The document discusses abnormalities of the U wave seen on electrocardiograms. It begins by describing the normal U wave, which is produced by late repolarization of the Purkinje system and seen as a small upright deflection after the T wave. It then discusses prominent U waves, which approximate the size of the T wave, and can be caused by hypokalemia, congenital long QT syndrome, or hypocalcemia. Hypokalemia specifically can produce a "camel hump effect" due to a low T wave followed by a prominent U wave. Inverted U waves are associated with ischemic heart disease or left ventricular diastolic overload.

1. ABNORMALITIES OF U WAVE
Made By:- Muskan Kapoor

2. NORMAL U WAVE
● It is produced by slow and late repolarization of the IV purkinje
system.
● It is an upright deflection.
● It is much smaller than T wave.
● It is difficult to notice U wave but seen in V2 to V4 leads in Ecg.
● It is easy visible when QT interval is short.

3. PROMINENT U WAVE
● A U wave is exaggerated and approximates the size of the T wave is
considered to be prominent U wave.
● Causes :- Hypokalemia
- Congenital long QT syndrome
- Hypocalcemia

4. HYPOKALEMIA
● In this Prominent U wave
that follows a low T wave
produces “camel hump
effect”.

5. INVERTED U WAVE
● Causes :- ischemic heart disease
- LV diastolic overload
● When inversion is due to myocardial
ischemia this is usually associated with
changes in ST segment and T wave.

6. CONGENITAL LONG QT SYNDROME