Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive lung disease characterized by limited airflow in the lungs. It includes conditions like emphysema and chronic bronchitis. In COPD, the airways and air sacs are damaged, making it difficult to breathe out fully. The damage can be caused by smoking, air pollution, dust, or genetic factors. Symptoms include increased shortness of breath, cough, wheezing and tightness in the chest. Treatment focuses on reducing symptoms through bronchodilators, antibiotics, steroids, and quitting smoking to prevent further damage.

1. CHRONIC
OBSTRUCTIVE
PULMONARY
DISEASE
BY - MUSKAN KAPOOR

2. INTRODUCTION
● Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung
disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs.
● It include emphysema, chronic bronchitis.
● COPD is a progressive and incurable
disease.

3. ● It can cause greater long term disability and have greater
effect on the heart and the other organ system than asthma.
● COPD due to emphysema and chronic bronchitis characterized
by airflow limitation that is not fully irreversible.

4. ● In COPD less air flows in and out of the airway because of one
or more of the following :-
- The airway and the air sacs lose their elastic quality .
- The walls between many of the air sacs are destroyed .
- The walls of airways become thick and inflamed.
- The airways makes more mucus than usual, which tends to
clog them.

5. EMPHYSEMA
● Damage to alveoli cause emphysema.
● The wall inside the alveoli disappear, making many small sacs became larger,
single sacs.
● These larger sacs don’t absorb oxygen as well.

6. ● Also when the alveoli are damaged, the lungs became
stretched out and lose their springiness.
● The airways become flabby and air is trapped in the lungs.
● It becomes hard to breathe out.
● This creates a feeling of shortness of breath.

7. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
● Damage to the bronchial tubes causes chronic bronchitis.
● Bronchitis occurs when the bronchial tubes are irritated and swollen.
● This causes coughing and shortness of breath.
● If mucus comes up with the cough and the cough lasts at least three months for
two years in a row, the bronchitis has become
chronic bronchitis.
● There are hair-like fibers lining the bronchial
tubes of the lungs.

8. ● These tiny hairs are called cilia.
● The cilia help move mucus up the tubes so it can be
coughed out. In chronic bronchitis, the tubes have
lost their cilia.
● This makes it hard to cough up mucus, which
causes more coughing.

9. ● More coughing makes the tubes more irritated.
● This creates more mucus.
● The tubes then become swollen, making it hard to breathe.
● Smoking even just a little keeps the cilia from working
normally.
● Mucus can build up in the lungs.
● This can cause more damage.

10. SYMPTOMS
● Increased shortness of breath
● Frequent coughing (with and without mucus)
● Increased breathlessness
● Wheezing
● Tightness in the chest

11. CAUSES
● Smoking
● Heavy dust
● Air pollution
● Exposure to chemical or
toxic fumes
● Genetic conditions

12. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

13. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

14. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
● Antibiotics
● Bronchodilators
● Chest physiotherapy
● Steroid therapy
● Adrenaline

15. ● Aminophylins
● IV Corticosteroids
● Increase fluid intake
● CPAP
● BiAP

16. PREVENTIVE MEASURES
● Quite smoking
● Avoid using aerosol sprays.
● Avoid to exposure to persons known to have cold or
other respiratory tract infections

17. COMPLICATIONS
● Respiratory insufficiency and respiratory failure
● Pneumonia and respiratory infection
● Right sided heart failure
● Pulmonary hypertension
● Pneumothorax
● Depression and anxiety disorder