This material is very significant for the College student's

1. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE
BSA 1 CROP SCIENCE

2. Learning Outcomes
• Discuss the different types of vocabulary
• Appreciate the importance of enriching
vocabulary skills
• Write an essay on their unforgettable
experience in life

4. • One of the most important reading skills
you need is to acquire the ability to get the
meaning of strange words you find in your
reading. No matter how large your
vocabulary may be, you will always be
meeting strange words. Often it is not
practical to take time out to study the
word at the moment, yet you need to grasp
its meaning in order to understand what
you are reading.

6. Examine the context in which the
word appears
• See how the word is used in relation to the rest
of the sentence or to surroundings sentences.
Often this procedure will enable you to recognize
a word you have previously heard or used in
speaking. Intelligent use of context is a valuable
aid, but too often poor readers misuse it by
guessing blindly and not checking to see if they
are correct or right.

7. Break the word into parts
• Often, long words contain one or more short
words that you already know for example, this
sentence: This misguided youth soon got into
trouble.
• Break down the word MISGUIDED and you find
the root word GUIDE. Then note the prefix MIS,
which you know from misspell and mistake..

8. Use your knowledge of prefix roots
and suffixes. (root words and affixes)
• Scientific studies have shown a definite
relationship between a person’s vocabulary and
his success in school and later life. If you take
your study of this chapter seriously, you will
indeed broaden your vocabulary. But far more
important, you will acquire the power to add
constantly to your supply of words.

9. USING THE DICTIONARY
• a repository of words meanings and contains an
alphabetical listing of practically all words in a
language. It provides information on the
following:
Spelling and
Capitalization
Syllabication
Pronunciation

10. 1. Spelling and Capitalization
• If a word is spelled in two ways, the first spelling
is the preferred form. A word which should be
capitalized is printed with a capital letter.
2. Syllabication
• It is division of words into syllables. It used
devices or marks (space, hyphen centered dots
and accent marks) to separate syllables.
• Example: pro- NUN- cia-tion E-
du-CA-tion Ad.jec.ti.val
3. Pronunciation
• It refers to how a word is pronounced shown
diacritical marks

11. Part of Speech

12. Irregular Forms
• Irregular forms include the plural of nouns, principal
parts of verbs and comparatives and superlatives of
adjectives.
• Forming the Irregular Plurals
▫ Some nouns form their plurals by a change of
spelling
• SINGULAR PLURAL
• agenda agendum
• alumna alumnae
• alumnus alumni
• cactus cacti
• calculus calculi
• gymnasium gymnasia

13. Some nouns end in (s ) but have a singular meaning
• physics news
• mathematics civics
• mumps measles
• economics series
• politics

14. Adjective
• Positive Comparative Superlative
• little less least
• many more most
• good better best

15. Derivation
• It gives the origin or history of words.
• Examples: The words NOUN is derived from the
Latin word NOMEN which means it names.
• The word SENTENCE is derived from the word
SENTIRE
• The word VOCABULARY is derived from the
Latin word VOCABULUM which means
designation

16. Synonyms
• These are words that have different
spelling but almost the same meaning
but they do not usually mean
EXACTLY the same meanings
because each one has a meaning
slightly different from the others.

18. HOMONYMS (HOMOGRAPHS)
• These are words that have different in spelling
(some words), meaning, origin but almost the
same pronunciation.
• Example. 1. arms (part of the body) ;
arms (weapon)
• cite ( to state); sight ( act of seeing); site (
local position)

19. ANTONYMS
• These are words that have an opposite meaning.
Knowing how to use antonyms will make your
speech and writing vivid and colorful.
• 1. hide- proclaim
2. increase- decrease

20. Denotative
• These are words with a minimum of definitions
has nothing to do with any attitude, emotion or
association that may come to mind in
connection with it. This is the literal meaning
which is based on the dictionary.

21. Connotative
• These are words includes all the evaluations,
reactions, and emotional experiences that
anyone may associate with it. These are the
beyond meanings or extra meaning. In short it
can be as wide and varied as the experiences of
every individual.

22. • EXAMPLES:
1. green
• Denotation: It denotes color of the grass or leaves and kind
of color
• Connotation: It connotes freshness, hope and newness
2. rose
• Denotation: It denotes kind of flower and female name
• Connotation: It connotes lady, beauty, love and fragrance
3. home
• Denotation: It denotes the place where we live, residence
and a house
• Connotation: It connotes intimacy, privacy, security and
coziness (contentment)

23. EUPHEMISM
• These are words which try to soften or minimize
the impact of a word which is very offensive or
unpleasant to the ears. They are cosmetics to
cover up painful realities.

24. EXAMPLES
• OFFENSIVE WORDS EUPHEMISM
• 1. over weight big boned
• 2. dead pass away/ departed
• 3. lie prevaricate
• 4. toilet comfort room/ restroom
• 5. illegitimate love child
• 6. restaurant food chain, food
preparation
• 7. janitor / garbage man sanitation engineer

25. SLANG
• It is defined as a language comprising recently
coined and frequently short-lived terms which
are unacceptable in the Formal English Usage
and will not receive much respect from technical
readers. Slang is informal, nonstandard words
and phrases.

26. EXAMPLES
• hass- house
• heppy- happy
• tummy- stomach
• wee-wee- urinate
• broke- without money

27. IDIOMS -FLESH AND BLOOD OF A
LANGUAGE AND LANGAUGE ITS
VITALITY
• An idiom (Latin: idioma, "special property", f.
Greek: ἰδίωμα – idiōma, "special feature, special
phrasing", f. Greek: ἴδιος – idios, "one’s own") is
a combination of words that have a figurative
meaning owing to its common usage. An idiom's
figurative meaning is separate from the literal
meaning.[1] There are thousands of idioms and
they occur frequently in all languages. There are
estimated to be at least twenty-five thousand
idiomatic expressions in the English language.

28. EXAMPLES
• A piece of cake
• Easy, simple to do, no difficulties.
• A taste of your/his/her/their own medicine
• Describes someone receiving the same treatment or
experience they have inflicted on others.
• A rolling stone gathers no moss
• The idiom is based on the idea that something in
motion doesn’t decline or collect problems.
• As the story/song goes
• A familiar series of events, something the listener
will know

29. Write an Essay about your
unforgettable Experience in life
• RUBRICS
• Content----30
• Organization of ideas---15
• Punctuation and capitalization—15
• 60 points
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