1. INTRODUCTION
The rapid of economic growth in China, is a foundation of urban expansion, associated with the rise in migrants in urban areas. According to data from Statistics Bureau in China, the urban proportion of the total populations reached 45.7% in 2008 compared to 17.9% in 1978, and is expected to reach 50% by 2020. The presence of a large number of rural labor force in the city, tend to look for adequate and affordable housing, which generate a peculiar outcome in most Chinese cities, urban villages. Urban villages, or Chengzhongcun in Chinese, they mean that the villages in the middle of the city, interact as urban expansion surrounded them (Chung, 2009).
According to land management law in China, the ownership of urban land is state, and the ownership of rural land is collective-owned the village. Besides, land belonging to the rural collectives can only used to solely agricultural and not allowed to sell in the land market. The earliest urban village emerged in China is due to the 1978 Economic Reforms. In order to fulfill the investment and development, the government tends to expropriated farmland in rural villages for urban use because of the limit of capital and time-consuming. Therefore, the settlement villages are been survived while their surrounding environment dramatically development, graduate leading to the formation of urban villages (Hao, et al, 2011).
On the other hand, rural migrants have been flooding into cities because of the demand of cheap labour force in urban areas and the states started to relax restrictions on rural-urban migration after Reforms, which generate great pressure on demand of housing. Generally, China's rental market can be segmented into three kinds: government provided credit houses; commercial residential building in the three level market; and renting houses in “villages” (Hang and Iseman, 2009). However, the social housing for low-income households provided by government are excluded them because of the “Hukou” system, which is the household registration system to different urban and rural population. During the city transformation in China, the government ignored the two weakest groups: villagers who do not have lands and workers from village. It is undeniable that urban villages provide a positive environment for slowing down the unemployment problems of the villagers and the housing problems of the latter (Hao, 2012).
Meanwhile, due to the weak government jurisdiction in urban villages, landlords find out this is a new way to substantially maximize income by providing low-rent accommodation to rural migrants. In the process of farmland requisition, the state does not provide the landlords any employment opportunities after they losing their basis of livelihood, which causes them to have no competitive power in the labour market in the city. The huge profits from house renting business enable them to gain considerable revenue and make a new livelihood. In addiction, some of urban vi.
Strategies for Promoting Good Urban Governance at Local LevelJitKumarGupta1
Indian cities are being run/managed by proxy without an ownership and quality leadership. Accordingly, cities are being misused, abused and manipulated, to serve the personal interests, ignoring the larger public interests and interests of the stakeholders / residents. Indian cities galore with multiplicity of laws and multiplicity of agencies operating , working invariably at cross purposes . Quality leadership is conspicuous by its absence. Manpower involved with the management of the cities has little capacity, understanding and expertise in dealing with the challenges faced by cities. The administrative, planning and development capacity is totally lacking in manpower / resources. So cities and residents are suffering . There exists little commitment to put urban governance on higher pedestal of quality, performance, effectiveness and efficiency. McKinsey Global report has outlined three- pronged strategy to make cities great places to live and work involving Achieving Smart Growth; Doing More with Less and Winning Support for a Change. Despite the fact that role of urban local bodies remains vital in urban governance and 74th Constitution Amendment have put them on the pedestals of government in their own right ,but their structure ,resources ,culture/capacity in the area of urban governance remains marginalised. Growing size, population and complexities of the problems and challenges make the task all the more difficult/challenging .Good urban governance should involve; improving capacity to govern ; improving institutional, technical, administrative and political capacities; making available skilled manpower; providing Sufficient resources and quality manpower; incentivising good performance ; reviewing/rationalising legal framework ; defining Unified law; promoting fruitful partnership between state/ local bodies; creating grievances redressal cells ; involving communities ; disseminating examples of good governance; to fulfil the vision of a planned, healthy, productive, sustainable, liveable and efficient urban settlement in years to come.
Strategies for Promoting Good Governanace at Local Level urban g overnance (1...JitKumarGupta1
McKinsey Report , ‘How to Make a City Great-,outlines three-pronged strategy, to make cities great places to live and work, involving Achieving Smart Growth by adopting a strategic approach, planning for a change, integrating environmental thinking and insisting on opportunities for all; Doing More with Less by assessing and managing expenses rigorously, exploring partnerships, introducing accountability and embracing technology ; Winning Support for a Change by crafting a personal vision, building a high performing team ,creating a culture of accountability and forging stakeholder consensus. 74th Constitution Amendment, mandates ULBs to emerge as government in its own right .Looking at their structure ,resources and culture, it appears that their capacity in urban governance is totally lacking, considering the growing size, population and complexities of the problems /challenges posed by the urban areas, If good urban governance through local bodies is to be ensured, their capacity to govern has to be improved by providing them necessary skills in terms of institutional, technical, administrative and political capacities. For creating appropriate capacity, State must create options for skilling manpower t ; making available Sufficient resources; improving Personnel management ; incentivising local bodies by recognizing good work done by the local bodies. Examples of good governance need dissemination for replication and to build on such examples and ensure that every urban centre to fulfill the vision of a planned, healthy, productive, sustainable, liveable and efficient settlementin.
Strategies fro promoting good urban governanace 08-12-2018JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper makes an attempt to look at the entire context of governance in the urban areas, issues which are hammering the effective management of urban areas and way forward to make urban governance vibrant, effective and efficient
Strategies for Promoting Good Urban Governance at Local LevelJitKumarGupta1
Indian cities are being run/managed by proxy without an ownership and quality leadership. Accordingly, cities are being misused, abused and manipulated, to serve the personal interests, ignoring the larger public interests and interests of the stakeholders / residents. Indian cities galore with multiplicity of laws and multiplicity of agencies operating , working invariably at cross purposes . Quality leadership is conspicuous by its absence. Manpower involved with the management of the cities has little capacity, understanding and expertise in dealing with the challenges faced by cities. The administrative, planning and development capacity is totally lacking in manpower / resources. So cities and residents are suffering . There exists little commitment to put urban governance on higher pedestal of quality, performance, effectiveness and efficiency. McKinsey Global report has outlined three- pronged strategy to make cities great places to live and work involving Achieving Smart Growth; Doing More with Less and Winning Support for a Change. Despite the fact that role of urban local bodies remains vital in urban governance and 74th Constitution Amendment have put them on the pedestals of government in their own right ,but their structure ,resources ,culture/capacity in the area of urban governance remains marginalised. Growing size, population and complexities of the problems and challenges make the task all the more difficult/challenging .Good urban governance should involve; improving capacity to govern ; improving institutional, technical, administrative and political capacities; making available skilled manpower; providing Sufficient resources and quality manpower; incentivising good performance ; reviewing/rationalising legal framework ; defining Unified law; promoting fruitful partnership between state/ local bodies; creating grievances redressal cells ; involving communities ; disseminating examples of good governance; to fulfil the vision of a planned, healthy, productive, sustainable, liveable and efficient urban settlement in years to come.
Strategies for Promoting Good Governanace at Local Level urban g overnance (1...JitKumarGupta1
McKinsey Report , ‘How to Make a City Great-,outlines three-pronged strategy, to make cities great places to live and work, involving Achieving Smart Growth by adopting a strategic approach, planning for a change, integrating environmental thinking and insisting on opportunities for all; Doing More with Less by assessing and managing expenses rigorously, exploring partnerships, introducing accountability and embracing technology ; Winning Support for a Change by crafting a personal vision, building a high performing team ,creating a culture of accountability and forging stakeholder consensus. 74th Constitution Amendment, mandates ULBs to emerge as government in its own right .Looking at their structure ,resources and culture, it appears that their capacity in urban governance is totally lacking, considering the growing size, population and complexities of the problems /challenges posed by the urban areas, If good urban governance through local bodies is to be ensured, their capacity to govern has to be improved by providing them necessary skills in terms of institutional, technical, administrative and political capacities. For creating appropriate capacity, State must create options for skilling manpower t ; making available Sufficient resources; improving Personnel management ; incentivising local bodies by recognizing good work done by the local bodies. Examples of good governance need dissemination for replication and to build on such examples and ensure that every urban centre to fulfill the vision of a planned, healthy, productive, sustainable, liveable and efficient settlementin.
Strategies fro promoting good urban governanace 08-12-2018JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper makes an attempt to look at the entire context of governance in the urban areas, issues which are hammering the effective management of urban areas and way forward to make urban governance vibrant, effective and efficient
Strategies for Planning Smart and Sustainable CitiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Smart city remains a misnomer. No city on planet earth can claim to be smart. Experts are still searching the soul of smart city in order to precisely define it .Unfortunately smart city has become a money spending/spinning exercise for few individuals/agencies. Entire concept of smart city has been made technology centric, minimizing the role and importance of human beings. In addition, role of Town Planners in smart city has been totally marginalized. How can a city be made smart without intervention of planning and planners. Smart city as a concept has been copied globally to promote operational efficiency and productivity of the cities , with minimum concern for human growth and development. Addressing issue of poverty and making city livable for all should be the agenda of urban growth and development. In the face of homeless people , absence of basic amenities and facilities essential of human living, making city’s smart will be a fallacy and prove to be counterproductive. Cities do not exist in isolation and require the support of rural hinterland. Dealing cities alone by excluding villages will invariably lead to lopsided growth of cities because genesis of majority of urban ills has roots in the neglect of the rural areas. Urban areas must do handholding for the rural areas for synergizing mutual strength and to usher a new era of rational growth. Smart city concept must focus on empowering human being/ living, making them more skilled, create options for meeting the basic human needs and removing the curse of poverty and unemployment.
Mehmet Akif Sag on "The importance of the city region approach for the governance of metropolitan areas: the case study of Antalya (Turkey) city region"
Re-inventing and Re-defining Urban Planning for Promoting Sustainable Mega Ci...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper make an attempt to understand the planning related issues and options for the mega cities with focus on capital City of Lahorein Pakistan, its growth and development post 1947 and the options which can be leveataged to make the city sustainable and livable. Paper looks at the good practices used in the planning of capital city of Chandigarh and also at the option of decentralising these cities. Look at the size, economic role and its criticality in the development of the state/region, --suggestion has been made to plan and devlop these mega cities in the regional/ national context.so as to enable them to play their designated role. However, these cities need to be made resilient to make them withstand any manmade/natural disasters. These cities despite their criticality and importance remain diffficult to manage and govern.
Paper focus on the status of urban local bodies in the Indian context, their role and importance in making urban areas more livable and sustainable, roadblocks hampering their operational efficiencies and options to make them vibrant institutions of governance
Urban planning and urban governance invariably remain people centric having prime concern/focus on looking at/ promoting the welfare of the people, improving their social, physical, economic and environmental conditions besides improving quality of life. Both are mandated to create supportive/enabling conditions and environment to help people to perform their basic functions involving living, working , care of body & spirits and circulation, in a most effective / efficient manner. Accordingly urban planning and urban governance remain interlinked /integrated, and have close relationship. No good urban governance can exist in isolation/ without the input of good and rational planning. Looking at the entire context of good urban governance, it can be fairly concluded that effective urban planning holds the key to good urban governance. Poor urban governance has its genesis in poor urban planning. For enabling urban planning to play its desired and designated role in urban governance, it will be essential that operational mechanism of existing pattern of urban planning is critically looked into, reviewed, revised and re-defined to made it more responsive to the emerging urban dynamism/challenges. Unfortunately, in India, role of urban planners has been diluted and marginalized and has never been given appropriate recognition. Limited numbers of planning institutions have contributed to restricting the number of qualified professionals. With urban centres holding the key, future growth and development of the cities will be contingent largely upon the proficiency, efficacy and efficiency of ‘Planning Profession and Professionals’. However, , for planners/planning to play its ordained role, they have to be made more responsive , professionally competent, having capacity /expertise to understand /appreciate the complexities of urban growth and development, based on prevailing ground realities, and evolving appropriate options. .Planning tools will also require review and redefining to make them more effective and efficient.
Land reforms to reduce disparity in Chongqing and ChengduLester Lim
A pdf file useful for understanding measures undertaken to reduce disparity in China. I found the document at http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/InternationalCooperation/SEPLS/SEPLS_Brussels2013/08-Yang-Effect_LandReform.pdf
Urbanization, Changing Economic Landscape and Policy Response in India: A Stu...Premier Publishers
India’s neoliberal practices introduced with new economic policy insisted a globalization process that remains an influence on city development strategy, planning policy and reorganization of urban space. This has come as growing recognition of cities a key player in economic growth, globalization and development of the country resulted in the launch of a handful urban policy in India. They all in common aim at making cities more competitive and investment friendly. Hence, this gives rise to emergence of new economic landscape. Many states with good resources and intelligent manpower have been forerunner in materializing the advantages of globalization. The present paper suggests that the Empowered Action Group States with higher population size coupled with poverty and low level of urbanization, have not been equally active in spurting urban growth and bringing faster development in their regions. Many of these States might have not seen urban development on their prioritized concerns. The study reveals that lack of institutional capacity, financial bottleneck, and unwillingness to foster urban reforms has been the major challenges to be addressed.
Affordable housing in India- A Myth or RelityJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper makes an attempt to look at the housing as a major issue in the urban area, identify the major roadblock and options to make housing for all a distinct reality
1. Lists crimes and crime involvement on the Mendez brothers.2.I.docxambersalomon88660
1. Lists crimes and crime involvement on the Mendez brothers.
2.Info on the investigation of the crime
3. Info on the crime scene
4. Evidence on the crime
5.Interviews of the Mendez brothers
Make sure to reference information
Also provide pictures
Not a essay not title page needed just the info, references and photos
.
1. Lists and analyzes strengths and weaknesses based on each of th.docxambersalomon88660
1. Lists and analyzes strengths and weaknesses based on each of the listed content areas, and draws on evidence from the given Web site.
2. Discusses specific changes that can be made in the workplace are discussed, while giving clear and relevant examples for why changes are necessary. Evaluates how personal skill set can be used to effect change in workplace.
3. Provides a thoughtful reflection on areas for growth. Pinpoints at least one specific goal for leadership growth, and outlines a well-organized and realistic implementation plan to meet the goal.
4. Thesis and/or main claim are comprehensive; contained within the thesis is the essence of the paper. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.
5. There is a sophisticated construction of paragraphs and transitions. Ideas progress and relate to each other. Paragraph and transition construction guide the reader. Paragraph structure is seamless.
6. Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.
7. All format elements are correct.
8. In-text citations and a reference page are complete. The documentation of cited sources is free of error.
.
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Smart city remains a misnomer. No city on planet earth can claim to be smart. Experts are still searching the soul of smart city in order to precisely define it .Unfortunately smart city has become a money spending/spinning exercise for few individuals/agencies. Entire concept of smart city has been made technology centric, minimizing the role and importance of human beings. In addition, role of Town Planners in smart city has been totally marginalized. How can a city be made smart without intervention of planning and planners. Smart city as a concept has been copied globally to promote operational efficiency and productivity of the cities , with minimum concern for human growth and development. Addressing issue of poverty and making city livable for all should be the agenda of urban growth and development. In the face of homeless people , absence of basic amenities and facilities essential of human living, making city’s smart will be a fallacy and prove to be counterproductive. Cities do not exist in isolation and require the support of rural hinterland. Dealing cities alone by excluding villages will invariably lead to lopsided growth of cities because genesis of majority of urban ills has roots in the neglect of the rural areas. Urban areas must do handholding for the rural areas for synergizing mutual strength and to usher a new era of rational growth. Smart city concept must focus on empowering human being/ living, making them more skilled, create options for meeting the basic human needs and removing the curse of poverty and unemployment.
Mehmet Akif Sag on "The importance of the city region approach for the governance of metropolitan areas: the case study of Antalya (Turkey) city region"
Re-inventing and Re-defining Urban Planning for Promoting Sustainable Mega Ci...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
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Paper focus on the status of urban local bodies in the Indian context, their role and importance in making urban areas more livable and sustainable, roadblocks hampering their operational efficiencies and options to make them vibrant institutions of governance
Urban planning and urban governance invariably remain people centric having prime concern/focus on looking at/ promoting the welfare of the people, improving their social, physical, economic and environmental conditions besides improving quality of life. Both are mandated to create supportive/enabling conditions and environment to help people to perform their basic functions involving living, working , care of body & spirits and circulation, in a most effective / efficient manner. Accordingly urban planning and urban governance remain interlinked /integrated, and have close relationship. No good urban governance can exist in isolation/ without the input of good and rational planning. Looking at the entire context of good urban governance, it can be fairly concluded that effective urban planning holds the key to good urban governance. Poor urban governance has its genesis in poor urban planning. For enabling urban planning to play its desired and designated role in urban governance, it will be essential that operational mechanism of existing pattern of urban planning is critically looked into, reviewed, revised and re-defined to made it more responsive to the emerging urban dynamism/challenges. Unfortunately, in India, role of urban planners has been diluted and marginalized and has never been given appropriate recognition. Limited numbers of planning institutions have contributed to restricting the number of qualified professionals. With urban centres holding the key, future growth and development of the cities will be contingent largely upon the proficiency, efficacy and efficiency of ‘Planning Profession and Professionals’. However, , for planners/planning to play its ordained role, they have to be made more responsive , professionally competent, having capacity /expertise to understand /appreciate the complexities of urban growth and development, based on prevailing ground realities, and evolving appropriate options. .Planning tools will also require review and redefining to make them more effective and efficient.
Land reforms to reduce disparity in Chongqing and ChengduLester Lim
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2. Know the historical cryptographic systems.
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5. Who is known as the father of Western cryptography?
6. What makes up the CIA Triad?
7. How does the Caesar Cypher work?
8. What is the Scytale cipher?
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10. What was the application of cryptography created by the Egyptians?
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12. What is DES (Data Encryption Standard)?
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19. What is an algorithm?
20. What is a certificate authority?
21. What is ciphertext?
22. What are collisions?
23. What is cryptanalysis?
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25. What is a digital signature?
26. What is meant by Encrypt?
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· Question 2
0 out of 10 points
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1. Journal Entry The attached (BUROS Center for Testing).docxambersalomon88660
1. Journal Entry:
The attached (BUROS Center for Testing) website link presents and explained the
seven assessment competencies needed by teachers in detail:
http://buros.org/standards-teacher-competence-educational-assessment-
students (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. .
Read the information provided on this site and in your Journal self-reflect on the
following question: What is my current level of understanding and skill in these
competencies? In your self-reflection be sure to address EACH of the seven
competencies.
NOTE: It is a self-reflection, so you can NOT use any sources other than the
attached website.
DUE: in 24 hours
How nondirective therapy directs: The power of empathy in the context
of unconditional positive regard
Marvin Frankela*, Howard Rachlinb and Marika Yip-Bannicqc
aSarah Lawrence College, New York, USA; bStony Brook University, New York, USA; cNew
York University, New York, USA
(Received 26 November 2011; final version received 16 May 2012)
This paper explains how acceptance and empathy are vehicles for psychothe-
rapeutic change by showing how these factors function in nondirective client-
centered therapy. The paper argues that because the nondirective client-centered
therapist’s unconditional positive regard may conflict with the client’s conditional
self-regard, the therapy cultivates a novel restructuring of the client’s narrative.
By revealing how positive therapeutic change can result from the interplay of
unconditional positive regard and empathy, the article explains the effectiveness
of classical client-centered therapy in particular and accounts at least in part for
the effectiveness of other therapies that stress the healing properties of the
psychotherapeutic relationship.
Keywords: empathy; unconditional positive regard; Gestalt figure/ground
relationships
Wie nicht-direktive Therapie dirigiert
Dieser Artikel erklärt, wie Akzeptanz und Empathie das Agens therapeutischer
Veränderung sind, indem er zeigt, wie diese Faktoren in der nicht-direktiven
klient-zentrierten Therapie funktionieren. Gerade weil das bedingungslose
positive Beachten des nicht-direktiven klientzentrierten Therapeuten im Konflikt
liegen kann mit der Sicht des Klienten auf sich selbst, die voller Bedingungen
steckt, gerade deshalb kultiviert die Therapie eine neuartige Restrukturierung des
Klienten-Narrativs. Positive therapeutische Veränderung resultiert aus dem
Zusammenspiel zwischen bedingungsloser positiver Beachtung und Empathie.
Die Effektivität der klassischen Klientzentrierten Therapie ist zumindest teilweise
die Ursache, wenn es um die Wirksamkeit anderer Therapien geht, die die
heilende Dimension der psychotherapeutischen Beziehung betonen.
Cómo dirige la terapia no directiva
Este escrito explica cómo la aceptación y la empatı́a son vehı́culos de cambio
psicoterapéutico, mostrando cómo funcionan estos factores en la terapia no
directiva centrada en el cliente. El.
1. Introduction and thesisThrough extensive research I hope to f.docxambersalomon88660
1. Introduction and thesis
Through extensive research I hope to find the answer a specific question. How does culture affect the household? In this paper I will research various parenting styles, and how culture affects the parenting style and personalities. Through my research I am hoping to attain and comprehend how culture affects not only the household, but also how we view society.
2. Main Body
Various parenting Styles.
Parenting norms
Parenting Priorities
How does culture affect parenting?
Classifications of parenting styles
Cultural Influences on Parenting Styles
How does culture affect our personalities?
What makes us different
How we view certain topics
3. Closing
4. References
.
1. Is it important the hospital to have a licensure to ensure that.docxambersalomon88660
1. Is it important the hospital to have a licensure to ensure that the licensees the minimal degree of competency necessary to ensure that public health,. safety, and the welfare are protected. Typically, they are granted at the state level, if the individual works in multiple jurisdictions, then they must licensed in each jurisdiction. Which the government authorize for grants permission to an individual practitioner or health care organizations to operate or to engage in an occupation or profession. Lincensure regulations are generally established to ensure that an organization or individuals is usually granted after some form of examination or proof of education and may be renewed periodically through payment of a fee and or proof of continuing education or professional competence. Organizational licensure is granted following an on site inspection to determine if minimum health and safety standards have been met. Maintenance of licensure is an on going requirement for the health care organization to operate and care for patients. Requirements needed to deliver when comes to health care to maintaining the licensure. Maintain the quality as new technology, financial resources, improve quality such to reduce waiting time, and implementing process to reduce the rate post operative infections.Ensure public safety the hospital is responsible the patients will not be harmed, responsibility to comply with laws and regulations related to public safety, and reduce staff injury within the organizations. When a hospital don't have a licensure some of them when dont follow rules such malpractice insurers, when don't comply with Joint Commission could seem poor management.
2. The general public does not have adequate information to judge provider qualifications or competence; thus, professional licensure laws are enacted to assure the public that practitioners have met the qualifications and minimum competencies required for practice. Licensure by a governmental agency signifies that the individual has met the minimal degree of competency and proficiency needed to ensure the safety and well-being of the consumer, clients or population being served. Licensure is necessary when the regulated activities are complex and require specialized knowledge and skill and independent decision making. The licensure process determines if the applicant has the necessary skills to safely perform a specified scope of practice by predetermining the criteria needed and evaluating licensure applicants to determine if they meet the criteria. Typically, licensure requirements include some combination of education, training and examination to demonstrate competency. Licensure requirements also involve continuing education, training, and, for some, periodic re-examination. If a hospital did not have this licensure there would be chaos. Readmission rates would be high, there would be no set standards of practice, no protocols or rules to follow and there would be confusion wit.
1. INTRODUCTION In recent years, energy harvesting fro.docxambersalomon88660
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, energy harvesting from ambient vibration [I and human motion [2] has received both considerable industrial and academic interest due to advances in micro-electronic technology leading to an increased computation efficiency and reduced power consumption of wireless sensors and portable electronic devices. In addition to environmental benefits associated with limiting the disposal of traditional batteries, energy harvesting technologies [3] provide a great promising of autonomous and self-powered electronic devices for safety monitoring, structure-embedded diagnosis and medical implants. The narrowband issues of linear resonant piezoelectric energy harvesters have motivated several research groups to develop the nonlinear monostable [4], bistable [5] and tristable [6] approaches to enhance frequency bandwidth and output power. The theoretical analysis and experimental verification of those nonlinear energy harvesters have been extensively investigated under harmonic and stochastic excitations [7-9]. For the realistic excitation, Green [2] numerically analyzed the efficiency of nonlinear energy harvesting from human motion and Cao [10] applied the time-varying potential bistable energy harvester to human motion to demonstrate its better performance than the linear one. However, tristable energy harvesting performance has not yet been evaluated under realistic excitations induced by human motions. Therefore, the paper employs tristable magnetic coupled piezoelectric cantilever to harvest energy from human walking and running. Based on the characteristics of human motion, theoretical model of nonlinear tristable energy harvester with time-varying potential energy function is established. And experiment results show that the tristable energy harvester exhibits better performance than the linear one when applied to harvesting energy from human walking and running.
2. ELEC TROMECHANICAL MODEL
The magnetic coupled piezoelectric energy harvester with external magnets is illustrated in Fig.1 (a). The configuration consists of a stainless steel substrate, two symmetric PZT-51 piezoelectric layers at the root, tip magnet attachments and two external magnets.
Tristable energy harvester can be obtained by adjusting the parameters h, d and a.When harvester is applied to harvesting energy from human motion , the lower limb swing motion will drive the cantilever to swing a certain angle (shown in Fig.1 (b) which results in a time-varying potential energy function due of the beam. On these conditions, the electromechanical model of the nonlinear piezoelectric energy harvesters with time-varying potential energy function can be given by the following equation:
Where m is the equivalent mass and c is the equivalent damping. 0 is the equivalent electromechanical coupling coefficient, Cp is the equivalent capacitance of the piezoelectric materials, R is the load resistance, v(t) is the voltage across the electrical load, x.
1. Introduction to the Topica. What is outsourcingi. Ty.docxambersalomon88660
1. Introduction to the Topic
a. What is outsourcing?
i. Types of outsourcing.
ii. Will companies ever stop outsourcing?
b. Economic impacts of outsourcing.
i. Myths about outsourcing and job impact.
ii. What are the risks of outsourcing?
2. Background/Literature Review on Topic
a. Why do companies outsource
The economic argument for outsourcing
.
1. Introduction 1. Technology and communication 1. Technology .docxambersalomon88660
1. Introduction
1. Technology and communication
1. Technology is changing everything that people used to do in the past
1. Communication can be done to people who are at far distance and technology has changed the lifestyle of the people (Drago, 2015).
1. People are rarely using face to face communication as most of them prefer using social networking sites.
1. Face to face communication enable one to express emotions either through facial expression or tone of the voice.
1. Thesis statement: To discuss reasons as to why face to face communication is better as compared to virtual communication.
1. Body section
1. Benefits of face to face communication
1. When people communicate face to face, it creates a motivation as there is exchange of the words as people are together.
1. It also enables one to see sense on what the other person is thinking about (Carlson, 2017).
1. Face to face communication is crucial in strengthening the bond whether for partnership, friendship and relationship in the workplace.
1. Face to face communication enable an individual to express emotions through either tone of the voice or using facial expression.
1. Disadvantages of virtual communication
1. Technical problems because virtual communication depends on the internet, software and machine and sometimes they have malfunction.
1. Some of the Apps which are used in virtual communication need skills for them to be operated.
1. Virtual communication cannot effectively solve problems which can be addressed by face to face communication (Marlow, Lacerenza & Salas, 2017).
1. Conclusion
1. Face to face communication enables people to express their emotions and motivates people.
1. It also strengthens bond between relationship and partnership.
1. Virtual communication depend on the use of garget and sometimes they fail.
.
1. In your definition of a well-run company, how important a.docxambersalomon88660
1. In your definition of a "well-run" company, how important are the following?
a.) Provides excellent customer service
Very important
b.) Has efficient and flexible operations
Very important
c.) Offers high financial return to shareholders
Somewhat important
d.) Attracts and retains exceptional people
Very important
e.) Creates products or services that benefit society
Very important
f.) Adheres to a strong mission
Very important
g.) Invests in employee training and professional development
Very important
h.) Operates according to its values and a strong code of ethics
Very important
i.) Is a stable employer
Very important
j.) Provides competitive compensation
Very important
k.) Adheres to progressive environmental policies
Very important
l.) Produces high-quality products and services
Very important
2. Would you add something to the above list that you think is “very important”? If so, what?
cares about the relationship between employees and management
3. Which of the following issues pose the greatest challenges for today’s CEOs and senior executives?
Breakdown in trust between employees and management, Economic downturn, Lack of public trust in business
4. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements?
a.) Business people are more likely to care about the social responsibilities of companies when the economy is strong.
Strongly agree
b.) When a multi-national company is entering a new market in a less-developed country, it? has a responsibility to go above and
beyond business success and contribute to the development of the local community.
Somewhat agree
c.) When it comes to the environment, all a company has to do is to comply with the law.
Strongly agree
d.) Companies should maintain their employees’ job security even if they incur a short-term drop in profit as a result.
Strongly agree
e.) Most companies accurately report their earnings and profits.
Somewhat agree
f.) Corporate reputation is important to me in making my decision about the organization where I want to work.
Strongly agree
g.) Managers place too much emphasis on short-term performance measures when making business decisions.
Strongly agree
h.) I anticipate that my own values will sometimes conflict with what I am asked to do in business.
Somewhat disagree
5. If you answered the prior statement “4h” with “somewhat agree” or “strongly agree,” please specify which kinds of values
conflicts you expect to face:
Some possible issues to consider:
n/a
6. Assume you are engaged in each of the following business activities/practices. How likely do you think it is that values conflicts
would arise?
a.) Managing personnel in manufacturing facilities/ plants
Very likely
b.) Outsourcing production operations
Somewhat likely
c.) Investing in less-developed countries
Very likely
d.) Downsizing
Very likely
e.) Financial reporting
Somewhat likely
f.) Natural resource exploration
Somewhat likely
g..
1. In Chapter four titled Academy Training you learned about academi.docxambersalomon88660
1. In Chapter four titled Academy Training you learned about academies and the different approaches they take in training police recruits. In Washington D.C., the Metropolitan Police Department teaches its recruits about Behavioral Science. Question: How important is this lesson, especially in todays environment which pits community versus the police? Be specific when answering the question and give examples. at least be 8 sentences.
2. based on the reading authored by critical race scholar Alana Lentin, please explain the problem with replacing race with multiculturalism in debates on human differences/minority groups. And how, do you think, does multiculturalism tie in with racism in the United States?For those of you who want to further improve their understanding of the term multiculturalism beyond this week’s assigned reading, I suggest you skim through the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on multiculturalism. must be at least 8 sentences. ( articles will be provided)
3. Frank Serpico was a plain clothes NYPD officer who decided not to take part in the embedded corruption that was embedded in the NYPD.When bosses wouldn't listen, he and another cop, Sgt. David Durk, found their way to the New York Times.For Friday write 400 words on who Serpico is/was, mention the history of corruption and the impact. What is the current impact (if any).And, as this a class on the Media and Police, make reference to the significance the NY Times played (as well as the impact of the best selling book and blockbuster film). Police bosses know about such corruption for years (as did elected officials). How did the media - in this case the NY Times force a change in decades long practices?Cite information. Not your own opinion.
.
1. In 200 words, describe how Hamlet promotes andor subverts th.docxambersalomon88660
1. In 200 words, describe how Hamlet promotes and/or subverts the power of satirical imitation to reflect and/or reform authority.
2. In 300 words, compare and contrast how three albums that we have discussed in class promote and/or subvert the power of recording artists to satirically reform both the music industry and popular culture. (The Who Sell Out by The Who, Milo Goes To College by the Descendants, The Beatles(“White Album”) by the Beatles, Little Dark Age by MGMT)
Part I: Health Care Finance
Overview
CHAPTER 2: FOUR THINGS THE HEALTH
CARE MANAGER NEEDS TO KNOW
ABOUT FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS
Four Segments that Make a Financial
Management System Work
• Original Records — Provide evidence that
some event has occurred.
• The Information System — Gathers this
evidence.
• The Accounting System — Records the
evidence.
• The Reporting System — Produces reports of
the effects.
Four Segments That Make a Financial
System Work
• The healthcare manager needs to know that
these separate elements exist and that they
work together for an end result.
Structure of the Information System
• Identify the inputs
• Identify the outputs
• Examine the Figure 2-1 diagram in the chapter
Function of Flow Sheets
• Flow sheets illustrate the flow of activities that
capture information.
Flow Sheets are Useful Because
• They picture who is responsible for what piece
of information as it enters the system
• Examine the two examples of patient
information flows in the chapter
Figure 2-2: Flowsheets
Figure 2-3: Flowsheets
The Chart of Accounts
• Outlines the elements of your company in an
organized manner.
• Maps out account titles with a method of
numeric coding.
• Is designed to compile financial data in an
uniform manner that can be decoded by the
user.
The Chart of Accounts
• Every organization has differences in its Chart
of Accounts that expresses the unique
differences in its own organizational structure.
• Examine the three examples of different Chart
of Accounts formats in Exhibits 2-1, 2-2 and 2-
3.
Exhibit 2–1 Chart of Accounts, Format I
Exhibit 2–2 Chart of Accounts, Format II
Exhibit 2–3 Chart of Accounts, Format III
Basic System Elements: Books and
Records
• Capture transactions
• Figures 2-4 and 2-5 illustrate this concept.
Books and Records: The Sequence Is…
• Initial transaction to subsidiary journal to
general ledger;
• Review, adjust, balance through the trial
balance;
• Create reports (financial statements)
The Annual Management Cycle
• Affects the type and status of information the
manager uses
The Annual Management Cycle
• The type and status of information used by the
manager includes:
• Daily and Weekly Reports — Generally contain
raw data
• Quarterly Reports and Statistics — Generally
have been verified, adjusted and balanced. Called
“interim” reports; often used as milestones by
managers.
• Annual Year End Reports — Generally.
1. Image 1 courtesy of httpswww.virginiahospitalcenter.com.docxambersalomon88660
1.
Image 1 courtesy of: https://www.virginiahospitalcenter.com/
2.
Image 2 courtesy of: Police magazine October 2013 Issue
3.
Image 3 courtesy of: Forbes magazine April 9, 2012 Issue
4.
Image 4 courtesy of: National Geographic magazine June/July 2015 Issue
In a 2 page APA formatted paper with an additional reference page (template here), analyze the strategic use of sensory visuals:
1. Analyze the use of color; address how it attracts the eye of the targeted audience. How might the targeted audience interpret the color and emotionally respond?
2. Analyze the use of lines; address how it directs the eyes of the viewers. Which types of lines are used? How might the targeted audience interpret the line usage and emotionally respond?
3. Analyze the use of contrast and balance; address how it attracts the eye of the targeted audience. How might the targeted audience emotionally respond to the visual balance and contrast? What if the contrast and balance elements were not there or were different? How would that change the viewer response?
Support the items above by including relevant quotes and paraphrases from academic/scholarly sources.
Be sure to clearly address how these four visual sensory elements attract the eyes of a specific target audience more readily than other audiences. For a thorough analysis, always consider the effect on viewers if these four visuals were used differently or not used at all.
.
1. If I were to create an SEL program, I would focus on self-awar.docxambersalomon88660
1. If I were to create an SEL program, I would focus on: self-awareness, relationship skills and decision-making. I would focus on these skills and values because they are integral in developing emotional intelligence. Self-awareness could be instilled through different activities where a person takes different tests and conducts activities to learn more about their own emotions. By understanding and managing their emotions, they can be more aware to how they act. Additionally, relationship skills can be built through participating in different group activities in which they must work together to solve a problem. These group activities will also integrate decision-making, where participants will learn how to respectfully voice opinions and listen to those of others. At the end of the program, there will be a final group activity which integrates the three core skills, and one must display self-awareness, relationship skills and decision-making to complete the activity.
2. This program would be helpful in teaching factors of emotional intelligence, but it would not teach every important aspect. The first strength of this program would be that it teaches self-awareness before relationship skills, because knowing how to manage and process self-emotions is extremely important when working in a team. Additionally, a strength would be that it is an activity-based program, which will keep kids entertained and learning at the same time. The limitation of this program is that it cannot teach everything about social emotional learning such as social awareness or stress management, however it will be a good start in SEL.
1. The three skills that I would focus on if I were to create an SEL program would be Self-Management, Social Awareness, Responsible Decision Making. These skills are the most essential because self-management is pretty much controlled self-awareness, social awareness is critical to being successful with the other skills, and responsible decision making is critical to any sort of personal and relationship success. I plan on instilling these skills by integrating different forms of activities and exams to ensure that these skills are achieved for their intended purposes. For social awareness I would place people into groups who all have different activities and emotions going on and then quiz them in the end. Self-management can be instilled by keeping tallies of individual outbursts when one gets upset and even putting them in upsetting situations and seeing how the handle them. Additionally, responsible decision making can be more activity and an exam where different situations happen and individuals are rated on how they react to them.
2. The strengths of my program are that they are extremely interactive and also give numerical results. With the combination of interactive activities with other people, real life testing scenarios, and exams it is easy to see the results of individuals to see where they are both st.
1. Identify and discuss the factors that contribute to heritage cons.docxambersalomon88660
1. Identify and discuss the factors that contribute to heritage consistency in your culture (African American) or religion: (ex. religion, beliefs and practices, values and norms)2. Describe traditional aspects of healthcare within your culture or religion3. Address the demographics of your culture or religion in the United States4. Describe barriers to obtaining healthcare that affect your culture or religion.5. Describe how your culture’s or religion’s beliefs and norms might impact communication with a healthcare provider
Paper should
be in your own words
, typed in 12 point font, double spaced, 1 inch margins, between two to three pages in length.
Do not
copy and paste from the internet as this is plagiarism and you will receive a zero for the assignment. You may use one or two quotes from sources as long as the source is given credit. Cite your sources for the paper.
I am an African American Female.
.
1. I think that the top three management positions in a health pla.docxambersalomon88660
1. I think that the top three management positions in a health plan are Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Hospital Administrator and Chief of Nurses. The reason they rank over the rest is because their positions are compelling and crucial in the healthcare. The CEO position is the person who is responsible of management, organizing operations, planning, budgeting, negotiating contracts, studying financial reports. They are the ones in charge of the entire organization and it is imperative that they ensure that everything runs professionally and effectively. Then the Hospital Administrator position is the person responsible of making sure they are working promptly and effectively to generate and manage the budget, quality assurance policies and the hiring of physicians. Their job is also to be responsible in making sure they are up to date with all government regulations and law compliance and by not doing so it can cost them their job and cause fines to their organization. Last is the Chief of Nursing position is the person who is responsible of the overseeing of the nursing staff, they see the department’s budget, they must report to high level staff-members like the CEO, they maintain a high standard of care, review patients’ data and medical records to professionally relate and interact with physicians, patients and family members. You can tell by reading the responsibilities of these positions you realize how essential they are to the health plan and how every responsibility is meticulous to each position. Even though I picked these 3 as the top management position I still feel that all positions hold an important part in the health plan.
2. Healthcare industry offers many different opportunities in its field, working in this industry you have many choices where to choose from like for instance become a secretary to being an analyst or end up being a doctor. There is room to explore different careers and work closely with a variety of professionals. In this growing market the top three careers that would be more in demand would be Nurses, Physicians and Physical Therapists. There is a vast list of opportunities in health care that if you work with effort you will. As we all know nurses are every where and at all times even if the doctor's are not present. They make home visits to check on patient's health and keeping track of their health. Going through nursing is not a piece of cake there is a lot to be learn physically, emotionally and mentally. Becoming a physician is becoming less popular since there are so many other choices out there people see that becoming a physician is a lot of hassle and instead become something else. This career choice will be need in the next few years. Physical Therapy is my third option, with all this baby boomer community the demand for doctor's specially therapist will increase for at least 20% in the next few years. This generation of elderly community is more aware of their health and will seek more tre.
1. How does the most recent 2008-09 recession differ from most other.docxambersalomon88660
1. How does the most recent 2008-09 recession differ from most other economic recessions since the Great Depression?
2. What is a bank? How does a bank differ from most other financial-service providers?
3. Which businesses are banking’s closest and toughest competitors? What services do they offer that compete directly with banks’ services?
4. Why are banks special?
5. What is a financial intermediary? What are its key characteristics? Is a bank a type of financial intermediary?
6. What are the reasons for regulating the functions of banks?
7. What is the dual banking system?
8. What is the principal role of the Comptroller of the Currency?
9. What is the principal job performed by the FDIC?
10. What key roles does the Federal Reserve System perform in the banking and financial system?
11. What is the Glass-Steagall Act, and why was it important in banking history? 12. What are the main ideas of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991?
.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
1. INTRODUCTIONThe rapid of economic growth in China, is a fou.docx
1. 1. INTRODUCTION
The rapid of economic growth in China, is a foundation of urban
expansion, associated with the rise in migrants in urban areas.
According to data from Statistics Bureau in China, the urban
proportion of the total populations reached 45.7% in 2008
compared to 17.9% in 1978, and is expected to reach 50% by
2020. The presence of a large number of rural labor force in the
city, tend to look for adequate and affordable housing, which
generate a peculiar outcome in most Chinese cities, urban
villages. Urban villages, or Chengzhongcun in Chinese, they
mean that the villages in the middle of the city, interact as
urban expansion surrounded them (Chung, 2009).
According to land management law in China, the ownership of
urban land is state, and the ownership of rural land is
collective-owned the village. Besides, land belonging to the
rural collectives can only used to solely agricultural and not
allowed to sell in the land market. The earliest urban village
emerged in China is due to the 1978 Economic Reforms. In
order to fulfill the investment and development, the government
tends to expropriated farmland in rural villages for urban use
because of the limit of capital and time-consuming. Therefore,
the settlement villages are been survived while their
surrounding environment dramatically development, graduate
leading to the formation of urban villages (Hao, et al, 2011).
On the other hand, rural migrants have been flooding into cities
because of the demand of cheap labour force in urban areas and
the states started to relax restrictions on rural-urban migration
after Reforms, which generate great pressure on demand of
housing. Generally, China's rental market can be segmented into
three kinds: government provided credit houses; commercial
residential building in the three level market; and renting
houses in “villages” (Hang and Iseman, 2009). However, the
social housing for low-income households provided by
2. government are excluded them because of the “Hukou” system,
which is the household registration system to different urban
and rural population. During the city transformation in China,
the government ignored the two weakest groups: villagers who
do not have lands and workers from village. It is undeniable
that urban villages provide a positive environment for slowing
down the unemployment problems of the villagers and the
housing problems of the latter (Hao, 2012).
Meanwhile, due to the weak government jurisdiction in urban
villages, landlords find out this is a new way to substantially
maximize income by providing low-rent accommodation to rural
migrants. In the process of farmland requisition, the state does
not provide the landlords any employment opportunities after
they losing their basis of livelihood, which causes them to have
no competitive power in the labour market in the city. The huge
profits from house renting business enable them to gain
considerable revenue and make a new livelihood. In addiction,
some of urban village are much more central location,
consequently, low cost and accessible settlements (urban
villages) became the main choice of rural migrants.
It’s obvious these illegal constructions brought mass of
potential problems to society, for instance, criminal issue and
security issue (lack of safety escape route, etc.). At same time,
construction land in urban centers is becoming increasingly
limited, which creates a conflict since land resources are
essential for the development of many cities. On behalf of
ensure cities’ further development and improvement,
governments decided to redevelopment of urban villages by
demolition-development and upgrading the spatial structure.The
China's governance pattern is from top to bottom. The
legislative power lies at the two levels of the central and
provincial levels. In February 2016, the Chinese central
government issued the “Opinions of the Central Committee of
the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Further
Strengthening the Administration of Urban Planning and
Development”, it is illustrated that ‘by 2020, the promotion and
3. new construction of existing shanty towns, urban villages and
dilapidated houses in cities will be complete (Liu, 2017). A
city's urban planning has its own authority in setting up
regulations and implementing rules. Therefore, policies aims to
support the redevelopment are specific for each city.Besides,
compensation standards are developed in flexible ranges, which
will result in indigenous villagers ask for the higher
compensation.
Lack of funding and the opposition from indigenous villagers
are the main obstacles that constrain urban village
redevelopment in China, so the local government usually brings
the developer into the redevelopment project to reduce the
pressure on capital. Although there are successful
redevelopment projects in which all the stakeholders worked
together and achieved a “win-win” outcome, in many cases
disagreement between the government and the urban village has
created serious social conflicts, especially the residential
displacement. Therefore, this research will concentrate on how
to propose reasonable redevelopment strategies by seeking a
collaborative network between all stakeholders. Shenzhen has
been chosen for examination for the following reasons. First,
the negative impacts of urban villages not only damaging the
urban image, but also affecting the urban structure
improvement. Second, the issues of rural migrants are related to
the sustainable economic growth of cities, as the one of the
cities in China that attracted most migrants, it is worth
examining how Shenzhen has changed its policy and redevelops
the urban villages during the urbanization process.
The structure of the research is follow. Chapter 2 summarizes
the existing literature from the relevant fields by analyzing the
relationships between each stakeholder in the urban
development process, and adding details of several types of
methods on redevelopment of urban villages. Chapter 3 provides
the analytical framework and how it is applied to the case study.
Shenzhen is the selected case study and several types pioneer
example of urban village redevelopment will be proposed in
4. Chapter 4. In the last chapter, the conclusions and some
recommendations on how to maximize the effects of each
participant during the process are given.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANALYTICAL
FRAMEWORK
As a unique outcome of China’s rapid urbanization, a majority
of study productions are made from the academic community,
but researches for urban villages in China are very little in
English (Yeh, 2005). Mainstream academic and policy
researchers in China have concentrated on urban villages’
position and the origins of urban village in China (Tong and
Feng, 2009). As the problem of urban villages becomes more
obvious recently, the researchers put their attention on how to
redevelop the urban villages, and negative aspects of unplanned
developments (Wang, et al, 2009). To fully understand how
stakeholders influences urban village redevelopment, the
literature review section will focus on three fields: growth
coalition in redevelopment project, methods of urban villages
redevelopment, and challenges of redevelopment in China.
2.1 Growth coalition in redevelopment project:
Urban villages’ second development is very complicated, and it
is a typical a case of the interrelationship between the varying
parties. Before analyzing urban village redevelopment
strategies, it is necessary to understand each player’s intention
and conflicts among them through redevelopment process. This
following section attempts to answer how the main
stakeholders, which are government, developers, and landlords
in urban village, contend for the benefits fulfill the
redevelopment process by introducing the conceptual theories
extracted from “The interplay between the main actors in urban
5. village redevelopment” (Hao et al, 2011).
Figure 1: The interplay between the main actors in urban village
redevelopment
(Source: Hao et al, 2011)
Government: Government is major force in urban village
redevelopment. In the terms of government, urban villages can
be described as ‘urban governance problems are more than
social economic problems’ (Hao et al, 2011). They believe the
redevelopment can bring economic benefits, improving
infrastructure and eliminating the problems of society, related
to re-image the city in order to get sustainable development.
Especially alleviating negative impacts are always considered as
the starting point of urban village redevelopment by local
authorities and planners. Therefore, governments always
instituted some policies to developers, and provided
compensation to landowners (Luo, 2005). When analyzing the
power structure of redevelopment projects in Shenzhen, Li and
Li (2011) found that China’s local governments are more
powerful and active than their counterparts in western countries,
which allows them to have a more important position and
authority in the power alliance.
Developer: Main focus of the developer is substantial economic
profits. Especially some good location of urban villages that are
close to commercial areas or parks, normally generate a higher
profit. The potential land value will attract developer’s to
engage in the redevelopment activities. In other way, due to the
limit government financial supplements, developers always need
to bear the compensation of landlords. In terms of general
compensation regulation, the developers compensate the
landlords by total building area. Therefore, developers always
ask local government to provide some preferential policies to
mitigate the costs of redevelopment.
Regarding the urban regeneration process, it tends to have two
sides: The first was beginning under the cooperation between
6. the public sector and private sector (Guo, 2005). The
cooperation between the government and the private sector is a
primary form in the market reform era from the early 1970s to
1980s. The state provides the city construction policy and land
use standards, which are operated by the personal sector. The
second side is the solely personal model. It often includes
cooperation between developers at national side and abroad,
which are the majority of development companies in the current
market (Guo, 2005). However, public authority still involved in
the initial state. Occasionally, public authorities might act the
part of developers and implement the development again from
the top to the bottom in the capacity of other companies. It is
conducive to avoiding the general restrictions on private
enterprise development plans and other regulatory controls (Li,
2015).
Landlords: Rent is one of the main income resources for the
majority indigenous residents in village. Urban village
redevelopment means for most of them to lose their living
incomes. Thus, compensation negotiation becomes a vital
process (Hao et al, 2011). Since the rental price would
definitely impact by surround infrastructure improvements and
environments, landlords are tending to do transaction on their
wealth hesitantly in order to get extended property value. In
addiction, future resettlement and social security are another
issue, which are associated with the feasibility and rationality
of urban village redevelopment (Luo, 2005). If the
compensation fee offer by government or developers is
disagreeable for landlords, it is difficult to persuade the people
to support the redevelopment project.
Chung (2009) mentioned that urban villages have their personal
joint-stock companies, which represent the "common benefits"
of the aborigines and have active functions in some village-
related activities. The joint-stock company claims to own the
village's land and usually has a large fund from the rent and
money for managing that collects from the village. This
financial force enables joint-stock companies to negotiate with
7. government sectors in the redevelopment because they can use
their own resources to promote development or the second
development.
In the urban village redevelopment process, the three main
entities, the local government, landowners and developers, both
have the opportunity to become investors in the transformation.
Zhao (2005) analyzed the pros and cons of each actor as an
investor. In general, due to the huge amount of compensations,
the local government will use market forces to encourage
developers to invest in these projects as we mention before.
However, some redevelopment projects, such as conservation
projects, do not have the potential to attract developers. So the
government must invest by themselves. Sometimes, if the
original indigenous residents have strong economic supports,
they will take the initiative to undertake redevelopment funds,
such as renovation projects or maintenance projects (Zhao,
2005).
However, some scholars have found that in urban renewal, local
states and real estate agent are often seen as working together to
slow down problems and prevent disputes. The whole
community and the landowners oppose the potential
collaborators to allow themselves more powerful because the
community parts are removed from the city developing plans
(Cheng, 2012). Only when all parties are satisfied with their
share of the benefits will the redevelopment be accomplished
(Zhuang, 2014).
2.2 Methods of urban villages redevelopment:
According to different redevelopment modes, urban villages
redevelopment in China can be divided into three types (Tu and
Xie, 2006).
· The first one is government oriented. The advantage is that the
government can control the reconstruction process and get land
finance. The disadvantages are high transaction cost, low
efficiency, unsustainable capital operation, or violent
demolition and relocation lead to increased social
8. contradictions, or trapped in the plight of “nail houses”, fierce
social conflict (Gao, 2011).
· According to Ye (2015), the second type is developer
dominance, with high efficiency and low government
transaction costs. However, the biggest disadvantage is "being
picky", which means the most difficult spaces is retained.
· The third type is the village collective leadership, with the
advantage is high efficiency, no “tartar” problems. The
disadvantage is the lack of capital and ability to control the
future. In addiction, lack of foresight resulting in low-end
reconstruction, low-level development, land use efficiency and
non-registered permanent population issues continue to
accumulate, may pay higher redevelopment costs (Guo, 2005).
Wang (2017) argues that involving the villages in the planning
process, means villages are able to understand the whole
process of redevelopment. This will allow them to participate in
the development project. It can also help to collect ideas, for
instance, point out where they feel the social amenities should
be placed.
On the model of urban village redevelopment, different methods
can be used from different perspectives. Xie (2006) mentioned
that redevelopment is generally categorized by three approaches
in terms of the rebuild scale. These three approaches are
rebuild, rehabilitation and conservation. Therein, rebuild means
demolish most of the current buildings. Rehabilitation here
represents rebuilding partly or rebuilding the needed area,
meanwhile improving some of the physical environment (such
as infrastructure, building quality). Conservation means taking
the internal environment improvement and infrastructure
maintenance as the mainly actions to redevelopment.
Cheng (2012) based on construction methods, listed two
common approaches to urban villages redevelopment in China.
The first method can be through the upgrading of the existing
urban villages. This will offer the landlords an advantage, as
their structures will not be demolished as a result of the
redevelopment. The studies further points out that the upgrading
9. will include the refurbishment and also improvement of the
existing structures, for instance, improving the infrastructure,
having historical and cultural construction. Waste management
lines should be properly put in place and there should be urban
planning where social amenities have been considered. The
advantage of this method is that there will be low requirements
in terms of investments and also the residents who earn a low-
income life will not be displaced. There will also increased
health and safety conditions that will enhance the living
standards of the existing settlements.
Another method is based on a demolition-development approach
(Zhuang, 2015), completely change the architectural form and
living environment of "villages in the city". During this process,
the tenants and rural migrants are forced to move to the other
areas until the buildings have been built. This process is
expensive as the landlords need to be compensated for their
land loss and also for the loss of their sources of income. There
is also a need for highly qualified planners and developers who
will take part in the planning and create of architectural designs
that can sustain the villages forever. This means that there is a
need for time to plan for these design and for the complex
drainage, infrastructure and also land for reserve and fields
(Kaushik, 2016).
The urban village redevelopments requires extensive fund
supports, Han (2004) suggest the government should consider
financing the projects through debts - where development
corporations take loans from banks to develop the villages, in
turn, the landlords pay the loans after the new buildings have
been established and they have been put in their hands.
Secondly the government can also consider buying the land
from the owners and giving an admissible compensation
package to them. They then develop the land and place the
rental buildings using the market rental value. They will then
remain to be a source of government revenue as government
property where management corporations will be put in place to
take care of the buildings and to collect the rents.
10. Urban village redevelopment is a special kind of urban renewal
which can learn from the experiences of urban renewal (Huang,
2005). After the Second World War, many European countries
conducted large-scale urban renewal activities. Although some
of them even lost the right way (which is mentioned in
following content) during the renewal process, most of these
countries accumulated lots of precious experiences, and been
the precursors in urban renewal filed as well. Furthermore, their
experiences can be used as references for urban village
redevelopment.
Carmon (1999) summarized European urban renewal history
into three main periods. He named the first generation as the era
of bulldozer which advocated physical determinism and
emphasized environment rebuild. On that time, the governments
wished to make better use of central urban land and drive poor
out of sight, examples are famous slum clearance campaigns.
These slum areas were frequently replaced by shopping centres,
office buildings, and cultural, entertainment centres and high
quality blocks in that time. Although among these renewal
projects, there existed some successful cases, such as Lincoln
Centre in New York. But most of those cases where new
residential neighbourhoods were built, the planners and
designers were blamed for building inhuman multi-storey
blocks, mainly apartments for families that could afford them,
and certainly not suitable for poor families.
The second era is neighbourhood rehabilitation. Carmon (1999)
called it as a comprehensive approach emphasizing on social
problems. Due to the wide criticisms of last bulldozer period,
allocation for welfare purposes as the main aim of urban
renewal is done in this era. The government and planners plan
and implement comprehensive rehabilitation programs, aimed at
improving existing housing and environments instead of
demolishing them. At the same time the government treat the
social problems and poor families by adding social services and
enhancing their living quality. Another evident feature of this
period is the emphasis put on public participation resulting in
11. that public opinion is always been taken into consideration
before plan implementation.
The last period is city centre revitalization. This era is emerged
under European economic depression during 1970s to 1980s.
The aim of urban renewal in this period is driven by interests in
large cities of the developed countries. The very low prices of
land and housing in the city centres began to attract both small
and large private entrepreneurs. As a consequence, after
investigating the distribution of benefit from urban renewal
programme; this period was criticized by widening the gap of
rich and poor.
The lessons learned from the experiences of European urban
renewals are that blindly emphasize environmental rebuild is
unreasonable which can lead to social dissatisfaction and
injustice for poor families. Thus, public participation should be
taken as a measure to ensure the success of renewal project. In
addition, taking relevant groups’ interest, namely stakeholders
into consideration is important in redevelopment programs. 2.3
Challenges:
With regard to the urban villages redevelopment in China, four
challenges are identified (Han, 2014). The first challenge is
hard to coordinate different parties’ interest. Urban village
redevelopment concerns the interests of village collectives,
landlords, governments, developers and many other aspects, it’s
must to find a balance of interests and coordinate the complex
interest relations. The most direct and beneficial relationship
with urban village redevelopment is the landlords, who have
strong resistance to the transformation of the village. Although
the government has protected the interests of the original
villagers to the maximum extent when making compensation
policies for demolition, they will be held large-scale protests
and petitions if they are slightly dissatisfied, which may caused
social instability, and governments or developers have to bear
great political risks.
The second one is the cost is huge. Urban villages are normally
12. densely built and with high construction cost. It also brings
considerable rental income to the landlords every year, which
means the amount of compensation is huge. Especially in the
Pearl River Delta of Guangdong Provinces in China, the cost of
redevelopments involves hundreds of millions Yuan or even
tens of billions Yuan, could discourage some of developers
(Hao et al, 2011).
Han (2014) also points out the third one is the challenges of
property rights. There are a large number of illegal buildings in
the villages in the city. If the property rights of illegal buildings
are recognized, illegal activities are encouraged. If the property
rights are not recognized, considering the lack of legal basis and
the universality of illegal acts, it is difficult to forcefully
dismantle the illegal buildings.
The fourth challenge is lack of policy and regulatory support
(Han, 2014). The restructuring and transformation of the village
in the city is a new thing, involving complex issues such as the
household registration system, the land use system, the fiscal
system, the investment system, the urban management system,
and the administrative management system. At present, there is
no clear and uniform regulation in national laws and
regulations, so there is no unified law as the enforcement
standard in practice.
There are now many existing cases of urban villages
redevelopment in China to draw experiences from and these
cases show that the collaborative among the stakeholders and
landlords’ participants in the villages are closely related to the
success of redevelopment.
2.4 Analytical Framework
Giving the close relationship among the stakeholders, which are
government, developers, and landlords presented above, the
analytical framework, as illustrated in the figure below, will
focus on all three components in this research. The purpose is to
collaborate all the participants in order to redevelop the urban
13. villages situation in China. The framework will be used to
examining what measures have been implemented by
government, landlords, developers in Shenzhen refers to
redevelopment, by looking at the government policies and
market forces. In addiction, landlords’ participation and rural
migrants resettlement are also considered in the following case
study.
Figure 2: The analytical framework
The right of Policy
constitution
Government
14. Welfare /
Compensation
Preferential
Policy
Landlords
Developer
Payment /
Compensation
The right of
Agreement
The right of
Development
(Source: Author)
Although all these concepts have been research independently,
in terms of demolition-development, mostly successful case is
link between governments, developers and landlords. In this
case, the government compiles the urban villages redevelopment
plan according to the modern urban planning concept and
method, should be formulates the policy rules, and researches
and promulgates the urban renewal regulation. The
government's goal of urban village reconstruction is to get
public space land, improve roads and infrastructure, create a
modern urban space, and form a middle-class social structure in
10-15 years. After the completion of the urban village
redevelopment, the land is state-owned, and the land real estate
value added space is given, which provides incentives for
residents to increase their asset value and income, and also
15. provides profit space for market operation.
As the market operator of urban village redevelopment, the
profits is the basic target, but they can also seen as the new
investment. The landlords should contribute a certain proportion
of public space land and financing land to reduce the
compensation area based on the recognition of planning
schemes and compensation methods. After the reconstruction,
due to the substantial improvement of infrastructure and
development environment, the price of land and housing will
rise significantly, and the villages and the total assets of
villagers will get attractive appreciation space.
Rural migrants are a group that is often ignored. Instead of
driving rural migrant out permanently and violent demolition,
providing legal sustainable rental housing. At same time,
provide the proper rights to protect them live in house and
become a legal resident of the community.
Methodology
16. 3. CASE STUDY
3.1 The City Profile:
Shenzhen is the first Special Economic Zone (SEZ), and it lies
in Guangdong Province in China. The city is located in the
northern Hong Kong, the former British colony. Meanwhile, it
is in the south of Guangdong province. Because of its special
geographic and economic location, it become the foregoer of
China's Reform and Opening up and the experimental field of
‘socialist market economy’ (Lai and Zhang, 2016).
Since the open door policy in late 1978, approximate 30 years
period, Shenzhen was no longer the small native village. The
population was two thousand, to a 21st century metropolis
housing over 10 million people in 2016. The official census
shows that it has an extended resident population of 8 million
900 thousand and a floating population of about 2 million.
17. There are 2.3 million people registering in Shenzhen among the
8.9 million extended residents, with the rest coming from other
cities in China. (Wang, 2013). Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
of Shenzhen has been ranked in the third position throughout
Chinese cities in recent decades, only lagging behind Beijing
and Shanghai. In 2017, Shenzhen surpasses 2.2 trillion Yuan
(US$338 billion) in GDP and mark with 8.8 per cent economic
growth (He, 2018).
3.2 The history of Shenzhen’s urban villages:
This rapid transformation was seemed as a miracle during the
world urban development history. However, there are
irregularities in the urban sprawl, urban villages is a special
phenomenon. The evolution of villages in Shenzhen can be
divided into four stages. (Hao, et al, 2011).
At the initial development of Shenzhen in 1980s, basically was
in view of the investors at domestic and abroad. Favorable
policies, less expensive land and labor attract investors from
mainland cities, Hong Kong and other countries all over the
world. At that time, the law still stopped the transaction of land.
The government tended to lease land to foreign-owned
enterprises for development or use money from investors to
build factories. At same time, in order to construct the urban
economic expansion, there is no expropriation of all rural land.
Only the newly developed land was recovered at a low price,
and the village is still a residential area. (Hao, et al, 2011). The
practice of land expropriation in the special zone caused
psychological panic among the villagers and triggered the first
round of building boom.
City areas began to develop on the rural land, villages in those
places were gradually encircled by urban areas. In 1987, the
National Land Reform initiated in Shenzhen, transformed urban
land use into a marketable commodity (Wang, et al, 2009). The
policy started to stimulate the real estate market, letting the
villages have further development. At same time, the
government has commandeered a lot of rural land, and there was
no land for local farmers to grow. (Hao, et al, 2011). The new
18. urban constructions and emerging industries attracted migrant
works to the city, and increased the demand for affordable
housing. As a consequence, local villagers started to build
personal informal settlements, using for living-source. To sum
up, the excessive pursuit of investment drives economic growth,
and because of the ineffectiveness of government regulations,
the large amount of urban villages has emergence.
Beginning in 1992 and ending in 1998, the period was vital for
the development of villages in Shenzhen (Hao, et al, 2011). The
government of Shenzhen has decided to "urbanization" in the
rural areas and villages in the special economy zone in 1992.
Original resides’ ‘Hukou’ status were formally from countryside
to urban citizens. The production team (rural economy) was
transformed into a joint-stock company, and the village
residents change to shareholders. Conversion of collective
owned land changed into state-owned land. (Wang, et al, 2009).
In 1993, the two county Bao’an and Longgang had both changed
into district. Therefore, the villages in these two areas were
officially changed into urban villages. After that, the spatial
structure of villages in Shenzhen has been started.
The final stage starts at 1999. In the past thirty years, the
process of urbanization in China has gone through a period of
fast growth. Shenzhen has entered in the limit place of
urbanization because there is no newly developed land. (Wang,
2013). In 2004, the government expanded areas outside the SEZ,
including the suburbs. Until 2004, “all collective-owned lands
in Shenzhen are required to be transferred into state-owned
land” (Tong, et al, 2018). The staff of Planning Bureau said that
a “shortage of land is considered as the largest restriction for
the future urban growth in developing city.” Limited urban land
stock can explain that state and regional regulation transfer is
related to land, land tax and development strategies. In
particular, in the special economic zones, there are no more
open spaces to build new buildings. In this context, local
governments must adjust the internal structure of the city,
which is often emphasized in the municipal agenda. Therefore,
19. there is reason to believe that a new redevelopment strategy is
coming.
3.3 The characteristics of urban village in Shenzhen:
Due to the advanced economy and high rental income, the urban
villages in Shenzhen have some unique characteristics.
First, the number and the scale of illegal buildings are large,
and the growth is rapid (Yin, et al, 2009). According to the
statistics of Shenzhen Municipal Government, at present, there
are more than 300,000 private houses in urban villages inside
and outside the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, and there are
over 2 million rental houses. If one house covers 100 square
meters and the average five floors are calculated, the floor area
of 300,000 private houses in urban villages will be more than
150 million square meters and each person will live 10 square
meters. The actual population may be more than 8 million,
excluding the houses that are occupied by landlords and empty.
Secondly, the building density is high, the floor is high, and the
floor area ratio is high (Yin, et al, 2009). At present, Shenzhen,
especially inside the SEZ, the building density is generally
high. Some villages have a construction rate of more than 90%,
with an average of 7-8 floors, even have 15 floors or more, and
the floor area ratio even reach to 6, which is much higher than
the 40% building density specified in the Shenzhen Urban
Planning Standards and Guidelines, and the floor area ratio is
2.1 (Lv and Zhou, 2006).
The third is that there is a great profit. At present, the average
rent per square meter of rented houses inside the SEZ is about
18-25 Yuan (Research group of Shenzhen Academy of Social
Sciences, 2004). The rent of a 700-square-meter is around
13,000 Yuan per month and the owners will earn 150,000 a
year. If the private house is close to the main street, the rent of
the first-floor shop is several times than the rent of the private
house, and the total income of one-year rent can reach more
than 200,000 Yuan. The cost of building a 700-800 square
meters settlement is around 400,000 to 500,000 Yuan, which
means they can get cost recovery in three to 5 years.
20. The paper will illustrate two urban villages in Shenzhen and
examines how formal and informal intuitions help and deter
regime building in the course of redevelopment. Yunong
Village, and Gangxia Village have received wide attention in
discussions on Shenzhen’s urban village redevelopment.
3.4 Yunong Village Case:
Yunong Village lies at the the edge of Huanggang Checkpoint,
next to the Shenzhen River, with proximity the close to Hong
Kong as the villages. Because of its special geographic location,
it became the first "village" in Shenzhen to be demolished and
rebuilt. It acts as a successful redevelopment case in the history
of urban village redevelopment in China. It occupied 20,000 m2
and had 9,000 residents. In these 9,000 residents, there are only
200 original villagers (about 76 households) with legal land
ownership, and the others are peoples from outside the village
search for investment lease income (Li and Li, 2011).
In 1988, for the first time, the policy on Punishing Illegal Land
Use and Land Registration showed that land property rights in
urban villages are owned by state and only villagers can use
instead of lease or transfer (Shenzhen Municipal Government
Website, 2016). In 1999, the Futian government further
launched a policy explicitly prohibiting the leasing of properties
to people who are not villagers and announced to clear all
illegal settlements (Li and Li, 2011). However, this policy
threatened the economic sources of the villages since the rental
housing is not allowed.
After the strict policy, the conflicts between the government
and village start to arise. Due to the fluke mind, if the
government seriously considers redevelopment, the
compensation would be increase as much larger building areas.
Thus, villagers under the guidance of VJVE (VJVE is short for
village joint venture enterprise) started to quick replace the low
storied building with high-rise buildings. So the Futian
government has taken an unusually hard line by sending police
to block construction sites and cut off water and electricity for
the new buildings. But VJVE didn’t concede. The main reason
21. is that the final compensation will be directly related to the
construction area. both legal and illegal. In order to resolve
these problems, Futian government resolved to move away from
authority to adopt the cooperative way of cooperation with
VJVE (Li and Li, 2011).
A private actor sector, Gemdale Corporation, joined the alliance
in Yunong case on October 27, 2004. The government has
worked with developers to draft a carefully prepared document
by explaining potential gains to landlords, which initially
reached a tri-partner cooperation agreement. Further efforts
were made in resettlement and compensation arrangements. One
of the main attractions of the relocation plan is the commitment
of the land agent to move back to the apartment. The Futian
government also deployed some workers in the village to deal
with this problem. In particular, they worked closely with
VJVE, which had a major influence on the final decision of all
villagers. (Li and Li, 2011). Eventually, the developer act as
more active and engaged character in this redevelopment plan.
According to Li and Li (2015), “Gemdale held frequent
discussions with villagers on the redevelopment details, such as
the amount of commercial and residential floor areas to be
returned to the villagers and the VJVE; location and orientation
of buildings; housing type; decoration standard; and even the
number of parking lots”. Based on the agreements, after the
reconstruction is completed, the village would have the nine
high-rise buildings with thirty-three floors, and some retail
stores would be placed on the first floor. In addiction, five of
the nine buildings on the eastern will be moved back to the
landowners, or totaling one hundred thousand and four hundreds
square meters, which include business and residential areas.
In order to help the developer to compensate this redevelopment
plan, the local government reduced the ratio of floor area and
site area from 5.8 to 6.82, which means the real estate agent can
make more buildings. In addiction, Futian government waived a
$20 million land price and halved the developer’s transaction
tax in order to show their support and eagerness (Li and Li,
22. 2011). The project was completed in 2008 and landowners
started to move in new apartment, while the real estate company
can sell its portion of the project. The most successful element
is the authority cleaned up a crowed urban village with minimal
financial and political costs.
Figure 3: Site clearance of Yunong Village
(Source: Li and Li, 2011)
3.5 Gangxia Case:
The Gangxia case has always been termed as a failure. The
government had the intention of trying to bring the success of
redeveloping the urban village by using the same strategy that
was used in the case of Yunong (Li and Li, 2011). However,
this time around the strategy proved not to work as effective as
it was supposed to.
Gangxia is located in the southeast area of Futian District,
divided into two parts: Heyuan Area and Louyuan Area by a
street. According to Tan and Shima (2017), the area is bout
151,600 m2, and the total existing population of Heyuan Area is
about 68,000 people, including the local population of 1,153
people, foreign population of 843 people and temporary
population of 66,000 people. After Shenzhen government
published a policy “On the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone of
rural urbanization of the Interim Provisions” in 1992, the city
government tried to develop Heyuan Area as the central area of
Shenzhen Central Business District (CBD), business supporting
functional areas which would provide service for financial,
business, information, culture, exhibition and other industries in
public central area (Cheng, 2003).
Figure 4: The location of Gangxia Village in Shenzhen from
Google Map
(Source: Google Map, 2017)
In this case, the initial three partners were identified within the
village, the government, the developers, and the VJVE.
However, this time the government tried to bypass other people,
23. only to cooperate with the president of VJVE, who was elected
with the support of the authorities. As a result, the guidelines
agreement signed among VJVE, the government and developers,
was blamed by the villagers for being unrepresentative and
ineffective. (Li and Li, 2011). Despite the growing conflict of
interest among the three parties, the government has succeeded
in trying to remove structural barriers with armed forces.
Organized protect emerged and the whole redevelopment project
started slowly. In the end, although the villagers eventually
agreed to give up ownership of the households, they were
reluctant to do so. Because villagers believe that if they
continue to refuse compensation, the economic downturn will
hurt them more.
4. DISCUSSIONS AND ANALYSIS
24. As emphasized by the case study, we can find that urban
villager redevelopment is a complex multi-interests game
process, and a collaborative partnership among all stakeholders
is the keys to successful urban village redevelopment. The
Yunong case shows a collaborative network based on trust and
support, while all stakeholders are working together towards
one gorals. On the other hand, lack of understanding and
collaboration caused the negative outcome.
4.1 Government:
Through the case study, it becomes apparent that most of
successful redevelopment projects are government led, the role
of government in China have proven to be more effective on
redevelopment of urban villages. However, the degree of same
local authority involvement that led to two different outcomes.
The current practice of urban villages redevelopment in
Shenzhen is to adopt different modes for different types of
"urban villages", based on the current villages status, main
problems, market potential and the relationship with urban
planning. The basic mode of redevelopment is "state-led,
market-oriented operation", and this is one of the reasons why
the government have a direct impact on the developers and
landowners in Shenzhen. As seen in the case of Shenzhen,
government carries out macro-control and guidance through
policies and plans, as a mediator role during the cooperation
process, which can directly affect the success of redevelopment.
Policy Maker: A feasible policy has an impact on the
redevelopment. In the case of Shenzhen, the government has
published several specific policies and plans to tackle urban
village problems. The main local policies include: The
Thirteenth Five-Year Plan of Shenzhen, The Master Plan of
Shenzhen Villages-in-the-City Redevelopment, Current
Construction Plan of Shenzhen, Special Project Plan for
Village-in-the-city Redevelopment, and land use zoning as
stipulated in District-Level Layout Plan (Chung, 2009).
Typically, the Redevelopment Master Plan is a strategic policy
that specifies the direction and planning principles of urban
25. villages redevelopment.
From the eleventh Five Year plan of Shenzhen, it also
constituted the potential redevelopment sequences after
researching the negative impacts on urban development. This
plan classified urban villages into five categories (see Figure 5).
The blue polygene represents the redevelopment program should
be finalized during the five years. The villages’ redevelopment
speed should be accelerated are filled by mauve color. Orange
means the redevelopment project should be launched within the
five year. And the other two categories are to be researched and
to be conversed respectively. In Futian district, the
redevelopment sequences included to be finalized, to be
accelerated and to be launched. This can be seemed as three
redevelopment sequences (stages).
Figure 5: The plan of urban village redevelopment within five
years (2005-2010)
(Source: Shenzhen Municipal Government, 2005)
Yunong Village still stands out as an excellent example of what
the policies of the government can do when it comes to the
aspect of redeveloping the urban villages. The village was
demolished to its entity and reconstructed to meet the set
guidelines and city government plans. Yunong has the same
policies as other state and city governments in China. However,
the city government gives a room for partnership in some areas.
In 1999, the city government prohibited the act of leasing land
in Yunong to people who were non-villagers. The reason for
doing so was because the investors from outside had seen the
potential of the city and they were ready to invade the area and
invest as much as they could. The actions of the foreign
investors did not come without consequences. When it gets to
the point where the government restricts the leasing of the land
to specific persons, it is evident that the policy has the power to
dictate what happens on the land. The investors who were
restricted from buying the land in Yunong had the plans of
coming up with building plans that continued to promote the
26. rise of urban villages. However, because of the policy that
restricted the lease of the land, they were not able to acquire the
land. Development of land and leasing of land are associated at
a higher level.
In the redevelopment plan, residential and commercial land use
is separated and villagers can engage in economic endeavors by
sharing the future commercial land use. Also, the historic
buildings such as ancestor halls and watchtowers in village will
be preserved. With such strong support from the government,
the VJVE and villagers were more engaged into the project.
In addiction, according to the Special Project Plan for Village-
in-the-city Redevelopment, the government can provide
preferential policies to developers in order to attract them to
invest the redevelopment projects (Shenzhen Municipal
Government, 2016). In Yunong’s case, Futian government
waived a $20 million land price and halved the developer’s
transaction tax in Yunong Village. Therefore, it is no doubt that
the policies are affecting the shareholders and also promoting
the redevelopment of the urban villages.
Coordinator: In the cases, we note that the alliance shows a
network of government authorities and the private sector, which
is further separated into landlords and private developers (third
parties emerged in Gangxia, mainly as financial resource
providers), who had the resources and expertise to complete the
reconstruction project. The Gangxia case has always been
termed as a failure because the government should play the role
of coordinator in the urban village redevelopment, and should
not only represent the interests of one party.
The contradictions and disputes between VJVE and landowners
during the redevelopment process need a platform for
communication, and the balance of interest relationship can be
achieved through the coordination and communication skills of
the government. In these two cases, the government began to
take a hard line when trying to rebuild the village in the city.
The government in the Yunong case quickly drew back, because
they realized that it was not feasible. This change of power
27. alliance paved the way for the end of success. Such patience
and diplomacy have not been found in the case of Gangxia. The
government lacks the ability to communication and dispute
resolution, so each party seeks to maximize its own interests.
The negative consequences of maximum profits seeking by each
actor in the coalition worsen when villagers themselves are
dragged into their own skirmishes leading to fighting. From this
point of view, the power structure in the alliance is completely
distorted and almost impossible to find a balance.
The case studies suggest that strong government involvement
was a necessity for getting planning approvals, resolving
disagreements, and facilitating the whole process. Different
from the western experience, the redevelopment of urban village
in China cannot proceed successfully without the active
involvement of government. In the light of “state-led”,
government is the major force to drive the redevelopment and
manage the process.
4.2 Developer:
4.3 VJVE/Landlords: Accept and Support the redevelopment
Although the Shenzhen government has made redevelopment
schemes for the two urban villages in a top-down way, the
smooth and strong support from landlords can play a vital role
in making the successful redevelopment plan. For the Village
Joint Venture Enterprise (VJVE), they not only have the
responsibility to negotiate with government and developers, but
also have the power to formulate a redevelopment plan that
meets the various needs of villagers. For the villagers, they
have the opportunity to express their ideas to the VJVE. Thus,
the relation between the VJVE and villagers is a critical factor
that decides whether the redevelopment plan can meet various
needs of the villagers or not.
It’s worthwhile to mention that the VJVE of Yunong Village has
fully taken the villager’s needs into consideration. Knowing that
most villagers may rely on the rental incomes after
redevelopment, the VJVE requested 5 out of 9 buildings with 33
28. floors or a total of 100,400 m2, so that most villagers can
receive more than one unit and rent them to outsiders. From the
local newspaper interviews, all the interviewees (landlords)
agreed that their living conditions were improved significantly.
Some of the villagers even became billionaires after the
compensation as they received large area of apartments.
The case studies has shown that urban villagers have a strong
desire to gain more control over their lives and are more willing
to fight for their benefits, compensations, and legal rights.
Compensation is one of the most important factors that decide
whether the redevelopment is feasible or not. Generally
speaking, there are two steps for making the compensation
scheme. For one thing, the VJVE needs to gather villagers’
opinions to formulate a scheme that endorsed by at least 80% of
all villagers (Chung and Zhou, 2011). For the other, the VJVE
has to negotiate with the government and developer to get the
compensation scheme approved. Thus, the relations between the
VJVE and the villagers and the negotiation power dynamic
among the VJVE, the government and developer are two aspects
that have great influence on the compensation schemes.
In terms of Gangxia Village, there were many disagreements
between the VJVE and the villagers when making the plan. It is
obvious that the distrust between the villagers and the VJVE is
critical. The situation of Gangxia Village was that the villagers
wanted more compensation, but this request was not supported
by the government and developers.
Redevelopment schemes at the implementation level must
follow the objectives put forward in the Current Construction
Plan of Shenzhen (2006–2010) and land use zoning as stipulated
in District-Level Layout Plan (Figure Below), two subsidiary
legal documents of the Shenzhen City Master Plan (1996 –
29. 2010). These plans have created a network of prescriptions from
the strategic to the operational levels to regulate the future
development of villages-in-the-city — making them no longer
‘spaces of disorder’
How the government’s policies do to impact the stakeholders
and directly influence the redevelopment
Master plan-sources