This document discusses classical dosage forms, which include pills, lozenges, mixtures, inhalations, powders, glycerites, throat paints, elixirs, draughts, granules, solutions, pessaries, tinctures, and syrups. It provides details on the composition, preparation, uses, and examples of each type of classical dosage form. Classical dosage forms were commonly used in ancient times but have been replaced by more advanced forms in modern times due to various disadvantages like poor stability or ease of administration.
An excipient is generally a pharmacologically inactive substance used as a carrier for the active ingredients of a medication
EXCIPIENTS USED IN LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS:
Solvents/co-solvents ,
Buffering agents,
Preservatives,
Anti-oxidants,
Humectants,
Wetting agents,
Anti-foaming agents,
Thickening agents,
Sweetening agents,
Flavouring agents,
EXCIPIENTS USED IN TABLETS:
Binders
Coatings
Disintegrants
Fillers
Flavours
Colours
Lubricants
Glidants
Preservatives
Sweeteners
A detailed study on tablets, its classification, excipients, tablet granulation, methods of granulation, compression machines, equipment tooling and the problems that occur during the tablet manufacturing process. This presentation is based on the PCI syllabus for bpharm students of fifth semester.
An excipient is generally a pharmacologically inactive substance used as a carrier for the active ingredients of a medication
EXCIPIENTS USED IN LIQUID DOSAGE FORMS:
Solvents/co-solvents ,
Buffering agents,
Preservatives,
Anti-oxidants,
Humectants,
Wetting agents,
Anti-foaming agents,
Thickening agents,
Sweetening agents,
Flavouring agents,
EXCIPIENTS USED IN TABLETS:
Binders
Coatings
Disintegrants
Fillers
Flavours
Colours
Lubricants
Glidants
Preservatives
Sweeteners
A detailed study on tablets, its classification, excipients, tablet granulation, methods of granulation, compression machines, equipment tooling and the problems that occur during the tablet manufacturing process. This presentation is based on the PCI syllabus for bpharm students of fifth semester.
Liquid dosage forms are effective pharmaceutical products containing a mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API/Drug) and non drug components (excipients). It is a dose of a drug used as a medicine for consumption or administration. Many liquid dosage forms are used in the pharmacy, but the most commonly used are syrup, suspension, and elixirs. The general category of liquid oral doses includes a broad range of dosage forms, broadly classified as monophasic and biphasic. Whereas dosage forms in both types comprise at least one drug, monophasic forms are homogeneous and completely dissolve in liquid, whereas biphasic forms in a vehicle do not dissolve.
I Omkar B. Tipugade , M-Pharm, Sem 4th , Department of Pharmaceutics , Shree Santkrupa College Of Pharmacy, Ghogaon. Today I published the hard gelatin & Soft Gelatin Capsule in brief .
A suppository is a drug delivery system that is inserted into the rectum (rectal suppository), vagina (vaginal suppository) or urethra (urethral suppository), where it dissolves or melts and is absorbed into the blood stream. They are used to deliver both systemically and locally acting medications.
Semisolid dosage forms are neither solid nor liquid, however, they are a combination or mixture of both, and they used for both local and systemic effects. Pharmaceutical semisolid dosage forms such as creams, ointments, gels, suppositories, and paste are used for topical application. Semisolid dosage forms are intended used as drug carriers that are transported topically through the skin, buckle tissue, rectal tissue, outer ear lining nasal mucosa, urethral membrane, vagina, and cornea. The semisolid may adhere adequately before washing on the surface of the application; this helps to extend the supply of drugs on the application site.
Liquid dosage forms are effective pharmaceutical products containing a mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API/Drug) and non drug components (excipients). It is a dose of a drug used as a medicine for consumption or administration. Many liquid dosage forms are used in the pharmacy, but the most commonly used are syrup, suspension, and elixirs. The general category of liquid oral doses includes a broad range of dosage forms, broadly classified as monophasic and biphasic. Whereas dosage forms in both types comprise at least one drug, monophasic forms are homogeneous and completely dissolve in liquid, whereas biphasic forms in a vehicle do not dissolve.
I Omkar B. Tipugade , M-Pharm, Sem 4th , Department of Pharmaceutics , Shree Santkrupa College Of Pharmacy, Ghogaon. Today I published the hard gelatin & Soft Gelatin Capsule in brief .
A suppository is a drug delivery system that is inserted into the rectum (rectal suppository), vagina (vaginal suppository) or urethra (urethral suppository), where it dissolves or melts and is absorbed into the blood stream. They are used to deliver both systemically and locally acting medications.
Semisolid dosage forms are neither solid nor liquid, however, they are a combination or mixture of both, and they used for both local and systemic effects. Pharmaceutical semisolid dosage forms such as creams, ointments, gels, suppositories, and paste are used for topical application. Semisolid dosage forms are intended used as drug carriers that are transported topically through the skin, buckle tissue, rectal tissue, outer ear lining nasal mucosa, urethral membrane, vagina, and cornea. The semisolid may adhere adequately before washing on the surface of the application; this helps to extend the supply of drugs on the application site.
PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS : an overall introduction .pptxAdinathSangale2
Dosage forms are the mechanism by which drug molecules / APIs are administered to areas of action inside the body to generate maximum intended benefits and the lowest unwanted effects.
OR The Dosage form is the combination of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) and Excipients in the formulation.
Introduction about tablet, classification or type of tablets, process of granulation in that moist granulation, dry granulation, slugging method, detail information about additives used for preparation of tablets, single punch tablet punching machine, multiple tablet punching machine, rotary tablet punching machine, dry cota tablet punching machine, evaluation tests for tablets, coating techniques for tablets
Dosage forms come in many types, depending on the method or route of administration. Solid dosage forms, semi-solid dosage forms, liquid dosage forms, and gaseous dosage forms are used for the diagnosis or treatment of the disease by various routes. Solid dosage forms are the most significant dosage forms in pharmaceuticals; it has one or more unit dose of medicament. The solid dosage form is the most commonly used and prescribed by doctors as compared to other dosage forms. It can be administered orally in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, etc. Of these, the tablet is one of the most commonly used oral solid dosage forms.
Tablets: a.Introduction, ideal characteristics of tablets, Classification of tablets. Excipients, Formulation of tablets, granulation methods, compression and processing problems.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
4. Classical dosage form include those dosage
form which were used previously in ancient
times but not used commonly now-a-days due
to their certain dis-advantages or advancement
in research & technology .
Also known as conventional , traditional
or basic dosage form
5. In previous times , drugs are given in crude
form , but when the crude drugs are purified ,
extracted , dried & changed into solutions or
any other form they show better results , than
in crude form . But this classical dosage form is
without any advanced technology .
7. Pills are spherical solid masses containing one
or two ingredients used with a substance called
excipient (acacia , sucrose , glucose etc ) .
Pills should be such that they should not
crumple easily but should properly dis-
integrated inside the body .
Weight of the pills ranges from 1-3gm .
8. To ensure that pills are not too small for
convenient handling or too large for
swallowing . The B.P.C. recommended that
normallythe diameter should not be less than
3mm for pills weighing upto 60mg & not more
than 8mm for pills weighnig about 300mg .
9. Considerable skill & care are necessary to
produce pills of equal sizes e.g. the pills pipe
must be rolled to a perfect cylinder .
10. ADVANTAGES :-
The only , rather minor ,
advantages of pills over tablets & capsules is that
they are usually spherical , they were easier to
swallow .
DIS-ADVANTAGES :-
They have seroius dis-advantages :
.Most pills dis-integrate readily when freshly made
.
Excessive hardening may also result from using
too much acacia gum as an adhesive gum .
11. Cachets consists of a dry powder enclosed in a
shell . Cachets are unit dosage form , enclosure
in cachets provide a means of administering
nauseous or disageeable powders in tasteless
form .
Cachets are moulded from rice paper , a
material made by pouring a mixture of rice
flour & water between two hot , polished
cylinders , the water evaporates & a sheet of
water is formed .
12. Wet sealed cachets :-
These consists of two convex
halves , an upper half & a lower half . Both halves have
coinciding flat edges . The weighed powder is placed
inside the lower & the edges of the upper half are
slightly moistened & is then placed on the top of the
lower half & the two edges are tightly pressed together
.
DRY SEALED CACHETS :-
The dry sealed cachets are
different , in which the upper half fits on the lower half
like a lid on the box . The projections of both halves are
smaller as they must fit into the holes of the machine .
13. Cachets have following advantages :
.large doses can be administered .
nauseous taste of drugs can be masked .
better & quicker release of drug for absorption
inside the body .
14. Cachets have following dis-advantages :
.hard to swallow .
very fragile & always under a risk of damage .
have to be moistened before use .
production is slow on large scale .
they occupy more space than the
corresponding size of capsules & tablets .
they must be softened before swallowing .
15. Cahcets shoul be labelled with special reference
to direction for use i.e. swallow with water ,
immerse in water before use .
Should be stored in air tight containers .
Before administration , a cachet should
be immersed in water for a few seconds , then
placed on tehe tongue & swallowed with a
draught of water .
17. These are the solid preprations consisting
mainly of sugar 7 gum , ,later giving hardness
& cohesiveness & ensuring slow release of
medicament .
Lozenges are disc shaped preprations
containing one or two active ingredients along
with sweetening agent , flavouring agent & a
strong binding agent .
18. Following drugs can be administered in
lozenges form :
anti-biotics
anti-tussives
anti-histamines
anti-fungal
anti-inflammatory
decongestants
19. On the basis of types of prepration , lozenges are divided into
following :
COMPRESSED LOZENGES :
These are manufactured by tableting
technique .
The raw material is subjected to granulation similar to that of
tablets . It is then subjected to heavy compression , thus forming
thin discs which dissolves slowly in mouth usually compressed
lozenges with approx. 1gm hydro-cortisones .
MOULDED LOZNEGES :
The medicaments in powder or solution are
mixed with a basis of sugar & gum , usually sucrose 100 parts ,
acacia 7 parts & water is added , in a suitable mixer , until the
mass is plastic enough to be rolled & cut without crumbling .
A rolling machine spreads the mass into a sheet of even
thikness from which a cutting machine , with round , oval ,
elongated octagonal shapes lozenges can be prepared .
20. Lozenges may soften & unless they contain a
preservative become mouldy indamp
conditions . They should be packed in air tight
containers at a cool dry place .
EXAMPLES :-
. Liquorice lozenges
Bismith lozenges
21. Mixtures are aquoeus solutions or suspensions
intended for oral admininstration .
Explanation :
The medicaments usually dissolved in cold
water , where necessary dissolution can be aided
by powdering of cryatalline drugs .
Tinctures & extracts of vegatable drugs should be
aided to dilutesolution just before the final
adjustment of the volume to avoid precipitation of
colloidal vegatable matter .
These are relatively simple formulations
intended to be recently prepared .
23. Inhalations are defined as drugs in
solution form which are admininstered in the
form of vapours through oral or nasal route ,
which reaches the respiratory tract .
Uses :
They mainly contain anti-septic &
decongestant drugs .
24. A teaspoonful of the drug is dissolved in a pint
of boiling water & the rising vapours are
inhaled for 10 minutes . The temperature of
water is usually between 60-70 C .
Uses :
Inhalations are usually taken in :
bronchial ashma
bronchitis
congested nose
& some other respiratory disorders .
25. This includes simple solutions or medicaments
, dissolved in alcohol or alcoholic preparations
& aquoeus dispersions containing light MgCO3
to absorb & diffuse the volatile ingredients .
27. An intimate mixture of dry , finely divided
drug &/or chemical that may be intended for
internal(oral) or external(topical) use .
Powdres are mixtures of drug prepared
in adry powder form .
Historically , powdres represent one of
the oldest dosageform .
Size :
Size ranges from 0.1-1000um .
28. .an accurate dose of medicament can be
prescribed .
chemical & physical changes are less likely to
take place in powder form than in solution or
liquid dispersion .
rapid dissolution of powder produces higher
blood levels in a shorter time .
ease in administration .
good stability .
less chances of incompatibility .
29. .bitter & nauseous drugs can't be delivered in
powder form .
deliquescent & hygroscopic drugs can't be
dispensed in this way .
manufacturing requires professional help .
volatile drugs also can't be dispensed in
powder form .
30. to get homogeneous mixtures
to regulate uniform flow
yo increase surface area
31. preparations of powders include the following steps :
Comminution :
It is the breaking down of the drug into the fine powder form .
It involves :
attrition
cutting
rolling
compaction
Attrition :
This is the process in which the drug is passed surfaces moving in
opposite direction the particles grind with the help of the roller .
Cutting :
In this process the drug material cut with a knife or any shape edge
instrument .
Rolling :
The drug material is passed between two rollers moving in
opposite directions e.g. Huff's compacters .
32. Powders are classified into three groups :
On the basis of :
.Dosage form
particle size
Special treatment
33. Simple powders ....... which contain only one
ingredient .
Compound powders ........ which contain two or more
than two ingredients .
b. Bulk powders :
For internal use ........ e.g. analgesics , laxatives ,
antacids etc.
For external use ........ Dusting powder : these are fine
powders used to dust the skin or mucosa where the
wound is present .
It may be :
medical dusting powder
surgical dusting powder .
34. These are sterile powders used for dusting a
certain area with the help of an applicator .
They may also have medicinal effects .
Uses :
These are used in certain eye cases .
35. These are powdres which are made into
solution form before use .
Uses :
These are used in vaginal & eye washing
36. These are dental cleansing powders , used for
dental hygiene .
They contain Calcium Phosphate , CaCO3 &
HgCO3 .
37. very coarse
coarse
moderately coarse
fine
very fine
ultra fine
38. They may be of two types :
Oral powders :
These are used when the patient
is unable to swallow other aral dosage forms
such as tablets & capsules , usually used in
geriatics & pedriatics .
Parenteral powders :
These are usde when the drug is
insoluble or unstable in injection vehicles .
Thus , it is stored in lypholized form .
40. These are the small discs having some effect
upon the eye .
A substances which causes dilation of the
pupil is called mydriatic & which causes
contraction of pupil is called myotic .
41. The eye disc is picked up by means of a damp
camel hair brush & placed beneath the lower
eyelid .
The eye disc dissolve in the tear secretion &
the medicament produces it .
Eye dics are economical & ensure a defined
quantity of medicament being placed in the eye
.
They have not come into extensive use .
42. Glycerites may be defined as viscous solutions
or preparations containing the medicament &
which has glycerine greater than 50% by
weight .
They may be used as such for medication or
amy be diluted to form an alcoholic or aqueous
dilution .
43. They are generally used for anti-septic or anti-
inflammatory preparations .
They are also known as Glycerins .
Examples :
phenol glycerin
tannic acid glycerin etc.
44. Throat paints are viscous praparations , which
are applied to the throat .
Composition :
They contain high contents of glycerine
due to which the preparations remain sticking
to the site of application & prolong the action af
the medicament
45. They generally have a volatile solvent which
evaporates quickly to leave a dry film of the
medicament .
Examples :
compound iodine paint bpc etc.
46. Elixirs are clear pleasantly flavoured ,
sweetened hydro-alcoholic liquid preparations
for oral administration .
They contain alcohol inhigh concentration .
The elixirs may be :
a. medicated
b. non-medicated
47. The medicated elixirs usually contain very
potent drugs such as :
anti-biotics
anti-histamines
sedatives
49. A draught is a liquid oral preparation taken as
a single dose .
If several doses are prescribed , each dose is
dispensed in separate containers .
Examples :
male fern extract draught
paraldehyde draught
50. Granules are the solid dosage form of medicament
in which the powdered drug/drugs are mixed
with sweetening , flavouring & colouring agents .
Composition :
A suitable granulaing agent is added to moisten
the powder & mixed thoroughly .
The wte mass is passed through a suitable sieve
&granules are dried at a temperature of 60C .
They are supplied in glass containers & the patient
is asked to add sufficient freshly boiled & cooled
water to constitute a liquid preparation .
51. S olutions are liquid preparations meant for
internal or externak use . They contain one or
more than one ingredients usually dissolved in
water .
They may be sterile when intended for
parenteral administration or unsterilized when
intended for oral administration .
Advantage :
Drugs in solution form show better
pharmacological effects than in crude form .
53. Pessaries are the solid dosage form of
medicament for introduction into vagina .
Bases used for manufacture :
The bases used for the manufacture of
pessaries are such that at room temperature
they retain the original shape but when
inserted into the cavity , either melt or dissolve
in the cavity fluids to release the medicament .
They may be prapared either by moulding or
by compression .
54. lactic acid pessaries(labtop V (gingsburg drug
formulation) to restore neutral pH level in
vagina)
nystatin pessaries .
55. Tinctures are alcoholic liquid preparations
containing the active principles of vegatable
drugs .
Preparation by maceration :
They are usually prepared by maceration
or percolation or may be prepared by
dissolving the corresponding liquid extract or
chemical substances in alcohol or hydro-
alcoholic solvent .
57. Syrups are sweet , viscous , concentrated
aqeous solutions of sucrise or other sugars in
water or any other suitable aqeous vehicle .
Uses :
1. They are used as seetening & flavouring
agents .
2. They may also contain a suitable
medicament .
59. Pastes are semi-solid preparations means for
external application on the skin .
Uses :
They provide a protective coating over the
areas to which they are applied .
Examles :
coal tar paste (canadin_for eczema & other skin
disorder)
zinc paste (Dome_paste bandage)
60. Collodions are the liquid preparation smeant for
extrenal application to skin .
The vehicle used is volatile & evaporates on
application to skin , leaving a flexible , protective
film covering at the site of application . They are
applied with a brush or a rod .
Composition :
Flexible collodion contains pyroxillon , castor
oil & alcohol in solvent ether . Alcohol & solvent
ether are used as vehicle , pyroxillon as film
producing agent & castor oil gives flexibility .
61. They are convenient applications for small cuts
& abrasions & are also used when a prolonged
contact between the skin & the medicament is
required .
62. Drugs in classical dosage forms show better
pharmacological effects than in crude form .