91942079 directory-of-trees-around-dept-of-environmental-studies-uo k

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(Trees only)

Introduction:
The vegetation around Institute of Environmental Studies includes numerous shrubs trees and
herbs, however the following directory include only trees. It is possible for some types of plants
to grow into both trees and shrubs, depending on the number of stems that are allowed to grow
and the plant's size. Trees and shrubs are types of woody perennial plants used extensively in
landscaping. There is no single definition that differentiates a shrub from a tree, but several
general guidelines are often used to distinguish between them. For example the main distinction
between trees and shrubs is that trees have a single central stem or trunk, while shrubs often have
multiple, thinner stems. Trees also tend to have a distinct shape and crown, while shrubs may
consist of a large hedge that spreads over the ground. Trees are generally thicker in the trunk and
taller than shrub. Trees, for instance, typically are greater than 10 ft in height and can grow over
a hundred feet, while many shrubs are only a few feet tall. (Tall shrubs can grow to around 20
ft.). Shrubs tend to produce growth that spreads out in all directions and goes down to ground
level, while trees often have branches that are high up, leaving little foliage near the ground and
lastly Shrubs tend to be hardy plants that will grow back and fill in even if the woody branches
are cut back; trees generally do not grow back easily if branches are cut off.
Growth and development of plants species in to trees or shrub distinctly depends upon the
climatic and environmental conditions Karachi has a relatively mild climate with low levels of
precipitation (approximately 10 inches per annum), the bulk of which occurs during the July-
August monsoon season. Winters are mild, and the summers are hot. The city's proximity to the
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sea keeps humidity levels at a near-constant high, and cool sea breezes relieve the heat of the
summer months. Due to the high temperatures during the summer (ranging from 30-44°C from
April to October), the winter months (November to February) are generally considered the best
times to visit Karachi. July, December and January have pleasing and cloudy weather the
university campus is situated about 13 km north east of the environment.
The climate conditions of the campus are not different from those of Karachi. The campus lies in
a broad valley which is filled by alluvium, slope wash and small area of windblown sand. The
area as a whole is gently sloping towards the north. Numerous plant species are found in
university campus which comes under the definition of natural and cultivated vegetation.
The natural vegetation i.e. plants or trees that grow on their own ‘naturally’ without any form of
human intervention. Certain type of plants of trees have a natural place of origin or habitat, and
before humans began to harvest vegetation and cut down trees, this type of vegetation would
grow naturally without any form of man-made chemicals such as pesticide, to manipulate its
growth. Each place on earth had a community of plants that were natural and adapted to a
specific area, and, more importantly, had grown accustomed to that climate zone. It is this type
of plant community that is referred to as "natural vegetation.
The vegetation of the campus is rich in vegetation diversity, which was actually the product of
diverse edaphic and physiographic features found in the vicinity of Karachi. Diversified species
also include cultivated species which are planted in campus. Cultivated vegetation includes those
plants or trees that has been planted by a human, where it gets watered, pruned, weeded, and
chemicals are used to keep the bugs away.
INDEX
― Introduction
― Trees enlisted:
 Polyalthia longifolia
 Araucaria cunninghamii
 Guaiacum officinale
 Azadirachta indica
 Moringa oleifera
 Eucalyptus camaldulensis

 Parkinsonia aculeata
 Delonix regia
Polyalthia longifolia
Scientific Classification:

Kingdom: Plantae
Division Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Order Magnoliids
Family Magnoliales
Genus Annonaceae
Species P.longifolia
Bionomial Name: Polyalthia longifolia
Common Name: Polyalthia longifolia's common names included
 False Ashoka
 The Buddha Tree
 Indian mast tree
 Indian Fir tree
 Telegraph Pole Tree
Number of plant species found: 25
Areas where found: Institute of Environmental Studies, Canteen, Statistics & Agriculture
and Agribusiness Management
Introduction:
Polyalthia longifolia, a lofty evergreen tree is indigenous to Sri Lanka and India, elsewhere it is
cultivated. In Pakistan, it is commonly cultivated in Sind as an avenue tree or in gardens, also
occasionally planted in Punjab. The cultivar pendula(weeping variety) is columnar with short
drooping branches, sometimes the lower branches touching the ground. The tree is supposed to
have several medicinal qualities. The bark is febrifuge and the inner bark yields a useful fibre.
The berries are relished by bats, reportedly eaten by humans also during scarcity. The tall,
straight trunks were used as mast in the olden days of sailing ship. It is also effective in
alleviating noise pollution.
Occurrence:A genus of cum. 120 species, distributed mainly in South and Southeast Asia,
and tropical East Africa including, Bangladesh, Benin, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan,
Thailand, Zambia. It is to note that mast tree is represented by 1 cultivated species in Pakistan.
Plant Description

Trunk
Polyalthia longifolia is typically monopodial with a straight and erect main trunk and spreading
side branches forming a relatively narrow crown.
Leaves:
Fresh leaves are a coppery brown color and are soft and delicate to touch; as the leaves grow
older the color becomes a light green and finally a dark green. The leaves are shaped like a lance
and have wavy edges. Their extracts are cyto-toxic and is effective against cancer.

Flower:
In spring the tree is covered with delicate star-like pale green flowers. The flowers last for a short
period, usually two to three weeks, are not conspicuous due to their color. Although, P.longifolia
is found in abundance in Karachi it is observed that it rarely flowers.
Fruits:
Fruits are borne in clusters of 10-20. Initially green but turn purple or black when ripe. These are
loved by birds, such as the Asian Koel, and bats including the flying foxes.
Growth Requirement:
Temperature: min: low 30’s
Water: Average
Sun Exposure: Full exposure
Soil Moisture: Dry for extended periods to constantly moist
Soil: Ordinary soil, enriched soil, mildly acidic to mildly alkaline
Uses:
 The leaves are good and for ornamental decoration and used in festivals.
 In past, the flexible, straight and light-weight trunks were used in the making of masts for
sailing ships. That is why, the tree is also known as the Mast Tree.
 Today, it is mostly used for manufacturing small articles such as pencil boxes, drum
cylinder etc.
 It also helps to alleviate noise pollution.

Medicinal Uses:
 Polyalthia longifolia possesses antibacterial activities, study of extracted ethanol showed
promising susceptibility against 13 Gram-positive and 9 Gram-negative organisms.
 It has significant ability against reducing blood pressure
 It also exhibits anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, hepato-protective activities.
 Along with anti-bacterial it is also effective against fungi and other microorganisms.

Araucaria cunninghamii
Kingdom Plantae
Division Pinophyta
Class Pinopsida
Order Pinales
Family Araucariaceae
Genus Araucaria
Species A.cunninghamii
Bionomial Name: Araucaria cunninghamii
Common Name: Araucaria cunninghamii is a species of Araucaria known as Moreton Bay
Pine, or Hoop Pine. Other less commonly used names include:
 Rocket Tree
 Colonial Pine
 Richmond River Pine
 Queensland Pine
and Agribusiness Management.

Introduction: The scientific name honors the botanist and explorer Allan Cunningham (1791
- 1839), who collected the first specimens in the 1820s. A large native coniferous tree with a
distinctive, horizontal branching and soft but prickly foliage, It is an excellent host for native
flora and fauna The species is found in the coastal rainforests of eastern Australia and in New
Guinea. The trees can live up to 450 years.Araucaria cunninghamii is a large, unbuttressed,
symmetrical tree. The branches are in whorls (ring or spirals) of up to 6m more or less
horizontal, with 2nd- to 5th-order branchlets. The crown is pyramidal to flat..
Occurrence:Araucaria cunninghamii occurs naturally in New Guinea and eastern Australia.
Plantations have been established within these regions and also in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand,
the Philippines, India, the Solomon Islands, Costa Rica, Venezuela, Argentina, and several
African countries. Large-scale plantations exist in South Africa, and small-scale or trial
plantations have been established in Nigeria, Congo, central Uganda, Zimbabwe, Madagascar
and Mauritius, whereas the tree is occasionally planted as an ornamental elsewhere in Africa.
Plant Description
Trunk and Bark:
Large evergreen tree up to 60(–70) m tall; bole straight, cylindrical, branchless for up to 45 m
high and up to 200 cm in diameter; bark reddish brown to blackish brown, transversally
wrinkled, fissured, ridged or plate-like, peeling either horizontally or in slabs.
Leaves:

Leaves are crowded at the ends of the branchlets in spirals, simple, entire, very narrow, curved,
keeled, erect, scale-like, loosely overlapping. triangular, 5 to 20 mm long, tapering to a sharp
rigid point. The leaves are shed as short single units, no veins visible
Flower/Cone:
(Male Strobili) (Female Strobili)
Separate male and female strobili (fertile stem where spore are developed) are generally on the
same trees at the ends of the branchlets. Male flowers are in a cylindrical spike 5 to 8 cm long of
densely packed scales each bearing 5 to 8 pollen cells on the undersurface, usually terminal on
the lower branches. Female strobili are round, 12 mm diameter, composed of numerous scales,
each with an ovule-bearing scale fused to its upper surface. The outer part of each bract has a
stiff, re-curved point & borne near the top of the tree and at the ends of short shoots. Flowering
period is from November to February.
Fruit:
A cone, brown when ripe, spherical, about 8 to 10 diameter, disintegrating on the tree into
numerous seeds. Fruit ripen from December to January.
Growth Requirement:
Temperature: Under natural conditions in New Guinea and Australia, Araucaria
cunninghamii is most common above 1000 m altitude (up to 2750 m) in areas with high rainfall
and a temperature range of 9–26°C. Araucaria cunninghamii can tolerate mild occasional frosts.
Water: Athough it is resistant to drought when established but a required mean annual rain fall
range is 1900-4800mm.
Sun Exposure: Full exposure and light shade.

Soil: A range of soils derived from a wide range of rock types, as from basalt, diorite and
limestone, through mixtures of acid phyllites and schists with calcareous sediments, sandstones
with inter-bedded dolerite and calcareous strata, to recent coastal sands and river alluvia. On
these parent materials, soils range from red earths or humus-enriched regosols to dark grey self-
mulching soils on basaltic scoria. Most of these soils appear to be well drained, with at least 50
cm of well aerated soil, although those near sea level must have a water table close to the
surface.
Uses:
 Araucaria cunninghamii yields excellent timber, which is used for all kinds of light
construction and interior work.
 Its special applications are in making matches, chopsticks and implements.
 The tree is also planted as an ornamental.
 The seeds are edible and eaten in tropical America

Guaiacum officinale
Kingdom Plantae
Division Tracheophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Order Zygophyllales
Family Zygophyllaceae
Genus Guaiacum
Species G.officinale
Bionomial Name: Guaiacum officinale
Common Name: Guaiacum officinale's common names included
 Lignum vitae
 Pockwood Tree
 Guaiac Tree
 Tree of Life
Areas where found: Institute of Environmental Studies

Introduction: A evergreen tree, indigenous to the West Indies and the northern coast of South
America. Guaiacum officinale is the national flower of Jamaica. It grows slowly, up to 55 feet
tall although it seldom grows taller than 30'.It has a twisted trunk; opposite oval compound
leaves and blue flowers with five petals. It has bright yellow-orange fruits with red flesh and
black seeds. .The wood is one of the hardest; has several fats and resins that make itself
lubricating and almost impervious to water. The name lignum-vitae (wood of life) originated
from the supposition that the material was possessed of extraordinary remedial powers. So
great was the demand that for a time the wood was sold for as much as 7 gold crowns a
pound Roughbark Lignum-vitae was listed as an endangered species by the IUCN in 1998. It has
been overexploited for its valuable wood and medicinal products. International trade of this
species is restricted because of its placement in the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
Occurrence:G. officinale is an inhabitant of the West Indies, whence it has been introduced
into sub-continent. It also grows in the arid plains stretching from the Florida Keys of USA to
Venezuela.
Plant Description
Trunk:
Trunk/bark/branches droop as the tree grows, and will require pruning for vehicular or pedestrian
clearance beneath the canopy; routinely grown with, or trainable to be grown with, multiple
trunks; tree wants to grow with several trunks but can be trained to grow with a single trunk;
very showy trunk; no thorns. The bark of the Lignum vitae, especially on the lower part of the
trunk, is smooth in texture and purple and green in color.

Leaves:
.
The dense crown of close-growing foliage gives the tree a rounded, compact, net appearance.
Each leaf is composed of 2 or 3 pairs of smooth, stalkless leaflets arranged on a slender mid-rib.
The leaflets are 6-13 cm in length. There is much irregularity both in their size and shape: some
are broadest above the middle (obovate), some almost blunt (obtuse)
Flower:
Beautiful blue flowers grow in great profusion and almost cover the tree and remain for a long
time. As the older blooms fade from deep blue to paler shades, some becoming almost white, a
striking variegation of colour is produced. The flowers grow in clusters at the ends of the
branches. Each flower has 5 petals cupped in a small, finely hairy calyx, supported on a slender
stalk. There are 10 stamens bearing golden yellow anther.
Fruits:
The fruit appears as small, round, compressed, yellow capsules, containing 5 cells; occasionally
there are fewer. Each cell encloses a single seed. The lignum vitae seeds are formed inside the
orange heart-shaped seed capsule that forms after the flowers emerge. The capsule breaks open
to yield a red fruit, which dries into a black seed.

Growth Requirement:
Temperature: min: low 30’s
Water: Average
Soil: Clay, loam, mildly acidic to mildly alkaline
Uses:
 The heartwood is greenish-brown; sapwood pale yellow, and usually thin, though if the
logs have lain for a long time on the ground or in the water it may be entirely absent. Its
great strength and tenacity, combined with the self-lubricating properties due to the resin
content, make this wood especially adapted for bearing underwater.
 Until the advent of high quality plastics, lignum vitae was the material of choice for such
items as pulley sheaves, machine bushings, and propeller shafts for steamships.
Medicinal Uses:
 Some of the resins active ingredients are effective anti inflammatory agents.
 It is also used against sore throat and gout.
 It is also used in chronic rheumatism, scrofula, and syphilitic diseases
 The most important product of G. officinale is resin obtained from the wood and bark,
and used in powder, pill and tincture. Resin from bark is applied to the tooth for a
toothache.

Azadirachta indica
Kingdom Plantae
Division Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Order Sapindales
Family Meliaceae
Genus Azadirachta
Species A.indica
Bionomial Name: Azadirachta indica
Common Name: Azadirachta indica's common names include
 NeemTree
 Margosa Tree
 BeadTree
 IndianCedar
 Indian-Lilac

Introduction: Neem or Margosa is a botanical cousin of mahogany. It belongs to the family
Meliaceae. The Latinized name of Neem – Azadirachta indica – is derived from the Persian. It is
currently one of the world’s most researched trees. It has become important in the global context
today because it offers answers to the major concerns facing mankind. Neem is an attractive
broad-leaved, evergreen tree which can grow up to 30m. Its spreading branches form a rounded
crown of deep-green leaves and honey-scented flowers as much as 20m across. It is said to grow
‘almost anywhere’ in the lowland tropics. Under natural conditions, it does not grow
gregariously It can be found in evergreen forest and in dry deciduous forest as well. Most
amazingly a world conference is held every three years to discuss the research and discoveries
modern science is making, on this single tree.
Occurrence:Azadirachta indica is indigenous to South Asia, possibly originating in northern
Myanmar and the Assam region of India. Neem’s natural habitat is dry, deciduous, mixed forest.
It is widespread in India, Pakistan, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia.
Neem has been introduced and established throughout the tropics and subtropics, especially in
drier areas in Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, Australia, South and Central America, the
Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Middle East.
Plant Description
Trunk:
Neem is a small to medium-sized tree, with a short, straight bole. The stem branches at 2-5 m
forming a broad, dense, round or oval crown. Total height is 15-25 m, occasionally reaching up
to 30 m, with a stem diameter ranging from 30 to 90 cm. Neem is characterized by a long,
penetrating lateral root system, which can extend up to 15 m, with a relatively short taproot.
Neem has moderately thick, fissured, gray outer bark, with a reddish-brown inner bark.

Leaves:
.
The opposite, pinnate leaves are 20–40 centimeters (7.9–16 in) long, with 20 to 31 medium to
dark green leaflets about 3–8 centimeters (1.2–3.1 in) long. The terminal leaflet is often missing.
The petioles are short.
Flower:
Flowering occurs January through May, depending on the latitude. Maximum flowering during
April and May isrelated to high temperatures and low rainfall The(white and fragrant)flowers are
arranged axillary, normally in more-or-less drooping panicles which are up to 25 centimeters
(9.8 in) long. The inflorescences, which branch up to the third degree, bear from 150 to 250
flowers. An individual flower is 5–6 millimeters (0.20–0.24 in) long and 8–11 millimeters (0.31–
0.43 in) wide. Protandrous, bisexual flowers and male flowers exist on the same individual.
Fruits:
The fruit is a smooth (glabrous) olive-like drupe which varies in shape from elongate oval to nearly
roundish, and when ripe are 1.4–2.8 centimeters (0.55–1.1 in) by 1.0–1.5 centimeters (0.39–0.59 in). The
fruit skin (exo-carp) is thin and the bitter-sweet pulp (meso-carp) is yellowish-white and very fibrous. The
meso-carp is 0.3–0.5 centimeter (0.12–0.20 in) thick. The white, hard inner shell (endocarp) of the fruit
encloses one, rarely two or three, elongated seeds (kernels) having a brown seed coat.

Growth Requirement:
Temperature: It is a typical tropical to subtropical tree and exists at annual mean temperatures
between 21-32ºC. It can tolerate high to very high temperatures and does not tolerate temperature
below 4ºC.
Water: The neem tree is drought resistant. Normally it thrives in areas with sub-arid to sub-
humid conditions, with an annual rainfall between 400 and 1200 mm. It can grow in regions with
an annual rainfall below 400 mm, but in such cases it depends largely on ground water levels
Soil: It grows on a wide variety of neutral to alkaline soils but performs better than most species
on shallow, stony, sandy soils, or in places where there is a hard calcareous or clay pan not far
below the surface. It grows best on soils with a pH of 6.2-7.
Uses:
 Neem has a reputation as a natural air purifier, exhaling out oxygen and keeping the
oxygen level in the atmosphere balanced. Neem’s ability to withstand extreme heat and
water pollution is well known..
 Neem has such remarkable powers for controlling insects that it will usher in a new era in
safe, natural pesticides.
 It also helps to improve fertility of the soil and to rehabilitate degraded wastelands.
 The Neem tree can also play a vital role in controlling soil erosion, salination and
preventing floods
 Neem is the only plant from which the bio-pesticides are commercially manufactured,
found effective, eco-friendly and acceptable to the farmers. Neem pesticides are now
increasingly used on crops like cotton, vegetables, fruit trees, coffee, tea, rice and spices.
 It is also used for furniture, especially wardrobes, book cases, and closets, because the
wood repels insects.
 Useful products can be harvested from almost every part of the neem tree. The bark
produces tannins, a fiber used to make rope, and a resin used to make glue. Leaves are
used as mulch and green manure, and can also be used as fodder.

Medicinal Uses:All parts of the tree are said to have medicinal properties (seeds, leaves,
flowers and bark) and are used for preparing many different medical preparations. Some of them
are mentioned as
 Bark: Analgesic, alternative and curative of fever, Respiratory disorders
 Gum: Scabies, Ulcers, Wounds, Skin diseases,
 Twig: Cough ,Asthma, Piles, Phantom Tumor, Urinary disorder, Diabetes, Dental
problems
 Leaf: Leprosy, eye problem, epistaxis, intestinal worms, anorexia, biliousness, skin
ulcers.
 Flower: Bile suppression, elimination of intestinal worms and phlegm
 Seed Oil: Painful joints and muscles, fungal infections

Moringa oleifera
Kingdom Plantae
Class Magnolipsida
Order Brassicales
Family Moringaceae
Genus Moringa
Species M.oleifera
Bionomial Name: Moringa oleifera
Common Name: Moringa oleifera's common names included
 Ben-oil tree
 Cabbage tree
 Clarifier tree
 Drumstick tree
 Horse-radish tree
 Moringa tree
 Bridal Veil

Areas where found: Institute of Environmental Studies and Canteen.
Introduction: Moringa oleifera is a hardy tree that originated in the Himalayas, but now
grows in several other areas, including Mexico, Africa, and the Philippines. The tree's
components, including its leaves, seed pods, and wood, have many different uses and can be
used to produce oil, cellophane, and various textiles. Moringa oleifera leaves, seeds, and pods
are also used as a foodstuff and for medicinal purposes. The pods and leaves are very nutritious
and keep well, making them an important source of nutrition for people in developing
countries. Moringa oleifera is also used as a traditional medicine.
Occurrence:It is native to South-East Asia, Arabia, and possibly Africa and the East Indies;
widely cultivated and naturalized in tropical Africa, tropical America, Sri Lanka, India, Mexico,
Malabar, Malaysia and the Philippine Islands.
Plant Description: Moringa oleifera is a small, graceful, deciduous tree with sparse foliage,
often resembling a leguminous species at a distance, especially when in flower, but immediately
recognized when in fruit.
Trunk/Bark
The tree grows to 8 m high and 60 cm. Bole crooked, often forked from near the base. The bark
is whitish-gray, thick, soft, fissured and warty or corky, becoming rough. When wounded, the
bark exudes a gum which is initially white in color but changes to reddish brown or brownish
black on exposure. The wood is soft and light..Twigs and shoots shortly but densely hairy.
Crown wide, open, typically umbrella shaped and usually a single stem; often deep rooted. The
wood is soft.

Leaves:
Leaves are alternate, the old ones soon falling off; each leaf large (up to about 90 cm long), with
opposite pinnae, spaced about 5 cm apart up the central stalk, usually with a 2nd lot of pinnae,
also opposite, bearing leaflets in opposite pairs, with a slightly larger terminal leaflet. Leaflets
are dark green above and pale on the under surface; variable in size and shape, but often
rounded-elliptic, seldom as much as 2.5 cm long.
Flower:
Flowers are produced throughout the year, in loose axillary panicles up to 15 cm long;
individual flower stalks up to 12 mm long and very slender; 5 pale green sepals 12 mm long,
they are finely hairy, with 5 white petals, unequal, a little longer than the sepals; 5 stamens with
anthers, 5 without; style slender, flowers very sweet smelling.
Fruits:
The fruits are pendulous, linear, three-sided pods with nine longitudinal ridges, usually 20 to 50
cm long, but occasionally up to 1 m or longer, and 2.0 to 2.5 cm broad. The pods, each usually
containing up to 26 seeds, are dark green during their development, and take approximately 3
months to mature after flowering. They turn brown on maturity, and split open longitudinally

along the three angles, releasing the dark brown, tri-gonous seeds. Seeds measure about 1 cm in
diameter, with three whitish papery wings on the angles. Seed weights differ among varieties,
ranging from 3,000 to9,000 seeds per kilogram
Growth Requirement:
Temperature: Annual temperature fluctuations tend to be large, with minimum and maximum
shade temperatures ranging from –1 to 3 °C and 38 to 48 °C during the coldest and warmest
months, respectively.
Water: Mean annual rainfall: At least 500 mm
Soil: Adapted to a wide range of soil types but does well in well drained clay or clay loam
without prolonged water-logging. Prefers a neutral to slightly acidic soil reaction, but it has
recently been introduced with success in Pacific atolls where the pH is as high as 8.5.
Uses:
 M. oleifera is suited to areas where strong winds and long, dry spells occur
simultaneously, causing serious soil erosion. Soil improver: The green leaves make a
useful mulch. The press cake left after oil extraction from the seeds can be used as a soil
conditioner or as fertilizer
 Bark used for tanning hides and wood wood yields blue dye
 Leaves pounded up and used for scrubbing utensils and for cleaning walls
 A non-drying oil from seeds, known as Ben Oil, used in arts and for lubricating watches
and other delicate machinery.
 Oil it yields is clear, sweet and odorless, never becoming rancid; consequently it is edible
and useful in the manufacture of perfumes and hairdressings.
 Moringa is not a nitrogen fixing tree, but its fruit, flowers and leaves all contain 5 to 10 %
protein-on average. All of these parts are eaten widely as vegetables, providing excellent
food for both humans and animals. The pods are often cooked and eaten like green beans.
The root tastes similar to horse radish and is a popular food in East Africa. Moringa
flowers also produce a good honey.
 The seed is often used to purify dirty or cloudy drinking water. It is pounded into small
fragments, wrapped in some sort of cloth, and then placed into water jars or containers.
This pounded seed acts as a flocculent, taking impurities out of the water solution. In the
Nile Valley, the name of the tree is 'Shagara al Rauwaq' which means 'tree for purifying'
 Almost every part of this plant is of value for food.
Medicinal Uses:Almost Every part of this plant is used in different remedies
 Roots,Bark,Gum: The roots and the bark have all of the properties described above but
are more concentrated. Therefore much more care should be taken if using them as
medicines.

 The roots and bark are used for cardiac and circulatory problems, as a tonic and for
inflammation. The bark is an appetizer and digestive.
 In Senegal and India, roots are pounded and mixed with salt to make a poultice for
treating rheumatism and articulars pains. In Senegal, this poultice is also used to relieve
lower back or kidney pain.
 The alkaloid spirachin (a nerve paralysant) has been found in the roots.
 The gum is diuretic, astringent and abortifacient and is used against asthma
 Leaves: The Moringa leaf has been used in Ayurveda to treat: Gastrointestinal upsets
including ulcers and diarrhea, Headache, Inflammation, Anemia, Fever, Minor
respiratory difficulties, Eye infections Poor nutrition, Bronchitis, Inner ear infections,
Skin infections when used as a topical application
 Flowers: Moringa Flower juice is useful for urinary problems as it encourages urination
and in Haiti, villagers boil Moringa flowers in water and drink the tea as a powerful cold
remedy
 Pods:If eaten raw, pods act as a de-wormer and treat liver and spleen problems and pains
of the joints also due to high protein and fibre content they can play a useful part in
treating malnutrition and diarrhea
 Seeds: Used for their antibiotic and anti-inflammatory properties to treat arthritis,
rheumatism, gout, epilepsy, skin disease, cramp, sexually transmitted diseases and boils.
The seeds are roasted, pounded, mixed with coconut oil and applied to the problem area.
Seed oil can be used for the same ailments.
 Oil: Oil of Ben is used for hysteria, scurvy, prostate problems and bladder troubles

Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Scientific Classification
Kingdom Plantae
Class Magnoliopsida
Order Myrtales
Family Myrtaceae
Genus Eucalyptus
Species E.camaldulensis
Bionomial Name: Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Common Name: Eucalyptus camaldulensis common names included
 Murray Red Gum
 Red Gum
 River Red Gum
 River Gum

Introduction: Eucalyptus camaldulensis, River Red Gum, of the Myrtaceae family is a tree
originating from Australia, like most of the over 700 species within this genus. In Australia,
Eucalyptus species constitute more than three quarters of the vegetation. Eucalyptus species were
first introduced to the rest of the world in 1770, and to the US around 1850. As such, Eucalyptus
species are 'young' trees in the history of other continents except Australia. It is a tree, that craves
water. Its English name refers to the brilliant red hard wood it yields. It can become a very tall
tree, up to 25 meters here in Crete, and has impressive trunks with a whitish-gray, peeling bark.
It has blue-green leaves, the most spectacular flowers and develops small triangular fruits.
Plant Description
Trunk:
Eucalyptus camaldulensis commonly grows to 20 m tall, occasionally reaching 50 m, with a
trunk diameter of 1 (max. 2) m; in open formations has a short, thick bole and a large, spreading
crown; in plantations has a clear bole of 20 m with an erect, lightly branched crown; bark is
smooth, white, grey, yellow-green, grey-green or pinkish grey, shedding in strips or irregular
flakes; rough bark occupies the 1st 1-2 m of the trunk.
Leaves:
.

Flower:
Fruits:
Growth Requirements:
Temperature: 3-22 to 21-40 deg. C
Water: 250-2500 mm
Soil Moisture: Dry for extended periods to constantly moist
Soil: Eucalyptus camaldulensis occurs on a variety of soil types and is mainly a tree of
depositional or alluvial sites, although it sometimes occurs on the margins of salt lakes. It is
common on heavy clays in southern Australia, but usually occurs on sandy alluvial soils It also
grows on calcareous clay loams
Uses:
Apiculture: E. camaldulensis is a major source of honey, producing heavy yields of nectar in
good seasons. The honey is light gold and of reasonable density with a distinctive flavor. It has
been marketed as a straight line for several years. It crystallizes readily. The tree is particularly
valuable for building up bee populations, especially when pollen from the ground flora is
available to provide variety.

Fuel: The firewood is suitable for industrial use in brick kilns but is not preferred for domestic
use because it is too smoky and burns too fast. However, it makes good-quality charcoal.
Fiber: E. camaldulensis is used for pulp and paper production. It is also planted for hardboard,
fiberboard and particleboard.
Timber: Because of its great strength and good durability, the wood is suitable for many
structural applications, for example, railway sleepers, poles, posts, floorings, wharves, ship
building and heavy construction. The density of the wood is 900-980 kg/cubic m at 12% mc. In
Pakistan, it is a raw material for the chipboard industry. Estimates show that in 1993, 800 tons of
raw material was from this species (Charles and Naughton, 1994).
Tannin or dyestuff: The bole yields a gum that can be used as a dye.
Essential oil: Some tropical provenances of E. camaldulensis are rich in 1, 8-cineole leaf oil and
are potential commercial sources of medicinal-grade eucalyptus oil.
Medicine: The oils are used as an inhalant with steam and other preparations for relief of colds
and influenza symptoms. Because of its refreshing odor and its efficiency in killing bacteria, the
oil is also used as an antiseptic

Parkinsonia aculeata
Kingdom Plantae
Class Mangoliopsida
Order Fabales
Family Leguminosae
Genus Parkinsonia
Species P.aculeata
Bionomial Name: Parkinsonia aculeata
Common Name: Parkinsonia aculeata's common names included
 Barbados flower fence,
 Blue palo verde,
 Hardbean,
 Horsebean,
 Jerusalem thorn,
 Wonder tree
Number of plant species found:1
Areas where found: In front of clinic

Introduction: Parkinsonia aculeata is perennial deciduous plant growing in desert. It has
been introduced in arid areas around the world as an alternative source of wood. It can also be
found in other parts of the world as an ornamental tree. Loose, flowing, delicate leaflets, a light,
airy, low-branching growth habit with pendulous branch-tips, and a profusion of small, slightly
fragrant, yellow blooms combine to create this popular, small landscape Quickly reaching a
height of 20 to 25 feet with a similar spread, this multi trunked deciduous tree is actually much
stronger than its fragile appearance would suggest. Branch bark often remains bright green even
on several-year-old limbs.
In Australia it is considered an invasive species. It colonizes wetlands and riverbanks forming
thorny, impenetrable pockets. It poses a threat to local populations of water birds.
Occurrence:It is Native to Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador,
El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, United States
of America, Venezuela. But also found in Cuba, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Eritrea, Ethiopia,
Guadeloupe, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Israel, Jamaica, Kenya, Martinique, Mozambique,
Netherlands Antilles, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Senegal, South Africa,
Plant Description
Trunk:
Parkinsonia aculeata is a small, spiny tree 4-10 m high, with a short and often crooked trunk up
to 40 cm in diameter, often branching near the ground with a very open crown of spreading
branches and very thin drooping foliage; green throughout the year, although appears leafless
after leaflets fall; bark of trunk, branches and twigs smooth, yellow-green or blue-green and
slightly bitter; twigs slender, slightly zigzag, finely hairy when young, often with spines, 3 or 1
remaining at nodes, including 2 short spines.

Leaves:
.
The leaves and stems are hairless. The leaves are alternate and pennate (15 to 20 cm long).
The flattened petiole is edged by two rows of 25–30 tiny oval leaflets; the leaflets are
soon deciduous in dry weather (and during the winter in some areas) leaving the green petioles
and branches to photosynthesize.The branches grow double or triple sharp spines 7–12 mm
(0.28–0.47 in) long at the axils of the leaves.
Flower:
The flowers are yellow- orange and fragrant, 20 mm (0.79 in) in diameter, growing from a long
slender stalk in groups of eight to ten.They have five sepals and five petals, four of them clearer
and rhomboid ovate, the fifth elongated, with a warmer yellow and purple spots at the base.
The flowering period is the middle months of spring(March& April or September & October).
The flowers are pollinated by bees.
Fruits:
Pods nearly cylindrical, 5-10 cm long, 6 mm or more in diameter, narrowed between seeds, long
pointed; seeds 1-5, beanlike, oblong, 1 cm long, dark brown; flowers and pods all year.

Growth Requirement:
Temperature: Frost tolerance depends on provenance, but all provenances do tolerate light
frost (to -5°C), and some accessions much more (to -15°C).
Water: Mean annual rainfall: 200-1000 mm
Soil: Jerusalem-thorn will grow on most types of soils, including sand dunes, clay soils,strongly
alkaline, chalky, and mildly salty soils
Uses:
 As it grows in arid areas and in sandy soils, P. aculeata can be used to afforest eroding
and sandy soils. It Provides a large amount of leaf litter that is applied as mulch to the
soil
 Its browse resistance and stout thorns make it valuable as a live fence for protecting
arable fields in arid and semi-arid areas.
 Attractive ornamental with unusual foliage, vivid flowers and a smooth, green bark
 Sapwood yellowish and thick, and heartwood light or reddish-brown; wood moderately
hard and heavy (specific gravity 0.6), fine textured, brittle; burns well and is used for
firewood and charcoal
 The large, fragrant, golden yellow flowers easily attract bees.
Medicinal Uses:
 Plant extracts can be used in the treatment of diabetes
 Herbal medicine for digestive problems.

Delonix regia
Kingdom Plantae
Class Mangoliopsida
Order Fabales
Family Leguminosae
Genus Delonix
Species D.regia
Bionomial Name: Delonix regia
Common Name: Delonix regia's common names included
 Flambouyant Tree
 Gulmohar Tree
 Flame of the Forest
 Flame Tree
 Peacock Flower
 Poinciana
 Red Tree
 Royal Poinciana

Areas where found: Besides masjid; near clinic.
Introduction: Although widely cultivated in the tropics since the 19th century, the native
habitat of flamboyant was unknown to science until the 1930s, when it was rediscovered
growing in the wild in Madagascar. It is one of the most conspicuous perennial flowering trees
seen in the tropics. Bright fiery red/orange blossoms cover its mimosa type leaves which close up
and go to sleep for the night. This large tree, which naturally assumes a spreading umbrella
shape, is now found in gardens, parks, and planted along streets throughout the tropics. It can
grow as tall as 59ft and has smooth greyish-colored bark and attractive feathery, fern-like leaves,
which drop annually during the dry season. Within a week of the first blossom appearing, the
whole tree is sparkling with vivid splashes of crimson and orange satisfying various local names
as, flame of the forest, Flamboyant tree, Gulmohar, etc.
Occurrence:Flame of the Forest is a native of Madagascar. It was discovered by botanist
Wenzel Bojer in 1820 who then introduced it to Mauritius. Since then, the tree has been planted
in most of Africa and Asia, including the Southeast Asian region. Growing in warm humid areas
from sea level up to 1000 m in altitude, it can also grow in areas where there is no frost, such as
South Florida and South California, the United States. It was introduced into countries in
Southeast Asia in the early part of the 19th century.
Plant Description:
Trunk:
Delonix regia is a tree 10-15 (max. 18) m high, attaining a girth of up to 2 m; trunk large,
buttressed and angled towards the base; bark of the tree is smooth, greyish-brown, sometimes
slightly cracked and with many dots (lenticels); inner bark is light brown its crown is umbrella
shaped, spreading with the long, nearly horizontal branches forming a diameter that is wider than
the tree’s height; it’s are twigs stout, greenish, finely hairy when young, becoming brown. Tree’s
roots are shallow.

Leaves:
.
Leaves are bi-pari pinnate, alternate, light green, feathery, 20-60 cm long; 10-25 pairs of pinnae,
5-12 cm long, each bearing 12-40 pairs of small oblong-obtuse leaflets that are about 0.5-2 cm
long and 0.3 cm wide; petiole stout. The numerous leaflets are stalkless, rounded at the base and
apex, entire thin, very minutely hairy on both sides, green on the upper surface. At the base of
the leaf stalk, there are 2 compressed stipules that have long, narrow, comblike teeth. Corymbs
15-30 cm long, borne laterally near the end of the twig, each with loosely arranged, slightly
fragrant flowers.
Flower:
Large (flamboyant) brilliant red-orange, occurring in numerous, huge terminal clusters at the
ends of branches, each individual flower has 5 large, wide spreading petals (each 1 1/2 to 2
inches long), one petal streaked with white and yellow, appearing in early summer and
continuing for months.

Fruits:
Fruit green and flaccid when young, turning to dark brown, hard, woody pods, 30-75 cm long,
3.8 cm thick, 5-7.6 cm broad, ending in a short beak when mature, with many horizontally
partitioned seed chambers inside, indehiscent, finally splitting into 2 parts.
Growth Requirement:
Temperature: Mean annual temperature: 14-26ºC
Water: Mean annual rainfall is over 700 mm
Soil: The species seems to tolerate many types of soils from clay to sandy, but it prefers sandy
soils.
Uses:
 It is mainly valued as a decorative tree, often being planted in avenues and gardens.
Boundary or barrier or support: D. regia can be planted as live fence posts.
 The large pods as well as the wood are used for fuel.
 The tree yields a thick mucilage of water-soluble of gum in yellowish or reddish-brown
warty tears; the seeds contain gum that may find use in textile and food industries.
Medicinal Uses:
 A herbal remedy for rheumatism, flatulence, anti-inflammation, to psychosomatic medicinal uses,
its uses are plenty.
 The seeds of D. regia are sometimes used as beads, and there has been some research on
the use of the gum obtained from the dried seeds as a binder in the manufacture of tablets,
such as paracetamol..
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91942079 directory-of-trees-around-dept-of-environmental-studies-uo k

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