History of Planning

1. Zoning
• A town is divided into suitable zones
such as commercial zone, industrial
zone, residential zone, and certain rules
and regulations should be implemented
for each zone.
Housing
• It should be carefully designed to suit the local
population and care should be taken to make
sure that all the facilities are there inside the
housing complex.
Principles of Town Planning:

2. Green-belt
• A green belt is an invisible line designating a
border around a certain area, preventing
development of the area and allowing wildlife to
return and be established.
Road systems
• Road network hierarchy is very important while
building a town or a city. The provision of a faulty
road system in the initial stages of town formation
proves to be too difficult and costly to repair to
rearrange in future.

3. Public buildings
• Should be well organized and
distributed throughout the town.
Unnecessary concentration of
public buildings should be
avoided.
Recreation centres
• Are essential while designing
a town. They are necessary
for the recreational activities
of the public. They include
parks, for walking, cycling,
amusement parks etc.
Transport facilities
The town should be provided
with suitable transport
facilities so that there is
minimum loss of time for
commuting between the work
place and the residence

4. Concentric Zone Model
Developed in 1925 by Ernest w.
Burgess.
 Cities grow radially outward
away from a single centre.
 Different land uses are
distributed like concentric rings
around the city centre.
 They are: CBD, zone in
transition, low-class residential
zone, middle-class residential
zone, high-class residential
zone.
Models proposed for town planning

5. Criticisms about Concentric Zone Model-
• Physical features - land may restrict growth of certain sectors.
• Commuter villages defy the theory, being in the commuter zone but located
far from the city
• Decentralization of shops, manufacturing industry, and entertainment
• It assumes an isotropic plain - an even, unchanging landscape

6. Developed in 1939 by Homer Hoyt ,states that a city develops in sectors, not rings
 All land uses except the CBD form sectors around the city centre.
 The land use zones are influenced by radial transport routes.
 High-rental and low-rental areas repel one another.
Sector Model Theory

7. Criticisms aboutsector model
 Applies well to Chicago.
 Low cost housing is near industry and transportation proving Hoyt’smodel
 Theory based on 20th century and does not take into account cars which make
commerce easier
 With cars, people can live anywhere and further from the city and still travel to the CBD
using their car. Not only do high-class residents have cars, but also middle
and lower class peoplemay have cars.

8. Multiple Nuclei Model
 Amodel of urban land use in which
a city grows from several
independent points rather than from
one central business district.
 Apart from the CBD, there are
several separated, secondary
centres.
 Certain functions require
specialised facilities or sites, e.g. a
port district needs a suitable
waterfront.
 Similar functions may group
together for agglomeration
economies.

9. Criticisms aboutthe Multiple nuclei model
 Negligence of height of buildings.
 Non-existence of abrupt divisions between zones.
 No consideration of influence of physical relief and government policy.
 The concepts may not be totally applicable to oriental cities with
different cultural, economic and political backgrounds.

10. Urban Forms
Urban Form refers to the-
• physical layout and design of the city
• spatial imprint of an urban transport system
• adjacent physical infrastructures.
• Jointly, they confer a level of spatial
arrangement to cities.
Urban form or city form defined as-
• ‘ the spatial pattern of human activities at a
certain point in time’.

11. The Radiocentric City
•Geographical possibilitiesof spreading in all
directions.
•Radio centric -Radiate outward from a common
centre.
• InnerOuter ring roads linked by radiating roads.
• Core has businessarea.
• Industrial areainterspersed within the residential.
• Periphery has greenbelts.
•Example :Washington DC, Pre-industrial Baghdadin
Iraq.

12. The Radial city:Moscow
• Moscow, the world biggest Megapolis (Russian
Moskva) is the capital of Russia.
• The city grew in a pattern of rings and radials that
marked Moscow's growth from ancient time to
modern layout.
• The centre of all rings is Moscow Kremlin and
famous Red Square.
• Successive epochs of development are tracedby the
• The Boulevard Ring
• The GardenRing,
• The Moscow Little RingRailway,
• The Moscow RingRoad.

13. The Grid Iron city
• It is composed of straight streets crossing at right angles to create many
regular blocks.
• This form is typical of cities built after the industrial revolution – because
only then did cities place such importance on economic activity.
• A city grid iron plan facilitates the movement of people and product
throughout the city.

14. Chandigarh
• The primary module of city’s design is a
Sector, a neighbourhood of unit of size 800
m*1200 m.
• It is a self-sufficient unit having shops,
school, health centres and places of
recreations .
• The population of a sector varies between
3000-20000 depending upon size of plots
and topography of the area
• The shopping street of each sector is linked
to the adjoining sectors thus forming one
long, continuous ribbon .
• The central green of each Sector also
stretches to the green of the next sector

15. Linear Form
 Initiallyproposed by SoriaY Mata.
 Expand the city along the spineof transport
 The Linear City concept is a Conscious Form Of Urban Development with
Housing And Industry Growing Along The Highway Between existing cities and
contained by the continuous open space of the ruralcountryside.

16. Navi Mumbai
• The growth of Mumbai city is constrained
by sea at south, east and west. As aresult
total land area available for development
of Mumbai is limited.
• The cost of real estate and housing in Navi
Mumbai is much less than costs in Mumbai
and sub-urban areas.
• Many government and corporate offices
have been shifted from Mumbai to Navi
Mumbai .
• the Taloja and Thane Belapur Industrial
Belt of Navi Mumbai offer job
opportunities of every conceivable kind
from engineers to mechanics to clerks to
peons.As a result a large population of
service class and middle class population
shifted to Navi Mumbai.

19. THANKYOU