Ciphers modes
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The document discusses various modes of operation for block ciphers including ECB, CBC, CFB, OFB, and CTR. It evaluates the modes based on criteria like whether identical plaintexts produce identical ciphertexts, dependencies between adjacent blocks, error propagation, efficiency, and parallelization support. Each mode is described in terms of its encryption process, chaining behavior, error propagation, and other properties. The document concludes that the choice of encryption mode impacts speed, security against active and passive adversaries, and error handling.
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The document discusses different modes of operation for block ciphers. It describes four main modes: Electronic Codebook (ECB), Cipher Block Chaining (CBC), Cipher Feedback (CFB), and Output Feedback (OFB). ECB encrypts each block independently, CBC encrypts blocks chained together with previous ciphertext, CFB and OFB use ciphertext to encrypt plaintext block by block in a chained fashion, avoiding error propagation between blocks.
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- Basic terminology related to cryptography like plaintext, ciphertext, encryption, decryption, etc.
- Conventional encryption principles like the use of algorithms and secret keys.
- Characteristics of cryptographic techniques like symmetric vs asymmetric encryption.
- Classical symmetric encryption algorithms like the Caesar cipher, monoalphabetic cipher, Playfair cipher, polyalphabetic ciphers like the Vigenère cipher, and transposition ciphers.
- Principles of modern block ciphers like DES, including the use of Feistel networks, confusion and diffusion properties, and encryption/decryption processes.
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Block Cipher Modes of Operation And Cmac For Authentication
Thiese are the slides used for presenting the Block Cipher Modes of Operation and CMAC for Authentication document by Alberto Grand.
13528 l8
Block ciphers like DES encrypt data in fixed-size blocks, unlike stream ciphers which encrypt data one bit at a time. The document discusses the main types of block ciphers and their modes of operation. It provides details on DES, including that it encrypts 64-bit blocks using a 56-bit key generated from an initial 64-bit key by discarding every 8th bit. DES encryption involves 16 rounds of substitution and transposition techniques on the plaintext blocks.
CNIT 141: 5. More About Block Ciphers + Modular Arithmetic 2
This chapter summary covers modes of operation for block ciphers and techniques for increasing the security of block ciphers. It discusses the following modes: Electronic Codebook (ECB), Cipher Block Chaining (CBC), Output Feedback (OFB), Cipher Feedback (CFB), Counter (CTR), and Galois Counter (GCM) modes. It also covers techniques like double encryption, triple encryption, and key whitening that can strengthen block ciphers against brute force attacks. Quantum computers may break algorithms like RSA and AES-128, but AES-192 and AES-256 should remain secure even with quantum computers.
Information Security
CBC (Cipher Block Chaining) is a block cipher mode that allows encryption of each plaintext block using the previous ciphertext block. Each block is XORed with the previous ciphertext block before encryption to prevent the same plaintext blocks from encrypting to the same ciphertext. A 1-bit error in transmission affects two blocks by garbling the current block and flipping a bit in the next. To prevent issues with errors in the initialization vector, it should be encrypted or derived from a known value. CBC encryption is parallelizable for decryption but not encryption.
ch06.ppt
Triple-DES and AES are contemporary symmetric ciphers that were developed to replace the aging DES standard. Triple-DES uses three rounds of DES encryption with two or three distinct keys to strengthen security. AES is now the preferred alternative. Modes of operation like CBC, CFB, OFB, and CTR are used to encrypt arbitrary amounts of data with block ciphers by chaining blocks or using the output as a stream. Stream ciphers like RC4 encrypt data bit-by-bit using a pseudo-random keystream combined with the plaintext. RC4 is a simple but effective stream cipher that is widely implemented despite some security analyses.
Block Cipher and Operation Modes
Block cipher modes of operation describe how a block cipher can be used for encrypting messages larger than the cipher's block size. The document discusses the five main modes of operation - electronic codebook (ECB), cipher block chaining (CBC), cipher feedback (CFB), output feedback (OFB), and counter (CTR) mode. It provides details on how each mode works, including diagrams, as well as advantages and disadvantages of some of the modes.
4.ppt
The document discusses encryption standards and methods for encrypting data in blocks. It describes how Triple DES (3DES) was adopted as a replacement for DES due to theoretical attacks on DES. It then explains different modes of operation for encrypting data with a block cipher, including Electronic Codebook (ECB), Cipher Block Chaining (CBC), Cipher Feedback (CFB), Output Feedback (OFB), and Counter (CTR) modes. For each mode, it provides a brief overview and advantages/limitations.
Block Ciphers Modes of Operation
The document discusses several modes of operation for block ciphers and stream ciphers. It explains that block cipher modes like CBC, CFB, OFB, and Counter Mode require an initialization vector (IV) to provide randomization and prevent identical plaintext blocks from encrypting to the same ciphertext. The IV must be transmitted along with the ciphertext and never reused with the same key. Stream ciphers like RC4 generate a pseudorandom key stream that is XORed with plaintext bytes to produce ciphertext.
Block cipher modes of operation
this presentation is on block cipher modes which are used for encryption and decryption to any message.That are Defined by the National Institute of Standards and Technology . Block cipher modes of operation are part of symmetric key encryption algorithm.
i hope you may like this.
block ciphermodes of operation.pptx
Block ciphers encrypt fixed-length blocks of plaintext into ciphertext using symmetric keys. There are five modes of operation that allow block ciphers to encrypt messages longer than the block size: electronic codebook (ECB), cipher block chaining (CBC), cipher feedback (CFB), output feedback (OFB), and counter mode. These modes address issues like encrypting non-block-sized messages and adding randomness to prevent patterns in the ciphertext. ECB encrypts each block independently while the others use chaining or a counter to make each ciphertext block dependent on previous blocks. Initialization vectors are used to randomize encryption of identical plaintexts.
Chap06 block cipher operation
OFB 는 CFB 모드와 비슷하다
암호의 출력 기능은 피드백되어 다음 ofb 에 입력된다.
CFB에서 출력 XOR 단위는 다음 블록을 암호화하기위한 입력이되도록 피드백됩니다.
다른 차이점은 OFB 모드가 S 비트 서브 세트가 아닌 일반 텍스트 및 암호 텍스트의 전체 블록에서 작동한다는 것입니다.
CBC 및 CFB의 경우 OFB 모드에는 초기화 벡터 (IV)가 필요합니다.
OFB에서 IV는 nonce 여야합니다.
암호화 출력 블록 Oi의 시퀀스는 키와 IV에만 의존하며 일반 텍스트에 의존하지 않습니다.
주어진 키와 IV, 평문 비트 스트림과 XOR하는 데 사용되는 출력 비트 스트림이 고정됩니다.
OFB 방법의 장점은 전송의 비트 오류가 전파되지 않는다는 것입니다.
OFB의 단점은 CFB보다 메시지 스트림 수정 공격에 더 취약하다는 것입니다.
단일 블록에서의 작동
(1) j 데이터 단위 내의 128 비트 블록의 순차 번호.
(2) i 128 비트 비틀기의 가치. 각 데이터 단위 (섹터)가 할당됩니다.
j 함수는 동일한 평문 블록이 데이터 유닛 내의 서로 다른 두 위치에 나타나면 두 개의 서로 다른 암호문 블록으로 암호화 함을 보장합니다.
i 함수는 동일한 평문 블록이 두 개의 다른 데이터 단위에서 같은 위치에 나타나는 경우 두 개의 다른 암호문 블록으로 암호화 함을 보장합니다.
Reference
William Stallings/“Cryptography and Network Security(Sixth Edition)”/PEARSON/2014
SymmetricCryptography-Part3 - Tagged.pdf
This document summarizes a lecture on symmetric cryptography and modes of operation for block ciphers. It discusses different modes of operation for block ciphers like ECB, CBC, OFB, CFB and CTR. It explains how each mode operates, their advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses approaches to increase security in block ciphers like using multiple plaintext-ciphertext pairs to identify the correct encryption key through brute force attacks.
Encryption
The document provides information about encryption and decryption techniques. It defines encryption as converting plaintext into ciphertext and decryption as converting ciphertext back to plaintext. It discusses symmetric encryption which uses the same key for encryption and decryption, and asymmetric encryption which uses public/private key pairs. Specific symmetric algorithms like DES and AES are covered as well as the asymmetric RSA algorithm. Different block cipher modes of operation like ECB, CBC, CFB and OFB are also summarized.
Datalink_func.pptx
The document discusses various functions and design issues related to the data link layer, including:
1. The data link layer provides services like framing, error control, and flow control to regulate data transmission between network layers.
2. Functions of the data link layer include providing an interface to the network layer, dealing with transmission errors, and regulating data flow to prevent fast senders from swamping slow receivers.
3. The document discusses various data link layer techniques for framing, error detection, error correction, and flow control including bit stuffing, parity schemes, CRC schemes, and error-correcting codes.
CR 06 - Block Cipher Operation.ppt
Triple-DES and AES were needed to replace the aging DES standard due to theoretical attacks. Triple-DES uses multiple encryption with 2 or 3 keys to strengthen DES. Modes of operation like CBC, CFB, OFB, and CTR are used to encrypt bulk data with block ciphers and convert them to stream ciphers. XTS-AES is a new mode for encrypting block-oriented storage that uses two AES encryptions and tweaks to provide independence between sectors.
DES-lecture (1).ppt
The document discusses block ciphers and the Data Encryption Standard (DES). It covers the basic principles of block cipher design, including Feistel networks, confusion and diffusion, key scheduling, and the substitution-permutation network. It then describes DES in detail, including its history, design, encryption process, strength and limitations. Finally, it examines various modes of operation for block ciphers like DES, including ECB, CBC, CFB, OFB and CTR.
DEC algorithm
DES (Data Encryption Standard) is a symmetric block cipher that uses a 56-bit key. It works by encrypting data blocks through 16 rounds of substitution and transposition. DES has several modes of operation including ECB (Electronic Code Book), CBC (Cipher Block Chaining), CFB (Cipher Feedback), OFB (Output Feedback), and CTR (Counter Mode). ECB encrypts each block independently, revealing patterns, while CBC chains blocks together using an initialization vector to add randomness. CFB and OFB allow encrypting smaller amounts of data. CTR operates independently without chaining blocks.
Data Encryption Standard (DES)
- DES (Data Encryption Standard) is a symmetric block cipher algorithm that encrypts data in 64-bit blocks using a 56-bit key. It was the first encryption standard adopted by the U.S. government for protecting sensitive unclassified federal government information.
- DES works by performing 16 rounds of complex substitutions and permutations on each data block, encrypting it using the key. It has various modes of operation like ECB, CBC, CFB, OFB, and CTR that specify how it operates on data.
- In 1998, DES was broken using a brute force attack by the Electronic Frontier Foundation in just 3 days, showing the need for stronger algorithms like AES which replaced DES as the encryption standard
unit 2.ppt
Triple-DES and RC4 are discussed as encryption algorithms. Triple-DES uses a keying option of E-D-E encryption with two keys for improved security over single DES. Modes of operation like CBC, CFB, and OFB are covered as they define how block ciphers encrypt arbitrary amounts of data. Stream ciphers like RC4 generate a keystream that is XORed with the plaintext bit-by-bit. RC4 is a simple but effective stream cipher, though it must never reuse keys.
Cryptography for Penetration Testers (PDF version)
This document provides an overview of cryptography techniques that can be used by penetration testers to identify and analyze cryptographic data in web applications. It begins with an introduction to common block cipher modes like ECB and CBC and stream ciphers. It then discusses analysis techniques penetration testers can use to determine if data is encrypted, like checking for randomness, observing characteristics like block sizes, and performing stimulus-response testing. The document concludes with two case studies, the first illustrating an application using an insecure ECB block cipher mode.
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一比一原版(USYD毕业证)悉尼大学毕业证如何办理
USYD硕士毕业证成绩单【微信95270640】《如何办理悉尼大学毕业证认证》【办证Q微信95270640】《悉尼大学文凭毕业证制作》《USYD学历学位证书哪里买》办理悉尼大学学位证书扫描件、办理悉尼大学雅思证书！
国际留学归国服务中心《如何办悉尼大学毕业证认证》《USYD学位证书扫描件哪里买》实体公司，注册经营，行业标杆，精益求精！
如果您是以下情况，我们都能竭诚为您解决实际问题：【公司采用定金+余款的付款流程，以最大化保障您的利益，让您放心无忧】
1、在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业，拿不到官方毕业证+微信95270640
2、面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到悉尼大学悉尼大学毕业证offer；
3、不清楚流程以及材料该如何准备悉尼大学悉尼大学毕业证offer；
4、回国时间很长，忘记办理；
5、回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
6、企事业单位必须要求办理的；
面向美国乔治城大学毕业留学生提供以下服务:
【★悉尼大学悉尼大学毕业证offer毕业证、成绩单等全套材料，从防伪到印刷，从水印到钢印烫金，与学校100%相同】
【★真实使馆认证（留学人员回国证明），使馆存档可通过大使馆查询确认】
【★真实教育部认证，教育部存档，教育部留服网站可查】
【★真实留信认证，留信网入库存档，可查悉尼大学悉尼大学毕业证offer】
我们从事工作十余年的有着丰富经验的业务顾问，熟悉海外各国大学的学制及教育体系，并且以挂科生解决毕业材料不全问题为基础，为客户量身定制1对1方案，未能毕业的回国留学生成功搭建回国顺利发展所需的桥梁。我们一直努力以高品质的教育为起点，以诚信、专业、高效、创新作为一切的行动宗旨，始终把“诚信为主、质量为本、客户第一”作为我们全部工作的出发点和归宿点。同时为海内外留学生提供大学毕业证购买、补办成绩单及各类分数修改等服务；归国认证方面，提供《留信网入库》申请、《国外学历学位认证》申请以及真实学籍办理等服务，帮助众多莘莘学子实现了一个又一个梦想。
专业服务，请勿犹豫联系我
如果您真实毕业回国，对于学历认证无从下手，请联系我，我们免费帮您递交
诚招代理：本公司诚聘当地代理人员，如果你有业余时间，或者你有同学朋友需要，有兴趣就请联系我
你赢我赢，共创双赢
你做代理，可以帮助悉尼大学同学朋友
你做代理，可以拯救悉尼大学失足青年
你做代理，可以挽救悉尼大学一个个人才
你做代理，你将是别人人生悉尼大学的转折点
你做代理，可以改变自己，改变他人，给他人和自己一个机会过暑假的小学生快乐的日子总是过得飞快山娃尚未完全认清那几位小朋友时他们却一个接一个地回家了山娃这时才恍然发现二个月的暑假已转到了尽头他的城市生活也将划上一个不很圆满的句号了值得庆幸的是山娃早记下了他们的学校和联系方式说也奇怪在山娃离城的头一天父亲居然请假陪山娃耍了一天那一天父亲陪着山娃辗转长隆水上乐园疯了一整天水上漂流高空冲浪看大马戏大凡里面有的父亲都带着他去疯一把山娃算了算这一次足足花了老爸元很
Should Repositories Participate in the Fediverse?
Presentation for OR2024 making the case that repositories could play a part in the "fediverse" of distributed social applications
留学挂科(UofM毕业证)明尼苏达大学毕业证成绩单复刻办理
精仿办理明尼苏达大学学历证书＜176555708微信＞【毕业证明信-推荐信做学费单＞【微信176555708】【制作UofM毕业证文凭认证明尼苏达大学毕业证成绩单购买】【UofM毕业证书】{明尼苏达大学文凭购买}】成绩单，录取通知书，Offer，在读证明，雅思托福成绩单，真实大使馆教育部认证，回国人员证明，＞【制作UofM毕业证文凭认证明尼苏达大学毕业证成绩单购买】【UofM毕业证书】{明尼苏达大学文凭购买}留信网认证。
明尼苏达大学学历证书＜微信176555708（一对一服务包括毕业院长签字,专业课程,学位类型,专业或教育领域,以及毕业日期.不要忽视这些细节.这两份文件同样重要!毕业证成绩单文凭留信网学历认证！）（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
◆◆◆◆◆ — — — — — — — — 【留学教育】留学归国服务中心 — — — — — -◆◆◆◆◆
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微信：176555708】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微信：176555708】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
学历顾问：微信：176555708
HijackLoader Evolution: Interactive Process Hollowing
CrowdStrike researchers have identified a HijackLoader (aka IDAT Loader) sample that employs sophisticated evasion techniques to enhance the complexity of the threat. HijackLoader, an increasingly popular tool among adversaries for deploying additional payloads and tooling, continues to evolve as its developers experiment and enhance its capabilities.
In their analysis of a recent HijackLoader sample, CrowdStrike researchers discovered new techniques designed to increase the defense evasion capabilities of the loader. The malware developer used a standard process hollowing technique coupled with an additional trigger that was activated by the parent process writing to a pipe. This new approach, called "Interactive Process Hollowing", has the potential to make defense evasion stealthier.
Discover the benefits of outsourcing SEO to India
"Discover the benefits of outsourcing SEO to India! From cost-effective services and expert professionals to round-the-clock work advantages, learn how your business can achieve digital success with Indian SEO solutions.
快速办理(新加坡SMU毕业证书)新加坡管理大学毕业证文凭证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(新加坡SMU毕业证书)新加坡管理大学毕业证文凭证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
怎么办理(umiami毕业证书)美国迈阿密大学毕业证文凭证书实拍图原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(umiami毕业证书)美国迈阿密大学毕业证文凭证书》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
办理毕业证(NYU毕业证)纽约大学毕业证成绩单官方原版办理
退学买【纽约大学毕业证认证】【办证微信176555708】【纽约大学文凭毕业证制作】【NYU学历学位证书哪里买】办理纽约大学学位证书扫描件、办理纽约大学雅思证书！
国际留学归国服务中心【如何办纽约大学毕业证认证】【NYU学位证书扫描件哪里买】实体公司，注册经营，行业标杆，精益求精！（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
◆◆◆◆◆ — — — — — — — — 【留学教育】留学归国服务中心 — — — — — -◆◆◆◆◆
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微信：176555708】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微信：176555708】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
学历顾问：微信：176555708
Gen Z and the marketplaces - let's translate their needs
The product workshop focused on exploring the requirements of Generation Z in relation to marketplace dynamics. We delved into their specific needs, examined the specifics in their shopping preferences, and analyzed their preferred methods for accessing information and making purchases within a marketplace. Through the study of real-life cases , we tried to gain valuable insights into enhancing the marketplace experience for Generation Z.
The workshop was held on the DMA Conference in Vienna June 2024.
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三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微信：176555708】
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◇申请留学生创业基金
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1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
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存档可查的(USC毕业证)南加利福尼亚大学毕业证成绩单制做办理
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◆◆◆◆◆ — — — — — — — — 【留学教育】留学归国服务中心 — — — — — -◆◆◆◆◆
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【微信：176555708】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【微信：176555708】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
学历顾问：微信：176555708
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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HijackLoader Evolution: Interactive Process Hollowing
HijackLoader Evolution: Interactive Process Hollowing
Gen Z and the marketplaces - let's translate their needs
Gen Z and the marketplaces - let's translate their needs
Ciphers modes
- 1. 1 Modes of Operation Murat Kantarcioglu Block Ciphers • Block length is fixed (n-bit) • How to encrypt large messages? – Partition into n-bit blocks – Choose mode of operation • Electronic Codebook (ECB), • Cipher-Block Chaining (CBC), • Cipher Feedback (CFB), • Output Feedback (OFB), • Counter (CTR) • Padding schemes
- 2. 2 Evaluation criteria • Identical messages – under which conditions ciphertext of two identical messages are the same • Chaining dependencies – how adjacent plaintext blocks affect encryption of a plaintext block • Error propagation – resistance to channel noise • Efficiency – preprocessing – parallelization: random access Notation • Message x consists of plaintext blocks of size n – x = x1 || x2 || … || xt • Ciphertext of plaintext block xi denoted as ci • Chaining requires an initialization vector that first plaintext block x1 will depend on. Initialization vector denoted as IV. – IV should be selected randomly for each message (x)
- 3. 3 Electronic Codebook (ECB) • Each block encrypted independently • Identical plaintexts encrypted similarly • No chaining, no error propagation Ciphertext Plaintext Block Cipher EncryptionKey Ciphertext Plaintext Block Cipher EncryptionKey Electronic Codebook (ECB) • Does not hide data patterns, unsuitable for long messages – Wiki example: pixel map using ECB • Susceptible to replay attacks – Example: a wired transfer transaction can be replayed by re- sending the original message)
- 4. 4 Cipher-Block Chaining (CBC) • Allows random access to ciphertext • Decryption is parallelizable – Plaintext block xj requires ciphertext blocks cj and cj-1 Block Cipher Encryption Ciphertext Plaintext Initialization Vector (IV) Block Cipher Encryption Ciphertext Plaintext KeyKey Cipher-Block Chaining (CBC) • Identical messages: changing IV or the first plaintext block results in different ciphertext • Chaining: Ciphertext block cj depends on xj and all preceding plaintext blocks (dependency contained in cj-1) • Error propagation: Single bit error on cj may flip the corresponding bit on xj+1, but changes xj significantly. • IV need not be secret, but its integrity should be protected
- 5. 5 Cipher Feedback (CFB) • Allows random access to ciphertext • Decryption is parallelizable – Plaintext block xj requires ciphertext blocks cj and cj-1 Ciphertext Plaintext Initialization Vector (IV) Block Cipher EncryptionKey Ciphertext Plaintext Block Cipher EncryptionKey Cipher Feedback (CFB) • Identical messages: as in CBC • Chaining: Similar to CBC • Error propagation: Single bit error on cj may flip the corresponding bit on xj, but changes xj+1 significantly. • IV need not be secret (XORed with x1)
- 6. 6 Output Feedback (OFB) • Preprocessing possible (keep enc/decrypting previous output block) • No random access, not parallelizable Ciphertext Plaintext Initialization Vector (IV) Block Cipher EncryptionKey Ciphertext Plaintext Block Cipher EncryptionKey Output Feedback (OFB) • Identical messages: same as CBC • No chaining dependencies • Error propagation: Single bit error on cj may only affect the corresponding bit of xj • IV need not be secret, but should be changed if a previously used key is to be used again
- 7. 7 Counter (CTR) • Preprocessing possible (inc/decrement and enc/decrypt counter) • Allows random access Ciphertext Plaintext Block Cipher EncryptionKey Ciphertext Plaintext Block Cipher EncryptionKey Nonce c43acb23… Counter 00000000 Nonce c43acb23… Counter 00000001 Ciphertext Plaintext Block Cipher EncryptionKey Nonce c43acb23… Counter 00000002 Counter (CTR) • Both encryption & decryption are parallelizable – Encrypted counter is sufficient to enc/decrypt • Identical messages: changing nonce results in different ciphertext • No chaining dependencies • No error propagation • Nonce should be random, and should be changed if a previously used key is to be used again
- 8. 8 Summary • Choice of encryption mode affects – Encryption/decryption speed – Security against active adversaries (bit flips) – Security against passive adversaries (ECB) – Error propagation