1. This lecture discusses electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter, covering atomic and molecular spectroscopy.
2. Electromagnetic radiation exhibits both wave and particle properties and can be modeled as oscillating electric and magnetic fields propagating through space. The energy of photons is directly related to their wavelength and frequency.
3. When radiation interacts with atoms and molecules, it can be absorbed, emitted, or scattered. Absorption and emission spectra provide information about the electronic, vibrational, and rotational energy levels of materials.
Raman Spectroscopy - Principle, Criteria, Instrumentation and ApplicationsPrabha Nagarajan
Basic principle of Raman scattering- Difference between Rayleigh and Raman Scattering- Major criteria for Raman active in compounds,-Stroke's lines and Anti-stoke lines- Difference and between IR and Raman spectroscopy- Wide applications of Raman spectroscopy.
CHECKOUT THIS NEW WEB BROWSER :
https://www.entireweb.com/?a=618b79ed612f3
Nmr nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopyJoel Cornelio
Basics of NMR. Suitable for UG and PG courses.
Includes principle, instrumentation, solvents. chemical shift and factors affecting it. Some problems. resolving agents, coupling constant and much more
It contains the basic principle of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Recoil energy, Dopler shift.
The instrumentation of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Hyperfine interactions.
Raman Spectroscopy - Principle, Criteria, Instrumentation and ApplicationsPrabha Nagarajan
Basic principle of Raman scattering- Difference between Rayleigh and Raman Scattering- Major criteria for Raman active in compounds,-Stroke's lines and Anti-stoke lines- Difference and between IR and Raman spectroscopy- Wide applications of Raman spectroscopy.
CHECKOUT THIS NEW WEB BROWSER :
https://www.entireweb.com/?a=618b79ed612f3
Nmr nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopyJoel Cornelio
Basics of NMR. Suitable for UG and PG courses.
Includes principle, instrumentation, solvents. chemical shift and factors affecting it. Some problems. resolving agents, coupling constant and much more
It contains the basic principle of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Recoil energy, Dopler shift.
The instrumentation of Mossbauer Spectroscopy.
Hyperfine interactions.
Electromagnetic radiation consists of waves of the electromagnetic field, propagating through space, carrying electromagnetic radiant energy. It includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared, light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. All of these waves form part of the electromagnetic spectrum.EMR is released when excited atoms or molecules return to ground state and this process is called emisssion.
EMR has both electric (E) and magnetic (H) components that propagate at right angles to each other.
A method of obtaining an Infrared spectrum by measuring the interferogram of a sample using an interferometer, then performing a Fourier Transform upon the interferogram to obtain the spectrum.
Ultraviolet spetroscopy by Dr. Monika Singh part-1 as per PCI syllabusMonika Singh
UV Visible spectroscopy as per PCI syllabus: Electronic transitions, chromophores, auxochromes, spectral shifts, solvent effect on absorption spectra, Beer and Lambert’s law, Derivation and deviations.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
4. What is Electromagnetic Radiation?
is a form of energy that has both Wave and
Particle Properties.
For example: Ultraviolet, visible, infrared,
microwave, radio wave.
4
8. EM radiation is conveniently modeled as waves
consisting of perpendicularly oscillating
electric and magnetic fields, as shown below.
Direction of
propagation
8
9. o At 90° to the direction of propagation is an
oscillation in the ELECTRIC FIELD.
o At 90° to the direction of propagation and 90°
from the electric field oscillation (orthagonal) is
the MAGNETIC FIELD oscillation.
9
10. Period (p)
the time required for one cycle to pass a fixed
point in space.
Frequency (V @ f )
the number of cycles which pass a fixed point in space per
second. Unit in Hz or s-1
Amplitude (A)
The maximum length of the electric vector in the
wave (Maximum height of a wave).
Wavelength (λ)
The distance between two identical adjacent points in a
wave (usually maxima or minima).
10
11. Wavenumber (ν)
The number of waves per cm in units of cm-1.
Radiant Power ( P )
The amount of energy reaching a given area per second.
Unit in watts (W)
Intensity (I)
The radiant power per unit solid angle.
11
12. Speed of light = Wavelength x Frequency
Speed of light = Wavelength x Frequency
c = λV
c = λV
Where as
Where as
λ is the wavelength of the waves
λ is the wavelength of the waves
V is the frequency of the waves
V is the frequency of the waves
c is the speed of light
c is the speed of light
c = 3.00 x 1088 m/s = 3.00 x 1010 cm/s
c = 3.00 x 10 m/s = 3.00 x 1010 cm/s
12
13. 800 nm
Infrared radiation Ultraviolet radiation
V = 3.75 x 1014 s-1 V = 7.50 x 1014 s-1
Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency
λ ∝ 1/V
The Higher the Frequency the Shorter the
Wavelength . The Longer the Wavelength the
Lower the Frequency.
13
14. EMR is viewed as a stream of discrete particles of
energy called photons.
We can relate the energy, E of photon to its
wavelength, frequency and wavenumber by
hc
E = hV = = hcν
λ
h = Planck’s constant
h = 6.63 x 10 -34 J.s
14
15. hc
E = hV = hcν =
λ
Therefore wavenumber, ν
ν = 1/λ = V/c
Unit of wavenumber is cm-1
16. What is the energy of a 500 nm photon?
V = c/λ
= (3 x 108 m s-1)/(5.0 x 10-7 m)
V = 6 x 1014 s-1 @ Hz
E = hV
= (6.626 x 10-34 J•s)(6 x 1014 s-1)
= 4 x 10-19 J
16
21. Atoms are the basic blocks of matter.
They consist of heavy particles (called protons
and neutrons) in the nucleus, surrounded by
lighter particles called electrons.
21
22. An electron will interact with a photon.
An electron that absorbs a photon will gain
energy.
An electron that loses energy must emit a
photon.
For absorption to occur, the energy of the
photon must exactly match an energy level
in the atom (or molecule) it contacts.
◦ Ephoton = Eelectronic transition
We distinguish two types of absorption
◦ Atomic
◦ Molecular
22
23. Absorption
EMR energy transferred to absorbing molecule
(transition from low energy to high energy state).
Emission
EMR energy transferred from emitting molecule
to space (transition from high energy to low
energy state).
Scattering
redirection of light with no energy transfer.
25. Electrons bound to
atoms have discrete
energies (i.e. not all
energies are allowed).
Thus, only photons of
certain energy can
interact with the
electrons in a given
atom.
Transitions between
electronic levels of the
electrons produce line
spectra.
25
26. Consider hydrogen, the
simplest atom.
Hydrogen has a specific
line spectrum.
Each atom has its
own specific line
spectrum (atomic
fingerprint).
26
27. The energy of photon that can promote electrons
to excite/jump to a higher energy level depends
on the energy difference between the electronic
levels.
27
28. Each atom has a specific set of energy levels, and
thus a unique set of photon wavelengths with which
it can interact.
28
29. Absorption and emission
for the sodium atom in the
gas phase.
The diagram illustrate the
transitions (excitation and
emission) of electrons
between different energy
levels in sodium atom.
ΔEtransition = E1 - E0 = hv = hc/λ
29
30. The energy, E, associated with the molecular bands:
Etotal = Eelectronic + Evibrational + Erotational
In general, a molecule may absorb energy in 3 ways:
1. By raising an electron (or electrons) to a higher
energy level. (electronic)
2. By increasing the vibration of the constituent nuclei.
(vibrational)
3. By increasing the rotation of the molecule about the
axis. (rotational)
34. Absorption spectrum
◦ A plot of the absorbance as a function of
wavelength or frequency.
Emission spectrum
◦ A plot of the relative power of the emitted
radiation as a function of wavelength or
frequency.
34
35. Absorption Spectrum of Na
The two peaks arise from the promotion of
a 3s electron to the two 3p states
35
36. Electronic Transition Vibrational Transition
Superimposed on the
Electronic Transition
Absorption Band –
A series of closely
shaped peaks
36
37. In solvents the rotational
and vibrational
transitions are highly
restricted resulting in
broad band
absorption spectra.
37
38. Three types of
spectra:
◦ Lines
◦ Bands
◦ Continuum
spectra
Emission spectrum of a brine sample
38
41. 1. Source
A stable source of radiant energy at the
desired wavelength (or λ range).
2. Sample Holder
A transparent container used to hold the
sample (cells, cuvettes, etc.).
3. Wavelength Selector
A device that isolates a restricted region
of the EM spectrum used for measurement
41
(monochromators, prisms, & filters).
42. 4. Photoelectric Transducer (Detector)
Converts the radiant energy into a useable
signal (usually electrical).
5. Signal Processor & Readout
Amplifies or attenuates the transduced
signal and sends it to a readout device such as
a meter, digital readout, chart recorder,
computer, etc.
42
43. Generate a beam of radiation that is stable and has sufficient
power.
A. Continuum Sources
emit radiation over a broad
wavelength range and the intensity of the radiation
changes slowly as a function of wavelength.
This type of source is commonly
used optical instruments.
Deuterium lamp is the most
common UV source.
Tungsten lamp is the most 43
common Visible source.
44. B. Line Sources
Emit a limited number lines or bands of radiation
at specific wavelengths. Used in atomic absorption
spectroscopy.
Types of line sources:
1.Hollow cathode lamps
2.Electrodeless discharge lamps
3.Lasers (Lightamplification by stimulated
emission of radiation)
44
45. Sample containers usually is called cells or
cuvettes, must have side/windows that are
transparent in the spectral region of interest.
There are few types of cuvettes
1. quartz or fused silica (below 350nm)
required for UV & VIS region
2. silicate glass (350 – 2000nm)
cheaper compared to quartz. Used in VIS
3. crystalline sodium chloride
used in IR 45
46. Wavelength selectors provides a limited, narrow,
continuous group of wavelengths called a band.
Two types of wavelength selectors:
A) Filters
B) Monochromators
46
48. Early detectors in spectroscopic instruments were
the human eye, photographic plates or films.
Modern instruments contain devices that convert
the radiation to an electrical signal.
Two general types of radiation transducers:
a. Photon detectors
b.Thermal detectors
48
49. A. Photon Detectors
Commonly useful in ultraviolet, visible and near
infrared instruments.
Several types of photon detectors are available:
1. Vacuum phototubes
2.Photomultiplier tubes
3.Photovoltaic cells
4. Silicon photodiodes
5.Diode array transducers
6. Photoconductivity transducers
49
50. B. Thermal Detectors
Used for infrared spectroscopy because photons in
the IR region lack the energy to cause
photoemission of electrons.
Three types of thermal detectors:
1. Thermocouples
2. Bolometers
3. Pyroelectric transducers
50
51. SPECTROMETER
is an instrument that provides information about
the intensity of radiation as a function of
wavelength or frequency.
SPECTROPHOTOMETER
is a spectrometer equipped with one or more exit
slits and photoelectric transducers that permits
the determination of the ratio of the radiant
power of two beams as a function of wavelength
as in absorption spectroscopy.
51