This document discusses circuit breaker ratings, including interrupting capacity and short-time current ratings. Interrupting capacity is the maximum fault current a breaker can safely interrupt, while short-time ratings define a breaker's ability to withstand high currents for a time interval. The document also describes different types of low-voltage circuit breakers and their trip mechanisms.
This Presentation is about l.v switch gear design, presented during the graduation project final discussion 15/7/2018.
It presented a good summary of switch gear components and types and practicing on AL.HAMOOL W.T.P M.D.B design using SIEMENS SIVACON S8
This Presentation is about l.v switch gear design, presented during the graduation project final discussion 15/7/2018.
It presented a good summary of switch gear components and types and practicing on AL.HAMOOL W.T.P M.D.B design using SIEMENS SIVACON S8
Protection against overvoltage
overvoltage
causes of overvoltage
lightning
types of lightning strokes
harmful effect of lightning
protection against lightning
Power System protection and Metering,Types of Faults and effects,Symmetrical faults,Unsymmetrical faults,Fault Statics,Components of power System protection,Relay,Classification of Relay,Induction relay,thermal relay,Static Relay,Numerical Relay
Presentation made at the Nigerian Institution of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (NIEEE) Lagos Chapter. This article gives the reader the basic knowledge of what sub-stations are, how they are designed and the factors considered at the design stage as well as the various protections used at sub-stations.
Protection against overvoltage
overvoltage
causes of overvoltage
lightning
types of lightning strokes
harmful effect of lightning
protection against lightning
Power System protection and Metering,Types of Faults and effects,Symmetrical faults,Unsymmetrical faults,Fault Statics,Components of power System protection,Relay,Classification of Relay,Induction relay,thermal relay,Static Relay,Numerical Relay
Presentation made at the Nigerian Institution of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (NIEEE) Lagos Chapter. This article gives the reader the basic knowledge of what sub-stations are, how they are designed and the factors considered at the design stage as well as the various protections used at sub-stations.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Circuit Breakers Interrupting Capacity and Short-Time Current Rating
1. Circuit BreakerCircuit Breaker Interrupting CapacityInterrupting Capacity
and Shortand Short--Time Current RatingsTime Current Ratings
David D. Roybal, P.E.David D. Roybal, P.E.
Fellow Application EngineerFellow Application Engineer
Eaton ElectricalEaton Electrical II CutlerCutler--HammerHammer
IEEE Industry Applications SocietyIEEE Industry Applications Society
San Francisco ChapterSan Francisco Chapter
September 28, 2004September 28, 2004
2. September 28, 2004 IEEE San Francisco IAS
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Low Voltage Circuit BreakersLow Voltage Circuit BreakersLow Voltage Circuit Breakers
IEEE Definition:IEEE Definition:
A device designed to open and close a circuitA device designed to open and close a circuit
by nonby non--automatic means, and to open theautomatic means, and to open the
circuit automatically on a predeterminedcircuit automatically on a predetermined
overload of current without injury to itselfoverload of current without injury to itself
when properly applied within its ratingswhen properly applied within its ratings
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Molded Case Circuit BreakersMolded Case Circuit Breakers
•• Tested in accordance with UL489Tested in accordance with UL489
•• Open Air TestOpen Air Test -- Rated @ 80%Rated @ 80%
•• Over Toggle MechanismOver Toggle Mechanism
•• Sealed CaseSealed Case -- Not MaintainableNot Maintainable
•• Applied in Switchboards and PanelboardsApplied in Switchboards and Panelboards
Insulated Case Circuit BreakersInsulated Case Circuit Breakers
•• Tested in accordance with UL489Tested in accordance with UL489
•• Open Air TestOpen Air Test -- Rated @ 80% or 100%Rated @ 80% or 100%
•• 22--Step Stored Energy MechanismStep Stored Energy Mechanism
•• Not Fully MaintainableNot Fully Maintainable
•• Applied As Mains in Switchboards and MCCsApplied As Mains in Switchboards and MCCs
Power Circuit BreakersPower Circuit Breakers
•• Tested in accordance with UL1066Tested in accordance with UL1066
•• Tested in the EnclosureTested in the Enclosure -- Rated @ 100%Rated @ 100%
•• 22--Step Stored Energy MechanismStep Stored Energy Mechanism
•• Fully MaintainableFully Maintainable
•• MetalMetal--Enclosed DrawEnclosed Draw--out Switchgearout Switchgear
Low Voltage Circuit Breaker TypesLow Voltage Circuit Breaker TypesLow Voltage Circuit Breaker Types
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Molded Case Circuit BreakersMolded Case Circuit Breakers
Insulated Case Circuit BreakersInsulated Case Circuit Breakers
NEMA AB-1 – Molded Case Circuit Breakers
and Molded Case Switches
UL489 – Molded-Case Circuit Breakers and
Circuit-Breaker Enclosures
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Low Voltage Power Circuit BreakersLow Voltage Power Circuit BreakersLow Voltage Power Circuit Breakers
ANSI C37.13ANSI C37.13 –– IEEE Standard for LowIEEE Standard for Low--
Voltage AC Power Circuit Breakers Used inVoltage AC Power Circuit Breakers Used in
EnclosuresEnclosures
ANSI C37.16ANSI C37.16 –– LowLow--Voltage Power CircuitVoltage Power Circuit
Breakers and AC Power Circuit ProtectorsBreakers and AC Power Circuit Protectors --
Preferred Ratings, Related Requirements, andPreferred Ratings, Related Requirements, and
Application RecommendationsApplication Recommendations
UL1066UL1066 –– LowLow--Voltage AC and DC PowerVoltage AC and DC Power
Circuit Breakers Used in EnclosuresCircuit Breakers Used in Enclosures
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The Maximum Short Circuit Current that
the Circuit Breaker Can Safely Interrupt
at a Specific Voltage
The Maximum Short Circuit Current thatThe Maximum Short Circuit Current that
the Circuit Breaker Can Safely Interruptthe Circuit Breaker Can Safely Interrupt
at a Specific Voltageat a Specific Voltage
Interrupting CapacityInterrupting CapacityInterrupting Capacity
• Expressed in rms symmetrical amperes
• Specified by current magnitude
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The interrupting capacity for a circuit breaker provided
with instantaneous trip elements is the maximum
rating of the device with no intentional delay
The interrupting capacity for a circuit breaker provided
with instantaneous trip elements is the maximum
rating of the device with no intentional delay
Interrupting CapacityInterrupting CapacityInterrupting Capacity
The interrupting capacity for a circuit breaker provided
without instantaneous trip elements is the maximum
rating of the device for the rated time interval
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Short-time Current RatingShortShort--time Current Ratingtime Current Rating
Defines the Ability of the Device to Remain
Closed for a Time Interval Under High
Fault Current Conditions
Defines the Ability of the Device to RemainDefines the Ability of the Device to Remain
Closed for a Time Interval Under HighClosed for a Time Interval Under High
Fault Current ConditionsFault Current Conditions
• Performance of a circuit breaker over a specific
current range for a period of time
• Specified by current magnitude and time magnitude
• Allows system selectivity
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Low Voltage Circuit Breaker TypesLow Voltage Circuit Breaker TypesLow Voltage Circuit Breaker Types
Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB)Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB)
•• Tested in accordance with NEMA ABTested in accordance with NEMA AB--1 and UL4891 and UL489
Insulated Case Circuit Breaker (ICCB)Insulated Case Circuit Breaker (ICCB)
•• Tested in accordance with NEMA ABTested in accordance with NEMA AB--1 and UL4891 and UL489
Power Circuit Breaker (PCB)Power Circuit Breaker (PCB)
•• Tested in accordance with ANSI C37.13 and UL1066Tested in accordance with ANSI C37.13 and UL1066
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Instantaneous Trip FunctionsInstantaneous Trip Functions
All MCCBs and ICCBs are provided with
instantaneous trip functions (no intentional
delay)
PCBs can be provided with or without
instantaneous trip functions
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ThermalThermal--magnetic trip elementsmagnetic trip elements
•• Thermal element provided overload protectionThermal element provided overload protection
•• Magnetic (instantaneous) trip elements providedMagnetic (instantaneous) trip elements provided
protection for highprotection for high--magnitude faultsmagnitude faults
•• Available in both MCCBs and PCBsAvailable in both MCCBs and PCBs
Thermal elements only (for PCBs)Thermal elements only (for PCBs)
•• Thermal element provided overload protectionThermal element provided overload protection
•• 30 cycle short30 cycle short--time current ratingtime current rating
•• No magnetic (instantaneous) trip elements providedNo magnetic (instantaneous) trip elements provided
•• Interrupting rating was equal to the rating withInterrupting rating was equal to the rating with
magnetic elementsmagnetic elements
•• Must be applied within their shortMust be applied within their short--time ratingtime rating
Vintage Low Voltage
Circuit Breaker Trip Units
Vintage Low VoltageVintage Low Voltage
Circuit Breaker Trip UnitsCircuit Breaker Trip Units
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SolidSolid--state trip elements orstate trip elements or
microprocessormicroprocessor--based trip elementsbased trip elements
•• LongLong--time pickup and delaytime pickup and delay
•• ShortShort--time pickup and delaytime pickup and delay
•• Instantaneous pickupInstantaneous pickup
•• GroundGround--fault pickup and delayfault pickup and delay
Newer Low Voltage
Circuit Breaker Trip Units
Newer Low VoltageNewer Low Voltage
Circuit Breaker Trip UnitsCircuit Breaker Trip Units
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• Always provided in a molded case circuit
breaker or an insulated case circuit breaker
• Sometimes called magnetic pick-up
• Instantaneous override
• Optional for power circuit breakers
Instantaneous Pick-upInstantaneous PickInstantaneous Pick--upup
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Limited to the magnetic (instantaneous)
pickup level of the device
••MCCBsMCCBs –– limited ratings which do not usuallylimited ratings which do not usually
increase with higher interrupting capacityincrease with higher interrupting capacity
••ICCBsICCBs –– somesome extended ratingsextended ratings
••PCBsPCBs –– highest extended ratingshighest extended ratings
Short-time Current RatingShortShort--time Current Ratingtime Current Rating
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Low Voltage Power Circuit BreakersLow Voltage Power Circuit Breakers --
•• Interrupting Rating:Interrupting Rating: Shall safely interrupt a rated faultShall safely interrupt a rated fault
current expressed in rms symmetrical amperes as measuredcurrent expressed in rms symmetrical amperes as measured
1/2 cycle after short circuit initiation1/2 cycle after short circuit initiation
•• ShortShort--Time Current Rating:Time Current Rating: Shall remain closed during aShall remain closed during a
short delay fault test of 30 cycle durationshort delay fault test of 30 cycle duration -- a 15 second zeroa 15 second zero
current intervalcurrent interval -- followed by another 30 cycle fault durationfollowed by another 30 cycle fault duration
All ANSI C37 Tests are Performed at 15% Power Factor, orAll ANSI C37 Tests are Performed at 15% Power Factor, or
X/R Ratio of 6.6 or LessX/R Ratio of 6.6 or Less
ANSI C37 Test StandardANSI C37 Test StandardANSI C37 Test Standard
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MCCBs and ICCBsMCCBs and ICCBs
•• Highest interrupting capacityHighest interrupting capacity
•• Trips immediately for faults exceedingTrips immediately for faults exceeding
instantaneous pickupinstantaneous pickup
•• Do not need to withstand high current for anDo not need to withstand high current for an
extended time delayextended time delay
•• Economic advantagesEconomic advantages
PCBsPCBs
•• High interrupting capacity availableHigh interrupting capacity available
•• Highest extended shortHighest extended short--time current ratingstime current ratings
Interrupting CapacityInterrupting CapacityInterrupting Capacity
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MCCB Design Low IC High IC
Interrupting
Capacity (kA @
480 V)
35 100
Maximum Mag.
Adjustment (kA)
4 4
Instantaneous
Override (kA)
5 5
aThe minimum frame size for most ICCBs
and LVPCBs is 800 amperes.
Typical 400Typical 400--Ampere FrameAmpere Frame
MoldedMolded--Case CircuitCase Circuit BreakersBreakersaa
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Typical 800Typical 800--Ampere FrameAmpere Frame
Circuit BreakersCircuit Breakers
Type of
Device
MCCBs ICCBs LVPCBs
Low
IC
High
IC
Low
IC
High
IC
CL Low
IC
(Inter
nal
Inst.
Trip)
High
IC
(Inter
nal
Inst.
Trip)
CL
(Inter
nal
Inst.
Trip)
Low
IC
(No
Inst.
Trip)
High
IC
(No
Inst.
Trip)
Interrupting
Capacity (kA @
480 V)
50 100 50 150 150 30 100 200 30 85
Instantaneous
Override or
Max. Short-time
Current Rating
(kA)
6 – 9 6 – 9 25 25 30 30 85 30 30 85
Short-time Delay
(cycles)
18 18 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
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Typical 1600Typical 1600--Ampere FrameAmpere Frame
Circuit BreakersCircuit Breakers
Type of
Device
MCCBs ICCBs LVPCBs
Low
IC
High
IC
Low
IC
High
IC
CL Low
IC
(Inter
nal
Inst.
Trip)
High
IC
(Inter
nal
Inst.
Trip)
CL
(Inter
nal
Inst.
Trip)
Low
IC
(No
Inst.
Trip)
High
IC
(No
Inst.
Trip)
Interrupting
Capacity (kA @
480 V)
65 100 65 150 150 50 100 200 42 85
Instantaneous
Override or
Max. Short-time
Current Rating
(kA)
17 17 35 51 30 42 85 30 42 85
Short-time
Delay
(cycles)
18 18 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
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Externally adjustable designs
• Typical adjustment range of 5 – 10 times the
frame continuous ampere rating
• Inhibits the use of a higher instantaneous
pickup that may be available
Internally fixed designs
• MCCBs set at about 13 times the frame rating
• ICCB setting may be higher
• May be deleted for PCBs
Both externally adjustable and internally fixed
instantaneous trip elements inhibit the use of short-time
current ratings
Instantaneous Settings
Adjustable versus Fixed
Instantaneous SettingsInstantaneous Settings
Adjustable versus FixedAdjustable versus Fixed
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X/R Ratio - Impedance DiagramX/R RatioX/R Ratio -- Impedance DiagramImpedance Diagram
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Current in Per Unit
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10 Time in Cycles
0 1 2 3 4
X/R Ratio Effect on SymmetryX/R Ratio Effect on SymmetryX/R Ratio Effect on Symmetry
X/R = 0, PF = 1.0 (symmetry) X/R = 6.6, PF = 0.15 (asymmetry)X/R = 0, PF = 1.0 (symmetry) X/R = 6.6, PF = 0.15 (asymmetry)
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Asymmetrical Current WaveAsymmetrical Current WaveAsymmetrical Current Wave
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Circuit BreakerCircuit Breaker
Asymmetrical RatingsAsymmetrical Ratings
Type of Device MCCB ICCB LVPCB
Test PF (%) 20 20 15
X/R 4.9 4.9 6.6
Peak Mult.
Factor
2.2 2.2 2.3
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Peak Multiplication Factor
X/R Ratio - Application DataX/R RatioX/R Ratio -- Application DataApplication Data
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• Protection and coordination are often competing
objectives
• Selective tripping is necessary for continuity of
service
• Coordination is achieved through the use of
short-time current ratings
• Selective coordination may be sacrificed with:
Series ratings – instantaneous trips
Current limiting circuit breakers
Equipment Protection ConsiderationsEquipment Protection ConsiderationsEquipment Protection Considerations
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Time-Current Coordination
System One-line Diagram
TimeTime--Current CoordinationCurrent Coordination
System OneSystem One--line Diagramline Diagram
2500 kVA Tx
5.75% Z
4000 A
800 A
250 A
Isc = 56.6 kA
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TimeTime--Current Curves for aCurrent Curves for a
NonNon--Coordinated SystemCoordinated System
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TimeTime--Current Curves for aCurrent Curves for a
Coordinated SystemCoordinated System
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Summary
All circuit breakers provide overcurrent protectionAll circuit breakers provide overcurrent protection
Performance based on design standards andPerformance based on design standards and
featuresfeatures
Interrupting capacity, shortInterrupting capacity, short--time current ratings,time current ratings,
test power factor (X/R) determine ability to providetest power factor (X/R) determine ability to provide
system protection, coordination, and selectivitysystem protection, coordination, and selectivity
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ConclusionsConclusionsConclusions
• MCCBs and ICCBs
• Excellent interrupting ratings but limited short-time
current ratings
• For improved selectivity choose a MCCB or an
ICCB with a fixed internal instantaneous trip unit
rather than an externally adjustable trip unit
• LVPCBs
• Available without instantaneous trip elements and
with high short-time current ratings
• Some lower short-time current rating models are
being introduced
High interrupting capacity does not necessarily
mean high short time current rating