Following slides helps the fresher to understand the aspect of water logging and salinity of the soil and their control and management strategies for sustainable agriculture

1. Dr . Mohinder Singh
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences
SGT University, Gurgoan
9466310014

2.  Water Logging:
Water logging is the natural flooding and over-
irrigation that brings water at underground levels to
the surface. As a consequence, displacement of the air
occurs in the soil with corresponding changes in soil
processes and an accumulation of toxic substances
that impede plant growth

3.  The actual depth of
water table, when it
starts affecting the
yield of the crops
adversely, may vary
over a wide range
from zero for rice to
about 1.5 meters for
other crops
 Height of capillary
fringe
 Type of crop
PICS CROPS DEPTH OF
WATER TABLE (m)
wheat 0.9 to 1.2
Cotton 1.5 to 1.8
Rice 0.6
Sugarcane 0.9
Fodder crop 1.2

4. Absence of aeration of soil in the root zone of
the plants
Difficulty in cultivation operations
Growth of water weeds & wild aquatic plants
Rise of salts in surface layers
Restricted root growth
Lower soil temperature
Plant diseases

5.  Inadequate surface Drainage
 Seepage from canal system
 Over irrigation of fields
 Impermeable clay layer below the soil.
 Construction of a water reservoir
 Natural obstruction to the flow of ground
water

6.  Inhabiting activity of soil bacteria.
 Decrease in available capillary water
 Fall in soil temperature
 Defective air circulation
 Rise of salt
 Delay in cultivation operations
Growth of flora (unwanted plants
species)
 Adverse effects on community health
 Less availability of oxygen

7.  Providing efficient surface Drainage.
 Reducing percolation(the slow passage of a
liquid through a filtering medium)
from canals.
 Restriction of unwanted irrigation.
 Adoption of sprinkler method for irrigation
 Removing obstructions in natural drainage.

8.  REDUCING PERCOLATION FROM IRRIGATION CHANNELS
 REDUCING PERCOLATION FROM WATER COURSES AND FIELDS
 ENCOURAGING ECONOMICAL USE OF WATER
 INCREASING OUTFLOW FROM THE GROUND WATER RESERVOIR
REDUCING PERCOLATION FROM IRRIGATION CHANNELS
 LINING OF CHANNELS
 LOWERING OF FULL SUPPLY LEVEL OF IRRIGATION CHANNELS
 PROVIDING INTERCEPTOR DRAINS AMONG CHANNELS
 CHANGING CROP PATTERN
 CHANGING REVENUE POLICY

9. SALINITY
If the concentration of harmful salts in the root
zone of a plant increases to such on extent that
plant growth is effected, this situation is called
Salinity.Salinity.
Causes of Salinity
The factors contributing towards the problem of
salinity are almost same as that of water logging.
Every agricultural soil has certain mineral salt in
it like NaCl, Na2CO3, Na2SO4 etc.

10.  Controlled Irrigation.
 Providing adequate surface drainage.
 Allowing lower intensity of irrigation.
 Reducing surface evaporation.
 Not using alkaline water for irrigation purpose.

11.  The possible causes for salt-affected soils could be poor
drainage, saline or sodic subsoil exposure due to erosion,
parent soil material, use of high salt irrigation water, long-
term use of some fertilizers, low rainfall or oil field activity.
The following techniques or events can help reclaim saline soils.
 Salt can be leached out of the root zone through good quality
irrigation water or by heavy rainfall.
 Create good surface and internal drainage. The use of tile
drains and open ditches in the fields can increase drainage and
remove some of the salts.
 Break the compacted layers that occur near or at the soil
surface.
 Add organic matter, such as rotted hay or feedlot manure, at
10-15 tons/acre to improve soil porosity.

12.  There are some additional considerations in the
reclamation of sodic and saline-sodic soils.
 Reclamation of sodic soils is similar to saline soil in
leaching the salts out of the root zone, except that
gypsum should be added to remove the sodium. The
amount of gypsum required depends on the soil texture
and ESP.
 Reclamation of these salt-affected soils is a very difficult
thing and can take several years, so be patient.
 Sandy soils in high rainfall regions can be reclaimed more
easily than clay soils if rainfall is the only source of
reclamation.