is then compared
and verified with with a conventional PM motor design. It is also found that a little modification on magnetic
iron path on both ends of hemicycle stator results an optimum performance of hemicyle PM motor. It is
believed that the optimum performance is obtained when the magnetic permeance in a closed magnetic
circuit is improved.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for providing
the research fund of UTeM Zamalah Scheme.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Tan Cheng Kwang was born in Kelantan, Malaysia in 1994 and received the B. Eng degree in
Electrical from Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Malaysia (UTeM), Melaka, Malayisa in
2018. He is currently pursuing his Master of Science at Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka,
Malaysia.
Mohd Luqman Mohd Jamil received B.Eng. degree from the Universiti Teknologi MARA,
Shah Alam, Malaysia, in 2000, M.Sc. degree from Univeristy of Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K., in
2003, and Ph.D. degree from The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, U.K.,
in 2011, all in electrical engineering. He is currently an academician in Faculty of Electrical
Engineering, University Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia. He is also an active
researcher in Power Electronics and Drives Research Group (PEDG) that established under the
same faculty. His research interests include the design, control and analysis of permanent-
magnet machines.
Auzani Jidin received his B. Eng, M. Eng. And Ph.D, in Power Electronics and Drives from
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor, Malaysia in 2002, 2004 and 2011 respectively.
He is an academician in Department of Power Electronics and Drives, Faculty of Electrical
Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Malaysia. His research interest includes
the field of power electronics, motor drives systems, field programble gate arrays and digital
signal processing applications.