The document discusses the complex skill of speaking and outlines several key components: 1) Conceptualization and formulation involve planning what to say and how to structure sentences based on the topic, purpose, and discourse type. 2) Articulation is the physical production of speech using organs like the lungs, vocal cords, tongue, teeth and lips. 3) Self-monitoring and repair allow speakers to correct any errors in formulation or articulation during speech. With practice, these components become more automatic and fluent.

2. Pós-Graduação em Língua Inglesa
Oral Practice – Professor: Raquel Oliveira
Por: Rachel Moura
Setembro/2012

4. introduction
speech production
conceptualization and
formulation
articulation

5. self-monitoring and repair
automaticity
fluency
managing talking

6. The skill of speaking is complex and it involves:
→ a command of certain skills;
→ several types of knowledge;
_______________________________________
Speech production, in the way of utterance
(sentences), is linear and happens in real time.
It relies on spontaneity.

7. •discourse type
Conceptualization •topic
•purpose
•discourse
Formulation •sintax
• vocabulary

8. topic
• what is talking about – matter
→ given information
comment
• what wants to say about the topic
→ something new

9. Pronunciation
stress intonation
(prominence) (pitch direction)

10. In the way of producing sounds, we use
some organs.
air Vocal
lungs
cords
tongue teeth lips

11. conceptualization
formulation
articulation

12. • Planning time – input process
formulation • utterances in a slow-down or
pause or re-phrasing.
• Expressing time – output process
articulation • wrong word or pronunciation’s
correction

13. Retrace
Immediate
-and-
correction
repair

14. fluency
planning articulation
Pre-fabricated
chunks

15. speed
Pauses
(natural /
unnatural)
blocks syllabes

16. Speakers use some production strategies
(tricks)
pause fillers
vagueness expressions
repeats

17. Features of fluency
pauses
Occur at Words and
May be
Usually meaningful syllabes
long, not
filled transiion between
frequent
points them

18. • Interaction
turns
engagement

19. • The fundamental rule is that the speakers have to
respect the other’s turn, not both speaking at once
in fact.
→ Long silences must to be avoided;
→ listen when other speakers are speaking.

20. → recognize your turn time and the other
speaker’s turn.
→ signalling when you want to say something
and also that you’re listening to.
→ holding the floor when it’s your turn
→ yelding the turn

22. Gestures during the conversation (face-to-face) that
confirm speaker’s intention.

23. On the phone, where we can’t see the other speaker’s
face, expression, gestures, we have to rely on intonation, tempo
and pausing, and still respecting the turn.

24. conceptualization
formulation
articulation
self-monitoring

25. automaticity
production strategies
FLUENCY