The document outlines the short-circuit and open-circuit tests on transformers to understand their working principles and determine equivalent circuit parameters. The short-circuit test helps in evaluating copper losses at full load, while the open-circuit test assesses core losses and parameters of the shunt branch. Detailed procedures for conducting both tests, along with example computations for a specific transformer, are provided.

1. SHORT-CIRCUIT AND OPEN-CIRCUIT TEST ON
TRANSFORMER
PREPARED BY –
Harshit khandelwal
Roll number – 16ume017
Email – live.harshit@hotmail.com
Contact - +91-8387835209

2. CONTENTS
• Aim
• Transformer
• Short circuit
• Short circuit test
• Open circuit
• Open circuit test
• Conclusion
• One problem and solution

3. AIM
1. To understand the basic working principle of a
transformer.
2. To obtain the equivalent circuit parameters from OC
and SC tests, and to estimate efficiency & regulation
at various loads.

4. TRANSFORMERS
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy
between two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A
varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a varying
magnetic field, which in turn induces a voltage in a second coil. Power
can be transferred between the two coils through the magnetic field,
without a metallic connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law
of induction discovered in 1831 described this effect. Transformers are
used to increase or decrease the alternating voltages in electric power
applications
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer

5. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/imgmag/transf.gif

6. SHORT CIRCUIT
• A short circuit is an electrical circuit that allows a current to travel
along an unintended path, often where essentially no (or a very low)
electrical impedance is encountered.
• In circuit analysis a short circuit is a connection between two nodes
that forces them to be at the same voltage.
• In an ideal short circuit, this means there is no resistance and no
voltage drop across the short.
• In real circuits, the result is a connection with almost no resistance. In
such a case, the current that flows is limited by the rest of the circuit.

7. SHORT
CIRCUIT TEST

8. • The connection diagram for short circuit test on transformer is shown in the figure.
A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in HV side of the transformer
as shown. The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that HV side with the help of a
variac of variable ratio auto transformer.
• The LV side of the transformer is short circuited.
• Now applied voltage is slowly increased until the ammeter gives reading equal to the
rated current of the HV side.
• After that all three instruments reading (Voltmeter, Ammeter and Watt-meter readings)
are recorded.
• The ammeter reading gives the primary equivalent of full load current IL And voltmeter
reading is Vsc.
• the core losses in transformer can be taken as negligible here.
• The input power during test is indicated by watt-meter reading.

9. • As the transformer is short circuited, there is no output; hence the input
power here consists of copper losses in transformer. Since, the applied voltage
Vsc is short circuit voltage in the transformer and hence it is quite small
compared to rated voltage, so core loss due to the small applied voltage can
be neglected.
• Let us consider wattmeter reading is Psc.
Where Re is equivalent resistance of transformer.
• .
• These values are referred to the HV side of transformer.

10. OPEN CIRCUIT
• An electrical circuit is an "open circuit" if it lacks a complete path
between the terminals of its power source; in other words, if no true
"circuit" currently exists, because for instance a power switch is
turned off.
• The electrical opposite of a short circuit is an "open circuit", which is
an infinite resistance between two nodes.
• The open circuit test, or "no-load test", is one of the methods used in
electrical engineering to determine the no load impedance in the
excitation branch of a transformer.

11. OPEN
CIRCUIT TEST

12. • The connection diagram for open circuit test on transformer is shown in the figure.
A voltmeter, wattmeter, and an ammeter are connected in LV side of the transformer as
shown. The voltage at rated frequency is applied to that LV side with the help of a
variac of variable ratio auto transformer.
• The HV side of the transformer is kept open.
• Now applied voltage is slowly increased until the voltmeter gives reading equal to the
rated voltage of the LV side.
• After that all three instruments reading (Voltmeter, Ammeter and Watt-meter readings)
are recorded.
• The ammeter reading gives the no load current Ie , the voltage drops due to this current
that can be taken as negligible and the voltmeter reading V1 equal to secondary induced
voltage of the transformer.
• The input power during test is indicated by watt-meter reading.
• copper loss due to the small no load current can be neglected.

13. • Let us consider wattmeter reading is Po.
Where, Rm is shunt branch resistance of transformer.
• These values are referred to the LV side of transformer could easily be referred to HV
side by multiplying these values with square of transformation ratio.

14. CONCULATION
• The Short Circuit test on transformer is used to determine copper loss
in transformer at full load and parameters of approximate equivalent
circuit of transformer.
• The open circuit test on transformer is used to determine core losses
in transformer and parameters of shunt branch of the equivalent
circuit of transformer.

15. PROBLEM
The O.C and S.C test data are given below for a single phase, 5 kVA,
200V/400V, 50Hz transformer.
O.C test from LV side : 200V 1.25A 150W
S.C test from HV side : 20V 12.5A 175W
Draw the equivalent circuit of the transformer -
(i) Computation with O.C test data.
(ii) Computation with S.C test data.
Solution on 2 next slides.

16. SOLUTION
Let us represent LV side parameters with suffix 1 and HV side parameters with suffix 2.
• Computation with O.C test data-
No load (or O.C) power factor cos θo = 150 /(200* 1.25 ) = 0.6 ∴ θo = cos inverse 0.6 = 53.13º
Hence, sin θo = 0.8 After knowing the value of cos θo and sin θo and referring to the no load
phasor diagram, Im1 and Icl1 can be easily calculated as follows. Magnetizing component Im1
= I01 sin θo = 1.25 × 0.8 ∴ Im1 = 1A core loss component, Icl1 = I01 cos θo = 1.25 × 0.6 ∴ Icl1 =
0.75A Thus the parallel branch parameters Xm1 and Rcl1 can be calculated. Magnetizing
reactance Xm1 = 1 m1 V I = 200 1 ∴ Xm1 = 200Ω Resistance representing core loss Rcl1 =
V1/Icl1 = 200 0.75 ∴, Rcl1 = 266.67Ω It may be noted that from the O.C test data we can get
the parallel branch impedances namely the magnetizing reactance and the resistance
representing the core loss referred to the side where measurements have been taken.

17. • Computation with S.C test data
Calculation of series parameters is rather simple and as follows.
Power drawn Wsc = sq(Isc) re2 or, re2 = Wsc/ sq(Isc) = 2 175 12.5 ∴ re2 = 1.12Ω Now S.C
impedance zsc = Vsc/ Isc = 20/12.5 ∴ zsc = 1.6Ω= sq root[sq(re2) + sq(xe2)] Thus, xe2 =
1.14Ω .
Although calculation of parameters from the test results are over, it is very important to
note that parallel branch parameters have been obtained referred to LV side and series
branch parameters have been obtained referred to HV side.