A suppository is a drug delivery system that is inserted into the rectum (rectal suppository), vagina (vaginal suppository) or urethra (urethral suppository), where it dissolves or melts and is absorbed into the blood stream. They are used to deliver both systemically and locally acting medications.
Suspension, interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in suspensions, formulation of flocculated and deflocculated suspensions. Emulsions and theories of emulsification, microemulsion and multiple emulsions; Stability of emulsions, preservation of emulsions, rheological properties of emulsions.
In this presentation viewers will able to learn about liquids for external use such as liniments and lotions, liquids for oral cavity such as mouthwash, throat paints and gargles.
A suppository is a drug delivery system that is inserted into the rectum (rectal suppository), vagina (vaginal suppository) or urethra (urethral suppository), where it dissolves or melts and is absorbed into the blood stream. They are used to deliver both systemically and locally acting medications.
Suspension, interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in suspensions, formulation of flocculated and deflocculated suspensions. Emulsions and theories of emulsification, microemulsion and multiple emulsions; Stability of emulsions, preservation of emulsions, rheological properties of emulsions.
In this presentation viewers will able to learn about liquids for external use such as liniments and lotions, liquids for oral cavity such as mouthwash, throat paints and gargles.
This presentation consists of the info about the pharmaceutical emulsions , definition, types,preparations,methods,formulation,emulsifying agents ....
this presentation is very useful for the b.pharm students for a brief idea ...
Biphasic system
emulsions
Classification of emulsion
Theories of emulsification
The HLB system
Stability of Emulsion
Emulsion Manufacturing
Test for emulsions
Pharmaceutical applications of emulsions
Packaging of emulsions
To prepare relatively stable and homogeneous mixtures of two immiscible liquids.
Permits administration of a liquid drug in the form of minute globules rather than in bulk.
Palatable administration of an otherwise distasteful oil by dispersing it in a sweetened, flavored aqueous vehicle.
aqueous one known as a direct emulsion. Stabilization of O/W emulsion is often performed with hydrophilic-hydrophobic particles. The hydrophilic end of the emulsifier molecule has an affinity for water, and the hydrophobic end is drawn to the fat/oil. Vigorously mixing the emulsifier with the water and oil creates a stable emulsion. For example, milk is oil in the water type of emulsion. In this mixture, fat globules are dispersed in the water.
Emulsion water in oil (W/O) is composed of an aqueous phase dispersed in the oil phase. A water-in-oil emulsion is much fattier than a direct emulsion. Margarine is a water-in-oil emulsion.
Other emulsions, such as oil in water in oil, or water in oil in water, exist as well. Blood is also an emulsion consisting of negatively charged colloidal particles, which are albuminoid substances.
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Issues of Concern
Emulsions are a sub-class of colloids, which are two-phase systems of matter.
Although the terms colloid and emulsion are sometimes used indistinctly, emulsion applies only when both dispersed, and continuous phases are liquids. A colloid is a mixture of a compound that is in a solid, liquid, or gas state and a liquid. The critical difference between a colloid and an emulsion is that colloid can form when any state of matter (solid, gas, or liquid) combine with a liquid. In contrast, the emulsion has two liquid components that are initially immiscible with each other.
Emulsions, as liquids, do not demonstrate a static internal structure. Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable as both the dispersed and continuous phases can revert as separate phases, oil, and water, by fusion or the coalescing of droplets. Industries use emulsifying agents, eg, surfactants, to maintain a static structure.[1]
Usually, the phase in which the surfactant exhibits the greatest solubility is the continuous phase. Thus, hydrophilic surfactants foster O/W emulsions, whereas lipophilic surfactants promote W/O emulsions.
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Clinical Significance
Emulsions are frequently used in pharmaceuticals, personal hygiene products, and cosmetics. These are usually oil and water emulsions, albeit dispersed. These emulsions are called creams, ointments, balms, pastes, films, or liquids, depending on their oil-to-water ratios, the addition of other additives, and their intended administration route. Emulsions allow the encapsulation of an active ingredient in the dispersed phase to protect it from degradation and preserve its activity in a sustained manner. They are used to make medications more palatable, to improve their effectiveness via dosage control of active ingredients, and to provide better aesthetics for topical drugs such as ointments.
Intravenous and parenteral emulsions may be used for nutritive therapy applications when a patient is unable to consume food or receive nutrition. Fat emulsions serve as dietary complements for patients who cannot get the required fat solely from their diet. The compound may be given as
Discussion on the 2 kinds of Disperse Systems 1. Suspensions 2. Emulsions. The principles of emulsification, types and examples of emulsifying agents used.
This is the pdf of Emulsions, types, emulsifying agent and stability of emulsions.
Definition:-The emulsion is a biphasic liquid preparation containing two immiscible liquids one of which is dispersed as minute globules into the other with the help of an emulsifying agent.
The liquid that is broken up into globules is called the dispersed phase & the liquid in which the globules are dispersed is known as the continuous phase.
Types of emulsion:
They are two types
1. Oil in water:-
In the O/w type, oil is a dispersed phase & water is the continuous phase. In oil in water type, oil is surrounded by water. So the unpleasant taste & odor of the oil is masked. Therefore o/w type of emulsion is preferable for internal use.
2. Water in oil type:-
In w/o type water is the dispersed phase & oil is in the continuous phase. In w/o type, water is surrounded by oil. So application on the skin may be easier. Therefore w/o type of emulsion is preferable for external use.
Examples for natural emulsion:
Milk is an example for o/w emulsion. Butter is an example for w/o emulsion.
Emulsifying agent/ surfactants
Surfactants are materials get adsorbed at the interface between the two phases. The surface adsorption lowers or decreases the tension between the two phases. It causes the inter mix of the phases with each other. Hence to reduce surface tension surfactants are used.
They are classified as follows:
1. Natural Emulgents from vegetable sources: These are anionic in nature & produce o/w type emulsions. They act as primary emulgents & stabilizers. Ex: acacia, tragacanth, agar, pectin
2. Natural emulsifying agents from animal sources:
a) Gelatin: It occurs in two forms Pharmagol A- used in acidic PH Pharmagol B-used in alkaline PH
b) Egg Yolk
c) Wool Fat
3. Semi synthetic polysaccharides: These produce o/w type of emulsion
Ex: Methyl cellulose, sodium CMC
4. Synthetic Emulgents:
a) Anionic: Its anionic part is responsible for emulsifying activity.
Ex: - Soaps & sodium lauryl sulphate
b) Cationic: Its cationic part is responsible for emulsification. Ex: - Cetrimide, Benzalkonium chloride.
They produce o/w type emulsion.
c) Non-Ionic: They do not ionize in aqueous solution. These are stable at wide range of pH & are not affected by addition of acids & electrolytes.
5. In-organic Emulgents: Ex: - Milk of magnesia, magnesium oxide, magnesium aluminium silicate & bentonite.
6. Alcohols: Ex: - Cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, glycerol mono- stearate. Carbo waxes.
Stability of Emulsions:
1. Creaming:
Creaming is defined as the upward movement of the dispersed phase towards the surface and forms a thick layer at the surface of the emulsion.
2. Sedimentation:
Definition: It is defined as the downward movement of the dispersed phase towards the bottom & forms a separate layer over the sediment particles.
3. Cracking:
Cracking can be defined as the separation of the dispersed phase and continuous phase as two separate layers. They cannot be re-dispersed on shaking.
Emulsion process and physical details of pharmaceuticalRubaetToha1
Demystifying Emulsions: A Journey into the World of Mixtures"
Brief Overview: Welcome to our SlideShare presentation on emulsions, a fascinating realm where oil and water come together in perfect harmony. Join us as we unravel the science, applications, and benefits of emulsions.
Slide 2: What Are Emulsions?
Definition: An emulsion is a colloidal dispersion of two immiscible liquids, typically oil and water, stabilized by an emulsifying agent.
Visual: Diagram showcasing the structure of emulsions with oil droplets dispersed in water and vice versa.
Slide 3: The Science Behind Emulsions
Key Concepts: Explore the principles of emulsification, including the role of emulsifiers, surfactants, and stability.
Visual: Molecular representation illustrating the interaction between emulsifying agents and oil-water interfaces.
Slide 4: Types of Emulsions
Classification: Overview of different emulsion types, such as oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O), with examples.
Visual: Images representing common products for each type, like mayonnaise (O/W) and butter (W/O).
Slide 5: Emulsions in Everyday Life
Applications: Showcase how emulsions play a crucial role in various industries, including food, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and paints.
Visual: Collage of everyday products containing emulsions, from salad dressings to moisturizing creams.
Slide 6: Formulation and Stability
Factors Influencing Stability: Discuss the importance of formulation, temperature, pH, and shear forces in maintaining emulsion stability.
Visual: Graphs and charts depicting the impact of different factors on emulsion stability over time.
Slide 7: Challenges in Emulsion Technology
Common Issues: Address challenges like creaming, coalescence, and phase separation, along with strategies to overcome them.
Visual: Before-and-after images illustrating the effects of common challenges and successful solutions.
Slide 8: Innovations in Emulsion Science
Emerging Trends: Highlight recent advancements, such as nanoemulsions and green emulsifiers, shaping the future of emulsion technology.
Visual: Infographics showcasing cutting-edge developments in the field.
Slide 9: Conclusion
Key Takeaways: Summarize the essential points covered in the presentation.
Call to Action: Encourage the audience to explore further, experiment, and share their insights into the diverse world of emulsions.
Slide 10: Q&A and Discussion
Invite the audience to participate in a question-and-answer session, fostering engagement and collaboration.
Closing Note:
Thank your audience for their time and attention, and provide links or references for additional resources on emulsion science and applications.
Emulsions
Colloidal dispersion
Emulsifying agents
Surfactants
Stability
Oil-in-water (O/W)
Water-in-oil (W/O)
Formulation
Interfacial tension
Applications in food
Applications in cosmetics
Applications in pharmaceuticals
Applications in paints
Creaming
Coalescence
Phase separation
Nanoemulsions
Green emulsifiers
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
4. DEFINITION
• An emulsion may be defined as a thermodynamically
unstable system of two immiscible liquids one of
which is dispersed as small globules throughout the
other phase i.e. dispersion medium and the system
being stabilized by the presence of a third Substance
called the emulsifying agent.
5. TYPES OF EMULSION
• Oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions
• Water in oil (w/o) emulsions.
• Multiple emulsion
• Microemulsion
6. OIL IN WATER EMULSION (O/W)
• If the oil droplets are dispersed throughout the aqueous phase, the
emulsion is termed as o/w emulsion. e.g.
• Vanishing cream
• Egg yolk
• Rubber latex
• Medicinal emulsions for oral use are mostly o/w emulsions.
7. WATER IN OIL EMULSION (W/O)
• System in which water is dispersed throughout the oil is
termed as w/o emulsion. e.g.
• Cold cream
• Oily calamine lotion
• Hydrous ointment
4/29/2016 Shakti Suthar
8. MULTIPLE EMULSION
Multiple emulsion systems are novel developments in the field of
emulsion technology and are more complex type of dispersed
system.
These are the emulsion systems in which the dispersed phase
contain smaller droplets that have the same compositon as the
external phase.
These made possible by the double emulsification hence the
systems are also called as “double emulsion”.
Diameter of the droplets in a Multiple emulsion is in the range
of o.5 to 3µm.
9. Like simple emulsion multiple emulsion are
classified into two type.
1)O/W/O type
2)W/O/W type
The immiscible phase ,which separates the
two miscible phase is known as “liquid
membrane” and act as a diffusion barrier
and semipermeable membrane for drugs or
moities entrapped in the internal aqueous
phase.
10. MICROEMULSION
• Microemulsions are clear, stable, liquid mixtures of oil, water
and surfactant, frequently in combination with a cosurfactant
like short chain alcohol or amine.
• Diameter of the droplets in a microemulsion is in the range of
0.1 to 10 µm.
• The two basic types of microemulsions are
(1) o/w (oil dispersed in water) and
(2) w/o (water dispersed in oil).
12. EXAMPLES OF ORAL EMULSIONS:-
• Mineral oil emulsion
• Castor oil emulsion
• Simethicone emulsion
13. METHODS OF EMULSION
PREPARATION
• On small scale there are three methods of preparations of emulsion:
• 1) Continental or Dry gum method
• 2) English or Wet gum method
• 3) Bottle method
14. CONTINENTAL OR DRY GUM
METHOD
OR 4:2:1 METHOD
• In this method every four parts of oil, 2 parts of water and one
part of gum are added to form primary emulsion.
• METHOD:-
• First of all any o/w type emulsifier such as acacia is triturated
with oil in a dry mortar untill thoroughly mixed.
• When the oil and gum have mixed, the two parts of water will
be added at once and the mixture is triturated and
continuously untill
15. the primary emulsion will be formed which would
be white creamy in appearance and cracking sound
will produced while trituration.
Solid sustances such as preservatives, stabalizers,
colourants and flavouring agents previously
dissolved in a suitable volume of water will be
added to the primary emulsion. When all the
ingredients are added the emulsion will transferred
in bottle and made up the volume with water as
desired.
16. ENGLISH OR WET GUM METHOD:
• In this method the ratio between oil, water and
gum is 4:2:1.
• In this method first of all suitable emulsifying
agent such as acacia is triturated with the
double amount of water in dry mortar. Then oil
is added slowly in small portions and mixture is
triturated thoroughly to emulsify the oil.
Additional water may be added if the emulsion
become too thick before any successive
addition of oil. When all the oil has
17. been added then the mixture is thoroughly
mixed to ensure the uniformity for several
minutes.
Then other formulative agents previously
dissolved in suitable amount of water are
added to this. Emulsion is transferred to
graduated bottle and make up the volume with
water.
18. BOTTLE METHOD
• Bottle method is used for the extemporaneous preparation of
emulsions from volatile oil or oleaginous substances of low
viscosity. In this ratio between oil, water and gum is 2:2:1.
• Method of preparation:
powder acacia is placed in a dry bottle and then two parts of
oil are added to it and then it is shaken thoroughly in capped
bottle.
19. ADVANTAGES OF EMULSIONS:
Mask the unpleasant taste O/W is convenient means of oral administration of water-
insoluble liquids.
Oil-soluble drugs can be given parentrally in form of oil-in water emulsion. (e.g Taxol).
Emulsion can be used for external application in cosmetic and therapeutic Application
because of Better and faster absorption.
Sustained release medication.
Inert and chemically non-reactive.
Reasonably odorless and cost Effective.
Emulsion are used to deliver nutrients via enteral route in the form of nutritional
supplements
20. Radiopague emulsion have found application diagnostic agents in xrays examination.
Intravenous emulsionhave been developed to assist the physician in undertaking x-rays
examination of the body organs while exposing the patient to the minimum of radiation.
Intravenous containing fats, carbohydrates and vitamins all in one preparations.
Fluorocarbon Emulsions- fluorocarbons have high capacities for dissolving gases like O2 and
CO2 and serve as blood substitutes for a short period of time.
Emulsions have been used to deliver poorly water soluble drugs via IV route such as general
anesthetics and anticancer compunds
21. Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable and have short shelf-life.
Improper formulation of emulsions leads to creaming and cracking of
emulsion.
Improper selection of emulsifying agent leads to phase inversion and some
times it may also lead to cracking.
DISADVANTAGES OF EMULSIONS: