This document provides an overview of urban planning and community architecture during the Renaissance period. It discusses factors that shaped cities such as modernization of warfare, colonial expansion, and dangers of rapid urbanization. Specific examples of urban planning from Italy, Spain, and France are presented, including Piazza del Popolo in Rome, the planned towns of Palmanova and Sabionetta in Italy, and Place des Vosges in Paris. The document also covers influences on Renaissance architecture like increased prosperity, the Silk Road, the weakness of the Church, and the rise of the middle class. Gardens, villas, and other architectural features from the Renaissance era are described.
HERITAGE- It is not only about built heritage but includes certain distinctive open areas, neighborhoods, and environs
which are of historical, aesthetic,
cultural or sociological interest and
value which we would like to preserve
for the posterity as they enrich our
history and traditions.Heritage characteristics to be
preserved or conserved are
identified as elevational features,
floor heights, cornices, special
carvings designs, motifs,
architectural style, roof-scape
etc.
Conserving and preserving the
Heritage of our historical possession
in its pristine and original form, so
that it continues to portray its original
beauty, distinctive character, unique
style or use or association with a
distinctive historical personality or
event
1.2 town planning greek and roman cultureSachin PatiL
Necessity scope principles of Town Planning,
Present status of town planning in India,
Contribution of town planners in modern era,
Sir Patrick Geddes,
Sir Ebenezer Howard,
Clarence stein,
Sir Patrick Abercrombie,
Le Corbusier,
HERITAGE- It is not only about built heritage but includes certain distinctive open areas, neighborhoods, and environs
which are of historical, aesthetic,
cultural or sociological interest and
value which we would like to preserve
for the posterity as they enrich our
history and traditions.Heritage characteristics to be
preserved or conserved are
identified as elevational features,
floor heights, cornices, special
carvings designs, motifs,
architectural style, roof-scape
etc.
Conserving and preserving the
Heritage of our historical possession
in its pristine and original form, so
that it continues to portray its original
beauty, distinctive character, unique
style or use or association with a
distinctive historical personality or
event
1.2 town planning greek and roman cultureSachin PatiL
Necessity scope principles of Town Planning,
Present status of town planning in India,
Contribution of town planners in modern era,
Sir Patrick Geddes,
Sir Ebenezer Howard,
Clarence stein,
Sir Patrick Abercrombie,
Le Corbusier,
This presentation is about urban squares in cities and towns. They acts as gathering and interaction spaces for public. They are also called as civic center, city square, urban square, market square, public square, piazza, plaza.
It is an assignment on urban design basic factors, whereas a designer should keep in mind in urban designing.
Here I tried to describe factors by pointing as anyone could find a basic concept o urban design. Hope it'll be helpful.
This presentation is about urban squares in cities and towns. They acts as gathering and interaction spaces for public. They are also called as civic center, city square, urban square, market square, public square, piazza, plaza.
It is an assignment on urban design basic factors, whereas a designer should keep in mind in urban designing.
Here I tried to describe factors by pointing as anyone could find a basic concept o urban design. Hope it'll be helpful.
Impact of renaissance & industrial revolution on city forms & Concepts of utopiaAnoushka Tyagi
The presentation contains principles, and the impacts on city forms with respect to different movements- like the Park movement, linear city concept, Settlement house movement, city beautiful, and the garden city movement.
Renaissance
“ Rebirth”
Revival of artistic achievements based on classical world.
‘Rebirth’ of classical Greek and Roman. The movement started in Italy.
During this era, people began to research the culture of the antique world.
The period was triggered by the increasing sophistication of the society, where economic growth, educational pursuits and political stability were key factors.
The limits of renaissance architecture was pushed by wealthy patrons such as Medic family of Florence, Pope Leo X and Pope Julius II
Characteristics
Building was looked upon as works of art. It followed traditions of middle ages that did not separate the structure from the decoration.
In situ construction hence harmony was given between the jointing and the architectural features.
Standardization of classic roman orders- Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian & Composite and its reintroduction both structurally and decoratively.
An art of free expression : Architecture became to a great extent a personal art due to the fancy of individual architects, many of whom founded schools of design.
A building was regarded rather as a picture with pleasing combinations of lines and masses
Symmetry and proportion
Appearance of building less in size than in reality due to the largeness and fewness of the parts used.
Towers used sparsely, if used occur symmetrically located.
Interiors planed on roman principles.
Ashlar masonry construction
Materials are large, and carry out the Classic idea of fewness of parts .
Gable end , formed as pediments either pitched or semicircular
Vaults are of simple Roman form
The Classic columns and orders were revived and used decoratively .
The principal cornice plays an important part in the style.
Mouldings produced an effect of horizontality.
Stained glass was little used
Sgraffito – coloured plaster was applied.
Efficiency in the crafts.
Italian Renaissance - Palazzo Ricardi, St. Peters Basilica, Rome, Villa Capra, Vicenza
⦁ Italian Renaissance is divided into three periods
Early Renaissance (Early 15th century)
Includes the works of Brunelleschi & Michelozzo. The concepts of architectural orders were explored, rules were formulated & classical detail & ornamentation was adopted. Space was organized by proportional logic & its form was subject to geometry. Ex. Basilica Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence by Brunelleschi.
II. High Renaissance (Late 15th to Early 16th century)
Renaissance became an individual style in its own right
Purist or Palladian, where Roman tradition was held in high respect (represented by Andrea Palladio)
Proto-Baroque, where there was more confidence in using the acquired vocabulary freely (represented by Michelangelo)
Mannerist, where practices which had no Roman precedent were interspersed with the usual buildings. Eg: Bramante
III. Baroque Period (17th century)
Architects worked with freedom and firmly-acquired knowledge.
University of California Press and Society of Architectural H.docxgertrudebellgrove
University of California Press and Society of Architectural Historians are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve
and extend access to Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians.
http://www.jstor.org
Space and Movement in High Baroque City Planning
Author(s): Paul Zucker
Source: Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Mar., 1955), pp. 8-13
Published by: on behalf of the University of California Press Society of Architectural
Historians
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/987716
Accessed: 15-06-2015 20:07 UTC
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info/about/policies/terms.jsp
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content
in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.
For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
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SPACE AND MOVEMENT IN
HIGH BAROQUE CITY PLANNING
PAUL ZUCKER
DRAMATIZATION and the suggestion of movement have been
generally accepted as characteristics of the Baroque style
since the publication of Heinrich W6lfflin's Renaissance
and Baroque half a century ago. Numerous authors have
developed this concept further and applied it to painting,
sculpture, and architecture as against the more static con-
cinnitas of the Renaissance.
The space concept of Baroque city planning as it appears
in the shape of Baroque squares, for example, may be com-
pared but not identified with the concept of space in a
painting by Rubens, in a sculpture group by Bernini, or
in the interior of a Baroque church.
The specific spatial elements which characterize Baroque
city planning have hardly been analyzed. Some authors 1
have touched these problems, but even Lavedan in his
comprehensive History of City Planning is as little inter-
ested in them as were Sitte and Unwin.2 This lack of inter-
est might be explained by the impress left by the great
French classicist tradition of the places royales as the
epitome of city planning all over Europe in the 17th and
18th centuries. Hence the other expression of the Baroque
style, the Berninesque trend, receded in the writers' con-
ception of the 17th and 18th centuries.
The meaning of the term Baroque is twofold. H ...
University of California Press and Society of Architectural Htroutmanboris
University of California Press and Society of Architectural Historians are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve
and extend access to Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians.
http://www.jstor.org
Space and Movement in High Baroque City Planning
Author(s): Paul Zucker
Source: Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Mar., 1955), pp. 8-13
Published by: on behalf of the University of California Press Society of Architectural
Historians
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/987716
Accessed: 15-06-2015 20:07 UTC
Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/
info/about/policies/terms.jsp
JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content
in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.
For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]
This content downloaded from 204.168.144.64 on Mon, 15 Jun 2015 20:07:16 UTC
All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions
http://www.jstor.org
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucal
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=sah
http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=sah
http://www.jstor.org/stable/987716
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
SPACE AND MOVEMENT IN
HIGH BAROQUE CITY PLANNING
PAUL ZUCKER
DRAMATIZATION and the suggestion of movement have been
generally accepted as characteristics of the Baroque style
since the publication of Heinrich W6lfflin's Renaissance
and Baroque half a century ago. Numerous authors have
developed this concept further and applied it to painting,
sculpture, and architecture as against the more static con-
cinnitas of the Renaissance.
The space concept of Baroque city planning as it appears
in the shape of Baroque squares, for example, may be com-
pared but not identified with the concept of space in a
painting by Rubens, in a sculpture group by Bernini, or
in the interior of a Baroque church.
The specific spatial elements which characterize Baroque
city planning have hardly been analyzed. Some authors 1
have touched these problems, but even Lavedan in his
comprehensive History of City Planning is as little inter-
ested in them as were Sitte and Unwin.2 This lack of inter-
est might be explained by the impress left by the great
French classicist tradition of the places royales as the
epitome of city planning all over Europe in the 17th and
18th centuries. Hence the other expression of the Baroque
style, the Berninesque trend, receded in the writers' con-
ception of the 17th and 18th centuries.
The meaning of the term Baroque is twofold. H ...
This presentation is done by Joachim Limos as one of his projects on ITALIAN REGIONS in his Italian 11 class (AY 2013-2014) at the University of the Philippines under Prof. Emanuela Adesini.
Can AI do good? at 'offtheCanvas' India HCI preludeAlan Dix
Invited talk at 'offtheCanvas' IndiaHCI prelude, 29th June 2024.
https://www.alandix.com/academic/talks/offtheCanvas-IndiaHCI2024/
The world is being changed fundamentally by AI and we are constantly faced with newspaper headlines about its harmful effects. However, there is also the potential to both ameliorate theses harms and use the new abilities of AI to transform society for the good. Can you make the difference?
White wonder, Work developed by Eva TschoppMansi Shah
White Wonder by Eva Tschopp
A tale about our culture around the use of fertilizers and pesticides visiting small farms around Ahmedabad in Matar and Shilaj.
Book Formatting: Quality Control Checks for DesignersConfidence Ago
This presentation was made to help designers who work in publishing houses or format books for printing ensure quality.
Quality control is vital to every industry. This is why every department in a company need create a method they use in ensuring quality. This, perhaps, will not only improve the quality of products and bring errors to the barest minimum, but take it to a near perfect finish.
It is beyond a moot point that a good book will somewhat be judged by its cover, but the content of the book remains king. No matter how beautiful the cover, if the quality of writing or presentation is off, that will be a reason for readers not to come back to the book or recommend it.
So, this presentation points designers to some important things that may be missed by an editor that they could eventually discover and call the attention of the editor.
Transforming Brand Perception and Boosting Profitabilityaaryangarg12
In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
Top 5 Indian Style Modular Kitchen DesignsFinzo Kitchens
Get the perfect modular kitchen in Gurgaon at Finzo! We offer high-quality, custom-designed kitchens at the best prices. Wardrobes and home & office furniture are also available. Free consultation! Best Quality Luxury Modular kitchen in Gurgaon available at best price. All types of Modular Kitchens are available U Shaped Modular kitchens, L Shaped Modular Kitchen, G Shaped Modular Kitchens, Inline Modular Kitchens and Italian Modular Kitchen.
Between Filth and Fortune- Urban Cattle Foraging Realities by Devi S Nair, An...Mansi Shah
This study examines cattle rearing in urban and rural settings, focusing on milk production and consumption. By exploring a case in Ahmedabad, it highlights the challenges and processes in dairy farming across different environments, emphasising the need for sustainable practices and the essential role of milk in daily consumption.
Between Filth and Fortune- Urban Cattle Foraging Realities by Devi S Nair, An...
Urban Planning during Renaissance Period
1. PL 413Ar:
FUNDAMENTALS OF URBAN DESIGN
& COMMUNITY ARCHITECTURE
URBAN PLANNING
DURING
RENAISSANCE
prepared by:
ARCEO, Joshua
CORTEZ, Jaimayma
ESTROPIA, Virginia
RECTO, Sofia
VALDEZ, Mary Rose
BSAR-4C
OCTOBER 04, 2016
presented to:
AR. JOSE FRANCISCO ANIAG
SUBJECT INSTRUCTOR
8. FACTORS SHAPING
CITIES
Modernization of warfare and the rise of the
nation-state
- - -
Colonial exploration, exploitation, and
expanding networks of trade
- - -
Dangers of rapid urbanization
- - -
Political and geographical divisions within
Christianity
10. INCREASED PROSPERITY
INCREASING WEALTH PROVIDED THE FINANCIAL
SUPPORT FOR A GROWING NUMBER OF COMMISSIONS OF
LARGE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ART PROJECTS, WHILE THE
TRADE ROUTES UPON WHICH IT WAS BASED ASSISTED
THE SPREAD OF IDEAS AND THUS CONTRIBUTED TO THE
GROWTH OF THE MOVEMENT ACROSS THE CONTINENT.
11. SILK ROAD- THE SILK ROAD WAS AN ANCIENT TRADING
ROUTE THAT EXTENDED BETWEEN CHINA AND THE
MEDITERRANEAN. MANY ITEMS PAST THROUGH EVERYDAY
LIKE FOODS LIKE SPICES, CLOTHING LIKE SILK, AND OTHER
GOODS LIKE PAPER AND GUN POWDER. THIS MADE IT EASIER
FOR COUNTRIES TO TRADE AND SEND LETTERS, IT ALSO
MADE MANY COUNTRIES GREAT SUPERIORITY OVER OTHER
COUNTRIES.
12. WEAKNESS OF THE CHURCH
ST PETER'S BASILICA, ROME,
SHOWING
MADERNO'S FACADE AND THE
ADAPTED
DOME, ORIGINALLY DESIGNED BY
MICHELANGELO. RENAISSANCE
STYLE.
THE WEAK POSITION OF THE CHURCH GAVE
ADDED MOMENTUM TO THE RENAISSANCE. IT
PROMPTED LATER POPES TO SPEND
EXTRAVAGANTLY ON ARCHITECTURE, SCULPTURE
AND PAINTING IN ROME AND IN THE VATICAN IN
ORDER TO RECAPTURE THEIR LOST INFLUENCE.
13. THE RISE OF A MIDDLE CLASS IN EUROPE
WHAT ALLOWED THE SPREAD OF THESE
CLASSICAL IDEAS WAS THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE
CLASS. THEY BEGIN TO FOCUS MORE ON SELF-
IMPROVEMENT, THE WORLD, AND EDUCATION.
14. IT REFORMED EDUCATION.
THE HUMANISTIC REVIVAL REVOLUTIONIZED EDUCATION. THE
SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES DID NOT ESCAPE THE
INFLUENCES OF THIS HUMANISTIC REVIVAL. LIBRARIES WERE
FOUNDED WHERE THE NEW TREASURES MIGHT BE SAFELY
STORED AND MADE ACCESSIBLE TO SCHOLARS. IN THIS
MOVEMENT SOME OF THE LARGEST LIBRARIES OF ITALY HAD
THEIR BEGINNINGS.
THE VESTIBULE OF THE LAURENTIAN LIBRARY
15. DEVELOPMENT OF THE RENAISSANCE
WARFARE BETWEEN THE
STATES WAS COMMON,
INVASION FROM
OUTSIDE ITALY
CONFINED TO
INTERMITTENT SORTIES
OF HOLY ROMAN
EMPERORS.
RENAISSANCE POLITICS
DEVELOPED FROM THIS
BACKGROUND.
16. EKISTICS
M A N
Continuing demand for monumental
religious arts; architects designed secular
structures
17. EKISTICS
S O C I A L
Italian Renaissance social hierarchy. Spanish Renaissance social hierarchy.
Rome-modelled hierarchical settlements, Catholic
Church administrative control, and secular
merchant towns
18. EKISTICS
N E T W O R K
Utilitarian gardening passed by Roman Empire to
Renaissance era.
1583 European Empires global map.
Water utilities passed down from Roman Empire
& expanded network by maritime trade.
19. EKISTICS
N E T W O R K
“Primary straight street" was the basis of
Renaissance urbanism, and that new, direct
routes to facilitate carriage travel were laid.
---
Influence: traffic
20. EKISTICS
N E T W O R K :
C L A S S I F I C A T I O N O F U R B A N
S P A C E S
• TRAFFIC SPACE
• RESIDENTIAL SPACE
• PEDESTRIAN SPACE
21. EKISTICS
N AT U R E
Fig. 3: Crowded Milan, Italy during renaissance.
Elaborate system of
landscape design
which tie the city
together (France,
1630).
22. • ARCHITECTURE PARKS AND
GARDENS
- Tie the city together
- Connecting the palace and the town
• VILLAS AND GARDEN
- Rural counterpart
• PALACE AND PLAZA ITALY
- Gardens are never too large
- Built as terraces because of hilly land
DURING RENAISSANCE
23. RENAISSANCE PRIVATE GARDENS
• full of scenes from ancient
mythology
• The first public gardens were
built by the Spanish Crown in
the 16th century
Renaissance
Private Gardens
24. TERRACED GARDEN
• Bestmodelof gardeningin limited
space
• Showofauthority, wealth,andpower.
• Larger,granderand more symmetrical
• Fordelightof visitors
Terraced Garden
26. GARDEN FEATURES
• Allée
• Axis
• Canal
• Cul de sac
• Fountains
• Grottos
• Orangerie
• Parterre de broderie
• Topiary
Garden Features
27. ALLÉE
• straight path or
road with a line
of trees or
large shrubs runn
ing along each
side
• venir ("to come")
/ arrival at
landscape
28. BOSQUET
• A bosquet (french, from italian bosco, "grove,
wood")
• formal plantation of trees, at least five of
identical species planted as a quincunx, or set
in strict regularity as to rank and file, so that
the trunks line up as one passes along either
face.
29. Bosquet in the gardens of Schönbrunn palace in
Vienna. It is shaped like a fan.
30. PARTERRE DE
BRODERIE
• formal garden constructed on a level
surface
• Edged in stone planting beds, no flowers
• symmetrical patterns, separated and
connected by gravel pathways.
31. The left hand side of the completely symmetrical
parterre at Waddesdon Manor, England
32. TOPIARY
• Practice of training live perennial
plants by clipping
the foliage and twigs of trees, sh
rubs and sub shrubs to develop
and maintain clearly defined
shapes, whether geometric or
fanciful.
33. THE PLANTS USED IN
TOPIARY
• evergreen
• mostly woody
• small leaves
• produce dense
foliage
• compact and/or
columnar growth
habits.
34. VILLA MEDICI, FIESOLE,
FLORENCE
• oldest existing Italian
Renaissance garden
• Circa 1455 and 1461
• Giovanni de' Medici
(1421–1463)
35. THE PALAZZO PICCOLOMINI
AT PIENZA, TUSCANY (1459)
• Pope Enea Silvio
Piccolomini (1458-
1464) / Pope Pius
II.
36. EKISTICS
S H E L L
Fig. 3: Crowded Milan, Italy during renaissance. Fig. 4: Great fire of London September 1666.
Rapid urbanization of European society created
fire and plague vulnerable dense city.
37. EKISTICS
S H E L L :
D E V E L O P M E N T A N D
O V E R C R O W D I N G
• NO SANITATION
• FIRE HAZARD BUILDING
MATERIALS
• CONGESTED SETTLEMENTS
SURROUNDING THE CITY
52. ADDIZIONE ERCULEA
OVERALL SCHEME
THAT GAVE
PRECEDENCE TO THE
HARMONIOUS
LAYOUT OF URBAN
PERSPECTIVES,
RATHER THAN
ACCENTUATING THE
BEAUTY OF
INDIVIDUAL
BUILDINGS.
Ferrara City
53. DE RE AEDIFICATORIA Leon Batista
Alberti,
foremost
theortitician
of his time
De Re
Aedificatoria
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets
Wide Streets,
underground waterways
on two levels:
Upper: foot traffic (Gentlemen)
Bottom: carts and animals (commercial)
carried garbage away and there was even a paddlewheel system that would clean the streets