MCU stands for Micturating Cystourethrogram.
it's a radiographic procedure used to visualize the urinary bladder and lower urinary tract.
MCU involves real-time imaging during urination (micturition).
Contrast media are substances used in medical imaging to enhance the visibility of internal structures. Positive contrast agents, like iodinated and barium-based ones, appear bright on images due to their high atomic number, aiding in highlighting blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, and soft tissues. Negative contrast agents, often gases or air, appear dark on images, outlining specific cavities or structures. Solid contrast media, like barium sulphate, exist in a solid state and are ingested to visualize the gastrointestinal tract. Oily contrast media, non-water-soluble substances, provide prolonged contrast, commonly used in lymphangiography and myelography. The choice of contrast media depends on the imaging modality and structures to be visualized, optimizing diagnostic accuracy and patient safety.
Retrograde Urethrography is a specialized X-ray procedure used to visualize the male urethra, which is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the external body opening. This procedure is typically performed to diagnose and evaluate various conditions and abnormalities within the urethra, such as strictures, obstructions, or injuries.
The document summarizes the clinical applications of computed tomography (CT) scans. It discusses the history of CT, including its invention in the 1970s. It then outlines several main clinical applications of CT scans, such as evaluating head injuries, abdominal pain, blood vessel issues, and bone fractures. It also describes specialized CT scans like CT angiography, CT perfusion, coronary CT angiography, and virtual colonoscopy and bronchoscopy. The document emphasizes how multislice CT scans provide advantages like faster scanning times, thinner slices, clearer images, and lower radiation doses compared to older single slice CT machines.
Definition of ultrasound imaging in radiology: Ultrasound uses sound waves to create real-time images of internal body structures.
Importance of ultrasound technology in medical diagnosis: Non-invasive, safe, and cost-effective imaging method with various applications.
Overview of the presentation structure: An outline of topics covered, including components and working principles of ultrasound machines.
Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC) is a radiographic procedure used to visualize and assess the biliary system, including the bile ducts within the liver and those leading to the small intestine.
Tomography as a medical imaging technique that allows for the visualization of cross-sectional images of the human body. Emphasize that tomography provides detailed, three-dimensional views of anatomical structures, which can be invaluable for diagnosis and treatment planning in radiology.
Oral cholecystography (OCG) is a diagnostic radiographic examination used to visualize the gallbladder and the biliary system. It involves the use of contrast media to enhance the visualization of these structures.
Detecting and diagnosing gallbladder diseases.
Evaluating gallstone presence and location.
Assessing gallbladder function and motility.
Clearly state the objective of the presentation:
To explore the key components of a CT machine in detail.
To gain a deeper understanding of how these components work together to produce high-quality images.
Briefly outline the structure of the upcoming slides:
Each subsequent slide will delve into one specific component of the CT machine.
We will examine the function, significance, and operation of each component.
Contrast media are substances used in medical imaging to enhance the visibility of internal structures. Positive contrast agents, like iodinated and barium-based ones, appear bright on images due to their high atomic number, aiding in highlighting blood vessels, gastrointestinal tract, and soft tissues. Negative contrast agents, often gases or air, appear dark on images, outlining specific cavities or structures. Solid contrast media, like barium sulphate, exist in a solid state and are ingested to visualize the gastrointestinal tract. Oily contrast media, non-water-soluble substances, provide prolonged contrast, commonly used in lymphangiography and myelography. The choice of contrast media depends on the imaging modality and structures to be visualized, optimizing diagnostic accuracy and patient safety.
Retrograde Urethrography is a specialized X-ray procedure used to visualize the male urethra, which is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the external body opening. This procedure is typically performed to diagnose and evaluate various conditions and abnormalities within the urethra, such as strictures, obstructions, or injuries.
The document summarizes the clinical applications of computed tomography (CT) scans. It discusses the history of CT, including its invention in the 1970s. It then outlines several main clinical applications of CT scans, such as evaluating head injuries, abdominal pain, blood vessel issues, and bone fractures. It also describes specialized CT scans like CT angiography, CT perfusion, coronary CT angiography, and virtual colonoscopy and bronchoscopy. The document emphasizes how multislice CT scans provide advantages like faster scanning times, thinner slices, clearer images, and lower radiation doses compared to older single slice CT machines.
Definition of ultrasound imaging in radiology: Ultrasound uses sound waves to create real-time images of internal body structures.
Importance of ultrasound technology in medical diagnosis: Non-invasive, safe, and cost-effective imaging method with various applications.
Overview of the presentation structure: An outline of topics covered, including components and working principles of ultrasound machines.
Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC) is a radiographic procedure used to visualize and assess the biliary system, including the bile ducts within the liver and those leading to the small intestine.
Tomography as a medical imaging technique that allows for the visualization of cross-sectional images of the human body. Emphasize that tomography provides detailed, three-dimensional views of anatomical structures, which can be invaluable for diagnosis and treatment planning in radiology.
Oral cholecystography (OCG) is a diagnostic radiographic examination used to visualize the gallbladder and the biliary system. It involves the use of contrast media to enhance the visualization of these structures.
Detecting and diagnosing gallbladder diseases.
Evaluating gallstone presence and location.
Assessing gallbladder function and motility.
Clearly state the objective of the presentation:
To explore the key components of a CT machine in detail.
To gain a deeper understanding of how these components work together to produce high-quality images.
Briefly outline the structure of the upcoming slides:
Each subsequent slide will delve into one specific component of the CT machine.
We will examine the function, significance, and operation of each component.
Transmission of X-ray through body tissues linear energy transfer..pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
X-rays, being a type of electromagnetic radiation, interact with the atoms and molecules of human tissues as they pass through the body.
Linear Energy Transfer (LET) is a fundamental concept in the study of radiation biology and the effects of ionizing radiation on living tissues.
MRI Definition: Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a medical imaging technique that non-invasively visualizes the internal structures of the body.
Basic Concept: MRI uses powerful magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of tissues and organs.
Importance: MRI is valuable in diagnosing a wide range of medical conditions and provides excellent soft tissue contrast.
Ultrasound is a non-invasive medical imaging modality widely used in various clinical applications.
It is based on the principle of using high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images of internal structures within the human body.
In this presentation, we will discuss into the fundamental principles of ultrasound imaging and its applications in radiology.
Atomic structure as applied to generation of X-rays.pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
Atoms are the fundamental units of matter.
Composed of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Unique identity determined by the number of protons (atomic number).
Units of Radiation Measurements, Quality Specification, Half-Value Thickness,...Dr. Dheeraj Kumar
Radiation measurements are essential for quantifying radiation exposure, absorbed dose, and activity, providing crucial information for medical physics and radiology.
Radiation measurement and dosimetry play crucial roles in medical physics, ensuring the safe and effective use of ionizing radiation in various medical applications.
Ultrasound imaging, also known as sonography, has a rich history of development in the field of medical diagnostics.
Understanding the historical milestones of ultrasound imaging provides valuable insights into its evolution and significance in modern medicine.
This presentation aims to take radiology students on a journey through the key developments and advancements in ultrasound imaging.
Artificial Radionuclide Generators in Medicine Applications in Radiotherapy.pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
Radionuclide generators are essential devices utilized in nuclear medicine to produce specific radioisotopes through the process of radioactive decay.
These generators serve as a continuous source of radioactive material for various medical applications, including diagnosis and therapy.
Computed Tomography (CT) is a medical imaging technique that uses X-ray technology to produce detailed cross-sectional images of the body.
It is a valuable tool for diagnosing and monitoring a wide range of medical conditions
Radiation physics is a branch of physics that studies the properties and behavior of radiation, which includes both ionizing and non-ionizing forms of electromagnetic waves.
The field is crucial in medical imaging, nuclear power, environmental monitoring, and various industrial applications.
Welcome to our presentation on "Emergencies in the Radiology Department." As radiology students, it is crucial for us to be prepared to handle emergencies that may arise while working in a medical imaging setting.
During emergencies, quick and effective responses can be life-saving and can make a significant impact on patient outcomes.
Welcome to the world of Angiography.
Angiography is a crucial diagnostic tool within Radiology.
It allows us to visualize blood vessels, aiding in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions.
Effects of variation of tube voltage current, filtration..pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
In the field of medical radiography, optimizing critical parameters including tube voltage, current, and filtration is a crucial undertaking.
This introduction seeks to underscore the paramount importance of achieving a delicate equilibrium between these factors, emphasizing their collective impact on diagnostic accuracy and radiation safety.
X-ray beam restrictors, commonly referred to as collimators, are sophisticated devices utilized in medical imaging to control the size, shape, and direction of the X-ray beam emitted from the X-ray tube. These devices are integral components of X-ray machines, working in conjunction with other components to optimize image quality while minimizing patient radiation exposure.
This presentation will provide an in-depth understanding of the essential guidelines for designing and locating X-ray equipment in accordance with radiation protection guidelines.
Range of Secondary Electrons and Electron Build-Up: Impact on Scatter in Homo...Dr. Dheeraj Kumar
Welcome to the presentation on the Range of Secondary Electrons and Electron Build-Up in Medical Physics and Imaging.
Today, we will delve into the concepts of secondary electrons, electron build-up, and their effects on scatter in both homogeneous and heterogeneous beam passage through patients.
Definition of Bragg-peak , percentage depth dose, peak scatter factor, tissue air-ratio, tissue maximum ratio, scatter air ratio, isodose curves and radiation penumbra of different beams.
An X-ray tube is a critical medical and scientific instrument that plays a fundamental role in generating X-rays for various applications. X-ray tubes are widely used in the field of medicine for diagnostic imaging, as well as in industrial and scientific settings for materials analysis and research.
Welcome to the presentation on the Physical Principles of Ultrasound. Today, we will discuss the fundamental principles underlying medical ultrasound imaging, a crucial tool in radiology. Sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing are called ultrasound.
1. A catheter is a hollow flexible tube that can be inserted into a body cavity, duct or vessel.
Catheters thereby allow drainage or injection of fluids , distend a passageway or provide access by surgical instruments.
The process of inserting a catheter is catheterization.
2. They are the stainless steel metallic structures that guides the catheter through the blood vessels for placement. Guide wires are used for both cardiology and radiology angiographic procedures.
Introduction: MRI, or Magnetic Resonance Imaging, is a versatile medical imaging technique with a wide range of clinical applications.
Soft Tissue Imaging: The unique ability of MRI to produce detailed images of soft tissues, such as the brain, muscles, and organs.
Non-Invasive Nature: MRI is a non-invasive and safe imaging modality, making it invaluable for clinical diagnosis.
- Robin McKenzie developed the McKenzie Method of Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy after observing a patient with sciatica who experienced pain relief in lumbar extension, contrary to typical treatment at the time.
- The McKenzie Method involves classifying patients based on their symptomatic response to movement and positioning into derangement, dysfunction, or postural syndromes to guide individualized treatment.
- Examination involves a thorough patient history and mechanical examination to determine the optimal positioning or movements to address a patient's symptoms based on their classification.
Transmission of X-ray through body tissues linear energy transfer..pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
X-rays, being a type of electromagnetic radiation, interact with the atoms and molecules of human tissues as they pass through the body.
Linear Energy Transfer (LET) is a fundamental concept in the study of radiation biology and the effects of ionizing radiation on living tissues.
MRI Definition: Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a medical imaging technique that non-invasively visualizes the internal structures of the body.
Basic Concept: MRI uses powerful magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of tissues and organs.
Importance: MRI is valuable in diagnosing a wide range of medical conditions and provides excellent soft tissue contrast.
Ultrasound is a non-invasive medical imaging modality widely used in various clinical applications.
It is based on the principle of using high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images of internal structures within the human body.
In this presentation, we will discuss into the fundamental principles of ultrasound imaging and its applications in radiology.
Atomic structure as applied to generation of X-rays.pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
Atoms are the fundamental units of matter.
Composed of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Unique identity determined by the number of protons (atomic number).
Units of Radiation Measurements, Quality Specification, Half-Value Thickness,...Dr. Dheeraj Kumar
Radiation measurements are essential for quantifying radiation exposure, absorbed dose, and activity, providing crucial information for medical physics and radiology.
Radiation measurement and dosimetry play crucial roles in medical physics, ensuring the safe and effective use of ionizing radiation in various medical applications.
Ultrasound imaging, also known as sonography, has a rich history of development in the field of medical diagnostics.
Understanding the historical milestones of ultrasound imaging provides valuable insights into its evolution and significance in modern medicine.
This presentation aims to take radiology students on a journey through the key developments and advancements in ultrasound imaging.
Artificial Radionuclide Generators in Medicine Applications in Radiotherapy.pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
Radionuclide generators are essential devices utilized in nuclear medicine to produce specific radioisotopes through the process of radioactive decay.
These generators serve as a continuous source of radioactive material for various medical applications, including diagnosis and therapy.
Computed Tomography (CT) is a medical imaging technique that uses X-ray technology to produce detailed cross-sectional images of the body.
It is a valuable tool for diagnosing and monitoring a wide range of medical conditions
Radiation physics is a branch of physics that studies the properties and behavior of radiation, which includes both ionizing and non-ionizing forms of electromagnetic waves.
The field is crucial in medical imaging, nuclear power, environmental monitoring, and various industrial applications.
Welcome to our presentation on "Emergencies in the Radiology Department." As radiology students, it is crucial for us to be prepared to handle emergencies that may arise while working in a medical imaging setting.
During emergencies, quick and effective responses can be life-saving and can make a significant impact on patient outcomes.
Welcome to the world of Angiography.
Angiography is a crucial diagnostic tool within Radiology.
It allows us to visualize blood vessels, aiding in the diagnosis and treatment of various medical conditions.
Effects of variation of tube voltage current, filtration..pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
In the field of medical radiography, optimizing critical parameters including tube voltage, current, and filtration is a crucial undertaking.
This introduction seeks to underscore the paramount importance of achieving a delicate equilibrium between these factors, emphasizing their collective impact on diagnostic accuracy and radiation safety.
X-ray beam restrictors, commonly referred to as collimators, are sophisticated devices utilized in medical imaging to control the size, shape, and direction of the X-ray beam emitted from the X-ray tube. These devices are integral components of X-ray machines, working in conjunction with other components to optimize image quality while minimizing patient radiation exposure.
This presentation will provide an in-depth understanding of the essential guidelines for designing and locating X-ray equipment in accordance with radiation protection guidelines.
Range of Secondary Electrons and Electron Build-Up: Impact on Scatter in Homo...Dr. Dheeraj Kumar
Welcome to the presentation on the Range of Secondary Electrons and Electron Build-Up in Medical Physics and Imaging.
Today, we will delve into the concepts of secondary electrons, electron build-up, and their effects on scatter in both homogeneous and heterogeneous beam passage through patients.
Definition of Bragg-peak , percentage depth dose, peak scatter factor, tissue air-ratio, tissue maximum ratio, scatter air ratio, isodose curves and radiation penumbra of different beams.
An X-ray tube is a critical medical and scientific instrument that plays a fundamental role in generating X-rays for various applications. X-ray tubes are widely used in the field of medicine for diagnostic imaging, as well as in industrial and scientific settings for materials analysis and research.
Welcome to the presentation on the Physical Principles of Ultrasound. Today, we will discuss the fundamental principles underlying medical ultrasound imaging, a crucial tool in radiology. Sound waves with frequencies higher than the upper audible limit of human hearing are called ultrasound.
1. A catheter is a hollow flexible tube that can be inserted into a body cavity, duct or vessel.
Catheters thereby allow drainage or injection of fluids , distend a passageway or provide access by surgical instruments.
The process of inserting a catheter is catheterization.
2. They are the stainless steel metallic structures that guides the catheter through the blood vessels for placement. Guide wires are used for both cardiology and radiology angiographic procedures.
Introduction: MRI, or Magnetic Resonance Imaging, is a versatile medical imaging technique with a wide range of clinical applications.
Soft Tissue Imaging: The unique ability of MRI to produce detailed images of soft tissues, such as the brain, muscles, and organs.
Non-Invasive Nature: MRI is a non-invasive and safe imaging modality, making it invaluable for clinical diagnosis.
- Robin McKenzie developed the McKenzie Method of Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy after observing a patient with sciatica who experienced pain relief in lumbar extension, contrary to typical treatment at the time.
- The McKenzie Method involves classifying patients based on their symptomatic response to movement and positioning into derangement, dysfunction, or postural syndromes to guide individualized treatment.
- Examination involves a thorough patient history and mechanical examination to determine the optimal positioning or movements to address a patient's symptoms based on their classification.
Capsule endoscopy is a noninvasive diagnostic procedure to visualize the inside of your digestive tract. You swallow a capsule that contains a tiny camera, a transmitter and a light. As it passes through your stomach, intestines, colon and rectum, the capsule takes thousands of pictures and transmits them to a recorder that you wear outside of your body.
Your doctor uploads the data from the recorder using a system that combines pictures into a video. These visualizations help identify problems in the digestive tract and formulate a diagnosis.
Recent and Latest Advances in Oral and Maxillofacial surgery, Dr. Lidetu Afew...LIDETU AFEWORK
Every one should update himself according to the recent advances in every single profession/department. These are some of advancements We got in OMFS. We have also some latest advances and future advances under study that is going to be released in near future. BE HIGHTECH HIGH QUALITY UPDATED AND INFORMED PROFESSION.
The document announces a CME programme titled "JHARTCON 2023" to be held on October 28, 2023 by the Department of Radiology at Dr. Jeyasekharan Medical Trust College of Allied Health Sciences in Nagercoil, Kanyakumari District to honor World Radiography Day. The programme aims to recognize the vital role that radiographers and radiologists play in modern healthcare through their dedication and contributions using non-invasive radiology procedures that provide rapid medical analyses allowing doctors to observe inside the human body.
1. Flowcytometery : Principles and applications.
2. Hemocytometery: Principles and applications.
3. Chromatography: Types, Principles and application
4. Electrophoresis: Types, Principles and application
1. PCR and transillumnator: Theory and its applications to biomedical field.
2. Inoculation and isolation of Microorganism from the different type of samples.
Radiographic intensifying screens are crucial components in radiography that enhance image quality and reduce patient radiation exposure. They consist of three layers - a phosphor layer that converts x-ray energy into visible light, a reflective layer that directs this light towards the film, and a supportive base layer. Together, these screens work with radiographic films to improve diagnostic images while minimizing the needed radiation dose. Regular maintenance of intensifying screens is important to ensure consistent, high-quality images over time.
This document provides an overview of distraction osteogenesis. It begins with definitions and the need for distraction to gradually advance bone segments. Key topics covered include the history, biology, types of devices, factors influencing distraction, diagnosis/planning, and indications. Simultaneous distraction is described as a technique used for hemifacial microsomia. Presurgical orthodontics and vector planning are important preparation steps. Complications and current concepts are also briefly mentioned.
Distraction Osteogenesis of Craniofacial RegionSuresh Menon
This document provides an overview of distraction osteogenesis including:
1. The definition, history, and biology of distraction osteogenesis.
2. The types of devices used, factors influencing success, and indications.
3. Details on the diagnosis, treatment planning, vector planning, and role of orthodontics.
4. Specific applications for mandibular and midface distraction are discussed.
This document discusses enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols for patients undergoing radical cystectomy surgery. It provides background on ERAS, noting it is a multimodal perioperative care approach designed to improve recovery. ERAS was first described in 1990 and studies have shown it can reduce complications by 50% and lower hospital stay by 2.5 days in colorectal surgery patients. The document outlines the key components of ERAS for radical cystectomy, including preoperative optimization, minimally invasive surgery techniques, early enteral feeding and mobilization, and avoidance of nasogastric tubes and intense bowel preparation. ERAS has been shown to accelerate recovery and reduce hospital stay for cystectomy patients.
This document provides an overview of the Mayo Clinic Analgesic Pathway book, which discusses the use of peripheral nerve blocks for pain management after major orthopedic surgery. The book contains 4 sections that cover the principles of peripheral nerve blocks, techniques for specific lower extremity blocks including lumbar plexus and sciatic nerve blocks, Mayo Clinic's total joint anesthesia and analgesic pathway, and the management of peripheral nerve catheters. The preface notes that peripheral nerve blocks can improve the postoperative experience for patients compared to general anesthesia alone, but that training in these techniques is still lacking in many residency programs.
This document provides an overview of a clinical ultrasound course. The course aims to teach clinicians how to integrate ultrasound technology into patient care through modules covering introductory learning, practice-based learning, and using ultrasound in clinical decision making. The curriculum includes lectures, labs, and web-based tools covering topics like cardiac, vascular access, trauma, and critical care ultrasound. Post-course activities include online access to lectures and scan review, as well as an exam review portal to help clinicians earn ultrasound credentials. The document emphasizes that teaching clinicians ultrasound skills is an important step towards making ultrasound a standard part of clinical practice.
Radiographic Exposure in Radiography and Imaging Technology.
Understanding the fundamentals of radiographic exposure is crucial for producing high-quality diagnostic images.
In this presentation, we will delve into the key concepts, factors, and techniques related to radiographic exposure.
20 minute presentation on UCS FINAL.pptxHansarKemal1
Dr. Shawel A presented a 20 minute presentation on uterine compression suture. The presentation outlined the objective to understand uterine compression suture effectiveness, materials, techniques and complications. The B-Lynch suture is the most common compression technique, though variations exist. Effectiveness rates vary depending on indications but the technique is generally safe and preserves fertility. Absorbable sutures like chromic catgut are typically used. Complications can include necrosis, erosion and synechiae though future fertility is usually unaffected.
Health Regulations and Standards in Uganda. Clinical Decision Support System....munjo jonah
This report contains Health Regulations and standards in Uganda, Clinical Decision Support Systems and Medical Imaging and Picture Archiving Communication Systems (PACs).
Dr. A. SUMATHI - Transdermal Delivery of VaccinesSumathi Arumugam
The document discusses transdermal delivery of vaccines as a needle-free method of immunization. It describes the skin as a barrier to vaccine delivery and various approaches to overcome these barriers, including needle-free injection devices, powder-based delivery, topical adjuvants, colloidal carriers, and energy-based methods. It provides examples of research demonstrating the ability of these approaches to enhance immune responses to various vaccines compared to traditional needle injection.
A conference lecture talk on medical image analysis using Machine learning algorithms. here the used algorithms based on Morphological assessment parameters. the used database is based on carcinoma. The conference organised by National Institute of Technology (NIT)- Patna indexed by IET digital library.
https://digital-library.theiet.org/content/conferences/10.1049/icp.2023.1467
Conference: 8th International Conference on Computing in Engineering and Technology (ICCET 2023)
The document describes a capsule camera, or pill camera, which is a miniature camera that can be swallowed to examine the digestive tract. It consists of a lens, light source, battery and transmitter inside a capsule the size of a pill. The capsule passes naturally through the digestive system, taking pictures that are transmitted to a data recorder. The images allow physicians to detect conditions like Crohn's disease or tumors in the small intestine in a non-invasive way. While innovative, capsule endoscopy has limitations like inability to control the camera and risk of obstruction if narrowing is present.
In thoracolumbar spine trauma, the biomechanical goals in minimally invasive fracture treatment include decompression of the spinal canal, reduction of spinal deformities, and maintenance of stable fixation of the spine to permit early mobilization.
This was a teaching lecture given by Prof. Mohamed Mohi Eldin, professor of neurosurgery, in the Multi- Institutional Neurosurgical Meeting, Kasr El Aini Hospital, Cairo University, April 2nd, 2009.
Survey on Automatic Kidney Lesion Detection using Deep LearningIRJET Journal
This document discusses several studies that have used deep learning algorithms to detect kidney lesions from medical imaging data. It summarizes the key findings of 10 research papers. The studies demonstrate that deep learning methods like convolutional neural networks, deep belief networks, and LSTM models can accurately detect and classify kidney lesions from CT, MRI, ultrasound and other medical imaging modalities. Some studies achieved over 98% accuracy. However, the document also notes limitations like the need for large labelled datasets and potential for bias. Overall, the document emphasizes the potential for deep learning to improve kidney lesion detection and diagnosis of renal illnesses but highlights the need for further research.
Objectives of the Presentation
To educate on the identification and causes of various ultrasound artifacts.
To provide practical remedies and techniques for minimizing or eliminating these artifacts.
To enhance the overall quality and reliability of ultrasound imaging in clinical practice.
MRI Image Artifacts are distortions or errors in the MRI images that do not represent the true anatomy or pathology of the subject being imaged.
These artifacts can be caused by a variety of factors including patient movement, hardware limitations, specific properties of the tissues being imaged, and the parameters set during the scanning process.
In this PPT we'll discuss into how social changes influence health outcomes and the role of cultural factors in shaping health behaviors and disorders.
X-ray Production A Journey Through History and the X-ray Tube.pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
Welcome to our presentation on X-ray Production and its significance in Medical Imaging.
Today, we'll explore the fascinating history of X-rays, their production mechanisms, and the role of X-ray tubes in medical applications.
The current population of India is 1,437,054,302 as of Thursday, February 22, 2024, based on Worldometer elaboration of the latest United Nations data 1.
India 2023 population is estimated at 1,428,627,663 people at mid year.
India population is equivalent to 17.76% of the total world population.
India ranks number 1 in the list of countries (and dependencies) by population.
Radioactivity spectrum of diagnostic imaging and therapy X ray..pptxDr. Dheeraj Kumar
Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of particles or energy from the nucleus of an unstable atom.
This process occurs as the nucleus attempts to reach a more stable state.
The emitted particles and energy are collectively referred to as radiation.
Radiographic film processing is a critical step in the field of medical imaging. It serves as the bridge between capturing X-ray images and the final diagnostic output.
"A latent image is an invisible image that is created during the imaging process in medical radiology."
Importance: "Understanding latent images is crucial in medical radiology as it forms the foundation for diagnostic imaging techniques."
State the objectives of this presentation: "Today, we will explore the formation of latent images, their role in various imaging modalities, and their significance in the field of radiology."
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
1. Micturating
Cystourethrogram
Presenter: Dr. Dheeraj Kumar
MRIT, Ph.D. (Radiology and Imaging)
Assistant Professor
Medical Radiology and Imaging Technology
School of Health Sciences, CSJM University, Kanpur
18/09/2023 MCU By- Dr.Dheeraj Kumar 1
2. Micturating Cystourethrogram (MCU)
• Define MCU clearly:
• MCU stands for Micturating Cystourethrogram.
• it's a radiographic procedure used to visualize the urinary bladder and lower
urinary tract.
• MCU involves real-time imaging during urination (micturition).
• Distinguish MCU from other radiological techniques briefly.
18/09/2023 MCU By- Dr.Dheeraj Kumar 2
3. Indications for MCU
• Provide a comprehensive list of situations or conditions where MCU is commonly used:
• Evaluating vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in children: Mention its significance in pediatric care.
• Assessing urinary incontinence and dysfunctional voiding in adults: Emphasize its relevance in
adult urology.
• Detecting structural abnormalities: This includes strictures, diverticula, or any anatomical issues.
• Postoperative or post-injury bladder function evaluation: Highlight its role in post-surgical
care.
18/09/2023 MCU By- Dr.Dheeraj Kumar 3
4. • Urinary tract infection
• Dysuria
• Dysfunctional voiding
• Hydronephrosis and/or hydroureter
• Bladder outlet obstruction
• Hematuria
• Trauma
• Urinary incontinence
• Neurogenic dysfunction of the bladder, e.g. Spinal dysraphism
• Congenital anomalies of the genitourinary tract
• Postoperative evaluation of the urinary tract
18/09/2023 MCU By- Dr.Dheeraj Kumar 4
5. Evaluating Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) in
Children
• Significance in Pediatric Care: MCU is
particularly vital in pediatric medicine, as it helps
diagnose and assess vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in
children. VUR is the abnormal flow of urine from
the bladder back into the ureters and kidneys. Left
untreated, VUR can lead to urinary tract infections
(UTIs) and potential kidney damage. MCU allows
healthcare providers to visualize and grade the
reflux, aiding in treatment decisions and follow-up
care for young patients.
18/09/2023 MCU By- Dr.Dheeraj Kumar 5
6. Assessing Urinary Incontinence and
Dysfunctional Voiding in Adults
• Relevance in Adult Urology: MCU isn't limited to
pediatrics; it plays a significant role in adult urology
as well. For adults experiencing urinary incontinence
or dysfunctional voiding, MCU helps identify
underlying causes. Whether it's stress incontinence,
urge incontinence, or other voiding disorders, MCU
provides real-time imaging to evaluate bladder and
urethral function, enabling tailored treatment plans
for adult patients.
18/09/2023 MCU By- Dr.Dheeraj Kumar 6
7. Detecting Structural Abnormalities
• Strictures, Diverticula, and Anatomical
Issues: MCU is a powerful diagnostic tool for
detecting various structural abnormalities within
the urinary tract. This includes conditions such
as urethral strictures (narrowing of the urethra),
bladder diverticula (pouch-like protrusions), or
any anatomical anomalies. Accurate
visualization and assessment of these issues are
essential for determining appropriate treatment
strategies.
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8. Postoperative or Post-Injury Bladder Function
Evaluation
• Role in Post-Surgical Care: After surgical procedures involving the
urinary tract or in cases of traumatic injury, MCU assists in evaluating
bladder function. It helps healthcare providers assess whether the
surgery was successful or if there are any complications. For post-
injury scenarios, MCU aids in determining the extent of damage to the
urinary system and guides treatment decisions.
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9. Procedure and Patient Preparation
• Micturating Cystourethrogram (MCU) is a procedure that requires
careful planning and patient preparation to ensure its safety and
effectiveness. Here's a breakdown of the steps involved in preparing
for an MCU:
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11. Informed Consent and Patient Education
• Crucial Importance: Obtaining informed consent from the patient or their
legal guardian is a critical first step. It ensures that the patient fully
understands the procedure, its purpose, potential risks, and benefits.
Informed consent is essential both ethically and legally.
• Patient Education: Patient education is equally crucial. Explain the MCU
procedure in clear and understandable terms, addressing any questions or
concerns the patient may have. This not only fosters trust but also helps
alleviate anxiety and apprehension.
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12. Maintaining Patient Privacy and Comfort
• Ensuring Comfort: Patient comfort is paramount for a successful
MCU. Emphasize that a comfortable and relaxed patient is more likely
to cooperate during the procedure, leading to better-quality images.
• Privacy: Ensure that the patient's privacy is respected throughout the
process. Use appropriate draping and provide changing facilities when
needed to maintain dignity and comfort.
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13. Allergies to Contrast Agents
• Highlight the Need: Stress the importance of checking for allergies to
contrast agents before the procedure. Allergies can lead to adverse reactions,
ranging from mild hives to severe anaphylactic reactions.
• Precautionary Measures: Explain that healthcare providers should ask the
patient about any prior reactions to contrast agents. In cases of known
allergies, alternative contrast agents or pre-medication may be necessary to
prevent adverse reactions.
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14. Pre-Procedure Bladder Voiding
• Importance of an Empty Bladder: Make it clear why an empty bladder is
necessary before conducting an MCU. A full bladder can interfere with the
procedure by obstructing the view of the urinary tract. Instruct the patient to
void their bladder completely before the MCU.
• Timing: Provide guidance on the timing of voiding; it should be done just
before the procedure to ensure the bladder is as empty as possible.
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15. Patient Positioning on the Imaging Table
• Ideal Positioning: Describe the ideal positioning for the MCU procedure.
Typically, the patient will be lying on their back on the imaging table with
their legs spread apart. This positioning allows for clear visualization of the
bladder and urethra.
• Comfort and Stability: Explain that the patient's comfort and stability are
essential during positioning. Padding or cushions may be used to enhance
comfort, and straps or supports may be employed to maintain the desired
posture.
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16. Imaging Equipment and Contrast Agents
• The successful execution of a Micturating Cystourethrogram (MCU)
relies on a combination of specialized imaging equipment and contrast
agents. Let's delve into the details of these essential components:
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17. Fluoroscopy Equipment with a Digital Detector
• Role of Fluoroscopy: Fluoroscopy is a fundamental component of MCU, as it enables
real-time imaging. Unlike traditional X-rays, which produce static images, fluoroscopy
provides dynamic, continuous X-ray images. This dynamic visualization is crucial for
capturing the filling, storage, and voiding phases of the bladder and urethra during
micturition.
• Digital Detector: The use of a digital detector enhances image quality and efficiency.
Digital detectors allow for immediate image capture and display, reducing the need for
lengthy processing times. This aids in real-time assessment and expedites the procedure.
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20. Types of Contrast Agents (Iodinated or Water-
Soluble)
• Choice of Contrast Agents: Two primary types of contrast agents are
commonly used in MCU:
• Iodinated Contrast Agents: These contain iodine and are often used in MCU. They
provide excellent radiopacity, enhancing the visibility of the urinary tract structures.
However, some patients may have iodine allergies, necessitating precautions.
• Water-Soluble Contrast Agents: These agents are less likely to cause allergic
reactions. While they may not offer the same level of radiopacity as iodinated agents,
they are suitable for patients with known allergies or sensitivities.
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22. Catheters and Tubing for Contrast
Administration
• Role in Contrast Delivery: Catheters and tubing are instrumental in
delivering the contrast agent into the patient's bladder. A catheter is
introduced through the urethra into the bladder, allowing precise control
over the contrast injection.
• Minimizing Patient Discomfort: Explain that healthcare providers take
great care to minimize patient discomfort during catheter insertion.
Lubrication and local anesthesia may be used as needed to ensure a smooth
and pain-free procedure.
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24. Radiation Protection Gear
(Lead Aprons and Shields)
• Emphasis on Safety: Safety is a paramount concern in radiology, and MCU is no exception.
Mention the use of lead aprons and shields, which are essential for minimizing radiation exposure
to both patients and healthcare providers.
• Lead Aprons: Healthcare providers wear lead aprons to shield themselves from scattered radiation
during the procedure. This protective gear helps reduce the risk of radiation exposure.
• Patient Protection: While lead aprons are not typically placed on patients during MCU, the
procedure's design minimizes radiation exposure to the patient by focusing the X-ray beam only on
the area of interest.
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26. Image Acquisition
• Describe in detail how images are acquired during an MCU:
• Contrast agent introduction via catheter: the process of introducing the contrast
agent into the patient's bladder.
• Real-time fluoroscopic imaging during micturition: images are captured while the
patient is urinating.
• Sequential images capturing filling, storage, and voiding phases: the need for a
comprehensive view of the bladder and urinary tract.
• Dynamic evaluation of bladder and urethral function: the dynamic nature of
MCU, which allows for functional assessment.
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28. Interpretation and Reporting
• on the interpretation process:
• Radiologist's role in analyzing images for abnormalities.
• Elements evaluated: bladder capacity, shape, compliance.
• Detection of reflux into the ureters (VUR).
• The significance of detailed reporting for clinical decision-making.
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29. Case Studies
To better understand the clinical
significance of Micturating
Cystourethrogram (MCU), let's
explore real-life case examples
where MCU played a pivotal role
in diagnosis and treatment
planning:
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30. Case 1: Pediatric Patient with Suspected
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
• Background:
• A 5-year-old male patient presented with a history of recurrent urinary
tract infections (UTIs).
• Suspected vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), a condition where urine flows
backward from the bladder into the ureters and potentially into the
kidneys.
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32. Role of MCU
• MCU was performed to confirm the presence and grade of VUR.
• During the procedure, contrast agent was introduced into the bladder,
and real-time fluoroscopy captured the filling, storage, and voiding
phases.
• The MCU images clearly showed the reflux of contrast into the
ureters, confirming the diagnosis of VUR.
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33. Treatment Planning
• Based on the MCU findings, the healthcare team developed an
appropriate treatment plan.
• The grade of VUR determined through MCU guided decisions
regarding medical management or surgical intervention.
• Regular follow-up MCUs were scheduled to monitor treatment
effectiveness and the resolution of VUR over time.
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34. Case 2: Adult with Urinary Incontinence
• Background:
• A 45-year-old female patient complained of urinary incontinence,
particularly during activities that increased intra-abdominal pressure
(stress incontinence).
• The patient also reported frequent urination and urgency.
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37. Role of MCU:
• MCU was performed to assess bladder function and identify the cause
of urinary incontinence.
• Dynamic imaging during micturition allowed visualization of bladder
and urethral dynamics.
• The procedure revealed urinary leakage during increased intra-
abdominal pressure, confirming stress incontinence.
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38. Treatment Planning:
• MCU findings played a crucial role in treatment planning.
• Non-invasive therapies, such as pelvic floor exercises or behavioral
modifications, were recommended for mild stress incontinence.
• In more severe cases, surgical options like sling procedures were
considered.
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39. Case 3: Postoperative Bladder Function
Assessment
• Background:
• A 62-year-old male patient underwent surgery to address bladder
outlet obstruction due to an enlarged prostate (benign prostatic
hyperplasia, BPH).
• Following surgery, the patient experienced urinary retention and
incomplete bladder emptying.
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41. Role of MCU:
• MCU was conducted to evaluate postoperative bladder function.
• Real-time imaging assessed bladder capacity, contractility, and urethral
patency.
• The procedure identified residual urine in the bladder, indicating
incomplete voiding.
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42. Treatment Planning:
• Based on MCU findings, the healthcare team adjusted the patient's
treatment plan.
• Catheterization and medication were prescribed to address the
postoperative urinary retention.
• Subsequent MCUs were scheduled to monitor the effectiveness of
treatment and ensure the restoration of normal bladder function.
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43. Benefits and Risks
• advantages of MCU:
• Accurate diagnosis of urinary tract conditions.
• Facilitates treatment planning and monitoring. Risks:
• risks or discomfort:
• Minimal radiation exposure.
• Rare allergic reactions to contrast agents.
• Patient discomfort during catheter insertion.
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44. References
1. Smith, E. A., & Dillman, J. R. (2017). Vesicoureteral reflux. Radiologic Clinics, 55(5), 991-1006.
2. Lebowitz, R. L., Olbing, H., & Parkkulainen, K. V. (1985). Imaging and radiologic management of urinary
tract infection. The Pediatric Clinics of North America, 32(1), 205-226.
3. Huang, L., Sant, G. R., & Tu, L. (2000). Vesicoureteral reflux in adults. Journal of Urology, 164(3), 722-
725.
4. Brenner, D. J., & Hall, E. J. (2007). Computed tomography—An increasing source of radiation exposure.
New England Journal of Medicine, 357(22), 2277-2284.
5. Kavanagh, E. C., & Ryan, S. (2010). Vesicoureteric reflux. Pediatric Radiology, 40(6), 956-965.
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