7. COPD can be fatal.
• In 2019, it contributed to about 3.23 million
deaths worldwide, making it the third leading
cause of death globally.
• More than 80% of these deaths occurred in low-
and middle-income countries.
Http//:medicalnewstoday.com
8. A SPIROMETRY
which assesses lung
function by
measuring how
much air you can
breathe in and out
and how quickly
and easily you can
exhale
9. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the
two most common conditions that contribute
to COPD.
These two conditions usually occur together
and can vary in severity among individuals
with COPD.
10. EMPHYSEMA
Emphysema is a lung
condition that causes
shortness of breath.
In people with emphysema,
the air sacs in the lungs
(alveoli) are damaged.
Over time, the inner walls of
the air sacs weaken and
rupture — creating larger air
spaces instead of many small
ones.
11. Emphysema symptoms are typically mild at first
and include: Breathing problems. Coughing. A
persistent cough with some phlegm.
You'll typically notice:
• Breathing difficulties
• Extreme fatigue
• A feeling of "choking" while lying down
• An enlarged chest
• A hacking cough that produces bloody mucus
12. Signs and symptoms of COPD may include:
vShortness of breath, especially during physical activities
vWheezing
vChest tightness
vA chronic cough that may produce mucus (sputum) that may be clear,
white, yellow or greenish
vFrequent respiratory infections
vLack of energy
vUnintended weight loss (in later stages)
vSwelling in ankles, feet or legs
13. Chest X-ray and CT Scan
A chest X-ray can show emphysema, one of the main causes of
COPD .
An X-ray can also rule out other lung problems or heart failure.
CT scan. A CT scan of your lungs can help detect emphysema and
help determine if you might benefit from surgery for COPD
14. Frontal chest X-ray: a) normal patient: and b) patient with
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, with excessive air
in the lungs and cardiovascular alterations.
15. Chronic bronchitis
Defined as a productive cough that lasts at least
three months, with recurring abouts occurring
for at least two consecutive years.
If you have chronic bronchitis, you're likely to have
periods when your cough or other symptoms
worsen.
19. How is Chronic Bronchitis treated?
• Quitting smoking.
• Staying away from secondhand smoke and other lung
irritants.
• Taking medicines by mouth (oral) to open airways and help
clear away mucus.
• Taking inhaled medicines, such as bronchodilators and
steroids.
• Getting oxygen from portable containers.
20. Treatment:
Short-acting bronchodilator inhalers are the first
treatment used.
Bronchodilators are medicines that make breathing easier by relaxing
and widening your airways.
There are 2 types of short-acting bronchodilator inhaler:
beta-2 agonist inhalers – such as salbutamol and terbutaline.
antimuscarinic inhalers – such as ipratropium
21. Long-acting bronchodilator inhalers
These work in a similar way to short-acting bronchodilators, but each dose
lasts for at least 12 hours, so they only need to be used once or twice a day.
There are 2 types of long-acting bronchodilator inhaler:
• beta-2 agonist inhalers – such as salmeterol, formoterol and indacaterol
• antimuscarinic inhalers – such as tiotropium, glycopyronium and
aclidinium
22. Tablets
Theophylline tablets
• Theophylline is a type of bronchodilator. It's unclear
exactly how theophylline works, but it seems to reduce
swelling (inflammation) in the airways and relax the
muscles lining them.
• Theophylline comes as tablets or capsules and is usually
taken twice a day.
23. Steroid inhalers
If you're still becoming breathless when using a long-acting inhaler, or you have
frequent flare-ups (exacerbations), a GP may suggest including a steroid
inhaler as part of your treatment.
• Steroid inhalers contain corticosteroid medicines, which can help to reduce
the inflammation in your airways.
• Steroid inhalers are normally prescribed as part of a combination inhaler that
also includes a long-acting medicine.
25. Nursing Priorities:
• Maintain airway patency
• Assist with measures to facilitate gas exchange
• Enhance nutritional intake
• Prevent complications, slow progression of condition
• Provide information about disease process/prognosis
and treatment regimen
