This document provides an overview of quantitative techniques taught in a B.Com program. It discusses types of classification, including classification by time, space, and attributes. It also discusses types of frequency distributions, including individual, discrete, and continuous distributions. Specifically, it defines continuous distributions as those where variables can take any value between minimum and maximum, and defines key terms for continuous distributions like class limits, class intervals, class frequency, and cumulative frequency. The document aims to help students understand how to present and analyze data through classification and frequency distributions.

1. PROGRAMME B.COM
SUBJECT
QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUE – I
SEMESTER III
UNIVERSITY VIJAYANAGAR SRI
KRISHNADEVARAYA UNIVERSITY,
BALLARI
SESSION 07

2. RECAP
• Meaning & Definition of Classification
• Objectives of Classification and Rules of Classification

3. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
• The aim of the chapter is to make students to
present data in textual and Tabular format including
the technique of creating frequency distribution
and working out bi-variate distribution table

4. LEARNING OUTCOMES
• After the Chapter, The Students Shall be able to
Describe and Understand the Rules & Types of
Classification, Frequency Distribution, Class Interval
& its Types, Basic Principles Tabulation and The
Sorting of Data.

5. SESSION - 7
• Types of Classifications and Types of Series (
Individual , Discrete & Continuous)

6. TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION
• Classification by Time or Chronological Classification
The method of classifying data according to time
component is known as classification by time or
chronological classification.
Example 3.1 source (http://www.brainkart.com/article)

7. CONT.,
• Classification by Space (Spatial) or Geographical
Classification.
The method of classifying data with reference to
geographical location such as countries, states, cities,
districts, etc., is called classification by space or
Geographical Classification. Example 3.3 source
(http://www.brainkart.com/article)

8. CONT.,
• Classification by Attributes or Qualitative classification
The method of classifying statistical data on the basis of
attribute is said to be classification by attributes or
qualitative classification. Examples of attributes include
nationality, religion, gender, marital status, literacy and so
on.Example 3.1 source (http://www.brainkart.com/article)

9. CONT.,
• Classification by Size or Quantitative Classification
When the characteristics are measured on numerical scale,
they may be classified on the basis of their magnitude. Such
a classification is known as classification by size or
quantitative classification. For example data relating to the
characteristics such as height, weight, age, income, marks
of students, production and consumption, etc.,
source
(http://www.brain
kart.com/article)

10. TYPES OF SERIES
• According to Erricker Frequency Distribution is a
classification according to the number possessing the
same value of the variables.
• Basically Frequency can be classified into two types
I. Univariate Frequency Distribution
II. Bivariate Frequency Distribution
Univariate Frequency Distribution is divide into three
categories
Individual Frequency distribution Series
Discrete or Ungrouped Frequency distribution
series
Continuous or Grouped Frequency distribution
series

11. CONT.,
• Individual Frequency distribution Series
These are those series where items are listed Singly after
observation, as distinguished from listing them in groups.
• Discrete or Ungrouped Frequency distribution series
In this case, the observations or variables are counted
that how many times repeated is called the frequency of
that class.
• Continuous or Grouped Frequency distribution series
The variables which can take any intermediate value
between the smallest and longest value in the
distribution

12. CONT.,
• Under Continuous or Grouped Frequency distribution
series certain technical terms are important to
understand they are
 Class limits (Ex; 10-20,Lower Limit 10,Upper Limit 20)
 Class interval ( Upper Limit – Lower Limit)
 Exclusive or Overlapping Method (Ex; 10-20, 20-30)
 Inclusive or Non Overlapping method (Ex; 10-19,20-29)
 Class Frequency
 Class marks or Mid Values
 Class boundaries or True class intervals
 Cumulative Frequency

13. SUMMARY
As we already discussed and learnt today on
Classifications and Tabulation as below
• Types of classification
• Types of Series ( Individual , Discrete & Continuous)

14. MCQs
1 . The method of classifying data according to time
Component is known as
a) Chronological Classification
b) Geographical Classification
c) Qualitative Classification
d) Quantitative Classification
2. Types of Classification includes
a) Chronological Classification
b) Geographical Classification
c) Qualitative Classification
d) All of the above

15. MCQs
3. A Frequency distribution
a) Arranges observations in an increasing order
b) Arranges observations in terms of a number of
groups
c) Relaters to a measurable feature
d) All of these
4. The frequency distribution of a continuous variable is
known as
a) Grouped Frequency distribution
b) Simple Frequency distribution
c) (a) Or (b)
d) (a) And (b)

16. MCQs
5. The number of observations falling within a class is called
a) Density
b) Frequency
c) Both
d) None
ANSWERS
1. A
2. D
3. D
4. A
5. B

17. REFERENCES
• S.P. Gupta, Sultan Chand and Sons Publications, 2017
• S. C. Gupta, Himalaya Publishing House,
Fundamentals of Statistics, 2018
• R.S.N Pillai and Bagavathi, S.Chand publications, 2010

18. THANK YOU