hello guys!! here i am presenting my review on piper gaubatz's paper "china urban transformation : patterns and processes of morphological change in beijing, shanghai and guangzhou "
Prof Binliang Lin briefed the background and a recent flood event in Beijing.
Flood impact assessment in mega cities under urban sprawl and climate change kick-off workshop
Prof Binliang Lin briefed the background and a recent flood event in Beijing.
Flood impact assessment in mega cities under urban sprawl and climate change kick-off workshop
How Singapore is Paving the Way for Global Smart CitiesSolace
Singapore is at the leading edge of global smart city initiatives and is a good deal of the way along the path to truly transforming the “city nation” for the benefit of its citizens and the redefinition of its government. Everything is on the table for reinvention in Singapore from smart transportation to smart energy to smart buildings to how its citizens receive smarter healthcare.
But what is a “smart city”? A smart city uses technology to deliver services, uses technology to reduce costs for service providers and uses technology to allow citizens to improve the running of the city. With sensors planted measuring everything from traffic to street lights, Singapore has deep insights into the lessons in IoT deployment and delivery on a truly large scale.
On October 13th, 2016 at the Internet of Things Developer meetup, Sumeet Puri presented a social and technical perspective on the Singapore smart cities initiative from two viewpoints: his role as an architect of several Singapore Smart City projects and as a resident of Singapore living through the transformation of his surroundings. Sumeet will share stories about Singapore’s efforts, and give us insights into the technical decisions needed to make this a reality. Sumeet will talk about architecting for IoT at scale, lessons learned from the Singapore Smart City Initiatives and the response of the public to these changes.
Local policies and strategies designed to deal with urban decline, decay or transformation are termed as urban renewal.
It is a comprehensive and integrated vision and action which leads to the resolution of urban problems and which seeks to bring about a lasting improvement in the economic, physical, social and environmental conditions of an area that has been subject to change’
With the decision and authority of a governing municipality, rearranging land use, function and ownership features of a socially, economically or structurally decayed part of a certain city .
such as slum zones or brown fields, for the purpose of obtaining a desired, well organized neighbourhood.
1.6 Town planning India pre & post independenceSachin PatiL
Necessity scope principles of Town Planning,
Present status of town planning in India,
Contribution of town planners in modern era,
Sir Patrick Geddes,
Sir Ebenezer Howard,
Clarence stein,
Sir Patrick Abercrombie,
Le Corbusier,
Growth pattern of towns Natural and Planned,
Types of zoning and importance,
various road networks(Grid iron pattern, shoe string development,
Surveys for data collection, physical survey, social survey, economic survey, civic survey,
Town aesthetics, landscape architecture,
Rehabilitation of slum and urban renewal,
Every one in the world wants to live in a compact environment. like in olden days the peoples they were used telephone, telegram, etc. for communication. but in the current scenario every one have smart phones for better communication. Because smartphones are compact and convenient to them.This presentation about Compact City planning and also it dealt how various compact cities in the developed and developing countries manage themselves. This presentation just gives an outline of the compact city planning.
We find urban renewal projects to be both fascinating and inspirational. They showcase amazing creativity and reviltalise neglected neighbourhoods, underused waterfronts or even entire cities. Here’s a list of 20, about half of which are just getting started.
KATHMANDU IS CAPITAL OF NEPAL AND IT IS THE ONLY METROPOLITAN CITY OF THE COUNTRY. BEING A CAPITAL CITY, IT HAS A HIGH POPULATION AND MIGRATION HAS ADDED TO IT.
THE PRESENTATION SHOWS THE APATIAL GROWTH OF CITY OVER THE YEARS AND WHAT FACTORS HAVE ADDED TO ITS GROWTH.
The first large-scale elaboration of the City Beautiful occurred in Chicago at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. The planning of the exposition was directed by architect Daniel Burnham, who hired architects from the eastern United States, as well as the sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens, to build large-scale Beaux-Arts monuments that were vaguely classical with uniform cornice height. The exposition displayed a model city of grand scale, known as the "White City", with modern transport systems and no poverty visible. The exposition is credited with resulting in the large-scale adoption of monumentalism for American architecture for the next 15 years. Richmond, Virginia's Monument Avenue is one expression of this initial phase.
Community Participation should be indispensible element in human settlements,especially in planning strategies and in formulation, implementation and management. It should influence all levels of Government in the decision making process to further the political, social and economic growth of Human settlements. This relates especially to low income and Cost Effective Housing projects denoting squatter settlement upgrading with site and service schemes.
In squatter settlement upgrading projects, the authorities regularize the illegal land tenure of squatters and provide basic infrastructure in the settlements. These interventions are expected to be sufficient incentives for the residents to start improving their houses. In sites-and-services schemes, the authorities provide serviced plots to the urban poor and expect them to produce their own houses, through individual or mutual self-help or the employment of small contractors. Participation assumes an activity in which the community takes part and the involvement of at least one other party, usually a government agency or a nongovernmental organization (NGO). Community participation is sometimes used to indicate community self reliance or self-help, i.e. an activity which is usually undertaken by a government agency, is undertaken by the community on its own (e.g. spontaneous housing).
The United Nations defined community development as "the processes by which the efforts of the people themselves are united with those of governmental authorities to improve the economic, social and cultural conditions of communities, to integrate these communities into the life of the nation and to enable them to contribute fully to national progress."
How Singapore is Paving the Way for Global Smart CitiesSolace
Singapore is at the leading edge of global smart city initiatives and is a good deal of the way along the path to truly transforming the “city nation” for the benefit of its citizens and the redefinition of its government. Everything is on the table for reinvention in Singapore from smart transportation to smart energy to smart buildings to how its citizens receive smarter healthcare.
But what is a “smart city”? A smart city uses technology to deliver services, uses technology to reduce costs for service providers and uses technology to allow citizens to improve the running of the city. With sensors planted measuring everything from traffic to street lights, Singapore has deep insights into the lessons in IoT deployment and delivery on a truly large scale.
On October 13th, 2016 at the Internet of Things Developer meetup, Sumeet Puri presented a social and technical perspective on the Singapore smart cities initiative from two viewpoints: his role as an architect of several Singapore Smart City projects and as a resident of Singapore living through the transformation of his surroundings. Sumeet will share stories about Singapore’s efforts, and give us insights into the technical decisions needed to make this a reality. Sumeet will talk about architecting for IoT at scale, lessons learned from the Singapore Smart City Initiatives and the response of the public to these changes.
Local policies and strategies designed to deal with urban decline, decay or transformation are termed as urban renewal.
It is a comprehensive and integrated vision and action which leads to the resolution of urban problems and which seeks to bring about a lasting improvement in the economic, physical, social and environmental conditions of an area that has been subject to change’
With the decision and authority of a governing municipality, rearranging land use, function and ownership features of a socially, economically or structurally decayed part of a certain city .
such as slum zones or brown fields, for the purpose of obtaining a desired, well organized neighbourhood.
1.6 Town planning India pre & post independenceSachin PatiL
Necessity scope principles of Town Planning,
Present status of town planning in India,
Contribution of town planners in modern era,
Sir Patrick Geddes,
Sir Ebenezer Howard,
Clarence stein,
Sir Patrick Abercrombie,
Le Corbusier,
Growth pattern of towns Natural and Planned,
Types of zoning and importance,
various road networks(Grid iron pattern, shoe string development,
Surveys for data collection, physical survey, social survey, economic survey, civic survey,
Town aesthetics, landscape architecture,
Rehabilitation of slum and urban renewal,
Every one in the world wants to live in a compact environment. like in olden days the peoples they were used telephone, telegram, etc. for communication. but in the current scenario every one have smart phones for better communication. Because smartphones are compact and convenient to them.This presentation about Compact City planning and also it dealt how various compact cities in the developed and developing countries manage themselves. This presentation just gives an outline of the compact city planning.
We find urban renewal projects to be both fascinating and inspirational. They showcase amazing creativity and reviltalise neglected neighbourhoods, underused waterfronts or even entire cities. Here’s a list of 20, about half of which are just getting started.
KATHMANDU IS CAPITAL OF NEPAL AND IT IS THE ONLY METROPOLITAN CITY OF THE COUNTRY. BEING A CAPITAL CITY, IT HAS A HIGH POPULATION AND MIGRATION HAS ADDED TO IT.
THE PRESENTATION SHOWS THE APATIAL GROWTH OF CITY OVER THE YEARS AND WHAT FACTORS HAVE ADDED TO ITS GROWTH.
The first large-scale elaboration of the City Beautiful occurred in Chicago at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition. The planning of the exposition was directed by architect Daniel Burnham, who hired architects from the eastern United States, as well as the sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens, to build large-scale Beaux-Arts monuments that were vaguely classical with uniform cornice height. The exposition displayed a model city of grand scale, known as the "White City", with modern transport systems and no poverty visible. The exposition is credited with resulting in the large-scale adoption of monumentalism for American architecture for the next 15 years. Richmond, Virginia's Monument Avenue is one expression of this initial phase.
Community Participation should be indispensible element in human settlements,especially in planning strategies and in formulation, implementation and management. It should influence all levels of Government in the decision making process to further the political, social and economic growth of Human settlements. This relates especially to low income and Cost Effective Housing projects denoting squatter settlement upgrading with site and service schemes.
In squatter settlement upgrading projects, the authorities regularize the illegal land tenure of squatters and provide basic infrastructure in the settlements. These interventions are expected to be sufficient incentives for the residents to start improving their houses. In sites-and-services schemes, the authorities provide serviced plots to the urban poor and expect them to produce their own houses, through individual or mutual self-help or the employment of small contractors. Participation assumes an activity in which the community takes part and the involvement of at least one other party, usually a government agency or a nongovernmental organization (NGO). Community participation is sometimes used to indicate community self reliance or self-help, i.e. an activity which is usually undertaken by a government agency, is undertaken by the community on its own (e.g. spontaneous housing).
The United Nations defined community development as "the processes by which the efforts of the people themselves are united with those of governmental authorities to improve the economic, social and cultural conditions of communities, to integrate these communities into the life of the nation and to enable them to contribute fully to national progress."
The enhancement of small historic centresVIVA_EAST
The enhancement of small historic centres: integration between urban and landscape quality
Authors: Authors: Francesco Selicato, Francesco Rotondo, Pierangela Loconte, Claudia Piscitelli
1. INTRODUCTIONThe rapid of economic growth in China, is a fou.docxambersalomon88660
1. INTRODUCTION
The rapid of economic growth in China, is a foundation of urban expansion, associated with the rise in migrants in urban areas. According to data from Statistics Bureau in China, the urban proportion of the total populations reached 45.7% in 2008 compared to 17.9% in 1978, and is expected to reach 50% by 2020. The presence of a large number of rural labor force in the city, tend to look for adequate and affordable housing, which generate a peculiar outcome in most Chinese cities, urban villages. Urban villages, or Chengzhongcun in Chinese, they mean that the villages in the middle of the city, interact as urban expansion surrounded them (Chung, 2009).
According to land management law in China, the ownership of urban land is state, and the ownership of rural land is collective-owned the village. Besides, land belonging to the rural collectives can only used to solely agricultural and not allowed to sell in the land market. The earliest urban village emerged in China is due to the 1978 Economic Reforms. In order to fulfill the investment and development, the government tends to expropriated farmland in rural villages for urban use because of the limit of capital and time-consuming. Therefore, the settlement villages are been survived while their surrounding environment dramatically development, graduate leading to the formation of urban villages (Hao, et al, 2011).
On the other hand, rural migrants have been flooding into cities because of the demand of cheap labour force in urban areas and the states started to relax restrictions on rural-urban migration after Reforms, which generate great pressure on demand of housing. Generally, China's rental market can be segmented into three kinds: government provided credit houses; commercial residential building in the three level market; and renting houses in “villages” (Hang and Iseman, 2009). However, the social housing for low-income households provided by government are excluded them because of the “Hukou” system, which is the household registration system to different urban and rural population. During the city transformation in China, the government ignored the two weakest groups: villagers who do not have lands and workers from village. It is undeniable that urban villages provide a positive environment for slowing down the unemployment problems of the villagers and the housing problems of the latter (Hao, 2012).
Meanwhile, due to the weak government jurisdiction in urban villages, landlords find out this is a new way to substantially maximize income by providing low-rent accommodation to rural migrants. In the process of farmland requisition, the state does not provide the landlords any employment opportunities after they losing their basis of livelihood, which causes them to have no competitive power in the labour market in the city. The huge profits from house renting business enable them to gain considerable revenue and make a new livelihood. In addiction, some of urban vi.
Socio economic-cultural aspects of urban realmMoksha Bhatia
Overview of cross cultural influences in city development, Contemporary culture - the metropolitan experience, Introduction to the exploration of the interface between the built environment & human behavior, Changing attitude towards urban space at global level & Special emphasis on urban space as contested domain – public private, Concept and production of everyday space
The article is a sociological study of the growth of the Chicago and describes about city`s processes of expansion, metabolism, and mobility.
Expansion as physical growth Expansion as a process Social organization and disorganization as the process of metabolism Mobility as the pulse of the community
SOCIAL SCIENCE SS ELECTIVE 6 Cities and SocietiesJollibethGante
PART II: GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON CITIES
Overview of Global Cities – Saskia Sassen
The Urban-Rural Interface and Migration – Alan Gilbert and Josef Gugler
Community, Ethnicity, and Urban Sociology – Jan Lin
The New Urban Reality – Roger Waldinger
The Return of the Sweatshop – Edna Bonacich and Richard P. Appelbaum
Survey on the Satisfaction of Residents in Creating a Civilized City in Beiji...ijtsrd
The implementation of the rural revitalization strategy not only aims to improve the level of living standards of rural residents, but also to continuously meet their growing spiritual needs. Based on this, this survey selected a town in Beijing as a research object, and conducted a survey on the creation of civilized urban areas from the perspective of residents in the town to understand residents awareness, participation, satisfaction, and the effectiveness and shortcomings of the creation process. Chengyao Yang | Yu Li | Jiazhou Huang "Survey on the Satisfaction of Residents in Creating a Civilized City in Beijing - Based on a Survey of a Town" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59867.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/59867/survey-on-the-satisfaction-of-residents-in-creating-a-civilized-city-in-beijing--based-on-a-survey-of-a-town/chengyao-yang
hello! find the details about composite climate and aurabindo ashramam here. If u want best architecture and interior services, click on https://jakkan.com/ and contact them. They give best services.
hi guys !! check the features and factors behind the development of noida. If u want best architecture and interior services, click on https://jakkan.com/ and contact them. They give best services.
hi guys!! check out the details about the tele communication and community services in urban infrastructure. If u want best architecture and interior services, click on https://jakkan.com/ and contact them. They give best services.
hi guys!! here you can check out importance and history of water conservation in india in this ppt . you can also check traditional water conservation methods which were practised in different parts of india . this ppt also presenting famous water conservationists and their works along with guidelines.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
1. Review on piper gaubatz’s paper “China’s Urban Transformation: Patterns and Processes of Morphological Change in Beijing,
Shanghai and Guangzhou”
1
REPORT ON URBAN TRANSFORMATION IN
BEIJING, SHANGHAI AND GUANGZHOU
COURTESY: “China’s Urban Transformation: Patterns and Processes of Morphological
Change in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou” paper BY PIPER GAUBATZ
Prepared by: Padamatikona Swapnika, Roll no:15371006
FOA, MIT, Manipal,Karnataka
email id: swapnikareddy15@gmail.com
2. Review on piper gaubatz’s paper “China’s Urban Transformation: Patterns and Processes of Morphological Change in Beijing,
Shanghai and Guangzhou”
2
Acknowledgement
I take this opportunity to greatly acknowledge the assistance and contribution of people who had faith
in belief of this undertaking, those who listened to my proposal in patience and stimulated the growth
of my project
I am greatful to dedicate this paper to the piper gaubatz who is the author of paper “China’s Urban
Transformation: Patterns and Processes of Morphological Change in Beijing, Shanghai and
Guangzhou”
I am grateful to our project co-orndinator prof.yogesh chandra and thanking him for helping me tame
my overactive imagination and providing a reality check to my project. The experience has been
interesting and rewarding one.
The encouragement of my family has been indispensable. I thank them for their moral, emotional and
financial support, for creating an environment in which following this path seemed so natural.
Padamatikona swapnika
Rollno: 153710006
3. Review on piper gaubatz’s paper “China’s Urban Transformation: Patterns and Processes of Morphological Change in Beijing,
Shanghai and Guangzhou”
3
Abstract
This paper looks at the urban transformation in china. it displays dynamism under market
transition and globalizing forces. This article provides an analysis of the patterns and
processes of change in urban form in contemporary Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou . this
paper will discuss how development happened in Chinese cities by the economic reform
process since 1979 . This whole paper revolved around three research questions. They are :
1. How did the china’s urban form and structure looked in pre and post mao period? 2. How
does urbanization experience differ across China’s regions, perhaps reshaping the country’s
urban system? 3. How has rapid urbanization played out spatially within cities?
This paper also focuses on patterns of land-use specialisation, circulation and building height,
and processes of planning, urban renewal and privatisation of the real estate market.
4. Review on piper gaubatz’s paper “China’s Urban Transformation: Patterns and Processes of Morphological Change in Beijing,
Shanghai and Guangzhou”
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS
1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................5
2. Background ...................................................................................................................................5
1.the pre city-1949:.............................................................................................................................5
2.The Maoist City – 1949-78:..............................................................................................................5
3. The Emerging Chinese City :............................................................................................................6
3.Pattern ................................................................................................................................................6
1.Land-use specialisation:...................................................................................................................6
2.Circulation........................................................................................................................................8
3.The changing skyline........................................................................................................................8
4.Process...............................................................................................................................................9
5.conclusion ........................................................................................................................................10
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 : location of Beijing, shanghai and Guangzhou (study areas).......................................5
Figure 2: location of primary, secondary commercial zones and development zones in Beijing...........6
Figure 3 : location of primary , secondary commercial zones and development zones at shanghai.....7
Figure 4 : location of primary , secondary commercial zones and development zones at
guanzhou...............................................................................................................................................7
Figure 5: comparison of industrial changes in the 1980s and 1990s...........................................7
Figure 6: number of high rised hotels and commercial structures in shanghai from 1980-90 .9
5. Review on piper gaubatz’s paper “China’s Urban Transformation: Patterns and Processes of Morphological Change in Beijing,
Shanghai and Guangzhou”
5
1. Introduction
The urban and economic development is not only transforming the structure of china but also
changed economic, social and political conditions. These urban development also changed the
lifestyle of people and increased investments in infrastructure and development projects. Author
surveyed the morphological changes of Beijing, shanghai and Guangzhou in china (figure 1) for
14 months during 1992- 1995 . author’s research was focused on the changes happened in
patterns of landuse, circulation , FAR, planning, finance and development of urban areas from
1949
Figure 1 : location of Beijing, shanghai and Guangzhou (study areas)
Before 20th century china cities were having walled settlements with old architectural style.
Changes in national economy and urban life actually started from 1949 due to the maoist’s
influence. Economic reforms were started in late 1970 which leads to the development in real
estate and foreign investments. Due to the increase of investments in real estate changes
happened in urban form, urban function and lives at every level. We can see this transformation in
the form of changes happened in city skylines and urban districts
2. Background
20th century China has three types of cities. They are:
1. Traditional city that had evolved more than three millennia
2. Socialist city that was created during maoist period
3. Contemporary city that is emerging in the current reform era
1.the pre city-1949:
The fundamental character of the spatial organisation of traditional Chinese cities was the functional
differentiation and specialisation of neighbourhoods based on clan or place of origin relationships
between residents and/or occupational specialisations. The FAR in these cities were low with crenellatd
walls which was built with rammed earth, brick and wood
2.The Maoist City – 1949-78:
Due to the revolution in 1949, population in urban areas increased which leads to slums and inadequate
streets . By the mid of 20th century, poverty was increased in cities and these cities couldn’t serve the
needs for the residents. So urban planners set the goal to create decentralised and self sufficient urban
form. These cities started becoming production centres and more stress was placed on city urban form
due to the rapid industrialisation . job opportunities were created and housing, service sector started
emerging around the economic activities. People started living in small communities in their respective
sectors and each sector are having their oqn workunits, houses, services within the compound wall.
Cities during this maoist period thought that most urban residents would rarely have any need to travel
beyond the walls of their work-and living unit. Wide monumental streets were running between high
compound walls to connect different communities sectors
6. Review on piper gaubatz’s paper “China’s Urban Transformation: Patterns and Processes of Morphological Change in Beijing,
Shanghai and Guangzhou”
6
3. The Emerging Chinese City :
Due to the changes in social organisations in the past 20 years, rapid development of cities were taken
place. The establishment of alternative forms of housing tenure, profit making enterprises and industrial
growth based in development zones, as well as increased foreign investment and joint ventures, `high-
tech’ industries, labour markets and regional, national and international tourism have contributed to
increasing district specialisation. Migration, family structure are also effecting urban form.. all these
aspects lead to the new morphology in Chinese urban structure
3.Pattern
The changes in pattern are described in three aspects. They are
1. Land-use specialisation
2. Circulation
3. Building height
1.Land-use specialisation:
Land use and urban life differs city to city. Table 1 tells that Beijing people are enjoying more housing
and living where as industrial areas are dominating more in shanghai and guanghou is balancing both
. Though three cities have same policies now, these differences were happened due to the policies
which were happened earlier.
Commercial enterprises also changes the form of the cities. Through the Maoist period, one of the
primary goals of urban planning in China was to achieve the transition from the `consumer cities’ of
capitalism to the `producer cities’ of socialism. So urban planners began to promote the expansion of
territory sector which leads to increase in industrial areas
new commercial areas started forming in cities. In Beijing, three large commercial areas formed
commercial district. figure 2 tells that Primary commercial centres at centre of city and Secondary
centers through out the cities were started. Development zones were started at outskirts of city
Figure 2: location of primary, secondary commercial zones and development zones in Beijing
7. Review on piper gaubatz’s paper “China’s Urban Transformation: Patterns and Processes of Morphological Change in Beijing,
Shanghai and Guangzhou”
7
figure 3 tells that Primary commercial centres were started at the main road of the city where as
Secondary centers were scattered through out the cities. Development zones were started at outskirts
of city in shanghai
figure 4 tells that Primary commercial centres were started at the main nodes of the city where as
Secondary centers were scattered through out the cities. Development zones were started at outskirts
of city in guanzhou
Figure 4 : location of primary , secondary commercial zones and development zones at guanzhou
Due to having decongesion inside the cities, industries have been moved to outskirts of the cities in
post mao period. Table 2 and table 3 clearly tells that industries at the outskirts/ suburbs of the city
has been increased from 1985 to 1992.
Figure 5: comparison of industrial changes in the 1980s and 1990s
Figure 3 : location of primary , secondary commercial zones and development zones at shanghai
8. Review on piper gaubatz’s paper “China’s Urban Transformation: Patterns and Processes of Morphological Change in Beijing,
Shanghai and Guangzhou”
8
Many housing districts have been formed due to the creation of industrial districts In all cities.
When comes to housing sectors in development zones, mid- and high-rise, high-density developments
and low-density `villa’ developments have been observed in outskirts. A third type of housing being
developed in some areas on the urban fringe is rebuilt farm houses constructed by newly wealthy
market farmers, but this is a fairly small share of the total new housing construction.
Villa developments proliferated rapidly in the 1990s in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. These
developments share common features in all three cities: they are up-scale (many include servants’
quarters and multi-vehicle garages), inconvenient to public transport and fortressed behind gates and
walls.
In Beijing, the villas tend to be located outside the Third Ring Road on the north, north-east and eastern
sides of the city. In Shanghai, new villas developed on the northwestern and western sides of the city.
2.Circulation
Changes in economic, social and cultural activities will also have impact on transportation. Houses are
separated from work units which is making people to travel for long distances. These increased the
number of motor cycles and bicycles in the cities in 20th century. inorder to reduce traffic, All three cities
are actively engaged in planning and development for wider, grade-separated, highvolume highways
and more efficient modes of public transit such as subways and lightrail systems. The completion of
these capital intensive infrastructure projects lags far behind the rate of increase in demand for transport
services
Beijing has by far the most well-developed public transit system, with a high proportion of wide roads,
two subway lines long in operation and a variety of for-hire transport options ranging from 15 passenger
jitneys to miniature 3-passenger taxis. Shanghai is rapidly developing its transport systems, with
subway lines opened as of 1994 and major projects to introduce grade-separated, high-volume
highways and new bridges across the Huangpu River. Guangzhou also has a wider range of public and
private transport services than the other cities, including choices of air conditioned or non-air
conditioned buses, express services, jitneys, taxis of all sizes and even motor cycle passenger
transport.
the good thing about this cities in transportation is most of the people are using two wheelers than 4
wheelers which Is decreasing traffic on roads. Table 5 shows that number of people using two wheelers
are more than the number of people using four wheelers in three cities
3.The changing skyline
China cities had the low-rise profile buildings except the temple pagodas before 1949. The low
structures started heightened from 1949. Most Chinese structures were less than three story buildings
till 1960. New concrete and concrete-block structures with simple rectangular shapes started
constructing more than 4 stories height after 1960. While the American public celebrated the erection
of the 110 storeys of Chicago’ s Sears Tower in 1973, Beijing residents looked out upon mile after mile
of uniform structures. The main reason in changing urban form is vertical expansion of cities. By the
1990s, building height became a key marker of identity, success and competition in the built urban
environment.
The construction of large numbers of highrise buildings in the 1980s and 1990s, particularly in
commercial sector, has come to symbolise the transformation of China’ s cities.
Shanghai has the highest profile of the three cities. New high-rise construction is now dramatically
heightening Shanghai’ s skyline, particularly in the central districts within the Ring Road. Figure 6 shows
that number of high rised buildings are increasing since 1985. As the picture demonstrate, there was a
marked acceleration of high-rise construction in the late 1980s. This `boom’ continues to the present.
9. Review on piper gaubatz’s paper “China’s Urban Transformation: Patterns and Processes of Morphological Change in Beijing,
Shanghai and Guangzhou”
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Figure 6: number of high rised hotels and commercial structures in shanghai from 1980-90
4.Process
This article describes three of the many processes which are contributing to changes in the planning
of Chinese cities. They are
1. Urban planning
2. Urban renewal
3. privatisation of the housing and real estate
1.urban planning:
Urban planning has undergone many changes in China since 1949, from the Soviet influenced
industrialisation drive of the late 1950s to the most recent emphasis on attracting capitalist investment
in the 1990s. many plans with different approaches have been created to reach estimated GDP of the
nation. In Guangzhou in the 5-year period between 1954 and 1958, during a period of significant Soviet
influence, 10 comprehensive plans were produced. By 1961, a major change in thinking led to the 11th
plan, which called for a major reduction in the scale of the city. Planning ceased entirely during the
Cultural Revolution and was resumed only in 1977 with the re-establishment of the Guangzhou City
Planning Bureau.
Post 1978 is the reform era. Here decentralisation in power happened which leads the transforming the
powers from central government to municipalities. Due to this, more local people have involved in urban
planning process which strengthened the plans.
Commercial districts also got promoted well and expanded. Many public spaces have been created in
post mao era. Plans were opened to public and government started taking suggestions from people.
As for the comprehensive nature of the plans, they typically include planning for overall land use; the
character of specific districts; infrastructural systems including roads and transport, water and
sewerage, electricity, gas and telecommunications; housing; recreation and green areas; environmental
protection; historic preservation; tourism; industrial location; educational, health and other social service
facilities; commercial centres; and development zones
Though china has zoning regulations, height restrictions and controlled development to promote a vision
for the character of the city , we can observe disjunction between the plan and the built form of the city
due to the politics and other reasons
2. urban renewal:
The second major planning process affecting china cities is urban renewal. The revitalisation and
reconstruction of urban districts has been an important planning strategy during several phases of
China’ s post-1949 history. Most notably is the two phases. They are : 1. in the late 1950s and early
1960s and 2. in the 1980s and 1990s.
The first phase of renewal, in the 1950s and 1960s, was largely aimed at providing shelter for hundreds
of thousands of homeless or poorly housed Chinese urban residents. The main strategy of this early
10. Review on piper gaubatz’s paper “China’s Urban Transformation: Patterns and Processes of Morphological Change in Beijing,
Shanghai and Guangzhou”
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`redevelopment’ was the conversion of single-family homes and non-residential structures, such as
temples, into multi-family housing. This redevelopment helped many homeless people to have homes
for them.
Chinese inner city started congested during 1980-1990. Many renewal projects have been undertaken
in old settlements. Redevelopment programmes proceed at three different scales: the dismantling and
reconstruction of individual sites, the renewal of areas that line stretches of major thoroughfares and
the dismantling and reconstruction of entire blocks
Due to high land and rent prices, many people moved to periphery of the cities. So government started
redeveloping old structures into commercial buildings inside the cities
Many issues happened during urban renewal process. Conservationists stopped in destroying the old
buildings. Many Fights happened between conservationists and government. So finally now
government developed three motivations or goals in the renewal process. They are:
(1) to preserve and protect traditional forms of housing, commerce and culture;
(2) to provide a higher standard of living for the city’ s residents; and
(3) to increase the profit-generating potential of central city neighbourhoods.
3.privitisation and investments:
The third major planning process affecting china cities is privatisation of housing and real estate
markets, which has contributed both to the changing locus of housing within the city and changing
patterns of foreign and domestic investment in urban development. Due to private investments,
public purpose projected have reduced. Due to long-term lease system, residential lands have been
converted to commercial lands which has a great impact on housing sector. Private people developed
large plots and built heavy structures in it. This make people to move to suburban areas due to hike in
land or rental values.
To privatize state-owned enterprises, an alternative housing system introduced. This happened with
housing reforms that formally started in the mid-1980s. Importantly, in 1988, the Constitution was
amended to allow for land transactions. This change set the stage for the privatization of housing in
China. A more comprehensive strategy was mapped out in 1994, which included rent reform, sales of
public housing, and provisions of affordable housing and property rights. Then, in 1998, a national law
defined the concepts of “economically affordable houses” and “commodity houses.” Local governments
determine prices of economically affordable houses before these projects commence. Such residences
are usually sold for 3% to 5% above total costs and targeted at families with low and medium incomes.
Commodity houses are purchased and/or rented at prices determined by the market. These actions
provided for growth in the privatization of housing. the commodity housing sold has in most cases been
purchased by work units which then lease the apartments to their employees at subsidised rates
5.conclusion
1. Urbanization driven by
a. Primarily migration
b. In-situ urbanization
2. No longer the egalitarian, low-profile, and walking-scale socialist city
3. Linkage between work and residence has all but disappeared
a. End of cellular-type of housing built around work units
4. Unprecedented residential mobility
a. Rising role of real estate development
b. end of work-unit compound
5. urban fringes are merging into cities due to city expansion