The document discusses urbanization in the context of Nepal. It defines urbanization and traces its history in Nepal. Some key points made include: - Urbanization in Nepal is defined as the transformation of rural areas into urban form through connections to transportation and growth. - The benefits of urbanization include access to amenities, economic growth, and better living conditions. - Urbanization is happening rapidly in Nepal and is an important part of the country's economic and social changes. However, rapid urbanization also faces challenges like unemployment, poverty, and environmental impacts. - Improving urban governance, legal frameworks, and long-term planning will help ensure urbanization in Nepal is sustainable and beneficial.

1. Urbanization in
context of Nepal
By: Amit Pokharel
Civil Engineer
Postgraduate student of Urban design
and Conservation
Khwopa Engineering College
Libali, Bhaktapur
Nepal
Statuary Publication: This document is the sole publication of the
Author. Any misuse and the mis-interpretation of this document by
anyone, author does not take the responsibility for the same.

2. Urbanization defination
An increase in a population in cities and towns versus rural areas.
Urbanization began during the industrial revolution,
when workers moved towards manufacturing hubs in cities
to obtain jobs in factories as agricultural jobs became few in
common.
Urbanization is not merely a modern phenomenon, but a rapid and
historic transformation of human social roots on a global scale,
whereby predominantly rural culture is being replaced by urban
culture.
Urbanization can describe a specific condition at a set time, i.e.
the proportion of total population or area in cities or towns, or
the term can describe the increase of this proportion over
time.

3. Urbanization
• Urbanization in context of Nepal is defined as
the: change in urban growth and cities form.
• The transformation of rural area (or
hinterland or fringes) into urban form which
links with transportation to grow into cities.
• Urban growth: economy and population density

4. A city scape of Kathmandu

5. Benefits of Urbanization
• Supply of basic amenities and facilities
• Improvement in the economy
• Better living conditions
• Convenience and access to educational,
health, services and jobs
• Social integration/diversity
• Political concentration focussed in case
of Nepal

6. Urbanization in Nepal
• Nepal’s urban areas have the potential to drive economic
growth to the benefit of the entire country. From the
ancient hill towns in the west to the compact historic city
cores of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal’s urban settlements
are rich in cultural heritage and located amid unparalleled
natural beauty.
• The intangible heritage that flourishes in the cities – art,
music, dance and elaborate public celebrations and
religious observances – add vitality and meaning to the
built heritage and urban fabric. The conservation of this
unique heritage, both tangible and intangible, can be a
catalyst for urban revitalization by preserving city
livability, and creating a wide range of income-earning
opportunities.

7. As Nepal’s most important heritage destination and
main gateway to the country, the Kathmandu Valley has
the potential to become a world-class tourism
destination.
Cities, in particular those in the valley, are important
centers for developing and promoting Nepal’s
handicrafts, because they are the places where many
artisans create and produce and the natural locations
of wholesalers and retailers.

8. Trend of Urbanization in Nepal
• Urbanization is an essential part of economic growth,
social and political change, technical and scientific
advances and progress in various areas. Urbanized
settlement or the cities are probably the most
complex settlements evolved from primitive villages
to towns, then to the cities.
• The origin of urban settlements in Nepal is obscure. Very
little is known about urban living in Nepal during the
period of Kirants.The historical evidences on the
existence of towns in the Kathmandu valley are found only
for the Lichhavis period (100 BC to 1000 AD). By the
eleventh century, three principle settlements in the
Kathmandu valley had already started to be referred to
as capital towns.

9. • After 1769, Kathmandu became the capital of unified Nepal as
well as the seat of political, economic and social power. Outside
the Kathmandu valley, many new settlements were developed.
The spread of Newar traders and small manufactures from
Kathmandu during the later half of the nineteenth century
further contributed to the physical and economic growth of a
number of settlements in the hills.
• Political, demographic and climatic reasons discouraged the
growth of large permanent settlements in Terai until 1920. The
trade treaty of 1923 between Nepal and British-India has made
positive impact on the growth of urban centers in Terai. The
industrial development that took place in Terai during 1930s
further enhanced the importance of southern towns.

10. The political change of 1951 had significant impact on the urban
growth in Nepal. The country was opened to the outside world,
transplantation of new ideas, and country’s development plans
were commenced. The country was divided into development
regions. The development activities, most of which through
foreign assistance, resulted the dramatic change in the growth
of towns and urban centers in Nepal.
The initiation of malaria eradication programme and the
resettlement programme in the late 1950s created the frame
work for a long-scale migration of hill people to the Terai. Hill-
Terai migration due to rich agricultural base in the Terai,
increase in the volume of trade with India, expansion of the
state bureaucracy, and the creation of physical infrastructure
contributed to the urban growth and urbanization in Terai after
1951.

11. • In Nepal, migration and urbanization tend to be perceived as
negative phenomena and the wrong approach to development
therefore the Government of Nepal has discouraged and
restrained migration to urban areas and left processes of urban
migration and urbanization largely to the spontaneous response
of population movements and adjustments.
• It is the absence of a comprehensive national human
settlements policy, particularly an urbanization policy, that has
prevented the promotion, facilitation and management of
migration and urbanization in Nepal. Officially, the Government
of Nepal has declared 58 urban and semi urban areas as
municipal areas: 53 of them being municipalités, 4 sub-
metropolis and 1 metropolis. According to Portnov et. al.
“Currently, 58 municipalities in Nepal qualify as urban centers.

12. Image of Durbar marga,
Kathmandu
Image of Biratnagar

13. Challenges of Urbanization
• Environmental impacts
• Unemployment
• Urban poverty (poor living condition)
• Criminal activities
• Original fabric of building will be lost due to physical
changes
• Directly effect on conservation of nature as well as
heritage.
• Urban congestion
• Rise in market price of service utilities relating to daily
life activities

14. Traffic problems

15. Environment pollution

16. Traffci jam

17. Rise in concrete jungles in cities

18. Lack of pedestrian

19. Congestion

20. Institutionalizing Community Based
Development
• Focussed on the improvement of living condition
• Focussed on the unemployment and improving
economic factors
• Developing community facilities and services
• Improvement in roads and supply

21. Functional Zones
• A Central Business District (CBD)
• Shopping areas: Department store and
Shopping Mall
• A number of shopping centres
• Industrial areas
• Open space for recreation/and leisure
• Fun parks and gardens

22. The Impact of Community-Based Programs
• Generate full and part-time employment for workers
• Cost for public utilites is poor
• Growth of apprenticeships and skill development program.
• Advance of health programs for children and community.
• Decreament in environmental situation
• Greenary area converted into concrete jungles

23. Latest Improvement in Nepal
• Problem solving process and education reform in the
community
• Construction of apartments and individual homes by
real state and builders
• Development of facilities for community health and
human services
• Federal democratic process continuing in country
from 2007

24. Improving Urban areas
• In many countries, government have attempted to
improve its urban areas, but in context of Nepal,
there is a lack of strong policy to plan and develop
areas. Though Department of Urban Design and
Building Construction (DUDBC), a department under
Nepal’s government is trying to improve urban areas
and working on it, but here are the two main ways to
deal with it. They are:
1. Inner city renewal and redevelopments
2. The planning of new towns preserving historic towns
and cities

25. Urbanization in the developing world
• Urbanization is happening rapidly in many parts of the
developing world.
• People are being ‘pushed’ from rural areas and ‘pulled’
toward the cities.
• Every year more and more people arrive to these growing
cities in search of a better life for themselves and their
children.
• Facilites and services for the community and people

29. Future cities in rapid Urbanization
• Rapid urbanization is taking place across the globe. Future Cities
will explore the components of a successful city, and will use
these discoveries to drive critical planning across all relevant
sectors, internationally.
• Future Cities will consider the pillars that create the foundation
of a Future City:
-Security,
-Water & Waste Management,
-Tourism & Hospitality,
-Efficient transport,
-Energy Management,
-Disaster Relief and Green Building.

30. • http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-
N8hf2v5YiII/US63MzdRtxI/AAAAAAAAAGY/OPd0
VY7TD7Y/s1600/Urbanization_Animation_Large.gif
• (The above website url shows the World
urbanization: % of urban population and
agglomeration by size class)
• Reference taken to show data how rapid
urbanization is taking place.

31. Greenary preserving in rapid urbanization

32. New designs preserving greenary structures

33. Development of 2nd International airport at Mattala

34. Victory Garden

35. A city image of Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

36. Monument conservation in rapid
urbanization
• Traditional fabric and environment are being seriously
effected by new buildings.
• Extreme development pressure
• Lack of conservation oriented planning in this rapid
phase of urbanization
• Inefficiency management of concerned authorities
• Lack of public awareness
• No proper implementation of laws/violation of laws
and bylaws

37. Legal and Institutional Framework
• The design of urban cities and their management should be
viewed from a broader perspective within the framework of
urban design and building construction, urban transport, landuse
and housing density. However this is not apparent in the current
legal and institutional framework.
• Numerous government institution responsible for urban
development have overlapping jurisdiction and are working with
little coordination and cooperation. However it is not clear who
is responsible for planning, desigining and managing.
• The absence of a clear government policy on land development
and infrastructure provision, urban design and building
construction and physical planning & works as well as lack of
trained manpower, have reduced the scope of urban planning and
desigining of cities

38. Legal and Institutional Framework
• Lack of strong policy and guidelines to preserve the
historical and traditional towns and cities of Nepal.
• In Nepal, the DUDBC (Department of urban design and building
construction) is a acting body for urban planning but still no sign
of desigining a new cities with planning as well as design concept.
It only focus to plan for the government buildings.
• In developing countries, there is everything planned before
making structures but in Nepal haphazards planning. No proper
planning in services and facilities including roads, sewage
disposal and drain, watersupply, electricity, sewer lines, and
other infrastructure development.

39. • No update in Cadastral map, lack of Master
Plan
• Failure to understand what is urbanization
actually?
• Lack of co-ordination and overlapping of
function
• Legal and institutional framework is weak, in
context of Nepal.
• Political interference disturbs mostly in
planning and developing sector

40. Conclusion
• The level of urbanization that would be most suitable for a
country like Nepal should be delineated. This must take into
consideration that poorly urbanized Nepal urgently requires the
establishment and rapid expansion of urban functions particularly
in hilly and remote areas, a disintegrated primary production-
based economy and a decentralization of development benefits
through an integrated spatial development strategy.
• Urban planning and desigining, especially land-use planning, is a
tool to develop an area in a proper way. Therefore, it needs clear
rules and regulations to guide the development.
• To establish proper way for planned development, the Central
Government will have to carefully examine existing laws and
regulations and make them coherent and implementable.

41. • The government shall pursue a policy of raising the standards
of living of the general public through the development of
infrastructures as education, health, housing and employment of
the people
• The “urban governance”, formerly equated with urban
management, has come to be understood as both government
responsibility and civic engagement. Generally, it refers to the
processes by which local urban governments-- in partnership
with other public agencies and different segments of civil
society—respond effectively to local needs in a participatory,
transparent and accountable manner.
• As globalization continues, massive future urban growth is both
inevitable and necessary, but the way it grows will make all the
difference. Cities need a longer-term strategy for expected
change.

42. References
• http://www.unesco.org/most/used.html
• The urbanization trends, Michael. Howard
• Cities and life, Edward hill
• Figures/graph and images from World Bank report (www.wb.org)
• www.google.com/images of urban cities
• Wikipedia
• Mckansey global institute city scope 2.0
• Time Magazine
• Managing Asian cities, published by www.adb.org
• World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision, Website of
the United Nations Population Division
• www.wikipedia.org
• http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-
N8hf2v5YiII/US63MzdRtxI/AAAAAAAAAGY/OPd0VY7TD7Y/
s1600/Urbanization_Animation_Large.gif
• An analysis of urban trends, patterns and policies of Nepal,
Basnet.P, korea (pp 2-3/ 7-9/ 6-4)

43. • Sharma, A. and Maithani, B.P . 1998. Development of small towns in
the eastern India (Eastern Himalayas). Paper Presented at the
regional consultation meeting on market and small towns in Hindu
Kush Himalayas
• Goldscheider, C. 1983. Urban migrants in developing nations:
patterns and problems of adjustment, West view Press, Boulder,
Colorado.
• Kingsley, D. 1965. The urbanization of the human population
• Rural-urban relations with particular reference to Nepal, Pushkar k.
Pradhan
• UNDP reports on urban settlements
• UN-HABITAT papers publication at www.un.org
• Papers presented by Dr. Bijaya k. Shrestha for linkage of patterns
• Portnov, B.A., Adhikari, M. And Schwartz, M. 2007. Urban growth in
Nepal: does location matter? Urban Studies. 44, 915–937.
• http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/nepal/SOCI
ETY.html
• https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-
factbook/geos/np.html
• http://www.npc.gov.np/