This document discusses the key characteristics of runoff including peak discharge, the hydrograph showing variation of discharge over time, and total runoff volume. It describes how watershed features like drainage area, slope, roughness, storage, drainage density, channel length, and antecedent moisture conditions affect the runoff hydrograph. Larger drainage areas, steeper slopes, and higher drainage densities produce higher peaks and shorter hydrographs, while milder slopes, more storage, longer channels, and wet antecedent conditions result in lower peaks and longer hydrographs.
Stream flow representing the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle is the most important basic data for hydrologic studies. Runoff is generated by rainstorms. Its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. This module highlights about runoff components of the hydrological cycle.
It is a topic from Engineering Hydrology authored by Raghunath. It was my report when I took up this subject on 2nd semester, 2014-2015 during my 4th year level. It was under my instructor, Engr. Bernadeth V. Dapun, MERIE
Stream flow representing the runoff phase of the hydrologic cycle is the most important basic data for hydrologic studies. Runoff is generated by rainstorms. Its occurrence and quantity are dependent on the characteristics of the rainfall event, i.e. intensity, duration and distribution. This module highlights about runoff components of the hydrological cycle.
It is a topic from Engineering Hydrology authored by Raghunath. It was my report when I took up this subject on 2nd semester, 2014-2015 during my 4th year level. It was under my instructor, Engr. Bernadeth V. Dapun, MERIE
Runoff is that portion of the rainfall or irrigation water which leaves a field either as surface or as subsurface flow. When rainfall intensity reaching the soil surface is less than the infiltration capacity, all the water is absorbed in to the soil. As rain continues, soil becomes saturated and infiltration capacity is reduced, shallow depression begins to fill with water, then the overland flow starts as runoff.
Following slides helps the fresher to understand the aspect of water logging and salinity of the soil and their control and management strategies for sustainable agriculture
Runoff is that portion of the rainfall or irrigation water which leaves a field either as surface or as subsurface flow. When rainfall intensity reaching the soil surface is less than the infiltration capacity, all the water is absorbed in to the soil. As rain continues, soil becomes saturated and infiltration capacity is reduced, shallow depression begins to fill with water, then the overland flow starts as runoff.
Following slides helps the fresher to understand the aspect of water logging and salinity of the soil and their control and management strategies for sustainable agriculture
mesearment of stream flow channels in rivermulugeta48
STREAM FLOW:
is the quantity of water per unit time flowing across the section of the stream.
It is usually expressed as cubic meters per second
Streams may be classified as:
(i) Influent and Effluent streams
(ii) Intermittent and perennial streams
If the GWT is below the bed of the stream, the seepage from the stream feeds the ground-water resulting in the build up of water mound (Fig. 4.6).
Such streams are called influent streams
Irrigation channels function as influent streams and many rivers which cross desert areas do so.
Such streams will dry up completely in rainless period and are called ephemeral streams.
Streams may be classified as:
(i) Influent and Effluent streams
(ii) Intermittent and perennial streams
If the GWT is below the bed of the stream, the seepage from the stream feeds the ground-water resulting in the build up of water mound (Fig. 4.6).
Such streams are called influent streams
Drainage pattern & morphometric analyses of drainage basinsUjjavalPatel16
Drainage Pattern & Morphometric analyses of drainage basins.
In geomorphology, the patterns formed by the streams, rivers, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. Also known as drainage systems or river systems.
According to the configuration of the channels, drainage systems can fall into one of several categories known as drainage patterns. Drainage patterns depend on the topography & geology of the land.
Drainage basins: The total land surface drained by a system of stream leading to the same outflow.
Drainage system: The stream, tributaries, and other bodies of water by which a region is called drained.
Drainage divide: The boundary between adjacent drainage basins.
An area of land drained by a river and its tributaries.
It is also called the Catchment area.
Any precipitation which falls into the basin is collected and drains into the main river or its tributaries by runoff, throughflow or groundwater flow.
Its boundary marked by a ridge of high land called watershed.
Drainage basins have one main stream and many tributaries.
Each tributaries of main stream forms sub-drainage basin.
A hydrograph is a graph showing the rate of flow (discharge) versus time past a specific point in a river, or other channel or conduit carrying flow. The rate of flow is typically expressed in cubic meters or cubic feet per second (cms or cfs)
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
2. CHARACTERISTICS OF
RUNOFF
• Peak Discharge
• Time Variation of Runoff - Hydrograph
• Stage versus Discharge for Stream Channels
• Total Volume of Runoff
• Frequency of Runoff - Statistics
• Return Period
3. RUNOFF
• Excess rainfall is the rainfall remaining after all of
the hydrologic abstractions have been subtracted.
Excess rainfall becomes runoff and eventually
streamflow.
• A hydrograph is a curve describing the variation of
discharge with time as a result of a storm. The
main features are the rising and falling limbs, the
peak and the base duration.
4. RUNOFF
• The most important characteristics of runoff
are: peak discharge, total runoff volume,
and frequency of peak flows.
• The peak discharge (peak flow) is the
maximum flow a given point as a result of a
storm.
5. RUNOFF
• For a given storm, the resulting peak flow
determines the size of the drainage structures.
• Peak flows depend on rainfall characteristics, and
watershed size and other features.
• The total runoff volume is equal to the area under
the hydrograph. It can be measured in cubic
meters or, cubic feet or, dividing by the watershed
area in, in mm or inches.
6. RUNOFF
• The volume is used in design of storage facilities
which may be related to highway design.
• Similar to storm events, the exceedance
probability of peak flows is the probability that, in
any one year, a peak of given magnitude will be
equaled or exceeded.
• The return period is calculated as one over the
probability.
7. EFFECT OF BASIN
CHARACTERISTICS
• In addition to the spatial and temporal
characteristics of rainfall, the physical features of
the watershed also control the shape of the runoff
hydrograph.
• •Factors affecting the hydrograph include:
drainage area, slope, roughness, storage, drainage
density, channel length, and antecedent moisture
conditions.
8. EFFECT OF BASIN
CHARACTERISTICS
• Features that facilitate runoff removal
produce high peaks and short hydrographs.
Features that delay runoff removal produce
low peaks and long hydrographs.
10. Drainage Area - Watershed Area
• The drainage area of a basin is the single
most important factor affecting the
magnitude of peak flows.
• In general, a large drainage area implies a
large peak flow; however, urbanization can
modify this behavior.
11. Slope
• In general, mild slopes produce less runoff volume
and smaller peaks
• The slope of the terrain affects the total runoff
volume. If the slope is mild, the velocity of
overland flow will be low and there will be more
time for water to infiltrate thereby reducing the
amount reaching the stream.
• The slope of the channel affects the magnitude of
the peak and the duration of runoff. A steep
channel produces greater velocities and allows
faster removal of the runoff from the watershed;
therefore, shorter times to peak take place.
12. Slope
• The slope of the channel affects the
magnitude of the peak and the duration of
runoff. A steep channel produces greater
velocities and allows faster removal of the
runoff from the watershed; therefore,
shorter times to peak take place.
13. Roughness
• Roughness affects the velocity of overland
flow and stream flow. A rough channel will
cause smaller peaks than a smooth channel.
• For a given discharge, stage levels (water
surface elevations) in a stream are higher
for rough channels.
14. Storage
• Storage can take place within the streambed, flood
plains, marshes, lakes, or in artificial features such
as stormwater management facilities and
reservoirs. Storage also takes place in the
impoundments created upstream of road crossings
(e.g., bridges, and culverts).
• In general, storage reduces and delays peaks and
increases the duration of runoff.
15. Storage
• The total runoff volume may be reduced by
the increased effect of abstractions. For
instance, a reservoir provides a large surface
area exposed to evaporation and may retain
a portion of the runoff in the permanent
pool volume.
16. Drainage Density
• The drainage density is a measure of the total
length of well defined channels that drain the
watershed (sometimes measured as the blue lines
representing the streams on a topographic map).
• Drainage density is defined as the sum of the
lengths of all of the channels (km or miles)
divided by the total watershed area (km2 or ft2).
This ratio can be determined from topographical
maps.
17. Drainage Density
• Drainage density affects the response of the
watershed to rainfall. High densities usually allow
fast runoff removal. Therefore, greater peaks and
hydrographs with shorter durations are expected
for watersheds with higher drainage densities.
• The effect of drainage density on runoff volume is
associated with the time during which the runoff
remains in the watershed. Low densities allow for
long residence times; therefore, abstraction
mechanisms have more time to remove water.
18. Drainage Density
• Drainage density can be increased by
urbanization. Because of the faster
response facilitated by high densities, the
frequency distribution of streamflow
approximately follows that of precipitation
events.
19. Channel Length
• The effective length of a channel depends on flow
magnitude. Large flows overtop the banks and fill
the floodplain whose length is usually shorter than
that of the meandering streambed.
• A long drainage channel usually indicates a long
runoff removal time. Therefore, longer channels
cause a response to rainfall slower than for shorter
channels.
20. Channel Length
• Long channels also cause more attenuation
of peaks due to storage and hydraulic
roughness. Consequently, long channels
cause low peaks and hydrographs of long
duration.
21. Antecedent Moisture
• Antecedent Moisture is the amount of water
present in the soil at the beginning of a
storm.
• If the moisture content of the soil is high,
more runoff will be produced because a
smaller amount of water is required to
saturate the soil.
22. Other Factors
• Other special watershed conditions can affect the
distribution of runoff. Examples are channel
rerouting, vegetation type, hydraulic structures,
and urbanization.
• In summary, if the result is to facilitate runoff
removal, the effect will be increased peaks and
shorter hydrograph durations. If the result is to
slow the flow of runoff, the opposite effects will
take place.