L4 ap erosional landforms
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This document discusses various coastal landforms formed by erosion processes. It describes attrition as the breaking down of material into smaller particles when carried by waves. Corrasion and hydraulic action involve material carried by waves wearing away coastlines through impacts or air pressure within cracks. Solution slowly dissolves rocks through chemical reactions with acid in seawater. Headlands project out and are more resistant to erosion, forming bays between them. Cliffs and wave-cut platforms are formed as waves erode the cliff base and notch it, eventually leaving a platform when the cliff collapses. Caves, arches, stacks and stumps form through the continued erosion of weaknesses in the cliff and eventual collapse of eroded sections.
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Waves are generally larger in the southwest of the British Isles than the southeast due to larger fetch, or the distance over which wind can blow over open water to generate waves. Waves break when the wavelength reaches the sea floor, causing the bottom of the wave to slow down while the top continues forward. Coastal erosion processes include abrasion by materials carried in waves, hydraulic action as waves enter cracks and cause small explosions, and corrosion as acids in sea water dissolve rocks. These processes form landforms like headlands and bays, cliffs and wave-cut platforms, and over more time, caves, arches, stacks, and stumps.
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The document discusses coastal erosion processes and landforms. It describes the four main erosion processes as corrosion, abrasion, solution, and hydraulic action (CASH). These processes break down and transport sediment, forming features like sea cliffs, caves, arches, stacks, and stumps. Waves erode the base of cliffs and headlands through processes like hydraulic action, creating wave-cut notches and platforms that eventually result in arches and isolated rock columns. Alternating hard and soft rock layers produce headlands and bays along discordant coastlines.
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Waves are the primary force causing erosion along coastlines. Constructive waves build beaches up while destructive waves erode beaches. Coastal landforms like cliffs, caves, arches and stacks are formed through erosion processes. Longshore drift transports sediment along the coast, potentially building up spits or bars. The coast at Holderness, East Yorkshire is eroding rapidly, retreating over 1 meter per year due to its soft cliff material and destructive North Sea waves. Several villages have been lost and infrastructure like roads and gas facilities are threatened. Various coastal defenses have been installed with mixed success.
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Waves are generally larger in the southwest of the British Isles than the southeast due to larger fetch, or the distance over which wind can blow over open water to generate waves. Waves break when the wavelength reaches the sea floor, causing the bottom of the wave to slow down while the top continues forward. Coastal erosion processes include abrasion by materials carried in waves, hydraulic action as waves enter cracks and cause small explosions, and corrosion as acids in sea water dissolve rocks. These processes form landforms like headlands and bays, cliffs and wave-cut platforms, and over more time, caves, arches, stacks, and stumps.
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The document discusses coastal erosion processes and landforms. It describes the four main erosion processes as corrosion, abrasion, solution, and hydraulic action (CASH). These processes break down and transport sediment, forming features like sea cliffs, caves, arches, stacks, and stumps. Waves erode the base of cliffs and headlands through processes like hydraulic action, creating wave-cut notches and platforms that eventually result in arches and isolated rock columns. Alternating hard and soft rock layers produce headlands and bays along discordant coastlines.
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- Refraction of waves around headlands forms bays. Erosion of headlands produces arches, stacks and tunnels.
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Coastlines are formed through erosion and sediment deposition processes. They are shaped by sea level changes and the interaction between land and ocean. A coastline includes beaches, cliffs, and other landforms at the boundary between land and sea. Coastal zones experience continuous change from tidal movements and ocean interactions with the shore. Erosional landforms like sea cliffs and arches form through destructive wave energy, while depositional landforms like beaches and barrier islands are built up from sediment deposition.
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This document discusses coastal studies and processes. It describes the different types of waves that impact coasts, including constructive waves that have weaker backwash and destructive waves that strongly erode coasts. The key coastal processes are erosion, transportation, and deposition. Erosional processes include corrasion, attrition, solution, and hydraulic action, which can be remembered with the acronym CASH. Factors influencing the rate of coastal erosion are the type of waves, the nature of coastal rocks, the gradient of the coast, and human activities.
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This document discusses coastal erosion processes. Hydraulic action erodes rock when air is forced into cracks by waves, exerting pressure that pulls out rock when the water falls. This type of erosion is called hydraulic action. Coastal erosion forms headlands and bays as harder rock headlands project into the sea while soft rock in between erodes back to form bays. Over time, hydraulic action can form arches, stacks, and stumps in headlands as erosion undercuts the base of cliffs.
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1) Attrition occurs as waves carry rocks that knock against each other, breaking them down into smaller pieces over time.
2) Abrasion involves the dissolving of limestone by carbonic acid in seawater and the expansion of salt crystals in the rock causing it to disintegrate.
3) Hydraulic action is the wearing away of cliffs by sand, shingle and boulders hurled against them powerfully by wave action.
Beaches (teach)
A short description of beach formations and how they most commonly are formed. For elementary science students.
Coastal Processes handout
This document discusses various coastal geological processes. It describes how coastal erosion occurs through hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and solution, forming features like wave-cut cliffs, platforms, sea caves, arches, and stacks. Coastal deposition happens when waves lose energy and drop sediment, forming features like spits, baymouth bars, sand bars, and barrier islands. Coastal inundation, or flooding, can result from storm surges, sea level rise, or tsunamis overtopping or breaching natural or man-made barriers. Coastal subsidence is also discussed, which is the sinking of coastal land caused by various geological processes.
Mini test 2 answers
Coastal erosion occurs through various processes:
1) Waves attack weak points in headlands, forming caves, arches, stacks, and stumps through hydraulic action and abrasion.
2) Uneven erosion of resistant and weak rocks forms alternating headlands and bays, creating an indented coastline.
3) Human activities like coastal development can increase erosion rates by removing natural defenses, while other activities like building breakwaters aim to protect beaches from erosion.
Coastal landscapes
This document discusses various types of coastal erosion and protection methods. It describes the characteristics and impacts of constructive and destructive waves. It also explains various coastal landforms that form from erosion like cliffs, arches and stacks. Additionally, it outlines different coastal management techniques like riprap, seawalls, beach replenishment and managed retreat. The advantages and disadvantages of each protection strategy are provided.
Coasts at a glance
This document provides information about coastal landforms and processes. It describes the differences between constructive and destructive waves, as well as various erosion processes like hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, and corrosion. It also discusses mass movement, wave cut platforms, cliff recession rates, and landforms like caves, arches, stacks and stumps. Additionally, it covers longshore drift, spit formation, effects of coastal recession, and examples of hard and soft coastal protection methods.
Coastal
The coastline marks the meeting point between land and sea which is constantly changing due to erosion, transport and deposition processes driven by wave energy. Waves transfer energy from wind to water, changing shape as they reach shallow areas, and can both erode coastlines through processes like abrasion or build them up through deposition. Sediment is transported alongshore and across shorelines by processes like longshore drift, forming coastal features such as beaches, spits and bars. Coastal management uses various methods like sea walls, beach replenishment or groynes to protect shorelines from erosion.
Lithosphere Coasts
The document discusses various coastal landforms created by wave erosion and deposition along shorelines. It describes how alternating bands of hard and soft rock lead to the formation of headlands and bays through differential erosion. As waves erode the soft rock faster than the hard rock, an irregular coastline develops. Further erosion can form caves, arches, stacks, and stumps. Coves are formed when a stream cuts through a cliff, widening through erosion. Wave-cut platforms are flat terraces exposed when cliffs retreat inland. Longshore drift can build up spits, narrow accumulations of sand and gravel stretching from the shore into the sea.
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L3 water supply problems
Different countries face varying water supply problems based on factors like population density, rainfall levels, and infrastructure development. In the UK, imbalanced rainfall and an aging system challenge water access, while developing nations commonly struggle with untreated water, pollution, and low annual precipitation. The lesson explores how population maps, rainfall charts, and development levels relate to these international differences in water issues.
L2 consumption patterns
There are differences in water consumption between developed and developing countries. Developing countries use a high percentage of water for agriculture, around 88%, due to inefficient irrigation systems and widespread subsistence farming. Their water usage for industry is low at 2% as there is little large-scale manufacturing. Developed countries have a lower agricultural water usage rate of 9% as they employ modern irrigation techniques. Their industry water usage is high at 79% to support extensive manufacturing activities. Domestic water usage makes up 12% in developed nations but is rising in developing nations where access to piped water is limited.
L1 variety in supply ap
Freshwater availability varies globally due to its uneven distribution and factors like population growth, climate change, and development levels that impact supply and demand. Aquifers underground store freshwater, but some are being drained faster than replenished. While three percent of water is fresh, two thirds is frozen and one percent is available for human use.
L6 developing world cs
China faces significant challenges with sustainable water management due to having only 7% of the world's freshwater resources but over 19.5% of the global population. To address this, China is taking several steps including implementing more efficient irrigation techniques for agriculture, building new reservoirs and water transfer projects, treating more wastewater, and raising public awareness of water conservation issues.
L5 fresh water supply
The document discusses sustainable management and use of water. Over 80 million more people are added to the global population each year, placing increasing demands on water resources. Agriculture and increasing meat consumption in countries like China also impact water usage. Two million tons of human waste is dumped into rivers daily. Individuals can help by planting drought-tolerant plants and using water-efficient appliances. Organizations in places like Las Vegas recycle water from hotels through advanced filtration systems. The government implements initiatives around limiting outdoor watering and pricing to encourage conservation.
L4 attitudes and desal ap
1. Las Vegas gets 90% of its water from Lake Mead, but over the last 10 years the water level has dropped by half. One solution is to build a 500km pipeline to transfer water to the city.
2. Desalination is a technology that can resolve water shortages by removing salt from seawater to make it suitable for drinking. It involves reverse osmosis, where pressure is used to squeeze water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane, leaving salt behind. It is commonly used in dry, coastal regions like Spain, Australia, and Saudi Arabia.
3. Desalination has pros like providing a reliable water source, but cons such as high financial and energy costs.
L1 ap classification, exploitation and changes
The document defines and classifies natural resources. It distinguishes between biotic factors like living organisms and abiotic factors like non-living things. Resources are also classified as renewable like solar energy or non-renewable like fossil fuels. Humans exploit resources through activities like overgrazing, overfishing, deforestation, and overusing water. This causes changes like soil erosion, declining fish populations, loss of biodiversity, and depleted aquifers. Humans also exploit energy resources but burning fossil fuels pollutes the environment and contributes to issues like acid rain.
L2b uk distribution
This document provides information about the distribution of natural resources across the United Kingdom. It discusses the variety of soils and how they support different types of farming in different regions. It also outlines where forestry, fossil fuels, water supply and minerals are located in the UK, noting that forestry is concentrated in the north and west, coal was historically mined in places like South Wales, oil and gas come from offshore fields in the North Sea, and minerals are extracted from both land and under the sea.
Resource use and consumption
This document discusses global patterns of food, energy, and water use. It notes that developed countries consume far more resources per person than developing nations. For example, the average North American consumes around 90kg of resources daily compared to just 10kg for the average African. While the world produces enough food overall, it is unevenly distributed, leading to both obesity and famine. Developed nations like the U.S. consume a disproportionate amount of the world's energy and water resources despite having a small percentage of the global population. Patterns of consumption depend on development level and resource availability within each country.
L2a resource distribution
Global natural resources are distributed unevenly around the world based on climate and geography. Soil quality and types determine agricultural productivity and are best in areas with brown forest soil. Approximately 40% of Earth's surface is used for farming. Forests cover 30% of land, with concentration in Brazil, Canada, and the US. Fossil fuel reserves are highest in the Middle East, Venezuela, Canada, and Russia. Rock and mineral deposits are found worldwide, with certain areas rich in resources like diamonds, iron ore, or precious metals depending on their geological history. Water sources include rivers, rainfall, and desalination, but some populations face future shortages due to climate change and increasing demand. The distribution of these vital natural
L1 variety in supply ap
Freshwater availability varies globally due to its uneven distribution and factors like population growth, climate change, and development levels that impact supply and demand. Aquifers underground store freshwater, but some are being drained faster than replenished. While three percent of water is fresh, most is locked in ice or far from population centers.
L1 mexico city
Mexico City is located in central Mexico within the Valley of Mexico. Globally, it is situated in North America, while regionally it lies near the country's borders with the United States and the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico City serves as the capital and largest city of Mexico. The urban structure of Mexico City consists of a central business district surrounded by inner city, suburbs, and an urban rural fringe. Land use varies across these zones from services and high-cost housing in the center to informal settlements at the urban periphery.
L1 ap urbanisation over past 50 years
Over the past 50 years, developed countries experienced slowing urbanization while emerging and developing countries underwent rapid urbanization. Globally, more people now live in urban rather than rural areas, as shown by satellite images of the lit-up world at night. Urbanization increased in emerging and developing nations due to factors like industrialization, rural to urban migration, and economic development.
Inequality in mexico
1. There is significant inequality between the rich and poor in Mexico City. The poor often earn just enough to survive and cannot save, while many work in the informal sector without taxes or protections.
2. The poor typically live in crowded areas on the outskirts of the city that lack basic services, while the rich occupy wealthier neighborhoods near the center with amenities. Income, rural migration, political influence, and long work hours contribute to the differences in quality of life.
3. The main reasons for inequality are that the poor earn low and unstable incomes; many migrate from rural areas with nothing; the rich have more political power; and the poor often work longer hours.
Ap urban growth mexico
Mexico City's population has grown quickly due to rural-to-urban migration as people leave tough rural living for more economic opportunities in the city. This migration has been caused by both national and international factors as companies open new factories near Mexico City, drawing more people. Impacts of migration on Mexico City include the creation of ethnic enclaves, pressure on housing as migrants settle both near the city center and on the outskirts, and services straining to support Mexico City's young and growing population.
Ap solving mexico city problems
This document discusses different strategies for improving cities, specifically in Mexico City. It outlines top-down and bottom-up approaches.
The top-down approach involves large-scale developments led by the government, where officials make the major decisions. Examples given include a housing agency that provided millions of mortgages and private developers building large identical housing developments. Issues arose from a lack of infrastructure to support the new housing.
The bottom-up example provided is of Neza, a squatter settlement whose residents organized to gain land ownership. They raised funds collectively for schools and utilities. This led to a thriving community with less crime than other parts of Mexico City.
The document asks the reader to consider the advantages and
Lesson 7 ap sustainable cities
This document discusses ways that Birmingham, England works to make urban living more sustainable and improve quality of life. It defines sustainability as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs, often considering social, economic, and environmental aspects of city living. The document outlines an activity for students where they will research in groups how Birmingham specifically addresses issues like recycling, employment, education, health, transport, affordable housing, and energy-efficient housing to promote sustainability.
Lesson 6 retail changes ap
The document summarizes the major changes in retailing that have impacted Birmingham over recent decades:
1. In the 1800s, suburbanization occurred as people moved from the crowded, polluted city center to spacious suburbs.
2. In the 1870s, industry began relocating from city centers to the suburbs.
3. In the 1980s, out-of-town shopping centers like Merry Hill opened, taking 12% of the city center's trade and offering free parking and large retailers.
4. Birmingham's city center fought back through redevelopments like the Bull Ring and Grand Central that improved pedestrian access and amenities.
5. Internet shopping has grown to 15% of
Lesson 5 inequality ap
The document discusses inequality within the city of Birmingham. It notes that while some areas like Moseley and Edgbaston have been commended for their quality of life, other inner-city areas suffer from multiple deprivation and economic decline related to the loss of manufacturing jobs. Deprived areas are identified using indices that measure factors like unemployment, income, health, education, and crime. The causes of inequality in Birmingham stem from deindustrialization that led to high unemployment and less money circulating in inner cities, creating a downward spiral of decline, while newer suburban areas benefit from positive economic multipliers.
L3b ap b'ham popn
Birmingham's population has experienced significant growth and changes since 1825.
1) Birmingham's population grew rapidly in the 19th century during the Industrial Revolution as people moved to the city for work in new industries.
2) The population peaked at around 1.15 million in 1950 before declining between 1950 and 2000 during a period of deindustrialization and globalization that closed factories and increased unemployment.
3) Since 2000, Birmingham's population has grown again due to new developments like the Bull Ring and improved transport links like High Speed 2 rail.
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L4 ap erosional landforms
- 1. Coastal Landforms of Erosion
- 2. Erosion: Key Terms • Stick the sheet in – avoid any confusion!
- 3. Attrition Material carried by the waves bump into each other and so are smoothed and broken down into smaller particles. Corrasion This is the process by which the coast is worn down by material carried by the waves. Waves throw these particles against the rock, sometimes at high velocity. Hydraulic action This process involves the force of water against the coast. The waves enter cracks (faults) in the coastline and compress the air within the crack. When the wave retreats, the air in the crack expands quickly causing a minor explosion. This process is repeated continuously. Solution This is the chemical action of sea water. The acids in the salt water slowly dissolve rocks on the coast. Limestone and chalk are particularly prone to this process.
- 4. Attrition Hydraulic action Corrasion / Abrasion Corrosion Processes of erosion Processes of erosion
- 5. Coastal EROSION landforms video here
- 6. 1) HEADLANDS AND BAYS
- 8. Headlands and bays Why have the bays been eroded more than the headlands? Why are headlands now more vulnerable to erosion than bays? How do headlands protect bays from erosion?
- 13. Bay and Headland
- 15. 1. Headlands and Bays Headlands and Bays form along coasts which have alternating ______ of ____ and soft rock. The ______ of the coast is the most important factor controlling the _____ of the coast. Headland = where ____ land projects out into the sea, usually with steep _____ . Bay = low land, between the __________ , where the coast has ____________. Usually has a ______. Retreated Cliffs High headlands geology shape hard bands beach
- 17. 2) Cliffs and wave cut platforms
- 18. How are cliffs and wave-cut platforms formed?
- 19. Wave cut platform formed between the high and low tides as the waves only attack the cliff and pass over the platform
- 20. 2) Cliffs and wave cut platforms • Waves ____ the base of the cliff to form a _____ ___ ______ and then over time the cliff ________ due to lack of support and _______ . As most of the cliff gets washed out to sea a _______ is left in its place, a wave cut platform. It is often _______ due to abrasion. • platform gravity Erode collapses wave cut notch smooth
- 22. 3) Caves, Arches, Stacks and Stumps
- 23. Caves, Arches, Stacks and stumps
- 32. What will happen to the part of the cliff labeled A A
- 34. Formation of Arches, Stacks and Stumps Exposed lines of weakness in the ______ allow Hydraulic Action to form small _____ along the base of the cliff. Over time the cave will continue to grow through _______ ______ and meet another cave on the other side of the headland forming a small ______ . ______ will continue and undercut the base of the arch until it eventually falls due to lack of support and _______. This leaves behind a stack which will eventually collapse due to ___________ and gravity to leave a _____. erosion stump undercutting gravity caves Hydraulic Action arch cliffs
- 35. Use the play doh to explain the formation of arches, stacks, stumps
- 36. BINGO!Key words: Erosion Long shore drift Corrasion Attrition Solution Hydraulic Action Constructive Destructive Swash Backwash Notch Cave Arch Stack Stump Headland