This document discusses powders and granules used in pharmaceutical preparations. It begins by defining powders as mixtures of finely divided drugs or chemicals for internal or external use. The advantages of powders include stability, flexibility in dosing, and low cost of preparation. Challenges include unpleasant taste, instability of hygroscopic drugs, and difficulty dispensing small doses. Powders are generally prepared through comminution to reduce particle size and blending. The document then classifies and describes methods for different types of powders including bulk powders, simple/compound powders, powders in capsules/cachets, and those addressing special stability issues.
This document discusses different types of powder dosage forms including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes bulk powders for internal and external use which contain multiple doses of powder in containers. Simple and compound powders for internal use contain individually dosed powders wrapped in paper. Powders can also be enclosed in cachets or capsules. Compressed powders refer to tablets which are made by compressing powder mixtures into flat discs. The document provides examples of different types of powders and details on their preparation and use.
This document provides information on various types of monophasic liquid dosage forms, including their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, examples, and typical formulation methods. It discusses gargles, mouthwashes, throat paints, ear drops, nasal drops, syrups, elixirs, liniments, and lotions. For each type, it provides a brief description of its use and purpose as well as an example formulation and method.
Elixirs are clear, sweetened alcoholic solutions intended for oral use. They contain 10-12% alcohol which helps dissolve ingredients. Elixirs differ from syrups in that alcohol is always present in elixirs and they remain clear while syrups can contain dyes. Common types of elixirs include simple non-medicated elixirs and medicated elixirs containing active ingredients. Elixirs are prepared by separately dissolving water and alcohol soluble components before combining the solutions and adding excipients like sweeteners, flavors, and preservatives.
This document discusses monophasic liquid dosage forms, which contain components dissolved in a single phase. It provides examples of internal monophasic liquids like syrups and elixirs, and external liquids like gargles and enemas. The advantages of liquids include ease of administration, rapid drug absorption, and uniform dosing. Disadvantages include bulkiness, potential for microbial growth, and reduced drug stability compared to solids. A variety of oral, ocular, nasal and rectal liquids are also described.
This document provides information on various liquid dosage forms including their descriptions, advantages, disadvantages and examples. It discusses liquid forms such as otic preparations, nasal preparations, syrups, elixirs, tinctures, fluid extracts, douches, enemas, liniments, collodion, aromatic waters, spirits/essences, mouthwashes, gargles and astringents. For each type, it outlines what they are, how they are administered and common examples. The document is an informative reference for the different types of liquid dosage forms used in pharmaceutical preparations.
This document provides an overview of biphasic liquid dosage forms. It defines biphasic liquids as liquid dosage forms containing two phases - an undissolved drug phase distributed throughout a solvent vehicle phase. Suspensions have a solid drug dispersed in a liquid medium, while emulsions have a liquid drug dispersed in a liquid medium. The document discusses the characteristics of suspensions and emulsions, including particle size, dispersion stability methods, and common pharmaceutical examples of each type of biphasic liquid dosage form.
This document discusses powders and granules used in pharmaceutical preparations. It begins by defining powders as mixtures of finely divided drugs or chemicals for internal or external use. The advantages of powders include stability, flexibility in dosing, and low cost of preparation. Challenges include unpleasant taste, instability of hygroscopic drugs, and difficulty dispensing small doses. Powders are generally prepared through comminution to reduce particle size and blending. The document then classifies and describes methods for different types of powders including bulk powders, simple/compound powders, powders in capsules/cachets, and those addressing special stability issues.
This document discusses different types of powder dosage forms including their advantages and disadvantages. It describes bulk powders for internal and external use which contain multiple doses of powder in containers. Simple and compound powders for internal use contain individually dosed powders wrapped in paper. Powders can also be enclosed in cachets or capsules. Compressed powders refer to tablets which are made by compressing powder mixtures into flat discs. The document provides examples of different types of powders and details on their preparation and use.
This document provides information on various types of monophasic liquid dosage forms, including their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, examples, and typical formulation methods. It discusses gargles, mouthwashes, throat paints, ear drops, nasal drops, syrups, elixirs, liniments, and lotions. For each type, it provides a brief description of its use and purpose as well as an example formulation and method.
Elixirs are clear, sweetened alcoholic solutions intended for oral use. They contain 10-12% alcohol which helps dissolve ingredients. Elixirs differ from syrups in that alcohol is always present in elixirs and they remain clear while syrups can contain dyes. Common types of elixirs include simple non-medicated elixirs and medicated elixirs containing active ingredients. Elixirs are prepared by separately dissolving water and alcohol soluble components before combining the solutions and adding excipients like sweeteners, flavors, and preservatives.
This document discusses monophasic liquid dosage forms, which contain components dissolved in a single phase. It provides examples of internal monophasic liquids like syrups and elixirs, and external liquids like gargles and enemas. The advantages of liquids include ease of administration, rapid drug absorption, and uniform dosing. Disadvantages include bulkiness, potential for microbial growth, and reduced drug stability compared to solids. A variety of oral, ocular, nasal and rectal liquids are also described.
This document provides information on various liquid dosage forms including their descriptions, advantages, disadvantages and examples. It discusses liquid forms such as otic preparations, nasal preparations, syrups, elixirs, tinctures, fluid extracts, douches, enemas, liniments, collodion, aromatic waters, spirits/essences, mouthwashes, gargles and astringents. For each type, it outlines what they are, how they are administered and common examples. The document is an informative reference for the different types of liquid dosage forms used in pharmaceutical preparations.
This document provides an overview of biphasic liquid dosage forms. It defines biphasic liquids as liquid dosage forms containing two phases - an undissolved drug phase distributed throughout a solvent vehicle phase. Suspensions have a solid drug dispersed in a liquid medium, while emulsions have a liquid drug dispersed in a liquid medium. The document discusses the characteristics of suspensions and emulsions, including particle size, dispersion stability methods, and common pharmaceutical examples of each type of biphasic liquid dosage form.
Historical background and development of profession of pharmacyRohit Kumar Trivedi
This document provides a historical overview of the development of the pharmacy profession. It discusses how pharmacy originated from ancient Greek and Roman mythology associated with gods of medicine like Asclepius and Hygieia. Key figures that advanced pharmacy include Claudius Galen in the 2nd century who performed animal dissections and compiled early pharmaceutical works. In the 12th century, Frederick II recognized pharmacy as a separate profession in Europe. The first US Pharmacopoeia was published in 1820 and the first pharmacy school was established in Philadelphia that same year. Important organizations to the development of modern pharmacy include the American Pharmacy Association, established in 1852 by William Proctor, considered the Father of Modern Pharmacy.
The document discusses liquid dosage forms (LDFs), which are pharmaceutical products intended for oral or external administration. LDFs can be solutions, suspensions, emulsions, or other forms prepared by dissolving, suspending, or incorporating a drug into a liquid. They offer advantages like ease of dosing and faster absorption but also have disadvantages like short shelf life and accuracy issues. Common LDFs include syrups, elixirs, tinctures, otic/nasal preparations, suspensions, emulsions, and liniments. Additives are often included to improve stability, taste, or antimicrobial properties.
The document discusses various types of solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms used to deliver drugs to the body. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules which provide accurate dosing and protection of drugs. Liquid forms like syrups provide quick absorption but stability can be an issue. Semi-solids like ointments and creams are used for external application. Dosage forms aim to deliver drugs safely and effectively based on factors like taste-masking, sustained release, and site of action within the body.
This document discusses posology, which is the science of calculating drug doses. It defines posology and explains that many factors can influence the appropriate dose of a drug for a patient, including age, sex, body weight, route of administration, and medical conditions. The document provides details on calculating doses for children, adjusting for body weight, and determining veterinary doses for animals based on surface area and weight. Overall, the document outlines the key principles of posology and the various considerations involved in accurately prescribing medication doses for both human and animal patients.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on powder dosage forms for external use. It defines powders as intimate mixtures of drugs and chemicals that may be for internal or external use. Powders are classified as bulk powders, simple/compound powders, powders in capsules, or compressed powders (tablets). Bulk powders for external use include dusting powders, snuffs, and dental powders. Packaging depends on the intended use, with bulk powders in wide-mouth jars and divided powders in individual folded papers. Advantages include stability and convenient dosing, while disadvantages include instability in some conditions and dosing inaccuracies.
This document provides information on various monophasic liquid dosage forms including gargles, mouthwashes, throat paints, and syrups. It discusses the components, advantages, disadvantages, and methods of preparation for each type. Gargles are aqueous solutions used to treat throat infections that are prepared by dissolving ingredients in solvents. Mouthwashes are solutions used for oral hygiene that can be cosmetic or therapeutic. Throat paints are viscous liquids applied to the mouth and throat to treat infections. Syrups are concentrated sugar solutions that can also contain medication, providing a pleasant way to administer liquid drugs. The document outlines the typical ingredients and formulations for each monophasic liquid dosage form.
Pharmaceutical aids are substances added to pharmaceutical preparations that have little or no therapeutic effect but aid in the manufacturing and preservation of drugs. They include diluents, binders, coatings, and preservatives that are often of plant, animal or mineral origin like talc, kaolin, and bentonite. Talc, kaolin, and bentonite are commonly used pharmaceutical aids with specific properties that allow their use as lubricants, absorbents, or suspending agents in drug formulations.
the all u need to know about syrup is here its a verified information.and will help u to incerease your knowledge about liquid dosage forms especially Syrup
Suspension are biphasic liquids dosage form in which insoluble solid particulate are uniformly distributed in liquid phase which may be stabilized by inclusion of suspending agents.
Pharmacy is the science and practice of preparing and dispensing drugs. The role of pharmacists has traditionally been to compound and dispense medications for patients. However, the concept of pharmaceutical care introduced in 1990 engaged pharmacists in educating patients about proper drug administration. In India, pharmacy education began in the late 1800s but did not progress much until after independence when the Pharmacy Act of 1948 was passed, establishing the Pharmacy Council of India to regulate the profession. Today there are over 1500 pharmacy institutions in India offering various degree programs. Career opportunities for pharmacists exist in both public and private sectors such as the pharmaceutical industry, hospitals, academia, and more.
The document discusses solid dosage forms, specifically tablets. It defines tablets and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. It describes different types of tablets classified by their route of administration or function. The document outlines the preparation process for tablets including granule preparation, compression into tablets, and coating. It discusses excipients used and quality control tests performed on tablets.
This document discusses four methods for manufacturing suppositories: hand rolling, compression molding, fusion molding, and automatic molding. Hand rolling is the oldest and simplest method, involving mixing the drug powder into a suppository base and manually rolling it into rods that are then cut. Compression molding compresses the drug-base mixture into molds using a machine. Fusion molding involves melting the base, adding the drug, and pouring the mixture into molds. Automatic molding is the modern method using a machine to completely mold suppositories at high volumes.
This document discusses ointments, which are semi-solid topical dosage forms used for therapeutic, protective, or cosmetic purposes. Ointments are greasy preparations containing 80% oil and 20% water that are applied to the skin or mucous membranes. They can contain dissolved, emulsified, or suspended drug ingredients. Ointments are classified based on penetration (epidermic, endodermic, diadermic) or therapeutic use (antibiotic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory). Ideal ointment bases are inert, compatible with skin pH, emollient, and release medication readily. Common bases include oleaginous (petrolatum, hard paraffin, liquid paraffin
Elixirs are clear, sweetened liquids containing flavoring substances or active medicinal agents dissolved in water and alcohol. Their primary ingredients include alcohol, water, glycerin, preservatives, sorbital, and flavoring agents. There are two main types - non-medicated elixirs which contain no therapeutic agents, and medicated elixirs which contain active drug ingredients dissolved in the liquid. Elixirs are formulated to be stable, clear solutions and are quality controlled through tests such as measuring alcohol concentration and viscosity. They are commonly used to deliver and mask the taste of other drugs.
The document discusses various types of monophasic liquid dosage forms including solutions, gargles, mouthwashes, throat paints, ear drops, nasal drops and sprays, enemas, syrups, and elixirs. It provides details on the composition, uses, formulations, preparation methods, packaging, storage, and labeling of these different dosage forms. Monophasic liquid dosage forms consist of a single phase and are used for local effects in the mouth, ears, nose, or rectum or for systemic effects when taken orally or parenterally.
Posology is the branch of medical science that deals with determining the appropriate dose of a drug for a patient. The dose cannot be fixed rigidly as it depends on various factors like age, sex, body weight, and presence of disease. The official doses listed in pharmacopoeias represent average doses suitable for adults administered orally in 24 hours. When considering other routes of administration or patient characteristics, the dose needs to be adjusted accordingly using formulas based on age, body weight, or surface area to calculate the appropriate dose for that individual. Failure to adjust doses properly based on these factors can result in toxic effects or subtherapeutic responses.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND & DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSION OF PHARMACYTeny Thomas
The following presentation deals with what the course of pharmacy is and what a pharmacist is. Also a short brief on the historical growth of the profession of pharmacy when related to education and industry is also discussed here. A detailed view on career in pharmacy is described lastly.
Pharmaceutical powders are solid dosage forms containing one or more drugs in finely divided form, with or without excipients. They have advantages like faster onset of action compared to other oral solid dosage forms. Powders are classified based on their intended use and formulation. They include bulk powders, simple/compound powders enclosed in papers or capsules, and compressed powders made into tablets. Proper mixing and packaging is important for powder formulations to ensure uniform drug content and stability.
The document defines drugs and dosage forms. It explains that dosage forms transform pure drug compounds into predetermined forms mixed with non-drug components to aid drug delivery. Dosage forms provide accurate dosing, protection, masking of taste/odor, and controlled release. There are various types of dosage forms classified by route of administration and physical form including solids, liquids, semi-solids, and gases. Common solid dosage forms are tablets, capsules, powders, and granules while liquids include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, elixirs and linctuses. Semi-solid forms for external use are ointments, creams, pastes and jellies.
Dosage forms refer to pharmaceutical preparations that contain one or more active drug substances along with inactive excipients. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules while liquid forms include syrups, suspensions, and emulsions. Powders are a bulk solid dosage form that can be used internally or externally and include dusting powders, snuffs, and insufflations, with properties like hygroscopic, deliquescent, efflorescent, and effervescent substances affecting their use and stability.
Historical background and development of profession of pharmacyRohit Kumar Trivedi
This document provides a historical overview of the development of the pharmacy profession. It discusses how pharmacy originated from ancient Greek and Roman mythology associated with gods of medicine like Asclepius and Hygieia. Key figures that advanced pharmacy include Claudius Galen in the 2nd century who performed animal dissections and compiled early pharmaceutical works. In the 12th century, Frederick II recognized pharmacy as a separate profession in Europe. The first US Pharmacopoeia was published in 1820 and the first pharmacy school was established in Philadelphia that same year. Important organizations to the development of modern pharmacy include the American Pharmacy Association, established in 1852 by William Proctor, considered the Father of Modern Pharmacy.
The document discusses liquid dosage forms (LDFs), which are pharmaceutical products intended for oral or external administration. LDFs can be solutions, suspensions, emulsions, or other forms prepared by dissolving, suspending, or incorporating a drug into a liquid. They offer advantages like ease of dosing and faster absorption but also have disadvantages like short shelf life and accuracy issues. Common LDFs include syrups, elixirs, tinctures, otic/nasal preparations, suspensions, emulsions, and liniments. Additives are often included to improve stability, taste, or antimicrobial properties.
The document discusses various types of solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms used to deliver drugs to the body. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules which provide accurate dosing and protection of drugs. Liquid forms like syrups provide quick absorption but stability can be an issue. Semi-solids like ointments and creams are used for external application. Dosage forms aim to deliver drugs safely and effectively based on factors like taste-masking, sustained release, and site of action within the body.
This document discusses posology, which is the science of calculating drug doses. It defines posology and explains that many factors can influence the appropriate dose of a drug for a patient, including age, sex, body weight, route of administration, and medical conditions. The document provides details on calculating doses for children, adjusting for body weight, and determining veterinary doses for animals based on surface area and weight. Overall, the document outlines the key principles of posology and the various considerations involved in accurately prescribing medication doses for both human and animal patients.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on powder dosage forms for external use. It defines powders as intimate mixtures of drugs and chemicals that may be for internal or external use. Powders are classified as bulk powders, simple/compound powders, powders in capsules, or compressed powders (tablets). Bulk powders for external use include dusting powders, snuffs, and dental powders. Packaging depends on the intended use, with bulk powders in wide-mouth jars and divided powders in individual folded papers. Advantages include stability and convenient dosing, while disadvantages include instability in some conditions and dosing inaccuracies.
This document provides information on various monophasic liquid dosage forms including gargles, mouthwashes, throat paints, and syrups. It discusses the components, advantages, disadvantages, and methods of preparation for each type. Gargles are aqueous solutions used to treat throat infections that are prepared by dissolving ingredients in solvents. Mouthwashes are solutions used for oral hygiene that can be cosmetic or therapeutic. Throat paints are viscous liquids applied to the mouth and throat to treat infections. Syrups are concentrated sugar solutions that can also contain medication, providing a pleasant way to administer liquid drugs. The document outlines the typical ingredients and formulations for each monophasic liquid dosage form.
Pharmaceutical aids are substances added to pharmaceutical preparations that have little or no therapeutic effect but aid in the manufacturing and preservation of drugs. They include diluents, binders, coatings, and preservatives that are often of plant, animal or mineral origin like talc, kaolin, and bentonite. Talc, kaolin, and bentonite are commonly used pharmaceutical aids with specific properties that allow their use as lubricants, absorbents, or suspending agents in drug formulations.
the all u need to know about syrup is here its a verified information.and will help u to incerease your knowledge about liquid dosage forms especially Syrup
Suspension are biphasic liquids dosage form in which insoluble solid particulate are uniformly distributed in liquid phase which may be stabilized by inclusion of suspending agents.
Pharmacy is the science and practice of preparing and dispensing drugs. The role of pharmacists has traditionally been to compound and dispense medications for patients. However, the concept of pharmaceutical care introduced in 1990 engaged pharmacists in educating patients about proper drug administration. In India, pharmacy education began in the late 1800s but did not progress much until after independence when the Pharmacy Act of 1948 was passed, establishing the Pharmacy Council of India to regulate the profession. Today there are over 1500 pharmacy institutions in India offering various degree programs. Career opportunities for pharmacists exist in both public and private sectors such as the pharmaceutical industry, hospitals, academia, and more.
The document discusses solid dosage forms, specifically tablets. It defines tablets and discusses their advantages and disadvantages. It describes different types of tablets classified by their route of administration or function. The document outlines the preparation process for tablets including granule preparation, compression into tablets, and coating. It discusses excipients used and quality control tests performed on tablets.
This document discusses four methods for manufacturing suppositories: hand rolling, compression molding, fusion molding, and automatic molding. Hand rolling is the oldest and simplest method, involving mixing the drug powder into a suppository base and manually rolling it into rods that are then cut. Compression molding compresses the drug-base mixture into molds using a machine. Fusion molding involves melting the base, adding the drug, and pouring the mixture into molds. Automatic molding is the modern method using a machine to completely mold suppositories at high volumes.
This document discusses ointments, which are semi-solid topical dosage forms used for therapeutic, protective, or cosmetic purposes. Ointments are greasy preparations containing 80% oil and 20% water that are applied to the skin or mucous membranes. They can contain dissolved, emulsified, or suspended drug ingredients. Ointments are classified based on penetration (epidermic, endodermic, diadermic) or therapeutic use (antibiotic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory). Ideal ointment bases are inert, compatible with skin pH, emollient, and release medication readily. Common bases include oleaginous (petrolatum, hard paraffin, liquid paraffin
Elixirs are clear, sweetened liquids containing flavoring substances or active medicinal agents dissolved in water and alcohol. Their primary ingredients include alcohol, water, glycerin, preservatives, sorbital, and flavoring agents. There are two main types - non-medicated elixirs which contain no therapeutic agents, and medicated elixirs which contain active drug ingredients dissolved in the liquid. Elixirs are formulated to be stable, clear solutions and are quality controlled through tests such as measuring alcohol concentration and viscosity. They are commonly used to deliver and mask the taste of other drugs.
The document discusses various types of monophasic liquid dosage forms including solutions, gargles, mouthwashes, throat paints, ear drops, nasal drops and sprays, enemas, syrups, and elixirs. It provides details on the composition, uses, formulations, preparation methods, packaging, storage, and labeling of these different dosage forms. Monophasic liquid dosage forms consist of a single phase and are used for local effects in the mouth, ears, nose, or rectum or for systemic effects when taken orally or parenterally.
Posology is the branch of medical science that deals with determining the appropriate dose of a drug for a patient. The dose cannot be fixed rigidly as it depends on various factors like age, sex, body weight, and presence of disease. The official doses listed in pharmacopoeias represent average doses suitable for adults administered orally in 24 hours. When considering other routes of administration or patient characteristics, the dose needs to be adjusted accordingly using formulas based on age, body weight, or surface area to calculate the appropriate dose for that individual. Failure to adjust doses properly based on these factors can result in toxic effects or subtherapeutic responses.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND & DEVELOPMENT OF PROFESSION OF PHARMACYTeny Thomas
The following presentation deals with what the course of pharmacy is and what a pharmacist is. Also a short brief on the historical growth of the profession of pharmacy when related to education and industry is also discussed here. A detailed view on career in pharmacy is described lastly.
Pharmaceutical powders are solid dosage forms containing one or more drugs in finely divided form, with or without excipients. They have advantages like faster onset of action compared to other oral solid dosage forms. Powders are classified based on their intended use and formulation. They include bulk powders, simple/compound powders enclosed in papers or capsules, and compressed powders made into tablets. Proper mixing and packaging is important for powder formulations to ensure uniform drug content and stability.
The document defines drugs and dosage forms. It explains that dosage forms transform pure drug compounds into predetermined forms mixed with non-drug components to aid drug delivery. Dosage forms provide accurate dosing, protection, masking of taste/odor, and controlled release. There are various types of dosage forms classified by route of administration and physical form including solids, liquids, semi-solids, and gases. Common solid dosage forms are tablets, capsules, powders, and granules while liquids include solutions, emulsions, suspensions, elixirs and linctuses. Semi-solid forms for external use are ointments, creams, pastes and jellies.
Dosage forms refer to pharmaceutical preparations that contain one or more active drug substances along with inactive excipients. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules while liquid forms include syrups, suspensions, and emulsions. Powders are a bulk solid dosage form that can be used internally or externally and include dusting powders, snuffs, and insufflations, with properties like hygroscopic, deliquescent, efflorescent, and effervescent substances affecting their use and stability.
1. Dosage forms are the means by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body and consist of active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients.
2. Dosage forms are classified as solid, liquid, or semi-solid and include tablets, capsules, powders, liquids, emulsions, suspensions, ointments, and creams.
3. The purpose of dosage forms is to provide accurate dosing of drugs, protect drugs, mask tastes, control drug release profiles, and allow placement of drugs in the body.
Dosage forms come in many types, depending on the method or route of administration. Solid dosage forms, semi-solid dosage forms, liquid dosage forms, and gaseous dosage forms are used for the diagnosis or treatment of the disease by various routes. Solid dosage forms are the most significant dosage forms in pharmaceuticals; it has one or more unit dose of medicament. The solid dosage form is the most commonly used and prescribed by doctors as compared to other dosage forms. It can be administered orally in the form of tablets, capsules, powders, etc. Of these, the tablet is one of the most commonly used oral solid dosage forms.
1. Dosage forms can be classified in several ways including by route of administration, physical form, sterility, and dose accuracy.
2. Common solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders, and granules while common liquid forms include solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and elixirs.
3. Semi-solid dosage forms for external use include ointments, creams, gels, and suppositories which are administered via different routes such as oral, topical, rectal, etc.
This document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It defines dosage forms as combinations of drugs and excipients that deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body. Dosage forms come in solid, liquid, and semi-solid forms and are classified based on their route of administration and drug release properties. The document discusses various types of solid dosage forms like tablets, capsules, and powders as well as liquid forms like solutions, suspensions, and emulsions. It provides examples of how dosage forms are tailored to meet specific drug delivery needs like sustained release or targeted delivery to tissues.
The means (or the form) by which drug molecules are delivered to sites of action within the body.
The drugs are rarely administered in their original pure state. They are administered in different dosage forms after converting them into a suitable formulation.
The dosage form is a combination of the drug and different kinds of non-drug compounds called “additives”.
dosage forms and route of drug administrationAbubakar Fago
The document discusses different dosage forms and routes of drug administration. It describes how drugs are formulated with excipients into various dosage forms for efficacious delivery. The main dosage forms covered are solid forms like powders, granules, tablets, capsules; semi-solid forms like ointments, creams; and liquid forms like syrups, suspensions, emulsions. Each dosage form has unique characteristics depending on factors like physical appearance, how it is administered, and frequency of dosing. Common routes of administration include oral, topical, and injectable forms.
This document provides an overview of different dosage forms including solid, liquid, and semi-solid forms. Solid dosage forms include tablets, capsules, powders for internal or external use. Liquid forms include monophasic liquids like syrups, drops, and biphasic liquids like emulsions and suspensions. Semi-solid forms include ointments, creams, and suppositories. The document discusses the classification, examples, and key properties of different dosage forms for safe delivery of drugs.
The document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It discusses that drugs are rarely administered in their original forms and are converted into suitable formulations through different dosage forms. It explains that dosage forms combine drugs with excipients and provide various benefits like accurate dosing, stability, masking tastes etc.
It then classifies dosage forms based on their physical form like solids, semisolids and liquids. It also classifies them based on their route of administration like oral, topical etc. Finally, it provides details about various oral and topical dosage forms like tablets, capsules, ointments, creams etc. and discusses their composition, advantages and examples.
The document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It discusses that drugs are rarely administered in their original forms and are converted into suitable formulations through different dosage forms. It explains that dosage forms combine drugs with excipients to overcome difficulties like accurate dosing, stability issues, taste/smell masking etc.
It then classifies dosage forms based on route of administration and physical form. Several common oral dosage forms are described in detail like tablets, capsules, liquids. It also discusses topical dosage forms like ointments, creams, gels used to deliver drugs to the skin and mucous membranes. In summary, the document introduces the concept of dosage forms and provides examples of various oral and topical dosage forms
This document provides information about various solid and liquid dosage forms. It defines key terms like drugs, dosage forms, and discusses the need for dosage forms. It describes different types of solid dosage forms including tablets, capsules, powders, and granules. It explains characteristics of dosage forms like dusting powders, effervescent granules, and pills. It also summarizes different types of liquid dosage forms including solutions, emulsions, and suspensions. Overall, the document covers classification and details of various oral medication delivery forms.
This document provides information about various pharmaceutical dosage forms. It defines key terms like dosage form, drug/active pharmaceutical ingredient, and excipients. It then describes several solid dosage forms (e.g. powders, tablets, capsules), liquid dosage forms, and semisolid dosage forms. It classifies dosage forms and provides details on specific types like effervescent granules, chewable tablets, and different kinds of capsules. The document aims to explain the need, purpose, formulation, and characteristics of different pharmaceutical dosage forms.
The document discusses various topics related to dosage forms including their definition, classification, and examples. It begins by defining dosage forms as carriers that deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body. It then classifies dosage forms based on routes of administration and physical forms. Several common solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms are described in detail, including their advantages and components. The document focuses on oral solid dosage forms like tablets, capsules, and powders as well as liquid forms like solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.
doses forms.pptx used in pharmaceutical formulationsRakesh Barik
This document provides an introduction and overview of dosage forms. It discusses the classification of dosage forms based on their route of administration (oral, parenteral, etc.), physical form (solid, liquid, semi-solid), and other characteristics. The main types of solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms are described including tablets, capsules, oral solutions, suspensions, ointments, and others. The document emphasizes that dosage forms are designed to safely and effectively deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body.
Introduction to dosage forms.pptx power pointafsanamamedova
This document provides an introduction and overview of dosage forms. It begins by defining dosage forms as the means of delivering drug molecules to sites of action in the body. It then classifies dosage forms based on their physical state (solid, liquid, semi-solid), route of administration (oral, parenteral, topical), and other characteristics. The main body of the document describes various common solid, liquid, and semi-solid dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, creams and ointments. It provides examples of excipients used and how different dosage forms are designed to improve drug delivery or mask unpleasant characteristics. In closing, the document emphasizes dosage forms are needed to safely and conveniently deliver accurate drug
The document discusses drug dosage forms, which are the various ways that pharmaceutical products are administered to patients. Some key points made:
- Dosage forms provide accurate dosing of drugs and allow for administration through different routes. Common forms include tablets, capsules, injections, etc.
- Formulations specify the name, strength and dosage form of the drug product. Excipients are inactive ingredients that don't affect the drug's therapeutic action.
- The dosage form determines how drug molecules are delivered to sites of action in the body. It must provide protection, accurate dosing, and optimize drug effects.
This document provides an introduction to different dosage forms. It begins by defining drugs and explaining that drugs are rarely administered in their crude forms, but rather are converted into suitable formulations through different dosage forms. It then discusses several key points about drug substances and active pharmaceutical ingredients. The remainder of the document is dedicated to describing various oral and topical dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, liquids, ointments, creams and more. It provides details on the composition, characteristics and examples of different dosage forms used to deliver drug molecules to sites of action in the body.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
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Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
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Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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2. Drug:
A drug is defined as an agent, used or intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation,
treatment, cure or prevention of disease in man or in other animals.
Drugs are rarely administered in their pure state. They are combined with other
ingredients to formulate them into a dosage form (suitable formulation).
Dosage forms:
Dosage forms are pharmaceutical drug products in the form, in which they are
marketed for use.
Every dosage form is a combination of drug/drugs and other non-drug components
called additives / excipients.
They are used to give, particular shape / increase the stability / increase
palatability / to give more elegance to the dosage form.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
4. Classification;
Based on - Physical nature
Solid
Semi solid
Liquid
Gaseous
Route of administration
Oral
Parentral
Topical
Rectal
Inhaled
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
Site of Application
Skin
Nose
Eye
Ear
Use
Externally
internally
5. Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
GASEOUS
DOSAGE FORM
Inhalers
Aerosols
6. Importance of Dosage Forms
Formulation of drugs into diff. Dosage forms is done for following reasons;
1. Protect the drug from oxidation, hydrolysis and reduction.
e.g. coated tablets.
2. Protect the drug from destructive effect of gastric juice after oral administration
e.g. enteric coated tablets
3. Provide safe and convenient delivery of accurate dose.
e.g. tablets
4. Conceal the bitter, salty or noxious taste/odour of the drug.
e.g. capsules, flavoured syrup
5. To provide optimum action through inhalation
e.g. inhalation aerosols
6. Provide for insertion of drug into body cavity
e.g. suppositories, ear cones
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
7. 7. For maximum drug action from topical administration sites
e.g. creams, ointments etc.
8. Provide sustained release action.
e.g. Sustained release tablets.
9. Provide liquid dosage form of drugs soluble in suitable vehicle.
e.g. Solution
10. Provide liquid dosage form of drugs insoluble or unstable in a vehicle.
e.g. Suspension
11. Provide drugs into the body tissues.
e.g. Injections
12. To identify between different dosage forms by colour, shape or any such markings.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
8. Classification of dosage forms
Dosage forms may be classified on the basis of their physical form of the final
product. They are;
o Solid dosage forms
o Liquid dosage forms
o Semi-solid dosage forms
o Gaseous dosage forms
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
New drug
delivery
system
9. Solid dosage form
Solid dosage forms are available mostly in unit dosage forms such as tablets,
capsules, pills, cachets or powders.
But some solid dosage forms are packed and supplied in bulk. They may be
granules or fine powders and Effervescent granules, meant for internal use.
Dusting powder, insufflations, snuffs and tooth powder, for external use.
Advantages of unit dosage forms;
1. Most convenient form, if it is to administered in orally.
2. They are effective and patient will not be having any problem in handling,
identification and administration.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
10. SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
POWDERS
GRANULES
TABLETS
CAPSULES
PILLS
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
11. 1. Powders
Powders are solid dosage forms of medicament, which are meant for internal or
external use in its fine state. They are available in crystalline or amorphous form.
Powders are generally classified into;
Bulk powder for internal use
e.g. Fine powder / granules
Bulk powder for external use
e.g. Snuffs, dusting powder, tooth powder
Simple and compound powder for internal use
e.g. Aspirin powder, APC powder
Powder in the form of compressed tablets – tablet triturates
Powders enclosed in cachets and capsules
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
13. Dusting powder
o These are meant for external application to skin and are generally applied in very
fine state, to avoid local irritation. Hence dusting powder are passed through sieve
no.80. it also enhances its effectiveness.
o Dusting powders are of two types;
Medical
Surgical
o Dusting powders are mainly used for;
Antiseptic – an agent that prevents the growth of any pathogenic microorganisms.
Astringent – an agent that helps in protein precipitation
Absorbent – an agent that absorbs any matter into it.
Antiperspirant – an agent that prevents/reduces sweating.
Antipruritic actions – an agent that relives itching.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
14. Medical dusting powder and Surgical dusting powder
Medical dusting powder are mainly used for superficial skin conditions
Surgical dusting powder are used in body cavities, major wounds, umbilical cords
etc.
Medical dusting powders need not be sterile but should be free from dangerous
pathogenic organisms.
Surgical dusting powders must be sterilized before use.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
Sl. No. Medical Dusting Powder Surgical Dusting Powder
1
Used mainly for superficial
skin conditions
Used in body cavities and
major wounds, umbilical
cord of infants
2
Must be free of pathogenic
microorganisms
Must be sterilized
15. Formulation
Dusting powders are generally prepared by mixing 2 or more ingredients, one of
which will be either starch, kaolin or talc.
Of the above ingredients, talc and kaolin are commonly used as they are
chemically inert.
However, these ingredients are readily contaminated with pathogenic bacteria,
they must be sterilized before use.
Containers
• Generally dispensed in sifter-top containers/aerosol containers.
• Also dispensed in flat circular containers
Precaution
• Relatively non-toxic, but may cause pulmonary inflammation if inhaled due to its
fine state. So proper care must be taken while handling.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
16. Insufflations
These are medicated dusting powders meant for introduction into body cavities
such as nose, throat, ear and vagina.
Insufflations should be in finely divided state, as it has to be sprayed to the site of
application.
Applied with the help of an apparatus known as insufflators.
• Difficulties
Difficult to obtain accurate measured qty as uniform dose.
May get blocked when powder used or apparatus is slightly wet.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
17. Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
• Now a days – insufflations are available in the form of pressure aerosols.
• It helps in excellent control of dose through metered valves.
• So that they can be used for administering potent drug
• It also helps to protect the powder form external environment.
Use
– To produce local effects, as in treatment of ear, nose and throat infections
– To produce systemic effect of a drug that may be destroyed in the gut
18. Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
Snuffs
• These are finely divided solid dosage form (powder) which are meant for inhalation
into nostrils.
• They are dispensed in flat metal boxes with or without hinged lid.
• Special Aluminium Snuff bullets are also available for administration of snuffs.
Uses
• Antiseptic, Bronchodilator and decongestion action
19. Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
Dentifrices (tooth powder)
• They are agents that are used for cleaning and polishing of the teeth. They may be
in the form of powder, liquid, paste etc.
• They are applied with the help of tooth brush for cleaning the surface of teeth.
• They may contain,
• Abrasives – Precipitated Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Phosphate, Calcium sulphate,
Magnesium carbonate, Sodium carbonate and Sodium chloride.
However strong abrasives are not used, as it may damage the teeth.
• Detergent – Sodium Lauryl Sulphate, Sodium alkyl suphosuccinate
• Flavouring agent – Peppermint oil, Cinnamon oil
• therapeutic agent – Antibiotics, Fluorides
• Sweetening agent - Saccharin
• Binders – Gum tragacanth, Methyl cellulose
• Preservatives – Methyl and Propyl Paraben
20. Dentifrice (NF XI)
Hard soap, fine powder 50gm
Precipitated calcium carbonate 935gm
Saccharin sodium 2gm
Peppermint oil 4ml
Cinnamon oil 2ml
Methyl salicylate 8ml
Triturate the saccharin sodium, the oils and methyl salicylate with about one half of
the precipitated calcium carbonate and mix the soap with remaining portion of
precipitated calcium carbonate. Mix them thoroughly and then pass it through a
fine sieve.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
21. 2. Granules
• Granules are aggregations of fine particles of powder to form almost spherical
mass.
• Some powders, which may be bitter, nauseous and having unpleasant taste cannot
be given in tablet form.
• They may not be able to formulate it into capsules due to heavy dose.
• Such powders may also not be able to formulate into liquid forms due to stability
problems.
• Such medicaments are given in the form of granules.
Advantages;
1. Avoids powder segregation
2. Provide high porosity than powder
3. Hygroscopic powder, may adhere and form hard cake, which can be minimised if
converted to granules.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
23. Simple granules
• Here the drug is mixed with sugar, flavouring agent and a granulating agent to
prepare a coherent mass.
• It is then passed through a sieve of suitable size to obtain granules.
• They are then dried suitably
• The dried granules are then packed and dispensed.
• Granules are usually dissolved in water before administering
• E.g. Granules of antibiotics such as Erythromycin, Nystatin and Penicillin salts.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
24. According to IP, there are two official preparations of granules;
Bephenium hydroxynaphthate granules
o They contain, Bephenium hydroxynaphthate, a bitter drug which is insoluble in
water. It is used as anthelmentic, in the usual strength of 2.5gm per single dose.
Sodium amino salicylate granules
o They contain, Sodium amino salicylate, which has a sweet, saline and unpleasant
taste. It is used to treat TB in a dose of 10 to 15 gm orally.
• Granules containing potent drugs are not packed in bulk, due to the chance of
wrong dose and therefore they are packed in single sachets.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
25. Effervescent granules
o They are specially prepared solid dosage form of medicament, meant for internal
use.
o They produce carbon dioxide, when dissolved in water, which helps in masking the
unpleasant taste of the drug and also helps in easy absorption.
o It contains a Medicament, mixed with
Citric acid
Tartaric acid
Sodium bicarbonate
o Sometimes, saccharin / sucrose may be used as sweetening agent.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
26. o Before administration, the desired qty of granule is dissolved in water.
o The acid and bicarbonate react producing, carbon dioxide in the form of
effervescence.
o This carbon dioxide serves as
A masking agent, which masks the bitter and saline taste of drugs.
Also, it stimulates the flow of gastric juice and thereby helps in rapid
absorption of drugs.
Methods of preparations.
o There are two main methods for preparing effervescent granules;
Heat method
Wet method
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
27. Heat method;
A large porcelain or stainless steel evaporating dish is placed over the boiling water
bath.
The dish must be sufficiently hot before transferring the powder into it, to ensure
rapid liberation of the water of crystallization from citric acid.
If the heating is delayed, the powder added to it will heat up slowly and the
liberated water of crystallization will go on evaporating simultaneously.
As a result sufficient water will not be available to make a coherent mass.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
28. o Generally heating process takes 1 to 5 minutes.
o Damp mass is then passed through suitable sieve, to obtain the desired sized
granules.
o It is then dried in a Hot Air Oven at not exceeding 600C.
o Packed in an air tight container
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
29. Wet method
In this method, mixed ingredients are moistened with non-aqueous liquid
(alcohol), to prepare a coherent mass.
The coherent mass is then passed through a suitable sieve, to obtain granules of
specific size.
The granules are then dried in a hot air oven not exceeding 600C.
The granules may be again passed through the sieve to break the lumps, if any
formed.
The dried granules are then packed in air tight containers.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
30. 3. Tablets and Capsules
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
31. Tablets
These are unit solid dosage forms of medicament or medicaments which are
prepared by moulding / compression.
Certain excipients may also be added to medicaments in the formulation.
Compressed tablets are prepared in bulk by large scale production methods.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mXaM-lcnox4
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
32. Capsules
Capsules are unit solid dosage forms in which one or more medicaments and
excipients are enclosed with in a small shell.
The shell is generally prepared from gelatin.
Depending on the formulation, the gelatin capsule may be hard gelatin capsule or
soft gelatin capsule.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
33. 4. Pills
Pills are small rounded solid dosage forms containing medicament that are
intended to be administered orally.
The medicaments and excipients are mixed to form a firm plastic mass.
This mass is then put into a uniform pill pipe, in which number of pills can be
manufactured, which may be round, to form a uniform size and shape.
Pills which are spherical in shape, are made by rolling them under wooden pill
rounder.
The pills are sometimes coated with varnish, silver leaf, gold leaf etc,
o To improve the finish
o To mask the unpleasant taste
o To increase stability.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
34. In olden days, pills where more preferred due to its spherical shape and ease of
swallowing.
But now the pills are out dated due to some disadvantages.
o Disintegration time of pills are uncertain. (disintegration time for freshly
prepared pills are less, whereas old dried pills take more time to disintegrate.
Some dried pills may pass through GIT even without disintegrating.)
o Difficult to prepare pills of uniform size.
o Difficult to prepare pills of uniform weight.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
35. Liquid dosage form
o Liquid dosage forms are medicaments in liquid form which are meant for internal,
parentral or external use. They are available in two forms;
Monophasic liquid dosage form
o These are liquid dosage form, which appear like single phase.
E.g. Syrup, Elixir, Linctuses, Drops, Liniments, Lotion, Gargle, Mouthwash, Throat
paint, Spray, Inhalation, Nasal drop, Eye drop, Eye lotion, Ear drops.
Biphasic liquid dosage form
o These are liquid dosage form, which appear like two phases.
E.g. Suspension, Emulsion
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
36. Monophasic liquid dosage forms
o Monophasic liquid dosage forms are represented by true solution or colloidal
solution. They look like a single phase, even though there may be several
ingredients in its formulation.
o The component of the dosage form which is present in large quantity is known as
solvent. Water is mainly used as solvent for majority of monophasic liquid dosage
forms.
o Whereas the component present in small quantity is known as solute.
o A true solution is homogenous because the solute is in an ionic form or molecular
form.
o In case of colloidal solution, solute are present as aggregates, but they cannot be
seen by naked eye or under ordinary microscope.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
37. Monophasic liquid dosage forms are available as;
1. Liquids for internal use
Syrup, Elixir, Linctus, Drops, Draughts
2. Liquids for external use, which can be of two types;
a) Liquids to be applied to the skin
Liniment, Lotion etc
b) Liquids meant for body cavity
Gargles, Throat paint, Mouth washes, Eye drops, Eye lotions, Ear drops, Nasal
drops, spray, Inhalation.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
38. Syrups
Simple syrup is a saturated solution of sucrose in purified water. The concentration
of sugar is 66.67% w/w. The syrups are sweet, viscous preparation. The syrups
containing medicinal substances are called “Medicated syrups”. Those syrups
containing flavoured substances are called “Flavoured syrups”.
Syrups are commonly used dosage forms due to the following Advantages;
1. Syrup retards oxidation, because it is partly hydrolysed into reducing sugars such
as lavulose and dextrose.
2. It prevents decomposition of vegetable substances. It is due to the high osmotic
pressure of syrup which prevents the growth of bacteria, fungi and mould which
are the major causes of decomposition.
3. They are palatable. Due to the sweetness of sugar it can mask the nauseous effect
of substances.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
39. Syrups are now used for formulating antibiotics, anti histamines, sedatives,
antitussives, vitamins and bitter or saline drugs.
o Syrups are divided into two groups based on the method of preparation:
a. Syrups prepared by simple solution or admixture
e.g. Simple syrup, Ginger syrup, Orange syrup, Lemon syrup.
b. Syrups prepared by process of extraction
e.g. Tolu syrup
Simple syrup IP
Sucrose 667g
Purified water qs 1000g
Add sucrose to purified water and heat it to dissolve with occasional stirring.
Cool it and add more of purified water to make the required weight.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
40. Tolu syrup IP
Tolu balsam 12.5g
Sucrose 660 g
Purified water qs 1000 g
Add boiling purified water to tolu balsam contained in a tarred vessel. Cover
the vessel and boil the contents gently for half an hour with frequent stirring. Add
purified water to adjust the weight. Cool, filter the solution and add sucrose. Heat on a
water bath to dissolve the sucrose. Finally add sufficient purified water to produce the
required weight.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
41. Elixirs
Elixirs are sweet, hydro-alcoholic, aromatic preparations and are usually coloured,
but at the same time clear. Elixirs are of two types;
Medicated elixir – contains usually potent drugs
Flavouring elixir – contains flavours and are used as flavouring agent and vehicle.
The main ingredients of elixirs are;
Ethyl alcohol
Water
Glycerin or Propylene glycol
Flavouring agent
Syrup
Preservatives
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
42. SIMPLE ELIXIR IP
Orange tincture 75ml
Syrup 400ml
Chloroform water qs 1000ml
Mix the orange tincture with syrup and add sufficient chloroform water to produce
the required volume. Add talc, shake, allow to stand for few hours, shaking
occasionally and filter.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
43. Linctus
o Linctuses are viscous liquid, oral preparation that are generally prescribed for relief
of cough. They may contain medicaments which have demulcent, sedative or
expectorant action.
o They are taken in small doses, sipped and swallowed slowly without diluting with
water. When taken as such, linctuses give maximum and prolonged action.
o Simple syrup is generally used as vehicle for most linctuses.
o Tolu syrup may also be used as vehicle, due to its aromatic odour and flavour. Also
it has a mild expectorant action.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
44. Codeine linctus BP
Codeine Phosphate 3gm
Lemon syrup 200ml
Benzoic acid solution 20ml
Chloroform spirit 20ml
Water 20ml
Compound tartrazine solution 10ml
Simple Syrup qs 1000ml
Weigh codeine phosphate and dissolve it in water, heat gently if req. Add benzoic
acid soln, comp. tartrazine soln and chloroform sprit. Add lemon syrup and adjust
the volume by adding simple syrup.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
49. Drops
o These are liq. preparation meant for oral administration. The oil soluble vitamins
such as vit A and vit D concentrates in fish liver oil are presented as drops for
administration.
o Since these preparations contain potent medicaments, the dose must be measured
accurately. The following two methods are commonly used for this purpose;
1. Use of a dropper which is accurately graduated in fractions of ml.
2. Use of a pre calibrated dropper in which the number of drops equivalent to
the prescribed dose of a particular preparation being administered is known.
o The size of the drops from the ,medicine dropper, depends on the factors such as
surface tension, viscosity, density and temp of the liq.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
50. Liniments
o Liniments are liquid or semi-liquid preparations meant for application to the skin.
They are usually applied using hand, with help of friction and rubbing of the skin.
The liniments may be alcoholic or oily solutions or emulsions.
o Alcohol helps in
Penetration of medicaments into skin
Gives a counter irritant action
Provides a rubefacient action
o Arachis oil may be used in some liniments, which spreads more easily.
o Soap may also be used, which helps in easy application of liniments.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
51. o Medicaments that are generally formulated into liniments are;
Analgesics, Rubefacient, Soothing agents, Counter irritant and Stimulating agents.
o Liniments should never be applied on to broken skin as it may cause excessive
irritation
Turpentine Liniment IP
Soft soap 90gm
Camphor 50gm
Turpentine oil 650ml
Purified water qs1000ml
Mix the soft soap with 100ml of purified water. Prepare a soln of camphor in
turpentine oil. Gradually add camphor soln to soap soln, with trituration until a
thick creamy emulsion is produced. Add sufficient purified water to produce the
req. volume. Mix it thoroughly.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
52. Lotions
o Lotions are liquid preparations meant for external application without friction.
They are applied directly to skin, with the help of some absorbent material such as
cotton wool or gauze, soaked in it.
o Lotions are used for its local action such as cooling, soothing and protective action.
o They are also used for its antiseptic action.
o Alcohol may be used in some preparations for its cooling and soothing effect.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
53. Calamine lotion IP
Calamine 150gm
Zinc oxide 50gm
Bentonite 30gm
Sodium citrate 5gm
Liquefied phenol 5ml
Glycerin 50ml
Rose water qs 1000ml
Dissolve sodium citrate in about 700ml of rose water. Triturate, calamine, zinc
oxide and bentonite with soln of sodium citrate. Add liquefied phenol and glycerin
to it. Add rose water to produce the required volume.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
54. Compare between liniments and lotions
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
Sl. No. Parameters Liniments Lotions
1 Dosage form
2 Site of application
3 Mode of application
4 Medium used for application
5 Expected ingredients
6
Indented pharmacological
actions
7 Examples
55. Gargles
They are aq. Soln used to prevent or treat throat infections.
They are available in concentrated form with direction for dilution with warm
water before use.
They are brought into intimate contact with mucous membrane and allowed to
remain there for few seconds before they are thrown out.
They are usually used to relive soreness in mild throat infections.
Phenol / Thymol is generally used in small concentrations for antibacterial activity.
Potassium chlorate may also be used for its weak astringent effect, to tone up the
throat. It also stimulates secretion of saliva which relieves dryness.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
56. POTASSIUM CHLORATE AND PHENOL GARGLE BPC
Potassium chlorate 30gm (astringent & stimulant)
Paten blue V 0.009gm (colouring agent)
Liquefied phenol 15ml (disinfectant & antiseptic)
Water q.s. 1000ml
Dissolve potassium chlorate in warm water.
Cool and add liquefied phenol.
Add the dye soln, filter and make up the volume using vehicle.
Other examples are Phenol gargle, Povidone iodine gargle.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
57. Mouth washes
These are aq. soln with pleasant taste and odour. Used to clean and deodorise the
buccal cavity.
Generally they contain antibacterial agents, alcohol, glycerin, sweetening agent,
flavouring agent and colouring agents etc.
ZINC SULPHATE AND ZINC CHLORIDE MOUTHWASH BPC
Zinc sulphate 20gm (therapeutic & prophylactic in ulcer)
Zinc chloride 10gm (anti mouth odour & synergic effect)
Dil. HCl 10ml (pH maintaining)
Comp tartrazine soln 10ml (colouring agent)
Chloroform water q.s. 1000ml
Dissolve zinc sulphate and zinc chloride in water. Add dil. HCl to make a clear soln.
Add comp tartrazine soln. Add vehicle to make up the req. volume.
Other examples; Sodium chloride mouthwash, Chlorhexidine Gluconate mouthwash
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
58. Throat paints
• Throat paints are viscous liquid preparations used for mouth and throat infections.
• Glycerin – is a main ingredient and commonly used because;
It is viscous
Adheres to mucous membrane for long period
Sweet in taste
• They are applied to the mucous membrane of throat and mouth with the help of a
throat brush (camel hair brush) or cotton swab (cotton plug twisted at the tip of a
plastic stick).
• Now a days throat sprays are also used for its application, which is more
convenient.
• They should be applied as such, without diluting with water.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
60. • Medicaments used in throat paints may be Antiseptic, Anti-infective, Astringent,
Analgesic
• The container should contain the secondary label; “FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY”
• Examples
Mandl’s paint,
Tannic acid – glycerin throat paint
Phenol – glycerin throat paint
Crystal violet paint
Betadine antiseptic paint etc.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
61. IODINE PAINT COMPOUND B P C (MANDL’S PAINT)
Potassium iodide 25gm
Iodine 12.5gm
Alcohol 90% 40ml
Water 25ml
Peppermint oil 4ml
Glycerin q.s. 1000ml
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
62. Method
1. Dissolve potassium iodide in water.
2. Add iodine to it and stir until it dissolves
3. Dissolve peppermint oil in Alcohol 90% and transfer it to the above Iodine soln
and mix well.
4. Add small qty of glycerin to it and mix thoroughly.
5. Add more of glycerin in small qty with proper mixing, to make up the volume.
6. Transfer the preparation into a container, corked, polished, labelled and
dispensed.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
Iodine soln
63. Sprays
• Sprays are preparations of drugs in aqueous or alcoholic media or in glycerin.
• They are applied to mucous membrane of nose or throat with the help of an
atomiser.
• The throat sprays may be applied with the help of a special type of atomiser known
as nebuliser, which converts large droplets to fine droplets by baffle system.
• Thus it reaches the lungs, easily.
• The nasal sprays are applied in the form of coarse droplets using atomiser or a
plastic squeeze bottle.
• They are indented to be in the nasal tract.
• E.g. Adrenaline and atropine spray compound BPC
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65. Inhalations
• These are liquid preparations containing volatile substances, which relieves
congestion and inflammation of the respiratory tract.
• The volatile substances may be placed on an absorbent pad or handkerchief and
then inhaled there from.
• In some other cases, inhalations are added to hot, but not boiling water (about
650C) and the vapours are inhaled.
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66. BENZOIN INHALATION BPC
Benzoin crushed 100gm
Preparaed storax 50 gm
Alcohol 95% qs 1000ml
It is prepared by macerating, benzoin and prepared storax with alcohol 95% for 24
hrs. Filter the solution and add sufficient alcohol to produce the required volume.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
67. Eye lotion
• These are aqueous solution used for washing of eye.
• They are supplied in concentrated form, which has to be diluted with warm water
before use.
• They must be isotonic with lachrymal secretion and must be free from foreign
particles, to avoid irritations.
• They must be prepared fresh (extemporaneous preparation) and should not be
stored for more than 2 days.
• It may get contaminated with microorganisms.
• E.g. Sodium chloride eye lotion
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
68. Nasal drops
• These are aqueous solutions of drops that are instilled into the nose with a
dropper.
• The preparations must be aqueous. Oily vehicles are not used because, oily drops
inhibit the movement of cilia in the nasal mucosa.
• And if used for a longer period, it may reach lungs and cause, lipoid pneumonia.
Requisites
• Nasal drops should be isotonic
• It should have neutral pH
• Viscosity should be similar to nasal secretion (using 0.5% methyl cellulose)
• Nasal preparation must not interfere with cleansing action of
epithelial cilia.
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69. Common ingredients
Phosphate buffer of pH 6.5 is used as vehicle.
Labelling
The label should state that
“FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY”
OR
“FOR USE IN NASAL TRACT ONLY”
Storage
Nasal drops should be stored in a cool place.
69 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
70. EPHEDRINE NASAL DROPS
Ephedrine hydrochloride 0.5gm
Chlorobutanol 0.5gm
Sodium chloride 0.5gm
Water q.s. 1000ml
Method
• Dissolve ephedrine hydrochloride, chlorobutanol and
sodium chloride in warm water.
• Cool, filter (if necessary) and make up the volume
through filter.
• Transfer the nasal drops to the container,
polish and labelled
70 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
71. Ear drop
Definition
These are solutions of drops, that are instilled into the ear with a dropper. It is
generally prepared in vehicles such as, water, glycerin, propylene glycol or dilute
alcohol.
Uses
The ear drops are generally used for
cleaning the ear
softening the wax
treating mild infections
71 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
72. Containers
Ear drops are dispensed in coloured, fluted glass bottles with a dropper in the cap.
They are also dispensed in a suitable plastic container
Labelling
The label should state that
“FOR EXTERNAL USE ONLY”
OR
“FOR USE IN EAR ONLY”
“Store in a cool place”
72 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
73. SODIUM BICARBONATE EAR DROPS BPC
Sodium bicarbonate 5gm
Glycerin 30ml
Purified water q.s. 100ml
Method
• Dissolve sodium bicarbonate in few ml of water.
• Add glycerin to it and mix well
• Add more of vehicle to make up the volume
• Transfer to a bottle, polish, label and dispense.
73 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
74. Eye drops
• These are sterile solutions or suspensions of drugs that are instilled into eyes with
dropper.
• They are usually made in aqueous vehicle.
• It should be;
• Sterile
• Isotonic with lachrymal secretion
• Buffered
• Free from foreign particles
• A suitable preservative like phenyl mercuric nitrate, benzalkonium chloride,
chlorhexidine acetate etc may be used to prevent bacterial growth.
• Generally used medicaments are; Antiseptic, Anti-inflamatory, Anaesthetic, Miotic
drugs.
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To avoid irritation
75. General method of preparation
o Dissolve medicament in aq. vehicle with any one of the preservative or others
specified in monograph
o The solution is clarified by filtration
o Transferred to final container and corked
o Sterilisation is done either by;
autoclaving.
heating with bactericide at 980C to 1000C for 30mins.
filtration through bacteria proof filter.
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76. Packaging
o Should be packed in neutral glass containers / suitable plastic container
o Glass droppers are also made of neutral glass
o The teats of dropper are made of rubber
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77. Precautions to be taken while using eye drop
o If dropper is separated, hold the tip downward
o Never touch dropper surface
o Never rinse the dropper
o Never use colour changed eye drops
o Make sure the cap is not contaminated, when removed.
o After instillation, do not close the eyes tightly or do not blink the eyes frequently.
This may remove the medicament from the place where it is intended.
Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
81. EMULSION
Definition
Emulsion is a biphasic liquid preparation containing two immiscible liquids, one of
which is dispersed as minute globules into the other.
The liquid converted to minute globules – dispersed phase
The liquid in which globules are dispersed – continuous phase
Normally – 2 immiscible liquids alone – cannot exit as dispersed form – for long
time.
So an emulsifying agent – added to the system
It forms a film around the globules – reduces IT – helps to scatter uniformly – stable
emulsion formed.
81 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
82. 82 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
Formation of o/w or w/o
type emulsion
Orientation of surfactant
Natural emulsion
83. Advantages
• Medicines having unpleasant taste and odour – can be made more palatable
• Protection for drugs – prone to oxidation and hydrolysis
• Novel preparations – creams, lotions, foam aerosols – formulated as emulsions
• Sterile IV emulsions can be prepared and administered
• Emulsion improves absorption of oils – when taken orally
• Radio opaque emulsions can be prepared – used as diagnostic agents
83 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
84. Types
I. Based on globule size
Usual globule size of emulsion – 0.25µm to 25µm
• Coarse emulsion – large globules
• Fine emulsion – globule size of 5µm
• Micro emulsion – small as 10nm
(Emulsions are milky / white due to reflection and refraction at many interfaces
and almost transparent if the RI are almost same for two phases)
84 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
85. II. Based on dispersed phase / continuous phase
Oil in water type (o/w)
Water in oil type (w/o)
Multiple emulsion
w/o/w type
o/w/o type
85 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
86. o/w type emulsion
Dispersed phase?
Oil phase
Continuous phase?
Aqueous phase
w/o type emulsion
Dispersed phase?
Aqueous phase
Continuous phase?
Oil phase
86 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
Preferred for Internal use
Emulsifying agents used;
Gum acacia, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, saponins
and soaps formed from monovalent bases like Na+, K+
and NH4
+
Preferred for External use
Emulsifying agents used;
Wool fat, resin, beeswax
and soaps formed from divalent bases like Ca++, Mg++
and Zn++
87. Identification test for emulsion
Dilution test
Dye test
Conductivity test
Fluorescence test
87 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
88. 88 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
o/w type
Stable
Dilution test
89. 89 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
w/o type
Phase inversion / Breaking
(Unstable)
90. In short
90 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
Diluent liquid Water Oil
Stability Stable Unstable Stable Unstable
Continuous
phase
Water Oil Oil Water
Dispersed
phase
Oil Water Water Oil
Type o/w w/o w/o o/w
91. Dye test
91 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
Scarlet red (oil
soluble dye)
o/w type
w/o type
Oil phase
(Appears red in colour)
Aqueous phase
(Appears colourless)
Oil phase
(Appears red in colour)
Aqueous phase
(Appears colourless)
Observed
Under
microscope
92. 92 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
Methyl Blue
(aqueous soluble
dye)
o/w type
w/o type
Oil phase
(Appears colourless)
Aqueous phase
(Appears blue in colour)
Oil phase
(Appears colourless)
Aqueous phase
(Appears blue in colour)
Observed
Under
microscope
93. Conductivity test
Basic concept; Water – good conductor & Oil – bad conductor of electricity
Dip a pair of electrodes in, emulsion to be identified and connected to a low
voltage bulb. Then pass electric current through it
93 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
+
-
o/w type emulsion
Bulb glows
Oil phase
Aqueous phase
94. If the bulb glows – emulsion is o/w type – because water is the continuous phase
If the bulb doesn't glow – emulsion is w/o type – because oil is the continuous phase
94 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
+
-
w/o type emulsion
Bulb doesn’t glows
Aqueous phase
Oil phase
95. Fluorescence test
Basic principle; certain fixed oils (olive)
produce fluorescence
in presence of UV light
95 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
Certain fixed oil
o/w type
w/o type
Oil phase
(Florescence)
Aqueous phase
(No Florescence)
Oil phase
(Florescence)
Aqueous phase
(No Florescence)
Microscopic
observation
Under UV
96. Classification of Emulsions
Classification of emulsion is done on two basic aspects;
I. Based on the type of emulsifying agent used in preparation
a. Emulsions containing natural gum (gum acacia, tragacanth, Irish moss)
b. Emulsions containing gum substitute (cellulose and its derivatives)
c. Emulsions containing various soaps (divalent and bivalent soaps)
d. Emulsions containing saponins
e. Emulsions containing starch
f. Emulsions containing natural waxes (wool fat, beeswax)
g. Emulsions containing synthetic waxes (cetomacrogol wax)
h. Emulsions containing other emulsifying agents (pectin, egg yolk, gelatin)
96 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
97. II. Based on their mode of administration
Emulsions are classified – three – according to its use/mode of administration.
1. Emulsions for oral administration
2. Emulsions for IV administration
3. Emulsions for external application
97 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
98. Emulsions for oral administration
Generally o/w type
Used for administering medicinal oils.
The emulsification – helps – increases palatability – by masking disagreeable taste
of oil and “oily feel” of medicinal oil.
E.g. Liq. Paraffin emulsion (formulation)
98 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
99. Emulsions for IV administration
Oil soluble medicinal comps such as – sex hormones, vit A, D and K – administered
as IV injections
Some times they are also used as diagnostic aids
These emulsions – must have – small globule size and must be sterile.
Emulsions for external application
Emulsions of both o/w type and w/o type – used for external application
But o/w type is most preferred
Some drugs when emulsified – rate of penetration through skin reduces – results in
prolonged action.
Emulsions applied to skin are generally semi-solid. Acts as an excellent vehicle.
99 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
100. SUSPENSION
Definition
Suspensions are biphasic liquid dosage forms of medicament in which finely
divided solid particles ranging from 0.5 to 5.0 micron are dispersed in a liquid.
Here the solid particles act as dispersed phase whereas liquid phase acts as
continuous phase. Suspensions are used orally, parentral and externally.
Significance of particle size and route of administration
Suspension - external application – sufficiently small particle size – to avoid gritty
feeling. Also helps in easy application to skin & in rapid penetration.
Suspension - parentral administration – particle size that can pass through the needle.
Suspension instilled into eye – free from gritty particles – to avoid irritation.
Suspension administered orally – particle size should not be beyond 10micron.
100 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
101. Qualities of a good suspension
1. It should settle slowly and should be readily re-dispersed on gentle shaking of the
container
2. It should pour readily and evenly from the container.
3. It should be chemically inert
4. The suspended particles should not form a hard cake.
5. It should be free from large particles which may spoil the appearance and cause
irritation.
6. The particle size should remain almost constant throughout its life period.
101 Lisie College of Pharmacy, Kochi
102. Now a days – suspensions – supplied as dry powders.
This is to minimize the possibility of microbial attack.
How?
These suspensions – marketed as dry powder – with proper direction to mix with
certain amount of a vehicle – convert it into actual suspension.
They may be administered instantaneously or kept for a limited period of time.
Thus – stability of suspension – ensured.
e.g. Ampicillin oral suspension IP
Insulin Zinc suspension
Barium sulphate suspension IP
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103. Precautions to be considered
Suspensions – packed in containers – with adequate air space above the liquid.
This is to permit adequate shaking
Oral suspensions – packed in wide mouthed bottles
This is to permit easy removal of the contents
Suspensions – stored in tight containers, protected from freezing, heat and light.
This is to make the suspension stable.
Suspension – shaken well before use
This is to ensure uniform distribution of medicament – thereby – uniform and
proper dosage.
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104. SEMI - SOLID DOSAGE FORMS
• Semi solid dosage forms are mainly meant for external application.
• Ointments
• Creams
• Pastes
• Jellies
• Suppositories etc...
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105. Ointments
These are semi solid preparations – application to skin or mucous membrane.
Contain a medicament – dissolved / suspended / emulsified – ointment base.
Will also contain – antimicrobial agent
Simple Ointments – used – protective or emollient action
Medicated Ointments – used – action on
epidermis or
deeper layers of cutaneous tissues or
more deeper & release medicament to body fluids.
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106. Ophthalmic ointment
Meant for application to eye.
Sterile & free from irritation
In the preparation of ophthalmic ointments – yellow soft paraffin preferred over
white soft paraffin.
White soft paraffin – contain – traces of bleaching agent – left behind after
beaching of yellow soft paraffin to white soft paraffin.
These traces of bleaching agent – irritation.
To avoid this – yellow soft paraffin preferred over white soft paraffin – ophthalmic
preparations.
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107. An ideal ointment base should have the following properties;
1. Should be inert, odourless and smooth
2. Physically and chemically stable.
3. Compatible with skin and other incorporated ingredients.
4. Proper consistency – easily spreads and softens on application to skin.
5. Should not retard healing of wounds
6. Should not produce irritation and sensitization of skin.
There is no single ointment base – possessing all the qualities.
So – prefer to use a mixture one or more ointment base.
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108. Classification of ointment bases;
Oleaginous bases
Absorption bases
Emulsion bases
Water soluble bases
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109. Oleaginous base
Consist of water soluble – hydrocarbons, vegetable oils, animal fats and waxes.
Oleaginous base;
Helps – keep medicament – prolonged contact – skin
Act as occlusive dressing
Low capacity to absorb water
Emollient action
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Soft paraffin
Hard paraffin
Liquid paraffin
Lower the MP &
soften bases of
high consistency.
Lard
Advantages
110. Disadvantages
Greasy in nature
Sticky and difficult to remove from cloth and skin
Retain body heat – feel uncomfortable warmth
Do not help in absorption of medicament
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111. Absorption bases
Generally anhydrous substances which, have the property of absorbing
considerable qty of water – still retain ointment like consistency.
Absorption bases – two types;
Non-emulsified bases
Water in oil emulsion
Non – emulsified bases absorb water & aq. soln. – producing w/o emulsion
e.g. Wool fat (anhydrous lanolin), wool alcohol, bees wax and cholesterol.
Water in oil emulsion absorb more amt of water – have the property of non-
emulsified bases
e.g. Hydrous wool fat (lanolin)
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112. Emulsion bases
Generally semisolid / creamy like consistency.
o/w & w/o emulsions – used as ointment base.
o/w type - most popular – they can be easily removed from skin and cloth.
w/o type – greasy and sticky
Compound benzoic acid ointment (whitfield’s ointment) is prepared using
emulsifying ointment – prepared from emulsifying wax, white soft paraffin and
liquid paraffin.
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113. Water – soluble bases
Commonly known as “greaseless ointment bases”
Consist of water soluble ingredients – PEG (commonly known as carbowaxes)
Carbowaxes - water soluble, non-volatile, inert.
Consistency vary – depending – MW.
Commonly used PEG – PEG 400, PEG 1500, PEG 4000 and PEG 6000.
Mixing diff. carbowaxes – ointments – desired consistency – obtained.
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114. Creams
Viscous semi solid emulsions – meant for external application
They are of two types;
Aqueous creams
(o/w type emulsion)
Oily creams
(w/o type emulsion)
Storage
Stored & supplied – well closed container – prevent evaporation & contamination.
Collapsible tubes of metal or plastic – may be used.
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115. Aqueous Creams
Anionic, cationic and non-ionic waxes
Polysorbate
Triethanolamine soaps
A suitable preservative is added to Aq. creams – they have tendency for bacterial
growth.
Oily Creams
Wool fat
Wool alcohol
Beeswax
Calcium soaps
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Emulgents used
Emulgents used
116. Pastes and Jellies
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Sl.
No.
Pastes Jellies
1
Semi-solid preparation for external
application
Transparent / translucent, non-greasy,
semi-solid preparation for external
application
2
Contain zinc oxide, calcium carbonate,
starch
Contain gelatin, starch, tragacanth,
sodium alginate, cellulose derivatives
3
Used as antiseptic, protective and
soothing dressings
Used for lubricating catheters, surgical
gloves and rectal thermometer
4
Have high proportion of powdered
medicament
Now a days popular for contraceptive
purposes
5
Stored and supplied in containers that
do not allow absorption of
medicaments.
Contain surfactants that enhance
spermicidal property
117. New drug delivery systems
Implants
Films & strips
Liposome
Controlled drug delivery modules
Erythrocytes
Nanoparticles
Prodrugs
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118. Implants
Hormonal therapy
Hypodermic tablets
Magnetically controlled implants
Placed @ upper thigh – 5mm depth
AlNico rod magnet
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119. Films and Strips
Zero order release films
Laminates
Topical application
Nitroglycerin laminates
Release drug – 12 hrs
Buccal strips
Placed to buccal cavity
Base of fabric/filter paper/cotton
Base dipped in molten carbowax & drug mixture
Strip – made to contact with buccal mucosa – 15 mins - removed and discarded
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120. Spray bandages
Solution of drug in polylactide
Sprayed on external skin surface – forms a bandage
Simply washed off – after use – with warm water
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121. Liposome
Bi layered Phospholipids – capable to carry – hydrophillic and hydrophobic drugs
Large multilamellar vesicles (LMLV)
Small unilamellar vesicles (SUV)
Large unilamellar vesicles (LUV)
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122. Controlled drug delivery modules (CDDM)
Drug in a polymeric matrix
Polymeric matrix hold and release the drug – plyethylenes, silicone elastomer,
cellulose esters.
CDDM – tablets/capsules
Punctured before administration – laser beam – small orifice
Drug released by - diffusion/osmosis/chemical reaction
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123. Erythrocytes
Helps in slow release of drug
More combatable with body
Can be sent to almost all parts of body
Resealed erythrocytes
First in hypotonic solution – containing drug
Then tonicity is reestablished – gets sealed
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124. Nanoparticles
A drug-carrier mechanism is used
The complex – nanometer range – NANOPARTICLE
Carrier – naturally occurring macromolecule (HSA, Bovine Serum Albumin etc)
Drug mixed with carrier in aq. sol. (if drug – hydrophobic – mix with small amt of
organic solvent – than mix with carrier in aq. sol.)
Desolvated using sodium sulphate or alcohol
Nanoarticles are obtained
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125. Prodrugs
Compounds that undergo biotransformation – before showing pharmacological
activity
Generally esters or amides of parent drug
Improves;
Stability
Solubility
Bioavailability
Masking unpleasant taste and odour
Reduce drug toxicity
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