"A latent image is an invisible image that is created during the imaging process in medical radiology."
Importance: "Understanding latent images is crucial in medical radiology as it forms the foundation for diagnostic imaging techniques."
State the objectives of this presentation: "Today, we will explore the formation of latent images, their role in various imaging modalities, and their significance in the field of radiology."
Latent Image formation & Dark room Chemistry.pptxssuser71d7b1
This document discusses latent image formation on dental radiographic film and the darkroom chemistry involved in processing the film. It begins by explaining how x-ray photons interact with silver halide crystals in the film emulsion to form a latent image. It then describes the key components and functions of the darkroom, including safe lighting, temperature and humidity control. Finally, it provides details on manual and automatic film processing, the chemical compositions and purposes of developer and fixer solutions, and some additional darkroom techniques.
Beam restricted device and filter used in x raySushilPattar
This document discusses various beam restricting devices and filters used in radiography to reduce radiation exposure. It describes common beam restricting devices like diaphragms, cones, cylinders and collimators which are used to limit the size of the primary x-ray beam and reduce scatter radiation. It also discusses different types of filters like inherent, aluminum, compound and molybdenum filters which absorb low energy photons and improve image quality. Maintaining proper collimation and use of appropriate filters helps achieve the ALARA principle of keeping radiation exposure As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
This document provides information on dark room and film processing techniques. It discusses the key components and functions of a dark room for handling radiographic films without light exposure. It also describes the various stages of film processing including development, fixing, washing and drying. Both manual and automatic processing techniques are covered, outlining the different steps, equipment, chemical solutions and factors involved in each method. Automatic processors provide controlled, consistent processing using chemical tanks and a transport system to move films through development, fixation, washing and drying cycles.
The document summarizes key aspects of radiographic grids used to reduce scatter radiation in x-ray imaging. It describes the components and invention of grids, different grid patterns like linear and focused grids, as well as factors that affect grid performance such as grid ratio and lines per inch. Methods for evaluating grids like primary transmission, Bucky factor and contrast improvement are also outlined. Potential issues with grid use involving cutoff and decentering are discussed.
Intensifying screens are major component of the image receptor used in conventional radiography.Its function is to convert the X-rays into visible light through the process of fluorescence.
This document discusses characteristics of x-ray images and artifacts. It defines key terms like image, real image, noise, contrast, sharpness and resolution. Noise appears due to factors like scattered radiation and can be reduced using techniques like high mAs and low kVp. Contrast is the difference in density between structures. Sharpness is related to density gradients at boundaries between areas. Resolution refers to the ability to show small, closely spaced structures separately. Artifacts are unwanted signs produced by technical errors in exposure, processing or handling that interfere with image quality. Understanding these characteristics and sources of artifacts is important for producing high quality medical images.
This document discusses collimation and filtration in dental x-rays. It explains that collimators are used to restrict the size of the x-ray beam in order to minimize radiation exposure and scattered radiation. There are different types of collimators including diaphragm, round, rectangular, and slit collimators. Filtration is also discussed, which involves removing low-energy photons from the beam to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure while maintaining diagnostic image quality. Common filtration materials mentioned are aluminum, copper, tin, and lead. The effects of proper collimation and filtration are to harden the beam and reduce radiation dose to patients.
Latent Image formation & Dark room Chemistry.pptxssuser71d7b1
This document discusses latent image formation on dental radiographic film and the darkroom chemistry involved in processing the film. It begins by explaining how x-ray photons interact with silver halide crystals in the film emulsion to form a latent image. It then describes the key components and functions of the darkroom, including safe lighting, temperature and humidity control. Finally, it provides details on manual and automatic film processing, the chemical compositions and purposes of developer and fixer solutions, and some additional darkroom techniques.
Beam restricted device and filter used in x raySushilPattar
This document discusses various beam restricting devices and filters used in radiography to reduce radiation exposure. It describes common beam restricting devices like diaphragms, cones, cylinders and collimators which are used to limit the size of the primary x-ray beam and reduce scatter radiation. It also discusses different types of filters like inherent, aluminum, compound and molybdenum filters which absorb low energy photons and improve image quality. Maintaining proper collimation and use of appropriate filters helps achieve the ALARA principle of keeping radiation exposure As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
This document provides information on dark room and film processing techniques. It discusses the key components and functions of a dark room for handling radiographic films without light exposure. It also describes the various stages of film processing including development, fixing, washing and drying. Both manual and automatic processing techniques are covered, outlining the different steps, equipment, chemical solutions and factors involved in each method. Automatic processors provide controlled, consistent processing using chemical tanks and a transport system to move films through development, fixation, washing and drying cycles.
The document summarizes key aspects of radiographic grids used to reduce scatter radiation in x-ray imaging. It describes the components and invention of grids, different grid patterns like linear and focused grids, as well as factors that affect grid performance such as grid ratio and lines per inch. Methods for evaluating grids like primary transmission, Bucky factor and contrast improvement are also outlined. Potential issues with grid use involving cutoff and decentering are discussed.
Intensifying screens are major component of the image receptor used in conventional radiography.Its function is to convert the X-rays into visible light through the process of fluorescence.
This document discusses characteristics of x-ray images and artifacts. It defines key terms like image, real image, noise, contrast, sharpness and resolution. Noise appears due to factors like scattered radiation and can be reduced using techniques like high mAs and low kVp. Contrast is the difference in density between structures. Sharpness is related to density gradients at boundaries between areas. Resolution refers to the ability to show small, closely spaced structures separately. Artifacts are unwanted signs produced by technical errors in exposure, processing or handling that interfere with image quality. Understanding these characteristics and sources of artifacts is important for producing high quality medical images.
This document discusses collimation and filtration in dental x-rays. It explains that collimators are used to restrict the size of the x-ray beam in order to minimize radiation exposure and scattered radiation. There are different types of collimators including diaphragm, round, rectangular, and slit collimators. Filtration is also discussed, which involves removing low-energy photons from the beam to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure while maintaining diagnostic image quality. Common filtration materials mentioned are aluminum, copper, tin, and lead. The effects of proper collimation and filtration are to harden the beam and reduce radiation dose to patients.
Xeroradiography is a method of recording x-ray images using a selenium plate that becomes conductive when exposed to light or x-rays. The plate retains an electric charge, allowing an image to form by applying developer powder to the charged areas. Two machines are used: a conditioner that charges and stores plates, and a processor that develops images on the plates by applying toner and transferring the image to paper. Copying radiographs involves producing a second image from an original, which can be smaller, the same size, or enlarged. Subtraction films are used in angiography to enhance vessel contrast by digitally subtracting a pre-contrast "mask" image from post-contrast images.
There are three key components of an image receptor for conventional radiography: film to record the image, intensifying screens to expose the film by converting x-rays to light, and a cassette to protect the screens and film. Intensifying screens, usually made of phosphors like calcium tungstate or rare earth elements, absorb around 30% of x-rays and emit visible light, allowing lower radiation doses while slightly blurring the image. Most cassettes have a pair of screens sandwiching double emulsion film to contribute evenly to the latent image, which is less than 1% from direct x-ray exposure.
Radiographic grids are devices placed between the patient and image receptor to reduce scattered radiation and improve image contrast. Invented in 1913 by Dr. Gustav Bucky, grids work by blocking scattered radiation while allowing primary radiation to pass through. The amount of scatter reduction depends on factors like grid ratio, line frequency, and focal distance. While grids improve image quality, they also increase patient radiation dose. Proper grid selection and positioning are important to maximize benefits and minimize patient exposure.
Automatic processing of X-ray film involves passing exposed film through different chemical solutions - developer, fixer, wash, and dryer - inside an automatic processor. The processor uses rollers to transport the film between temperature-controlled solutions over a total processing time of around 90 seconds. This ensures consistent film quality and faster processing compared to manual methods. While automatic processors produce dry films immediately, they can potentially cause artifacts and require more expensive maintenance than manual processing.
This document provides information about darkrooms and the equipment used for processing radiographic films. It discusses the types of entrances to a darkroom, including revolving, single, double, and maze doors. Processing tanks, cassettes, safelights, hangers, and automatic processors are described. Cassettes protect films and screens and come in various sizes. Safelights allow dim light in darkrooms without exposing films. Hangers and automatic processors are used to efficiently develop films. Hatches and racks are also discussed.
The document discusses factors that impact radiographic image quality, including film factors, geometric factors, and subject factors. Key aspects of image quality are spatial resolution, contrast resolution, noise, and artifacts. Spatial resolution refers to the ability to distinguish small structures, while contrast resolution is the ability to distinguish similar densities. Noise comes from film graininess and quantum mottle. The film's characteristic curve shows the relationship between exposure and optical density. Proper processing, including time, temperature and chemicals, is important for achieving good radiographic quality.
Vital signs such as body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate are important indicators of a person's general physical health and play an important role in emergencies in radiology. They help medical teams assess and treat patients and prevent adverse outcomes. Radiographers play an important clinical and ethical role in radiology departments by carrying out procedures, providing care to patients within their scope of practice, maintaining patient confidentiality, and ensuring minimum radiation exposure. They must also conduct themselves professionally by maintaining a neat appearance and treating patients and coworkers with respect.
X-ray film was originally recorded on glass plates but nitrocellulose film replaced them during WWI due to its greater feasibility. Double emulsion film was later found to respond faster to x-rays. By 1924, cellulose acetate replaced the flammable nitrocellulose film. Radiographic film consists of a polyester base and emulsion layers containing gelatin and light-sensitive silver halide crystals. Exposure to x-rays or light from intensifying screens causes a latent image in the crystals that is developed to produce the final image. Factors like contrast, speed, and spectral matching must be considered when selecting a film.
Dental radiography involves taking images of the teeth, bones, and soft tissues in the mouth to aid in diagnosis and treatment planning. There are several types of dental radiography procedures, including intraoral radiographs like bitewings and periapicals, as well as panoramic and cephalometric images. Radiographs are useful for detecting issues like dental caries, abnormalities, and monitoring treatment. Proper radiation safety protocols must be followed when performing dental radiography to minimize risk to patients and staff.
This document discusses portable and mobile x-ray machines. Portable x-rays can be carried by one person and used in hospitals, distant locations, or patients' homes to image in-patients or guide surgeons. Mobile x-rays are larger wheeled units that can be motorized or pushed. They have components like a base, generator, control panel, and supported x-ray tube. Mobile x-rays are classified by power source like capacitor discharge or batteries, and by output like low, average, or high power. Capacitor discharge units use a charged capacitor as the power source, while battery powered units use rechargeable batteries. Safety precautions for portable and mobile x-rays include long exposure cables and lead protection
This document discusses the components and properties of x-ray film. It describes the base, emulsion layer, and other parts of the film. The base provides structural support and is made of polyester or polyethylene terephthalate. The emulsion layer contains silver halide crystals suspended in a gelatin matrix. It responds to x-rays by forming latent images. The document also discusses film speed, types of film for different uses, and the difference between single and double coated films.
Magnification(macro and micro radiography), distortionparthajyotidas11
This document discusses the techniques of macroradiography and microradiography. It defines macroradiography as producing a magnified image using increased object to film distance. It describes the principles of magnification using fixed focus-film distance or fixed focus-object distance. Unsharpness from movement or geometry is discussed. Applications include skull and wrist radiography. Microradiography uses ultra-fine film and high voltages for small object imaging. Mass miniature radiography was used to screen for tuberculosis using portable fluoroscopic equipment. Distortion can occur if objects are not parallel to the central x-ray beam.
Radiation monitoring devices are used to measure radiation exposure. Common devices include film badges, thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD), and pocket dosimeters. Film badges use photographic film and filters to detect different types of radiation. TLDs use materials like lithium fluoride that store radiation energy and emit light when heated, allowing past exposure to be measured. Pocket dosimeters provide immediate readings of exposure to x-rays and gamma rays using ionization chambers. Digital electronic dosimeters similarly detect radiation but digitally display accumulated and rate exposures. Personal monitoring ensures radiation workers and patients receive proper doses in medical applications of radiation.
X-ray film consists of a light-sensitive emulsion layer coated on a transparent polyester base. It is used in both screen and non-screen types, with screen film providing higher speed when used with intensifying screens. The emulsion contains light-sensitive silver halide crystals suspended in gelatin. Dyes and layers are added to reduce issues like halation and crossover. X-ray film is used in dental, medical, and industrial applications to capture x-ray images. Proper storage is needed to protect the film.
This document provides guidelines for setting up a dark room for radiographic use. It recommends locating the dark room conveniently near the radiographic room with 1.6mm lead shielding on walls. The dark room should be away from damp or hot areas and accessible to plumbing and electrical service. It describes building essentials like single light-tight doors, interlocked double doors, and revolving doors. Proper ventilation, illumination, and apparatus are also discussed for maintaining film quality and working conditions.
All medical personnel share same thing in common, they all serve the patients. no one of them is entirely independent of others. the patient is a reason for existence in whole organisation. hence, the duty of RADIOGRAPHER must be seen in relation to the patient in particular and hospital as a whole.
The document discusses x-ray intensifying screens and film. Intensifying screens convert x-ray energy into visible light to reduce patient dose and exposure time. They contain a phosphor layer that converts x-ray photons into many light photons. Film is light sensitive and coated with silver halide grains that form a latent image when exposed. The image is developed chemically to produce a blackened density that is measured and related to exposure on a characteristic curve. Proper storage protects the film to maintain image quality.
Radiographic film is a light-sensitive material used in medical imaging to record X-ray images. It acts as a medium to capture X-rays that pass through the patient's body, resulting in an image that helps diagnose various medical conditions.
The history of radiographic film dates back to the early 20th century when it revolutionized the field of radiology. Today, it remains an essential tool in medical imaging, despite the advancements in digital technology.
Radiographic film is utilized in various imaging modalities, including conventional radiography, fluoroscopy, and mammography. Its versatility and ease of use make it a preferred choice in many clinical settings.
Xeroradiography is a method of recording x-ray images using a selenium plate that becomes conductive when exposed to light or x-rays. The plate retains an electric charge, allowing an image to form by applying developer powder to the charged areas. Two machines are used: a conditioner that charges and stores plates, and a processor that develops images on the plates by applying toner and transferring the image to paper. Copying radiographs involves producing a second image from an original, which can be smaller, the same size, or enlarged. Subtraction films are used in angiography to enhance vessel contrast by digitally subtracting a pre-contrast "mask" image from post-contrast images.
There are three key components of an image receptor for conventional radiography: film to record the image, intensifying screens to expose the film by converting x-rays to light, and a cassette to protect the screens and film. Intensifying screens, usually made of phosphors like calcium tungstate or rare earth elements, absorb around 30% of x-rays and emit visible light, allowing lower radiation doses while slightly blurring the image. Most cassettes have a pair of screens sandwiching double emulsion film to contribute evenly to the latent image, which is less than 1% from direct x-ray exposure.
Radiographic grids are devices placed between the patient and image receptor to reduce scattered radiation and improve image contrast. Invented in 1913 by Dr. Gustav Bucky, grids work by blocking scattered radiation while allowing primary radiation to pass through. The amount of scatter reduction depends on factors like grid ratio, line frequency, and focal distance. While grids improve image quality, they also increase patient radiation dose. Proper grid selection and positioning are important to maximize benefits and minimize patient exposure.
Automatic processing of X-ray film involves passing exposed film through different chemical solutions - developer, fixer, wash, and dryer - inside an automatic processor. The processor uses rollers to transport the film between temperature-controlled solutions over a total processing time of around 90 seconds. This ensures consistent film quality and faster processing compared to manual methods. While automatic processors produce dry films immediately, they can potentially cause artifacts and require more expensive maintenance than manual processing.
This document provides information about darkrooms and the equipment used for processing radiographic films. It discusses the types of entrances to a darkroom, including revolving, single, double, and maze doors. Processing tanks, cassettes, safelights, hangers, and automatic processors are described. Cassettes protect films and screens and come in various sizes. Safelights allow dim light in darkrooms without exposing films. Hangers and automatic processors are used to efficiently develop films. Hatches and racks are also discussed.
The document discusses factors that impact radiographic image quality, including film factors, geometric factors, and subject factors. Key aspects of image quality are spatial resolution, contrast resolution, noise, and artifacts. Spatial resolution refers to the ability to distinguish small structures, while contrast resolution is the ability to distinguish similar densities. Noise comes from film graininess and quantum mottle. The film's characteristic curve shows the relationship between exposure and optical density. Proper processing, including time, temperature and chemicals, is important for achieving good radiographic quality.
Vital signs such as body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate are important indicators of a person's general physical health and play an important role in emergencies in radiology. They help medical teams assess and treat patients and prevent adverse outcomes. Radiographers play an important clinical and ethical role in radiology departments by carrying out procedures, providing care to patients within their scope of practice, maintaining patient confidentiality, and ensuring minimum radiation exposure. They must also conduct themselves professionally by maintaining a neat appearance and treating patients and coworkers with respect.
X-ray film was originally recorded on glass plates but nitrocellulose film replaced them during WWI due to its greater feasibility. Double emulsion film was later found to respond faster to x-rays. By 1924, cellulose acetate replaced the flammable nitrocellulose film. Radiographic film consists of a polyester base and emulsion layers containing gelatin and light-sensitive silver halide crystals. Exposure to x-rays or light from intensifying screens causes a latent image in the crystals that is developed to produce the final image. Factors like contrast, speed, and spectral matching must be considered when selecting a film.
Dental radiography involves taking images of the teeth, bones, and soft tissues in the mouth to aid in diagnosis and treatment planning. There are several types of dental radiography procedures, including intraoral radiographs like bitewings and periapicals, as well as panoramic and cephalometric images. Radiographs are useful for detecting issues like dental caries, abnormalities, and monitoring treatment. Proper radiation safety protocols must be followed when performing dental radiography to minimize risk to patients and staff.
This document discusses portable and mobile x-ray machines. Portable x-rays can be carried by one person and used in hospitals, distant locations, or patients' homes to image in-patients or guide surgeons. Mobile x-rays are larger wheeled units that can be motorized or pushed. They have components like a base, generator, control panel, and supported x-ray tube. Mobile x-rays are classified by power source like capacitor discharge or batteries, and by output like low, average, or high power. Capacitor discharge units use a charged capacitor as the power source, while battery powered units use rechargeable batteries. Safety precautions for portable and mobile x-rays include long exposure cables and lead protection
This document discusses the components and properties of x-ray film. It describes the base, emulsion layer, and other parts of the film. The base provides structural support and is made of polyester or polyethylene terephthalate. The emulsion layer contains silver halide crystals suspended in a gelatin matrix. It responds to x-rays by forming latent images. The document also discusses film speed, types of film for different uses, and the difference between single and double coated films.
Magnification(macro and micro radiography), distortionparthajyotidas11
This document discusses the techniques of macroradiography and microradiography. It defines macroradiography as producing a magnified image using increased object to film distance. It describes the principles of magnification using fixed focus-film distance or fixed focus-object distance. Unsharpness from movement or geometry is discussed. Applications include skull and wrist radiography. Microradiography uses ultra-fine film and high voltages for small object imaging. Mass miniature radiography was used to screen for tuberculosis using portable fluoroscopic equipment. Distortion can occur if objects are not parallel to the central x-ray beam.
Radiation monitoring devices are used to measure radiation exposure. Common devices include film badges, thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD), and pocket dosimeters. Film badges use photographic film and filters to detect different types of radiation. TLDs use materials like lithium fluoride that store radiation energy and emit light when heated, allowing past exposure to be measured. Pocket dosimeters provide immediate readings of exposure to x-rays and gamma rays using ionization chambers. Digital electronic dosimeters similarly detect radiation but digitally display accumulated and rate exposures. Personal monitoring ensures radiation workers and patients receive proper doses in medical applications of radiation.
X-ray film consists of a light-sensitive emulsion layer coated on a transparent polyester base. It is used in both screen and non-screen types, with screen film providing higher speed when used with intensifying screens. The emulsion contains light-sensitive silver halide crystals suspended in gelatin. Dyes and layers are added to reduce issues like halation and crossover. X-ray film is used in dental, medical, and industrial applications to capture x-ray images. Proper storage is needed to protect the film.
This document provides guidelines for setting up a dark room for radiographic use. It recommends locating the dark room conveniently near the radiographic room with 1.6mm lead shielding on walls. The dark room should be away from damp or hot areas and accessible to plumbing and electrical service. It describes building essentials like single light-tight doors, interlocked double doors, and revolving doors. Proper ventilation, illumination, and apparatus are also discussed for maintaining film quality and working conditions.
All medical personnel share same thing in common, they all serve the patients. no one of them is entirely independent of others. the patient is a reason for existence in whole organisation. hence, the duty of RADIOGRAPHER must be seen in relation to the patient in particular and hospital as a whole.
The document discusses x-ray intensifying screens and film. Intensifying screens convert x-ray energy into visible light to reduce patient dose and exposure time. They contain a phosphor layer that converts x-ray photons into many light photons. Film is light sensitive and coated with silver halide grains that form a latent image when exposed. The image is developed chemically to produce a blackened density that is measured and related to exposure on a characteristic curve. Proper storage protects the film to maintain image quality.
Radiographic film is a light-sensitive material used in medical imaging to record X-ray images. It acts as a medium to capture X-rays that pass through the patient's body, resulting in an image that helps diagnose various medical conditions.
The history of radiographic film dates back to the early 20th century when it revolutionized the field of radiology. Today, it remains an essential tool in medical imaging, despite the advancements in digital technology.
Radiographic film is utilized in various imaging modalities, including conventional radiography, fluoroscopy, and mammography. Its versatility and ease of use make it a preferred choice in many clinical settings.
MRI Definition: Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a medical imaging technique that non-invasively visualizes the internal structures of the body.
Basic Concept: MRI uses powerful magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of tissues and organs.
Importance: MRI is valuable in diagnosing a wide range of medical conditions and provides excellent soft tissue contrast.
This document discusses x-rays and the process of radiography. It describes the interactions of x-ray photons with matter, including Compton scattering and the photoelectric effect. It explains how differential absorption of x-rays during radiography creates an image, noting that denser tissues absorb more x-rays. Filters are used to remove low-energy x-rays, while collimators shape the beam, grids reduce scatter, and film blackness depends on factors like mAs and FFD. Intensifying screens and smaller focal spots can improve detail in radiographs.
X-ray crystallography is a technique used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of crystals. X-rays are produced when high energy electrons strike a metal target, and the crystal causes the x-rays to diffract in specific directions. Bragg's law describes how the diffraction pattern can be used to determine the spacing of planes of atoms in the crystal. Common techniques include rotating crystal, powder, and single crystal methods. X-ray crystallography has many applications including identifying unknown compounds and determining molecular structures.
Definition of ultrasound imaging in radiology: Ultrasound uses sound waves to create real-time images of internal body structures.
Importance of ultrasound technology in medical diagnosis: Non-invasive, safe, and cost-effective imaging method with various applications.
Overview of the presentation structure: An outline of topics covered, including components and working principles of ultrasound machines.
Introduction
The applications of microscopy in the forensic sciences are almost limitless. This is due in large measure to the ability of
microscopes to detect, resolve and image the smallest items of evidence, often without alteration or destruction. As a
result, microscopes have become nearly indispensable in all forensic disciplines involving the natural sciences. Thus, a
firearms examiner comparing a bullet, a trace evidence specialist identifying and comparing fibers, hairs, soils or dust, a
document examiner studying ink line crossings or paper fibers, and a serologist scrutinizing a bloodstain, all rely on
microscopes, in spite of the fact that each may use them in different ways and for different purposes.
The principal purpose of any microscope is to form an enlarged image of a small object. As the image is more greatly
magnified, the concern then becomes resolution; the ability to see increasingly fine details as the magnification is
increased. For most observers, the ability to see fine details of an item of evidence at a convenient magnification, is
sufficient. For many items, such as ink lines, bloodstains or bullets, no treatment is required and the evidence may
typically be studied directly under the appropriate microscope without any form of sample preparation. For other types of
evidence, particularly traces of particulate matter, sample preparation before the microscopical examination begins is
often essential. Types of Microscopes Used in the Forensic Sciences
A variety of microscopes are used in any modern forensic science laboratory. Most of these are light microscopes which
use photons to form images, but electron microscopes, particularly the scanning electron microscope (SEM), are finding
applications in larger, full service laboratories because of their wide range of magnification, high resolving power and
ability to perform elemental analyses when equipped with an energy or wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometer.
An MRI scanner uses powerful magnets and radio waves to produce detailed images of the inside of the body without using radiation. During an MRI scan, a person lies inside a large cylindrical machine that creates a strong magnetic field, aligning protons in the body. Radio waves are then used to knock the protons out of alignment before they realign and emit radio signals that are converted into detailed images of internal structures. Contrast material may be used to enhance certain tissues. Metal objects are not allowed in the scanner room due to interference with the magnetic field.
Wilhelm Roentgen discovered X-rays in 1895 while experimenting with cathode ray tubes. He observed that a screen coated with barium salt would fluoresce when placed near the tube, even though the tube was covered. This led him to conclude that a new type of penetrating radiation was being emitted. The first medical X-ray image ever taken was of Roentgen's wife's hand.
X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation that is able to pass through and penetrate materials like human tissue. They are used widely in medical imaging procedures. Digital radiography systems like computed radiography and digital radiography have largely replaced traditional film-based X-ray systems, allowing for the digital capture, processing,
Transmission of X-ray through body tissues linear energy transfer..pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
X-rays, being a type of electromagnetic radiation, interact with the atoms and molecules of human tissues as they pass through the body.
Linear Energy Transfer (LET) is a fundamental concept in the study of radiation biology and the effects of ionizing radiation on living tissues.
The document discusses optical microscopy and the process of preparing samples for examination under an optical microscope. It begins by explaining the fundamentals of optics and resolution as it relates to wavelength. It then describes the key components of an optical microscope, including the illumination system, condenser, objectives, eyepiece, and stage. The document outlines the principles of image formation, magnification, resolution, depth of field, and aberrations. It also discusses sample preparation techniques such as sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching.
Ultrasound Transducer Constriction And It’s Physics.pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
Definition of Ultrasound Transducer: An ultrasound transducer is a critical device used in medical imaging to both emit and receive ultrasound waves for diagnostic purposes.
Importance of Understanding Transducers: Mastering the principles of transducer physics and construction is essential for radiology students, as it forms the foundation for proficient ultrasound operation and interpretation.
Presentation Structure: This presentation will delve into the physics behind ultrasound transducers, the materials used in their construction, and the functions of their key components.
The document discusses different types of microscopy including optical microscopy, electron microscopy, and scanning probe microscopy. It provides details on phase contrast microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, interference microscopy, and differential interference contrast microscopy. The key applications of microscopy are described as determining the localization of proteins, examining cell and organ shapes, and studying protein interactions. Electron microscopy is explained as using electron beams which have much shorter wavelengths than light, allowing higher resolutions.
The electron microscope was invented in 1931 and allows viewing objects at much higher magnifications than a light microscope. There are two main types: transmission electron microscopes (TEM), which use a beam of electrons to view thin samples, and scanning electron microscopes (SEM), which scan a sample's surface with a focused beam. TEMs can achieve resolutions of less than 1 nanometer but require complex sample preparation while SEMs provide three-dimensional views of surfaces but have lower resolution. Both have contributed greatly to scientific fields like biology, medicine, and materials science by revealing ultrastructures invisible to light microscopes.
Fluorescence and electron Microscope.pptxsaraso888
The fluorescence microscope uses fluorescence and phosphorescence instead of reflection and absorption to study organic and inorganic substances. It has a UV light source and filter to protect the viewer. Some organisms and substances naturally fluoresce, while others can be stained with fluorescent dyes. The fluorescence microscope is used widely in diagnostic microbiology to detect antigens, antibodies, and nucleic acids. Electron microscopes have much higher resolving power than light microscopes due to the small wavelength of electrons. Transmission electron microscopes allow viewing of inner structures while scanning electron microscopes image surfaces. Both have various applications in biology and medicine.
X-ray Production A Journey Through History and the X-ray Tube.pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
Welcome to our presentation on X-ray Production and its significance in Medical Imaging.
Today, we'll explore the fascinating history of X-rays, their production mechanisms, and the role of X-ray tubes in medical applications.
Radiographic Exposure in Radiography and Imaging Technology.
Understanding the fundamentals of radiographic exposure is crucial for producing high-quality diagnostic images.
In this presentation, we will delve into the key concepts, factors, and techniques related to radiographic exposure.
X-rays are a form of ionizing radiation that are produced by an x-ray tube. They can pass through tissues at different rates depending on density, allowing for the formation of radiographic images. The document discusses the principles of radiation protection including justification and optimization of exams. It also reviews the benefits and risks of x-rays, and techniques to reduce radiation exposure especially in children. The production of x-rays and how radiographic images are formed is explained. Various x-ray modalities and terminology are defined.
Objectives of the Presentation
To educate on the identification and causes of various ultrasound artifacts.
To provide practical remedies and techniques for minimizing or eliminating these artifacts.
To enhance the overall quality and reliability of ultrasound imaging in clinical practice.
MRI Image Artifacts are distortions or errors in the MRI images that do not represent the true anatomy or pathology of the subject being imaged.
These artifacts can be caused by a variety of factors including patient movement, hardware limitations, specific properties of the tissues being imaged, and the parameters set during the scanning process.
Radiation measurement and dosimetry play crucial roles in medical physics, ensuring the safe and effective use of ionizing radiation in various medical applications.
Definition of Bragg-peak , percentage depth dose, peak scatter factor, tissue air-ratio, tissue maximum ratio, scatter air ratio, isodose curves and radiation penumbra of different beams.
In this PPT we'll discuss into how social changes influence health outcomes and the role of cultural factors in shaping health behaviors and disorders.
Units of Radiation Measurements, Quality Specification, Half-Value Thickness,...Dr. Dheeraj Kumar
Radiation measurements are essential for quantifying radiation exposure, absorbed dose, and activity, providing crucial information for medical physics and radiology.
X-ray beam restrictors, commonly referred to as collimators, are sophisticated devices utilized in medical imaging to control the size, shape, and direction of the X-ray beam emitted from the X-ray tube. These devices are integral components of X-ray machines, working in conjunction with other components to optimize image quality while minimizing patient radiation exposure.
Range of Secondary Electrons and Electron Build-Up: Impact on Scatter in Homo...Dr. Dheeraj Kumar
Welcome to the presentation on the Range of Secondary Electrons and Electron Build-Up in Medical Physics and Imaging.
Today, we will delve into the concepts of secondary electrons, electron build-up, and their effects on scatter in both homogeneous and heterogeneous beam passage through patients.
The current population of India is 1,437,054,302 as of Thursday, February 22, 2024, based on Worldometer elaboration of the latest United Nations data 1.
India 2023 population is estimated at 1,428,627,663 people at mid year.
India population is equivalent to 17.76% of the total world population.
India ranks number 1 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population.
Artificial Radionuclide Generators in Medicine Applications in Radiotherapy.pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
Radionuclide generators are essential devices utilized in nuclear medicine to produce specific radioisotopes through the process of radioactive decay.
These generators serve as a continuous source of radioactive material for various medical applications, including diagnosis and therapy.
Effects of variation of tube voltage current, filtration..pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
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Radiographic Latent Image .pptx
1. Radiographic Latent Image
Presenter: Dr. Dheeraj Kumar
MRIT, Ph.D. (Radiology and Imaging)
Assistant Professor
Medical Radiology and Imaging Technology
School of Health Sciences, CSJM University, Kanpur
05/09/2023 Radiographic Latent Image By- Dr. Dheeraj Kumar 1
2. Introduction to Latent Image
• "A latent image is an invisible image that is created during the imaging
process in medical radiology."
• Importance: "Understanding latent images is crucial in medical radiology as
it forms the foundation for diagnostic imaging techniques."
• State the objectives of this presentation: "Today, we will explore the
formation of latent images, their role in various imaging modalities, and
their significance in the field of radiology."
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3. The Imaging Process
• An overview of the imaging process: "The imaging process in radiology
involves capturing internal body structures for diagnosis and treatment."
• Role of the latent image: "The latent image is an intermediate step in this
process, serving as the initial image formed before being transformed into a
visible image."
• Connect it to diagnostic imaging: "A clear understanding of the latent image
is essential for achieving accurate and high-quality diagnostic images."
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4. Formation of Latent Image
• The formation of a latent image is a fundamental process in medical
radiology that plays a pivotal role in capturing and interpreting
diagnostic images.
• This process is particularly significant in X-ray radiography and other
imaging modalities that involve ionizing radiation. Let's break down
the formation of a latent image into its key components.
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6. Photon Absorption (Exposure to X-rays)
• Photon Interaction: The process begins when X-
rays, which are high-energy photons, pass through
the patient's body during a radiological examination.
• Photon Absorption: X-rays interact with different
tissues and structures within the body. In some cases,
X-rays are absorbed by the atoms in these tissues.
This absorption is more prominent in denser tissues
such as bones, leading to lower transmission of X-
rays through these areas.
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7. Electron Tapping (Photoelectric Effect)
• Photoelectric Effect: In dense tissues like bone,
where the absorption of X-rays is significant, the
photoelectric effect occurs. During this effect, an
incoming X-ray photon has sufficient energy to
completely eject an inner-shell electron from an
atom.
• Electron Ejection: The ejected electron is
released from its orbit around the atom's nucleus,
resulting in an ionized atom. The electron gains
kinetic energy in the process.
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9. Silver Ion Migration (Radiographic Film)
• Radiographic Film: In traditional radiography, the latent image is formed on a radiographic film. The
film consists of a layer of silver halide crystals (usually silver bromide or silver chloride) suspended in a
gelatin emulsion.
• Silver Halide Crystals: Silver halide crystals are sensitive to radiation. When exposed to X-rays, the
absorbed energy causes the creation of small, stable defects in the crystal lattice.
• Silver Ion Formation: These defects are known as "F-centers" or "color centers" and consist of a
trapped electron and a positive silver ion. The trapped electron is the result of ionization caused by the
X-ray interaction.
• Silver Ion Migration: Under the influence of the ionized electron, the silver ion can migrate through
the crystal lattice. This migration is facilitated by the applied heat during the development process.
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11. Latent Image Formation
• Latent Image Centers: The latent image is formed by the aggregation of these
silver ion migration paths within the silver halide crystals. The areas of the film
exposed to more X-rays (e.g., areas corresponding to denser tissues) will have a
greater concentration of silver ions and latent image centers.
• Invisible Image: Importantly, the latent image formed on the radiographic film is
initially invisible to the naked eye. It is a distribution of ionized silver ions within
the crystal lattice, representing the X-ray exposure pattern.
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12. Types of Imaging Modalities
"Radiology encompasses a range of imaging modalities, including
Radiography, CT, MRI, Ultrasound, and Nuclear Medicine."
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13. Radiography and Latent Image
• The use of X-ray machines in radiography: "In radiography, X-ray machines
are employed to generate X-rays that pass through the body."
• Role of Photostimulable Phosphor (PSP) Imaging: "PSP technology
captures the latent image, which is stored on imaging plates within
cassettes."
• Importance of the cassette and imaging plate: "The cassette and imaging
plate play a crucial role in recording and preserving the latent image."
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14. Computed Radiography (CR)
• The digitalization of latent images: "CR technology digitizes latent
images, converting them into a digital format."
• Advantages over conventional radiography: "CR offers advantages
such as improved image quality, reduced radiation exposure, and
efficient storage and retrieval of images."
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15. Digital Radiography (DR)
• The direct conversion of X-rays: "In DR, X-rays are directly converted
into digital images, eliminating the need for film or plates."
• Immediate image acquisition: "DR provides real-time imaging,
allowing for immediate image acquisition and analysis."
• Enhancements in image quality: "DR technology enhances image
quality through digital processing and manipulation."
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16. Latent Image in CT Scanning
• The components of CT scanning: "CT scanning involves X-ray tubes and
detectors that rotate around the patient."
• Reconstruction of cross-sectional images: "CT systems use mathematical
algorithms to reconstruct cross-sectional images from the latent image
data."
• Visualization of latent image processing: "CT scans provide a visual
representation of the latent image processing, showing slices of the body."
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17. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• The role of strong magnetic fields: "MRI relies on strong magnetic fields to
align and manipulate hydrogen atoms in the body."
• Formation of latent images in MRI: "The latent image in MRI is created as
radiofrequency pulses are applied and the hydrogen atoms return to their
equilibrium state."
• Process of image reconstruction: "MRI systems reconstruct images based on
the signals detected during latent image formation."
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18. Latent Image in Ultrasound
• The use of sound waves in ultrasound: "Ultrasound imaging uses high-
frequency sound waves to create images of internal structures."
• Formation of echoes and their interpretation: "As sound waves bounce
off tissues, echoes are created, and these echoes are used to form the
latent image, which is then interpreted in real-time."
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19. Nuclear Medicine and Latent Image
• The use of radioactive tracers: "In nuclear medicine, radioactive tracers are
introduced into the body to emit radiation."
• Detection and imaging of radiation emissions: "Detectors capture the
emitted radiation, which is used to create the latent image for diagnosis."
• "Latent images in nuclear medicine are formed through the detection of
radiation emissions from the tracer."
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20. Image Enhancement and Processing
• The manipulation of latent images: "Radiologists can enhance latent
images through digital processing techniques."
• Contrast enhancement: "Adjusting contrast improves the visibility of
specific structures in the latent image."
• Noise reduction: "Noise reduction techniques help improve image
quality by reducing unwanted artifacts."
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21. Challenges in Latent Imaging
"Challenges in latent imaging include radiation exposure, artifacts, and
the need for continuous improvement in image quality."
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22. Future Trends
• Emerging technologies in radiology: "The field of radiology is
evolving with emerging technologies such as AI and machine learning,
which aid in image analysis."
• AI's role in patient-centered imaging: "AI is enabling patient-centered
imaging by tailoring imaging protocols and personalized diagnostic
approaches."
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23. Conclusion
• "In conclusion, latent images are the invisible intermediates in
diagnostic imaging, playing a critical role in various modalities."
• Reiterate their significance: "Understanding latent images is essential
for achieving accurate diagnoses and advancing the field of radiology."
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24. Questions and Discussion
• Open the floor for questions and discussions: "I invite any questions or
discussions you may have on the topic of latent images in medical
radiology."
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25. References
• Bushberg, J. T., & Boone, J. M. The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging. This
comprehensive textbook provides a detailed explanation of the physics principles behind medical
imaging, including the formation of latent images in radiography.
• Carter, R. L. (2013). Radiographic Imaging: Principles and Practices. This book covers the
fundamentals of radiographic imaging and includes a section on latent image formation and its role
in radiology.
• Quinn, B., & Marcon, R. (2019). Radiographic Imaging & Exposure. An essential resource for
radiologic technologists, this book explores the techniques and principles of radiographic imaging,
including latent image formation and its importance in diagnostic imaging.
• Seeram, E. (2019). Radiographic Imaging and Exposure (5th ed.). This textbook delves into the
various aspects of radiographic imaging, including the formation and processing of latent images in
radiography.
• Hendee, W. R., & Ritenour, E. R. (2002). Medical Imaging Physics. This reference provides a
comprehensive overview of medical imaging physics, including a detailed explanation of the
formation and processing of latent images in radiology.
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26. Thank You
“For your attention. If you have any further inquiries, please feel free to
contact me."
05/09/2023 Radiographic Latent Image By- Dr. Dheeraj Kumar 26