The document discusses reducing interference in cellular networks through the use of code-division duplexing (CDD). CDD uses code-division multiple access (CDMA) with a set of "smart codes" and time-division duplexing (TDD). This allows it to eliminate all types of interference. A trial of a CDD system in Shanghai was successful in transmitting voice and video with minimal interference. CDD provides benefits like simpler design, lower costs, and is well-suited to an all-IP wireless network. It could change cellular networks from being interference-limited to noise-limited.
Medium Access Control :-
1.Distributed Operation
2.Synchronization
3.Hidden Terminals
4.Exposed terminals
5.Throughput
6.Access delay
7.Fairness
8.Real-time Traffic support
9.Resource reservation
10.Ability to measure resource availability
11.Capability for power control
Adaptive rate control
Use of directional antennas
Medium Access Control :-
1.Distributed Operation
2.Synchronization
3.Hidden Terminals
4.Exposed terminals
5.Throughput
6.Access delay
7.Fairness
8.Real-time Traffic support
9.Resource reservation
10.Ability to measure resource availability
11.Capability for power control
Adaptive rate control
Use of directional antennas
CR : smart radio that has the ability to sense the external environment, learn from the history and make intelligent decisions to adjust its transmission parameters according
to the current state of the environment.
CR : smart radio that has the ability to sense the external environment, learn from the history and make intelligent decisions to adjust its transmission parameters according
to the current state of the environment.
Application of Zigbee in Smart Home with Dynamic Routing AlgorithmNooria Sukmaningtyas
In order to avoid damaging the walls and bore a hole through the walls, also to save the cost of
rewiring, low voltage power line can be used to implement the smart home. However, several difficult
problem must be solved at the same time , the most important are finding a technology method to
suppress the noise interference and resist the weaker signal. The smart home system is introduced in the
paper. During the design of Smart Home System adopting power line signal carrier, a dynamic routine
algorithm based on the idea of Genetic Algorithm is proposed to cope with the time-varying and random
feature of power line channel. Thus the system can find the transmission path in real time and dispatch the
signal carrier to transmit among the nodes. With this algorithm, the communication between a certain
group-controller and its terminal nodes or between the main-controller and the group-controllers is realized
successfully. In the proposed algorithm all nodes but the controller adopt same driver, therefore the plug
and play is realized for all nodes.
Coverage of WCDMA Network Using Different Modulation Techniques with Soft and...ijcnac
The wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) based 3G cellular mobile
wireless networks are expected to provide a diverse range of multimedia services to
mobile users with guaranteed quality of service (QoS). To serve diverse quality of service
requirements of these networks it necessitates new radio resource management strategies
for effective utilization of network resources with coding schemes. In this paper coverage
area for voice traffic and with different modulation techniques, coding schemes and
decision decoder are discussed. These discussions are to improve the coverage area in
the mobile communication system. This paper is mainly focuses on coverage area of
WCDMA system using link budget calculation with different modulation, coding schemes
and decision decoder. Simulation results demonstrate coverage extension for voice
service with different modulation,coding scheme, soft and hard decision decoder using
appropriate Bit error rate (BER) to maintain QoS of the voice.
Conférence débat du 10 juin 2015, organisée par le groupe Réseaux et Services de Telecom ParisTech Amumni "Quels réseaux pour l'Internet des Objets ?"
présentation de Christophe Fourtet (Sigfox)
LoRa application for detecting the harmful gasesPARNIKA GUPTA
Pick any technological problem statement, The Problem statement must solve using the technology the Internet of Things, Design the Solution for the problem and explain here the Protocols, Circuit Diagram and Algorithm for the same.
Ans.
• Technological problem statement:
Detection of harmful gases in air with cheap long range feasible solution and efficient controlling measures
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
#LibreOffice is a #free and powerful #officesuite, and a successor to #OpenOffice.org (commonly known as #OpenOffice).
Its clean interface and feature-rich tools help you unleash your #creativity and enhance your #productivity. #LibreOffice includes several applications that make it the most versatile #Free and #OpenSource office suite on the market: #Writer (#wordprocessing), Calc (#spreadsheets), Impress (presentations), #Draw (vector graphics and #flowcharts), Base (#databases), and #Math (#formula editing).
#LibreOffice is #community-driven and #developed #software, and is a project of the #nonprofit #organization, The #Document #Foundation. #LibreOffice is free and #opensource software, originally based on #OpenOffice.org (commonly known as OpenOffice), and is the most actively developed OpenOffice.org successor project.
#LibreOffice is developed by users who, just like you, believe in the principles of #FreeSoftware and in sharing their work with the world in non-restrictive ways.
This office suite can easily replace costly paid option available. If you need a good office suite which is easily and freely available you can for sure give a try and.
It has following features/components for making your work easy and cost free and vendor independent:
Writer – word processor
Calc – spreadsheet
Impress – presentations
Draw – diagrams
Base – database
Math – formula editor
Charts
Better #collaboration
#Sharingdocuments and edits with other users have been enhanced and well tracked, to make modifications more clear.
Work faster in Calc
Working with #Spreadsheet has the new #Bash-like autocompletion feature helps you to input data in a snap.
#Barcodes and borders
We can now insert #barcodes into your #documents with just a few clicks
For Full information about the release you can visit if your are interested.
https://wiki.documentfoundation.org/ReleaseNotes/7.3
If you need any help you can reach out here
https://twitter.com/libreoffice
https://blog.documentfoundation.org/
https://www.facebook.com/libreoffice.org
https://twitter.com/AskLibreOffice
What Next :
#LibreOffice 7.4 – is next major release in August, you can try installing and test it and help the developers to find if any bug or issue or need any improvement.
Let's install and explore.
We will now install it in #Ubuntu and explore this a bit
#SystemArchitecture Series: #Kerberos Architecture Component and communication flow #architecture
#Kerberos is a ticketing-based #authentication #system, based on the use of #symmetric keys. #Kerberos uses tickets to provide #authentication to resources instead of #passwords. This eliminates the threat of #password stealing via #networksniffing. One of the biggest benefits of #Kerberos is its ability to provide single sign-on (#SSO). Once you log into your #Kerberos environment, you will be automatically logged into other applications in the environment.
To help provide a secure environment, #Kerberos makes use of Mutual #Authentication. In Mutual #Authentication, both the #server and the #client must be authenticated. The client knows that the server can be trusted, and the server knows that the client can be trusted. This #authentication helps prevent man-in-the-middle attacks and #spoofing. #Kerberos is also time sensitive. The tickets in a #Kerberosenvironment must be renewed periodically or they will expire.
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
2. 2
INTRODUCTION
Reducing interference in a cellular
system is the most effective
approach to increasing radio capacity
and transmission data rate in the
wireless environment.
Therefore, reducing interference is a
difficult and important challenge in
wireless communications.
3. 3
Mobile radio networks are operated with finite,
limited resources (the spectrum of frequencies
available) and these resources have to be used
effectively to ensure that all users receive
service, that is quality of service is maintained.
To utilize spectrum efficiently, two
transmission techniques need to be
considered:
a multiple access scheme
a duplexing system
4. 4
The industry has already established the best multiple access
scheme, code-division multiple access (CDMA), for 3G systems.
5. 5
DUPLEXING SYSTEM
A duplex communication system is
a system composed of two connected
parties or devices which can
communicate with one another in
both directions
Currently there exist only two duplexing
technologies in wireless communications,
Frequency division duplexing(FDD)
Time division duplexing (TDD).
6. 6
FDD
FDD has been the primary technology
used in the first three generations of
mobile wireless because of its ability to
isolate interference
Uses different frequencies to handle
incoming and outgoing signals.
Using an FDD system can eliminate
interference among the base stations of
adjacent cells to the base station of the
home cell.
8. 8
But…
Two types of interference remain in
FDD:
adjacent base-to-home mobile
interference
and adjacent mobile-to-home base
interference.
9. 9
TDD
TDD is seemingly a more spectral
efficient technology but has found
limited use because of interference
and coverage problems.
Using a TDD system causes four
kinds of interference:
11. 11
Adjacent base-to-home mobile
Adjacent mobile-to-home base
Adjacent base-to-home base
Adjacent mobile-to-home mobile
So it can only be used for small confined
area systems
12. 12
CDD
Code-division duplexing (CDD) is an
innovative solution that can eliminate
all kinds of interference.
CDMA is the best multiple access
scheme when compared to all others
for combating interference.
A set of smart codes can make a high-
capacity CDMA system very effective
without adding other technologies.
The smart code plus TDD is called CDD.
14. 14
SMART CODES
The Large Area Synchronous (LAS)
Codes are a set of smart codes that
can reduce interference very
effectively.
The effectiveness of smart codes
applied to TDD makes it the right
choice in cellular systems.
The application of LAS Codes in a
TDD system (called TD-LAS system)
creates a CDD system.
15. 15
cont…
The CDMA system based on this is known
as the LAS-CDMA.
LAS-CDMA is a new coding technology
that will increase the capacity and spectral
efficiency of mobile networks.
The advanced technology uses a set of
smart codes to restrict interference, a
property that adversely affects the
efficiency of CDMA networks.
16. 16
Cont..
The code used in today’s CDMA scheme
is the Walsh code, which is not too
smart.
Walsh codes have the orthogonality
property among codes while the time
shift T= 0 (i.e., no time shift t )
However, in the mobile radio
environment the signal arrival can have
a long time shift.
The property of Walsh codes cannot
properly be applied to this environment
17. 17
Cont…
Now there is a set of smart codes
that have orthogonality among the
codes for time shift T≠0.
The codes arrive at the terminals at
different time shifts; because of the
orthogonal nature, all undesired
codes are blocked.
Thus, smart codes are the proper
codes to handle this situation.
19. 19
The properties of smart codes have to
meet the following requirements:
Auto-correlation
Rxx(T )= 0 for T =0
=d for T!=0,within window T0
Cross-correlation
Rxy (T) = d for all T, within window
T0,Where T0 is a correlation window,
d can be zero or low correlation
value.
20. 20
Outside the correlation window is
beyond the time delay spread range
of the received signal.
Although the correlation value
outside the range is high, there is no
impact on our desired signal
22. 22
Assume that eight smart codes are
transmitted
They arrive at the receiver of Code C1 at
different times due to the multipaths
caused by different reflectors.
Because of the cross-correlation property,
the desired code to be received is C1
However, many C1 codes can be received
due to the effects of the multipaths.
This does not occur though; due to the
auto-correlation property, only Code C1 at
time t1 is received
23. 23
We do not need the strength of more
than one path signal to be added for
increasing carrier-to-interference
ratio (C/I) since we are only
receiving carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N),
not C/I.
The rest of the signals from different
paths do not cause any interference,
and there is no need to use any
means to collect them for the
purpose of reducing interference
24. 24
USING SMART CODE SEQUENCES TO
REDUCE INTERFERENCE
Smart code sequences have two
properties:
Auto-correlation equals zero, which
causes no multipath interference.
Cross-correlation equals zero, which
causes no multi-user interference
Smart code sequences will effectively
work in TDD scenarios and become a
CDD system
26. 26
Adv: of smart codes
The two different smart codes can isolate
interference at the same frequency and in
the same time frame.
The capabilities of smart codes eliminate
the known near-far effect in mobile
communication systems.
The inherent properties of smart codes
eliminate the need for the following
technologies: take receiver, power control,
joint detection etc..
27. 27
Adv: of using CDD
Any single (unpaired) spectrum band with
a bandwidth equal to 1.6 MHz can be used
for the CDD application.
The system is simple.
The handset is also simple.
Since no duplexer is needed, the handset
cost can be lower and the size of the
handset smaller.
Power consumption is lower due to only
one single spectrum band being operable.
28. 28
CDD is like TDD, the ideal system for
asymmetrical traffic.
CDD has the highest spectrum
efficiency and can be used in the new
third-generation (3G) systems.
The CDD system changes the
environment from an interference-
limited one to a noise-limited one
30. 30
In other TDD systems the codes are
not smart, so the receiver not only
receives its desired code, but also
receives interference (I) from other
cells.
Sometimes, the interference is so
high it can mask the desired signal.
In the LAS CDD system, because of
the smart codes, the receiver only
receives the desired code, no
interference.
31. 31
THE TRIAL OF THE CDD SYSTEM
A working trial of the CDD system has
been in Shanghai, China, since the
beginning of September 2001.
Voice and video was transmitted at
384 kb/s through a 1.6 MHz unpaired
band while the mobile was traveling at
speeds in excess of 30 mph.
The trial successfully proved the
technology and concept of a CDD system
32. 32
A WIRELESS IP NETWORK SOLUTION
A CDD system is ideal for Internet
communications, which makes a total
wireless IP network solution highly
desirable.
On December 15, 1999, four companies —
Vodafone Airtouch, Cisco Systems,
Hyundai, and Telos Technology— made a
demo for a switch less IP core network in
Reno, Nevada [6].
The iBTS connects to the IP core network,
as shown in Fig.
34. 34
The function of the switch is broken down
into two:
mobility management and call
processing.
The handoff function is carried by the
selective distribution unit (SDU).
The separated functions are placed on the
gateways to the core network.
The demo of carrying voice over IP from
mobile to mobile and mobile to landline
was successful.
The CDD system’s future IP core network
will follow this approach.
The cost will be lower, and add-on
features can be very flexible and easy.
35. 35
CDD TECHNOLOGY IS A
NEW MILESTONE
The LAS smart codes are the next breakthrough
technology.
Applying LAS technology to a TDD system
becomes a CDD system.
The benefit of using a TDD system for
communications is that the sending and receiving
are alternating in time at a single frequency.
Without the sending and receiving occurring at
the same time we can use the same smart code
for both sending and receiving;
thus, LAS + TDD = CDD.
CDD is no more like TDD and is a better system
for cellular.
36. 36
REDUCE INTERFERENCE-LIMITED
ENVIRONMENT
TO NOISE-LIMITED ENVIRONMENT
Before 1989, cellular systems were using multiple
cells with multiple frequencies assigned in each
cell.
These systems generate an interference-
limited environment.
After 1989, multiple cells used the same
frequency. Although the capacity increased using
CDMA, the system is still in an interference-
limited environment.
After 2000, the CDD system is developed.
This system changes the environment from an
interference- limited one to a noise-limited one.
37. 37
CONCLUSION
We are convinced that CDMA is the best
multiple access scheme when compared to
all others for combating interference.
However, the codes in CDMA can be more
than one type of code.
A set of smart codes can make a high-
capacity CDMA system very effective
without adding other technologies.
38. 38
The smart code plus TDD is called CDD,
which is a new 3G technology.
A CDD system is simpler in design and
lower cost.
CDD is an ideal system for a total IP
network solution: new 3G technology + IP
core network.
Hopefully, a CDD system will be the
system of choice for future 3G networks.