The document summarizes the clinical applications of computed tomography (CT) scans. It discusses the history of CT, including its invention in the 1970s. It then outlines several main clinical applications of CT scans, such as evaluating head injuries, abdominal pain, blood vessel issues, and bone fractures. It also describes specialized CT scans like CT angiography, CT perfusion, coronary CT angiography, and virtual colonoscopy and bronchoscopy. The document emphasizes how multislice CT scans provide advantages like faster scanning times, thinner slices, clearer images, and lower radiation doses compared to older single slice CT machines.
Clearly state the objective of the presentation:
To explore the key components of a CT machine in detail.
To gain a deeper understanding of how these components work together to produce high-quality images.
Briefly outline the structure of the upcoming slides:
Each subsequent slide will delve into one specific component of the CT machine.
We will examine the function, significance, and operation of each component.
Contrast media are substances used in medical imaging to enhance the visibility of internal structures. Positive contrast agents, like iodinated and barium-based ones, appear bright on images due to their high atomic number, aiding in highlighting blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, and soft tissues. Negative contrast agents, often gases or air, appear dark on images, outlining specific cavities or structures. Solid contrast media, like barium sulphate, exist in a solid state and are ingested to visualize the gastrointestinal tract. Oily contrast media, non-water-soluble substances, provide prolonged contrast, commonly used in lymphangiography and myelography. The choice of contrast media depends on the imaging modality and structures to be visualized, optimizing diagnostic accuracy and patient safety.
Computed Tomography (CT) is a medical imaging technique that uses X-ray technology to produce detailed cross-sectional images of the body.
It is a valuable tool for diagnosing and monitoring a wide range of medical conditions
Ultrasound imaging, also known as sonography, has a rich history of development in the field of medical diagnostics.
Understanding the historical milestones of ultrasound imaging provides valuable insights into its evolution and significance in modern medicine.
This presentation aims to take radiology students on a journey through the key developments and advancements in ultrasound imaging.
MCU stands for Micturating Cystourethrogram.
it's a radiographic procedure used to visualize the urinary bladder and lower urinary tract.
MCU involves real-time imaging during urination (micturition).
Definition of ultrasound imaging in radiology: Ultrasound uses sound waves to create real-time images of internal body structures.
Importance of ultrasound technology in medical diagnosis: Non-invasive, safe, and cost-effective imaging method with various applications.
Overview of the presentation structure: An outline of topics covered, including components and working principles of ultrasound machines.
Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC) is a radiographic procedure used to visualize and assess the biliary system, including the bile ducts within the liver and those leading to the small intestine.
1. A catheter is a hollow flexible tube that can be inserted into a body cavity, duct or vessel.
Catheters thereby allow drainage or injection of fluids , distend a passageway or provide access by surgical instruments.
The process of inserting a catheter is catheterization.
2. They are the stainless steel metallic structures that guides the catheter through the blood vessels for placement. Guide wires are used for both cardiology and radiology angiographic procedures.
Clearly state the objective of the presentation:
To explore the key components of a CT machine in detail.
To gain a deeper understanding of how these components work together to produce high-quality images.
Briefly outline the structure of the upcoming slides:
Each subsequent slide will delve into one specific component of the CT machine.
We will examine the function, significance, and operation of each component.
Contrast media are substances used in medical imaging to enhance the visibility of internal structures. Positive contrast agents, like iodinated and barium-based ones, appear bright on images due to their high atomic number, aiding in highlighting blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, and soft tissues. Negative contrast agents, often gases or air, appear dark on images, outlining specific cavities or structures. Solid contrast media, like barium sulphate, exist in a solid state and are ingested to visualize the gastrointestinal tract. Oily contrast media, non-water-soluble substances, provide prolonged contrast, commonly used in lymphangiography and myelography. The choice of contrast media depends on the imaging modality and structures to be visualized, optimizing diagnostic accuracy and patient safety.
Computed Tomography (CT) is a medical imaging technique that uses X-ray technology to produce detailed cross-sectional images of the body.
It is a valuable tool for diagnosing and monitoring a wide range of medical conditions
Ultrasound imaging, also known as sonography, has a rich history of development in the field of medical diagnostics.
Understanding the historical milestones of ultrasound imaging provides valuable insights into its evolution and significance in modern medicine.
This presentation aims to take radiology students on a journey through the key developments and advancements in ultrasound imaging.
MCU stands for Micturating Cystourethrogram.
it's a radiographic procedure used to visualize the urinary bladder and lower urinary tract.
MCU involves real-time imaging during urination (micturition).
Definition of ultrasound imaging in radiology: Ultrasound uses sound waves to create real-time images of internal body structures.
Importance of ultrasound technology in medical diagnosis: Non-invasive, safe, and cost-effective imaging method with various applications.
Overview of the presentation structure: An outline of topics covered, including components and working principles of ultrasound machines.
Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC) is a radiographic procedure used to visualize and assess the biliary system, including the bile ducts within the liver and those leading to the small intestine.
1. A catheter is a hollow flexible tube that can be inserted into a body cavity, duct or vessel.
Catheters thereby allow drainage or injection of fluids , distend a passageway or provide access by surgical instruments.
The process of inserting a catheter is catheterization.
2. They are the stainless steel metallic structures that guides the catheter through the blood vessels for placement. Guide wires are used for both cardiology and radiology angiographic procedures.
Retrograde Urethrography is a specialized X-ray procedure used to visualize the male urethra, which is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the external body opening. This procedure is typically performed to diagnose and evaluate various conditions and abnormalities within the urethra, such as strictures, obstructions, or injuries.
MRI Definition: Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a medical imaging technique that non-invasively visualizes the internal structures of the body.
Basic Concept: MRI uses powerful magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of tissues and organs.
Importance: MRI is valuable in diagnosing a wide range of medical conditions and provides excellent soft tissue contrast.
Introduction: MRI, or Magnetic Resonance Imaging, is a versatile medical imaging technique with a wide range of clinical applications.
Soft Tissue Imaging: The unique ability of MRI to produce detailed images of soft tissues, such as the brain, muscles, and organs.
Non-Invasive Nature: MRI is a non-invasive and safe imaging modality, making it invaluable for clinical diagnosis.
Ultrasound is a non-invasive medical imaging modality widely used in various clinical applications.
It is based on the principle of using high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images of internal structures within the human body.
In this presentation, we will discuss into the fundamental principles of ultrasound imaging and its applications in radiology.
Oral cholecystography (OCG) is a diagnostic radiographic examination used to visualize the gallbladder and the biliary system. It involves the use of contrast media to enhance the visualization of these structures.
Detecting and diagnosing gallbladder diseases.
Evaluating gallstone presence and location.
Assessing gallbladder function and motility.
Welcome to the world of Angiography.
Angiography is a crucial diagnostic tool within Radiology.
It allows us to visualize blood vessels, aiding in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions.
Basic principle of ct and ct generationsTarun Goyal
This document provides information about computed tomography (CT) scanning. It discusses:
- The basic principles of CT scanning, which involves using X-rays from multiple angles to reconstruct cross-sectional images of the body.
- Key parts of a CT machine including the X-ray tube, detectors, collimators, and gantry which houses these components and rotates around the patient.
- How CT images are formed based on measuring the attenuation of X-rays through tissue, and assigning numbers in Hounsfield units to produce grayscale images.
- Factors that influence image quality such as noise, resolution, and radiation dose considerations.
Computed tomography (CT scan) is a medical imaging procedure that uses computer-processed X-rays to produce tomographic images or 'slices' of specific areas of the body. These cross-sectional images are used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in various medical disciplines.
Application of dect in emergency radiology including the application in diagnosis of renal calculi, bone marrow edema, gout , abdominopelvic imaging,detection of pulmonary embolism and in cardiac imaging.
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to image blood vessels. There are three main types of MRA: time-of-flight angiography (TOF), phase contrast angiography (PCA), and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA). TOF uses gradient echo sequences to create bright vascular images from the signal difference between saturated and unsaturated spins moving through tissue. PCA images blood flow velocity using phase information and velocity encoding gradients. CE-MRA uses gadolinium contrast agents to shorten the T1 time of blood, allowing vessels to be visualized as their signal differs from the surrounding tissue.
Ultrasound Transducer Constriction And It’s Physics.pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
Definition of Ultrasound Transducer: An ultrasound transducer is a critical device used in medical imaging to both emit and receive ultrasound waves for diagnostic purposes.
Importance of Understanding Transducers: Mastering the principles of transducer physics and construction is essential for radiology students, as it forms the foundation for proficient ultrasound operation and interpretation.
Presentation Structure: This presentation will delve into the physics behind ultrasound transducers, the materials used in their construction, and the functions of their key components.
This document discusses the history and evolution of different generations of computed tomography (CT) technology. It describes the key limitations and innovations of each generation from the first generation CT scanner created in 1971, which took 5 minutes to produce an image, to modern multi-slice CT scanners. The higher the generation number, the faster imaging times and more slices that could be acquired simultaneously. However, a higher generation does not always indicate a higher performance system.
Computed tomography (CT) of the head is used to assess head injuries, headaches, dizziness, and symptoms of conditions like aneurysms, bleeding, strokes, and brain tumors. It can also help evaluate the face, sinuses, and skull. CT of the head uses X-rays to generate cross-sectional images of the head and brain which provide more detailed information than regular X-rays, particularly for soft tissues and blood vessels. Common protocols for head CT include non-contrast exams for conditions like trauma or stroke, as well as contrast-enhanced exams to evaluate tumors, aneurysms, or other conditions. Precautions are taken to minimize radiation exposure, especially for children.
Tomography as a medical imaging technique that allows for the visualization of cross-sectional images of the human body. Emphasize that tomography provides detailed, three-dimensional views of anatomical structures, which can be invaluable for diagnosis and treatment planning in radiology.
This presentation will provide an in-depth understanding of the essential guidelines for designing and locating X-ray equipment in accordance with radiation protection guidelines.
CT angiography uses x-rays and iodine contrast dye to produce detailed images of blood vessels and tissues. A CT scan is performed after the contrast dye is injected into the bloodstream. CT angiography can be used to diagnose and evaluate diseases of the blood vessels like injuries, aneurysms, and blockages. It provides more precise anatomical detail than MRI for small blood vessels. Potential risks include radiation exposure and allergic reaction to the contrast dye.
This slide best explains the introduction of CT, basis and types of CT image reconstructions with detailed explanation about Interpolation, convolution, Fourier slice theorem, Fourier transformation and brief explanation about the image domain i.e digital image processing.
Welcome to our presentation on "Emergencies in the Radiology Department." As radiology students, it is crucial for us to be prepared to handle emergencies that may arise while working in a medical imaging setting.
During emergencies, quick and effective responses can be life-saving and can make a significant impact on patient outcomes.
Dual energy CT utilizes two different x-ray spectra to characterize tissues. It can help address challenges with single energy CT like lesion detection and image noise. Dual energy CT works by analyzing how materials attenuate x-rays differently at various energies, allowing differentiation of substances like iodine and calcium. There are several technical approaches to dual energy CT, including sequential acquisition with two scans, rapid voltage switching between two voltages, and dual-source CT with two tube-detector pairs. Post-processing involves material decomposition and differentiation using image-domain or projection-domain algorithms.
Dr. Rajesh Venunath Nair teaches radiology at K.S Hegde Medical Academy in Mangalore. His presentation discusses the history, basic principles, hardware, imaging sequences, and clinical applications of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It explains how MRI uses radiofrequency pulses and magnetic fields to produce detailed images of internal organs and soft tissues without using ionizing radiation. The presentation covers the main components of MRI scanners, different pulse sequences, tissue contrast mechanisms, use of contrast agents, safety considerations, and recent technical advances that have expanded clinical use of MRI.
Radiographic Exposure in Radiography and Imaging Technology.
Understanding the fundamentals of radiographic exposure is crucial for producing high-quality diagnostic images.
In this presentation, we will delve into the key concepts, factors, and techniques related to radiographic exposure.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides high-resolution cross-sectional images of tissue structures on the micron scale in situ and in real time. It uses near-infrared light instead of sound like IVUS. OCT images are generated by measuring the echo time delay and intensity of light reflected or backscattered from internal structures using interferometry techniques. OCT can characterize atherosclerotic plaque composition and identify thin fibrous caps. Studies have shown OCT can detect plaque rupture and intracoronary thrombus with higher accuracy than IVUS or angiography.
Retrograde Urethrography is a specialized X-ray procedure used to visualize the male urethra, which is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the external body opening. This procedure is typically performed to diagnose and evaluate various conditions and abnormalities within the urethra, such as strictures, obstructions, or injuries.
MRI Definition: Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a medical imaging technique that non-invasively visualizes the internal structures of the body.
Basic Concept: MRI uses powerful magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of tissues and organs.
Importance: MRI is valuable in diagnosing a wide range of medical conditions and provides excellent soft tissue contrast.
Introduction: MRI, or Magnetic Resonance Imaging, is a versatile medical imaging technique with a wide range of clinical applications.
Soft Tissue Imaging: The unique ability of MRI to produce detailed images of soft tissues, such as the brain, muscles, and organs.
Non-Invasive Nature: MRI is a non-invasive and safe imaging modality, making it invaluable for clinical diagnosis.
Ultrasound is a non-invasive medical imaging modality widely used in various clinical applications.
It is based on the principle of using high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images of internal structures within the human body.
In this presentation, we will discuss into the fundamental principles of ultrasound imaging and its applications in radiology.
Oral cholecystography (OCG) is a diagnostic radiographic examination used to visualize the gallbladder and the biliary system. It involves the use of contrast media to enhance the visualization of these structures.
Detecting and diagnosing gallbladder diseases.
Evaluating gallstone presence and location.
Assessing gallbladder function and motility.
Welcome to the world of Angiography.
Angiography is a crucial diagnostic tool within Radiology.
It allows us to visualize blood vessels, aiding in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions.
Basic principle of ct and ct generationsTarun Goyal
This document provides information about computed tomography (CT) scanning. It discusses:
- The basic principles of CT scanning, which involves using X-rays from multiple angles to reconstruct cross-sectional images of the body.
- Key parts of a CT machine including the X-ray tube, detectors, collimators, and gantry which houses these components and rotates around the patient.
- How CT images are formed based on measuring the attenuation of X-rays through tissue, and assigning numbers in Hounsfield units to produce grayscale images.
- Factors that influence image quality such as noise, resolution, and radiation dose considerations.
Computed tomography (CT scan) is a medical imaging procedure that uses computer-processed X-rays to produce tomographic images or 'slices' of specific areas of the body. These cross-sectional images are used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in various medical disciplines.
Application of dect in emergency radiology including the application in diagnosis of renal calculi, bone marrow edema, gout , abdominopelvic imaging,detection of pulmonary embolism and in cardiac imaging.
Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) uses magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to image blood vessels. There are three main types of MRA: time-of-flight angiography (TOF), phase contrast angiography (PCA), and contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA). TOF uses gradient echo sequences to create bright vascular images from the signal difference between saturated and unsaturated spins moving through tissue. PCA images blood flow velocity using phase information and velocity encoding gradients. CE-MRA uses gadolinium contrast agents to shorten the T1 time of blood, allowing vessels to be visualized as their signal differs from the surrounding tissue.
Ultrasound Transducer Constriction And It’s Physics.pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
Definition of Ultrasound Transducer: An ultrasound transducer is a critical device used in medical imaging to both emit and receive ultrasound waves for diagnostic purposes.
Importance of Understanding Transducers: Mastering the principles of transducer physics and construction is essential for radiology students, as it forms the foundation for proficient ultrasound operation and interpretation.
Presentation Structure: This presentation will delve into the physics behind ultrasound transducers, the materials used in their construction, and the functions of their key components.
This document discusses the history and evolution of different generations of computed tomography (CT) technology. It describes the key limitations and innovations of each generation from the first generation CT scanner created in 1971, which took 5 minutes to produce an image, to modern multi-slice CT scanners. The higher the generation number, the faster imaging times and more slices that could be acquired simultaneously. However, a higher generation does not always indicate a higher performance system.
Computed tomography (CT) of the head is used to assess head injuries, headaches, dizziness, and symptoms of conditions like aneurysms, bleeding, strokes, and brain tumors. It can also help evaluate the face, sinuses, and skull. CT of the head uses X-rays to generate cross-sectional images of the head and brain which provide more detailed information than regular X-rays, particularly for soft tissues and blood vessels. Common protocols for head CT include non-contrast exams for conditions like trauma or stroke, as well as contrast-enhanced exams to evaluate tumors, aneurysms, or other conditions. Precautions are taken to minimize radiation exposure, especially for children.
Tomography as a medical imaging technique that allows for the visualization of cross-sectional images of the human body. Emphasize that tomography provides detailed, three-dimensional views of anatomical structures, which can be invaluable for diagnosis and treatment planning in radiology.
This presentation will provide an in-depth understanding of the essential guidelines for designing and locating X-ray equipment in accordance with radiation protection guidelines.
CT angiography uses x-rays and iodine contrast dye to produce detailed images of blood vessels and tissues. A CT scan is performed after the contrast dye is injected into the bloodstream. CT angiography can be used to diagnose and evaluate diseases of the blood vessels like injuries, aneurysms, and blockages. It provides more precise anatomical detail than MRI for small blood vessels. Potential risks include radiation exposure and allergic reaction to the contrast dye.
This slide best explains the introduction of CT, basis and types of CT image reconstructions with detailed explanation about Interpolation, convolution, Fourier slice theorem, Fourier transformation and brief explanation about the image domain i.e digital image processing.
Welcome to our presentation on "Emergencies in the Radiology Department." As radiology students, it is crucial for us to be prepared to handle emergencies that may arise while working in a medical imaging setting.
During emergencies, quick and effective responses can be life-saving and can make a significant impact on patient outcomes.
Dual energy CT utilizes two different x-ray spectra to characterize tissues. It can help address challenges with single energy CT like lesion detection and image noise. Dual energy CT works by analyzing how materials attenuate x-rays differently at various energies, allowing differentiation of substances like iodine and calcium. There are several technical approaches to dual energy CT, including sequential acquisition with two scans, rapid voltage switching between two voltages, and dual-source CT with two tube-detector pairs. Post-processing involves material decomposition and differentiation using image-domain or projection-domain algorithms.
Dr. Rajesh Venunath Nair teaches radiology at K.S Hegde Medical Academy in Mangalore. His presentation discusses the history, basic principles, hardware, imaging sequences, and clinical applications of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It explains how MRI uses radiofrequency pulses and magnetic fields to produce detailed images of internal organs and soft tissues without using ionizing radiation. The presentation covers the main components of MRI scanners, different pulse sequences, tissue contrast mechanisms, use of contrast agents, safety considerations, and recent technical advances that have expanded clinical use of MRI.
Radiographic Exposure in Radiography and Imaging Technology.
Understanding the fundamentals of radiographic exposure is crucial for producing high-quality diagnostic images.
In this presentation, we will delve into the key concepts, factors, and techniques related to radiographic exposure.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides high-resolution cross-sectional images of tissue structures on the micron scale in situ and in real time. It uses near-infrared light instead of sound like IVUS. OCT images are generated by measuring the echo time delay and intensity of light reflected or backscattered from internal structures using interferometry techniques. OCT can characterize atherosclerotic plaque composition and identify thin fibrous caps. Studies have shown OCT can detect plaque rupture and intracoronary thrombus with higher accuracy than IVUS or angiography.
Examination of carotid pre-bifurcation expansion to predict boundary layer s...Minh Anh Nguyen
The document summarizes a study examining the relationship between carotid artery geometry and the risk of atherosclerosis. Specifically, the study aims to develop an index based on pressure change and bifurcation angle in the carotid artery's pre-bifurcation expansion region to predict boundary layer separation and atherosclerotic risk. The procedure involves using MRI images from literature to calculate pressure change and bifurcation angle for various risk levels and testing the index on 6 subjects. Results show trends but more data is needed. Limitations include the young age of subjects and 2D analysis. Future work could involve 3D CFD modeling and lifetime monitoring of subjects.
1. The study measured red blood cell velocity in 104 conjunctival microvessels ranging from 4-24 micrometers in diameter in 17 healthy human volunteers.
2. Volume blood flow was calculated taking into account how velocity profiles change with vessel diameter. Flow ranged from 5-462 picoliters/second, following a second power law relationship with diameter rather than a third power law.
3. Wall shear stress was estimated to range from 0.28-9.55 N/m^2, declining hyperbolically with diameter. The mean wall shear stress for all microvessels was 1.54 N/m^2.
surgical mgt ICH of hemorraghic stroke. indications for surgery.blessingmichael5
Surgical treatment of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) aims to reduce intracranial pressure, prevent herniation, and decrease mass effect on surrounding brain tissue. Indications for surgery include hematomas over 30cc near the cortex, midline shift over 5mm, deteriorating consciousness, and intraventricular hemorrhage with hydrocephalus. Most studies suggest surgery between 8-48 hours is beneficial, while earlier or later carries risks. Surgical techniques include burr hole aspiration, ventriculostomy, endoscopy, and craniotomy/craniectomy. Outcomes depend on factors like Glasgow Coma Scale, hematoma size and location, age, time to surgery, and
CT scans provide detailed cross-sectional images of the body by combining x-rays with computer technology. CT scans are useful for diagnosing many medical conditions by allowing physicians to examine tissues and organs. While CT scans provide valuable medical information with minimal risks, they do involve exposure to radiation, so the benefits must be weighed against the risks for each individual patient's circumstance.
Comprehensive presentation on intra arterial blood pressure with a good insight into the the basic physics and brief look into the risks and complications.
MRI uses magnets and radio waves to produce diagnostic images of the body's internal structures without using ionizing radiation. It has superior soft tissue contrast compared to CT and allows imaging in multiple planes. Advantages include no radiation exposure, ability to characterize different tissues, and functional imaging. Disadvantages include cost, longer scan time than CT, and incompatibility with metal implants. Patient preparation involves screening for metal implants and providing instructions to remain still during scanning.
1. Flowcytometery : Principles and applications.
2. Hemocytometery: Principles and applications.
3. Chromatography: Types, Principles and application
4. Electrophoresis: Types, Principles and application
1. PCR and transillumnator: Theory and its applications to biomedical field.
2. Inoculation and isolation of Microorganism from the different type of samples.
Cardiac CT uses X-rays and computer technology to image the heart and coronary arteries. It can detect calcium buildup in arteries, assess coronary arteries via angiography, and evaluate heart function. The test involves injecting contrast dye and potentially heart rate control drugs. Images are taken rapidly during breath-holds to freeze heart motion. Cardiac CT can diagnose heart disease by identifying plaque and blockages without the risks of angiography.
Ilumienation of lightening - 4final.pptxShreyaKedia10
This randomized controlled trial compared OCT-guided PCI to angiography-guided PCI. The OCT group had a larger minimum stent area post-PCI but no difference in target vessel failure at 2 years. While OCT guidance reduced stent thrombosis and complications, it did not decrease major adverse cardiac events due to the low rate of ischemia-driven revascularization in both groups. The results demonstrate the benefits of OCT for optimization but need longer term follow-up to assess clinical outcomes fully.
A CT angiogram uses X-rays and contrast dye to provide detailed pictures of the heart and blood vessels. It can diagnose and evaluate diseases of the blood vessels like injuries, aneurysms, and blockages. During the procedure, an IV catheter is inserted and contrast dye is injected to make the blood vessels appear bright white on the scans. CT angiography provides precise anatomical details and is less invasive than catheter angiography, though it does expose the patient to a small amount of radiation.
An arterial blood gas test measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood as well as blood pH. It is performed by drawing blood from an artery, usually in the wrist, groin or arm, and analyzing the sample to evaluate respiratory conditions and determine the effectiveness of oxygen therapy. The test involves inserting a small needle into the artery to collect blood, after which pressure is applied to stop any bleeding. Special preparation is generally not needed other than maintaining consistent oxygen levels if the patient uses oxygen therapy. Risks are low but can include bleeding, bruising or fainting at the puncture site.
This document describes the history and evolution of cystoscopy and endoscopy. It discusses early cystoscopes that used candle light and mirrors, and the development of modern rigid and flexible cystoscopes using electric light, fiber optics, and video imaging. It outlines the key innovators who developed new light sources, lenses, and technologies to improve visualization of the bladder. These advances allowed cystoscopy to become a mainstream urological procedure. The document also provides details on modern cystoscopy techniques and equipment.
The document discusses novel imaging techniques for detecting coronary plaque buildup. It summarizes that coronary artery disease occurs when plaque builds up in the arteries and describes statistics on heart disease deaths. It then discusses using free radical scanners to detect diseases and evaluate treatments. Various imaging modalities for the heart are presented such as CT, MRI, ultrasound and their advantages and limitations. Challenges of medical image processing like compression and diagnostics are also covered.
The document summarizes the capabilities of an ultra low dose 194 slice CT scanner. It can perform cardiac evaluations and coronary artery assessments with very low radiation. It provides high resolution images quickly with short breath holds. It can also perform CT angiography, CT imaging of the brain, bones, lungs, abdomen and other areas. It allows accurate diagnoses and treatment planning for various conditions.
The Division at St Luke’s–Roosevelt endorses the position of the Society for Vascular Surgery that carotid artery surgery is superior to carotid stenting based on results from the CREST and ICSS trials. While both CEA and CAS can prevent stroke, CEA has fewer complications and is therefore the preferred treatment according to ICSS. CREST showed CEA and CAS were equivalent when measuring all complications together, but strokes occurred more after stenting.
Similar to CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF CT SCAN.pptx (20)
Objectives of the Presentation
To educate on the identification and causes of various ultrasound artifacts.
To provide practical remedies and techniques for minimizing or eliminating these artifacts.
To enhance the overall quality and reliability of ultrasound imaging in clinical practice.
MRI Image Artifacts are distortions or errors in the MRI images that do not represent the true anatomy or pathology of the subject being imaged.
These artifacts can be caused by a variety of factors including patient movement, hardware limitations, specific properties of the tissues being imaged, and the parameters set during the scanning process.
Radiation measurement and dosimetry play crucial roles in medical physics, ensuring the safe and effective use of ionizing radiation in various medical applications.
Definition of Bragg-peak , percentage depth dose, peak scatter factor, tissue air-ratio, tissue maximum ratio, scatter air ratio, isodose curves and radiation penumbra of different beams.
In this PPT we'll discuss into how social changes influence health outcomes and the role of cultural factors in shaping health behaviors and disorders.
Units of Radiation Measurements, Quality Specification, Half-Value Thickness,...Dr. Dheeraj Kumar
Radiation measurements are essential for quantifying radiation exposure, absorbed dose, and activity, providing crucial information for medical physics and radiology.
X-ray beam restrictors, commonly referred to as collimators, are sophisticated devices utilized in medical imaging to control the size, shape, and direction of the X-ray beam emitted from the X-ray tube. These devices are integral components of X-ray machines, working in conjunction with other components to optimize image quality while minimizing patient radiation exposure.
Range of Secondary Electrons and Electron Build-Up: Impact on Scatter in Homo...Dr. Dheeraj Kumar
Welcome to the presentation on the Range of Secondary Electrons and Electron Build-Up in Medical Physics and Imaging.
Today, we will delve into the concepts of secondary electrons, electron build-up, and their effects on scatter in both homogeneous and heterogeneous beam passage through patients.
Transmission of X-ray through body tissues linear energy transfer..pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
X-rays, being a type of electromagnetic radiation, interact with the atoms and molecules of human tissues as they pass through the body.
Linear Energy Transfer (LET) is a fundamental concept in the study of radiation biology and the effects of ionizing radiation on living tissues.
X-ray Production A Journey Through History and the X-ray Tube.pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
Welcome to our presentation on X-ray Production and its significance in Medical Imaging.
Today, we'll explore the fascinating history of X-rays, their production mechanisms, and the role of X-ray tubes in medical applications.
The current population of India is 1,437,054,302 as of Thursday, February 22, 2024, based on Worldometer elaboration of the latest United Nations data 1.
India 2023 population is estimated at 1,428,627,663 people at mid year.
India population is equivalent to 17.76% of the total world population.
India ranks number 1 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population.
Artificial Radionuclide Generators in Medicine Applications in Radiotherapy.pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
Radionuclide generators are essential devices utilized in nuclear medicine to produce specific radioisotopes through the process of radioactive decay.
These generators serve as a continuous source of radioactive material for various medical applications, including diagnosis and therapy.
Effects of variation of tube voltage current, filtration..pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
In the field of medical radiography, optimizing critical parameters including tube voltage, current, and filtration is a crucial undertaking.
This introduction seeks to underscore the paramount importance of achieving a delicate equilibrium between these factors, emphasizing their collective impact on diagnostic accuracy and radiation safety.
Radioactivity spectrum of diagnostic imaging and therapy X ray..pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of particles or energy from the nucleus of an unstable atom.
This process occurs as the nucleus attempts to reach a more stable state.
The emitted particles and energy are collectively referred to as radiation.
Atomic structure as applied to generation of X-rays.pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
Atoms are the fundamental units of matter.
Composed of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Unique identity determined by the number of protons (atomic number).
Radiation physics is a branch of physics that studies the properties and behavior of radiation, which includes both ionizing and non-ionizing forms of electromagnetic waves.
The field is crucial in medical imaging, nuclear power, environmental monitoring, and various industrial applications.
Radiographic film processing is a critical step in the field of medical imaging. It serves as the bridge between capturing X-ray images and the final diagnostic output.
Welcome to the presentation on the Physical Principles of Ultrasound. Today, we will discuss the fundamental principles underlying medical ultrasound imaging, a crucial tool in radiology. Sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing are called ultrasound.
"A latent image is an invisible image that is created during the imaging process in medical radiology."
Importance: "Understanding latent images is crucial in medical radiology as it forms the foundation for diagnostic imaging techniques."
State the objectives of this presentation: "Today, we will explore the formation of latent images, their role in various imaging modalities, and their significance in the field of radiology."
Michigan HealthTech Market Map 2024. Includes 7 categories: Policy Makers, Academic Innovation Centers, Digital Health Providers, Healthcare Providers, Payers / Insurance, Device Companies, Life Science Companies, Innovation Accelerators. Developed by the Michigan-Israel Business Accelerator
PET CT beginners Guide covers some of the underrepresented topics in PET CTMiadAlsulami
This lecture briefly covers some of the underrepresented topics in Molecular imaging with cases , such as:
- Primary pleural tumors and pleural metastases.
- Distinguishing between MPM and Talc Pleurodesis.
- Urological tumors.
- The role of FDG PET in NET.
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
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CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF CT SCAN.pptx
1. CLINICALAPPLICATIONS OF CT SCAN
Presenter: Dr. Dheeraj Kumar
MRIT, Ph.D. (Radiology and Imaging)
Assistant Professor
Medical Radiology and Imaging Technology
School of Health Sciences, CSJM University, Kanpur
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 1
3. INTRODUCTION
• Computed tomography (CT) is an essential tool in diagnostic imaging for evaluating many
clinical conditions.
• A computerized tomography (CT) scan combines a series of X-ray images taken from
different angles around your body and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional
images (slices) of the bones, blood vessels and soft tissues inside your body.
• In recent years, there have been several notable advances in CT technology that already have
had or are expected to have a significant clinical impact, including extreme multidetector
CT, iterative reconstruction algorithms, dual-energy CT, cone-beam CT, portable CT, and
phase-contrast CT.
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 3
4. HISTORY
• The first commercially available CT scanner was created
by British engineer Sir Godfrey Hounsfield of EMI
(Electronic Musical Instruments) Laboratories in 1972.
• He co-invented the technology with physicist Dr. Allan
Cormack. Both researchers were later on jointly awarded
the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. By
1981, Hounsfield was knighted and became Sir Godfrey
Hounsfield.
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 4
5. • However, it was the mathematical theory of Johann
Radon way back in 1917, called “Radon
transform,” that brought the technology to life.
Another mathematical advancement that Hounsfield
built on is the “Algebraic Reconstruction
Technique,” which was formulated by Polish
mathematician Stefan Kaczmarz in 1937.
• Both theories were adopted by Hounsfield to create
one of the greatest advancements in medical history.
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 5
6. ADVANTEGES OF CT
MULTI SLICE SCANNING ADVANTAGE OF OVER SINGLE SLICE
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 6
8. ADVANTAGES CT SCANNER
• This has improved the diagnostic capabilities of CT scanners. Recently new scanners capable of
producing 32, 40 and even 64 images have been announced. These scanners will increase the diagnostic
capabilities of CT scanners even further, resulting in clearer images and lower doses of radiation
• Multi-slice scanners mean that it takes less time to complete a CT scan. Additionally, the amount of
radiation is reduced. The amount of radiation experienced depends on two factors. First, the design of the
scanner impacts the amount of radiation required. Secondly, how the scanner is used determines the
amount of radiation used.
• One of the key differences between single slice scanners and multi-slice scanners is the geometric
efficiency of the scan. Additionally, the amount of radiation used depends on the scan’s parameters- kV,
rotation time, mA, scan field of view, focal spot size, pitch and slice width.
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 8
9. ADVANTAGES WITH MULTI SLICE CT
SCANNERS
• With each rotation, it produces higher simultaneous 0.5 mm slices and gives
isotropic volumetric data with a better resolution
• Thin slice volume data reconstructed
• Post processing advanced visualization algorithms allow the extraction of
specific body parts
• Allow to understand complex anatomy and diseases
• Open new clinical possibilities
• Uncompromised image quality at a level never seen before
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 9
10. APPLICATIONS WITH MULTISLICE
CT SCANNER
• CT Head, Abdomen and Extremities
• CT Angiography (CTA)
• Coronary CT Angiography (CCTA)
• Visualization of Cardiac and Other Structure
• Cardiac Calcium Scoring
• Routine CT Scanning with Better Resolution
• Virtual Bronchoscopy
• Virtual Colonoscopy
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 10
11. CT HEAD
Indications
• Bone abnormalities.
• Brain mass/tumor.
• Fluid collection, such as an abscess.
• Haemorrhage.
• Hydrocephalus.
• Ischemic process, such as a stroke.
• Trauma or fracture of the skull.
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 11
12. BONE ABNORMALITIES
CT HEAD CONGENITAL
CALVARIAL DEFECTS
CT HEAD CONGENITAL
CALVARIAL SPECTRUM
CT HEAD SKULL FRACTURE
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 12
26. CT EXTREMITY
Reasons for an Extremity CT Scan
• Evaluate pain, swelling, or trauma.
• Identify and localize a known mass.
• Examine complex fractures.
• Diagnose arthritis.
• Scan for a collection of pus (abscess)
• Monitor scar tissue and healing after surgery.
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 26
27. CT ANGIOGRAPHY (CTA)
With ultra fast scanning, arteries serving the brain, lungs, kidneys, arms and legs can
be evaluated non-invasively.
Cerebral aneurysm
Carotid stenosis
Pulmonary embolism
Renal artery stenosis
Aortic aneurysm / dissection
Mesenteric ischemia
Hepatic artery anatomy (For Surgery)
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 27
28. CT Angiography- Technique
• Bolus tracking
• Amount and rate of contrast media
• Exposure factors
• Pitch/ Collimation
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 28
34. CT PERFUSION
• Computed tomography (CT) perfusion
imaging shows which areas of the specific
organ are adequately supplied or perfused with
blood and provides detailed information on
delivery of blood or blood flow to the brain
• CT perfusion scanning is a non-invasive
medical test that helps physicians diagnose and
treat medical conditions
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 34
35. • Xenon gas previously used
Patients not very tolerant
Scans taken over 5-10 minutes at 1
minute intervals
• Faster scanning means ionic
contrast can now be used
Continuous scanning of the brain
during contrast injection
Scan time < 1 Minute
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 35
36. CORONARYANGIOGRAPHY
•Only 30% conventional angiographies intervention for
therapeutic purpose
•Rest 65-70% - Only for diagnostic purpose
(AHA- Heart and stroke statistics update, 2001)
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 36
37. CT CORONARYANGIOGRAPHY
CLINICALAPPLICATIONS
• ASYMPTOMATIC PATIENT
• High risk
• High calcium score
• SYMPATOMATIC PATIENT
• No history of CAD
• Atypical chest pain
• Inconclusive stress test
• FOLOOW UP OF POST BTPASS AND POST STENT PATIENTS
• TO RULE OUT CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 37
38. CALCIUM SCORE
• Cardiac computed tomography (CT) for Calcium Scoring uses special x-ray
equipment to produce pictures of the coronary arteries to determine if they
are blocked or narrowed by the build-up of plaque – an indicator for
atherosclerosis or coronary artery disease (CAD).
• The information obtained can help evaluate whether you are at increased risk
for heart attack.
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 38
40. RISK FACTORS OF CAD
The major risk factors for CAD are:
• high blood cholesterol levels
• family history of heart attacks
• diabetes
• high blood pressure
• cigarette smoking
• overweight or obese
• physical inactivity
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 40
41. CALCIUM SCORE- INTERPRETATION
The result of the test is usually given as a number called an Agatston score. The
score reflects the total area of calcium deposits and the density of the calcium.
• A score of zero means no calcium is seen in the heart. It suggests a low
chance of developing a heart attack in the future.
• When calcium is present, the higher the score, the higher your risk of heart
disease.
• A score of 100 to 300 means moderate plaque deposits. It's associated with a
relatively high risk of a heart attack or other heart disease over the next three
to five years.
• A score greater than 300 is a sign of very high to severe disease and heart
attack risk.
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 41
43. PLAQUE CHARACTERIZATION
(Schroder, JACC 2001)
PLAQUES CT DENSITY
Soft < 50 HU
Fibrotic 50-130 HU
Calcified > 130 HU
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 43
46. VIRTUAL COLONOSCOPY
• Emerging noninvasive imaging technology for detecting colon polyps and
cancer
• Trends towards using this as screening gold standards as it permits complete
visualization of the entire colon, hence proving the opportunity to identify
precancerous polyps and cancer
• Accepted application include incomplete colonoscopy
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 46
47. ADVANTAGES OF CT COLONOSCOPY
• more comfortable
• No sedation is required
• Evidence that CTC is better able to
detect polyps than fecal occult blood
testing, Ba enema and sigmoidoscopy
• Take less time than either conventional
colonoscopy or lower GI Series
• Secondary benefits of the revealing
diseases or abnormalities outside the
colon
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 47
48. VIRTUAL BRONCHOSCOPY
• Virtual bronchoscopy (VB) is a novel
computed tomography (CT)-based
imaging technique that allows a non-
invasive intraluminal evaluation of the
tracheobronchial tree.
• Several studies have shown that VB can
accurately show the lumen and the
diameter of the trachea, the left and
right main stem bronchi, and the
bronchial tree down to the fourth order
of bronchial orifices and branches
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 48
49. Applications
Normal Anatomic Features And Variants
Tracheobronchial Stenosis
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Endoluminal Lesion
Foreign Body Aspiration
Trauma
Stent Planning And Follow-up
Burn Injury
Tracheoesophageal Fistula
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 49
50. NORMAL ANATOMIC FEATURES and
TRACHEOBRONCHIAL STENOSIS
• 3D CT can depict the airway down to the 6th and 7th order of
subdivision
• The 3d map can be used to guide bronchoscopy or to direct
transbronchail needle biopsy
• The stenosis to lumen ratios determined with VB and Conventional
bronchoscopy were found to be within 10 % of each other
• Especially valuable for evaluation of suspected tracheobronchial
stenosis in children
• Less invasive and safer than fiberoptic bronchoscopy
• The advantage of depicting the adjustment structures such as
vascular rings, which can be a cause of stridor in children.
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 50
51. BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA
CT is the primary imaging technique for the detection, staging and follow-up of the
primary malignant tumors of the lung
CT with VB
Sensitivity- 100% for Obstructive lesions
16% for Mucosal lesions
90% for Endoluminal lesions
• Specificity for malignant tumors -100%
• Advantage of VB over fiberoptic bronchoscopy, can image beyond the site of
obstruction
• Visualization of the smaller airways, which are not accessible with fiberoptic
bronchoscopy
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 51
52. CT Scan Procedure May Be More Comfortable For The Patient
Carry Fewer Risks Of Complications
Sometimes Replace More Invasive Procedure
New Technology Providing Its Worth In Routine Scanning
It More Specialized Of Medical Image
CT Doses-
Higher For Some Exams But Could Be Lower For Other
Thin Slice Doses Lower Than On 4 Slice
Are Being Addressed By Dose Reduction Features
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 52
53. REFERENCES
• De wever W, vandecaveye V, lanciotti S, verschakelen JA. Multidetector ct-generated
virtual bronchoscopy: an illustrated review of the potential clinical indications. European
respiratory journal. 2004 may 1;23(5):776-82.
• Himi t, kataura a, sakata m, odawara y, satoh ji, sawaishi m. Three-dimensional imaging
of the temporal bone using a helical CT scan and its application in patients with cochlear
implantation. Orl. 1996;58(6):298-300.
• Ganz sd. Computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing applications using CT
and cone beam CT scanning technology. Dental clinics of north america. 2008 oct
1;52(4):777-808.
• De chiffre l, carmignato s, kruth jp, schmitt r, weckenmann a. Industrial applications of
computed tomography. CIRP annals. 2014 jan 1;63(2):655-77.
September 26, 2023 Assist. Prof. Dheeraj Kumar 53