Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Kanishk Deep Sharma Roll no. 50 Definition “A disease state characterised by progressive development of airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. The airflow limitation is usually progressive and usually results from an abnormal response of lungs to noxious particles or gases” Airflow obstruction is defined as reduced FEV1/FVC ratio (< 0.7) RISK FACTORS Exposure to tobacco smoke.  most significant risk factor Pipe smokers, cigar smokers and marijuana smokers second-hand smoke Nicotine stimulates sympathetic system Decreased ciliary activity & ciliary loss Decreased oxygen carrying capacity Cellular hyperplasia Production of mucus Reduction in airway diameter Increased difficulty in clearing secretions People with asthma who smoke  increases the risk of COPD Occupational exposure to dusts and chemicals  Long-term exposure to chemical fumes, vapors and dusts in the workplace can irritate and inflame lungs Age develops slowly over years Genetics alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency certain smokers more susceptible to the disease Infection Aggravates COPD progression CHRONIC BRONCHITIS presence of cough and sputum production for at least 3 months in each of 2 consecutive years, is not necessarily associated with airflow limitation Hyperplasia of mucus-secreting glands in trachea and bronchi Bronchioles are clogged with mucus and pose a physical barrier to ventilation Increase in goblet cells Disappearance of cilia Chronic inflammatory changes and narrowing of small airways Altered function of alveolar macrophages causing infections Greater resistance to airflow increases work of breathing Hypoxemia and hypercapnia develop more frequently in chronic bronchitis than emphysema EMPHYSEMA Abnormal permanent enlargement of the air space distal to the terminal bronchioles accompanied by destruction of bronchioles Small bronchioles become obstructed as result of Mucus Smooth muscle spasm Inflammatory process Collapse of bronchiolar walls Recurrent infections causing inflammation, exudates & edema Elastin & collagen destroyed Bronchioles collapse Trapped air cause hyperinflation & over distension Alveolar wall & capillary destruction Reduced surface area for oxygen diffusion Compensatory tachypnea Thank you

1. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease
Kanishk Deep Sharma
Roll no. 50

2. Definition
• “A disease state characterised by progressive
development of airflow limitation that is not
fully reversible. The airflow limitation is
usually progressive and usually results from an
abnormal response of lungs to noxious
particles or gases”
• Airflow obstruction is defined as reduced
FEV1/FVC ratio (< 0.7)

3. RISK FACTORS
1. Exposure to tobacco smoke.
– most significant risk factor
– Pipe smokers, cigar smokers and marijuana smokers
– second-hand smoke
– Nicotine stimulates sympathetic system
– Decreased ciliary activity & ciliary loss
– Decreased oxygen carrying capacity
– Cellular hyperplasia
• Production of mucus
• Reduction in airway diameter
• Increased difficulty in clearing secretions

4. 2. People with asthma who smoke
– increases the risk of COPD
3. Occupational exposure to dusts and chemicals
– Long-term exposure to chemical fumes, vapors and dusts in the
workplace can irritate and inflame lungs
4. Age
– develops slowly over years
5. Genetics
– alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
– certain smokers more susceptible to the disease
6. Infection
– Aggravates COPD progression

5. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
• presence of cough and sputum production for
at least 3 months in each of 2 consecutive
years, is not necessarily associated with
airflow limitation

6. • Hyperplasia of mucus-secreting glands in trachea and
bronchi
• Bronchioles are clogged with mucus and pose a physical
barrier to ventilation
• Increase in goblet cells
• Disappearance of cilia
• Chronic inflammatory changes and narrowing of small
airways
• Altered function of alveolar macrophages causing infections
• Greater resistance to airflow increases work of breathing
• Hypoxemia and hypercapnia develop more frequently in
chronic bronchitis than emphysema

8. EMPHYSEMA
• Abnormal permanent enlargement of the air
space distal to the terminal bronchioles
accompanied by destruction of bronchioles

9. • Small bronchioles become obstructed as result
of
– Mucus
– Smooth muscle spasm
– Inflammatory process
– Collapse of bronchiolar walls
– Recurrent infections causing inflammation,
exudates & edema

11. • Elastin & collagen destroyed
• Bronchioles collapse
• Trapped air cause hyperinflation & over
distension
• Alveolar wall & capillary destruction
• Reduced surface area for oxygen diffusion
• Compensatory tachypnea

17. Thank you