This document discusses hazardous waste and its management. It defines hazardous waste as waste that poses threats to human health or the environment. It identifies several types of hazardous waste including radioactive substances, biomedical waste, chemicals waste, flammable waste, and explosive waste. It also discusses the characteristics of hazardous waste such as ignitability, corrosivity, toxicity, and reactivity. The document provides details on assessing and managing risks from hazardous waste.

1. Course Title: Waste Management
Course Code: ESG-3103
Chapter 7: Hazardous waste
Presentation Group: Seven

2. Group Member Roll Number
MD. Aslam Uddin 1831012
Shahin Ali 1831016
Rubaiatul Islam Zerin 1831030
Shamshur nahar 1831035
Sharmin shila 1831036

3. Hazardous Waste
Hazardous waste is waste that has substantial or potential threats to
public health or the environment.
According to the EPA, “Simply defined, a hazardous waste is a waste
with properties that make it dangerous or capable of having a harmful
effect on human health or the environment.”
Figure: Hazardous Waste

4. Type of Hazardous Waste
Radioactive Substance
Biomedical Waste
Chemicals Waste
Flammable Waste
Explosive Waste

5. Radioactive Substance
 These substances are those substances that emit ionizing
radiation and these substances are hazardous because lengthy
exposure to radiation often results in damage to living organisms.
Such substances are of special concern because they continue for
a long period. The period in which radiation happens is
commonly measured & expressed as half-life, i.e., the time
needed for the radioactivity of a given amount of the substance to
decay to half its initial value.
Figure: Radioactive Waste

6. Biomedical Waste
 The primary sources of hazardous biological wastes are
biological & hospitals research facilities. The ability to infect
other living organisms & the ability to produce toxins are the
most noteworthy characteristics of hazardous biological
wastes.
Figure: Biomedical Waste

7. Chemical Waste
 Most dangerous chemical wastes can be categorised into
different groups: inorganic metals, flammables, acids &
bases, synthetic organics, and explosives. Some of the
chemicals are dangerous because they are highly toxic to
most life forms. When such hazardous compounds or
elements are present in a waste stream at levels equal to or
greater than their threshold levels, the overall waste stream is
recognized as dangerous.
Figure: Chemical Waste

8. Flammable Waste
 Such wastes are also recognised as hazardous chemical wastes. This dual grouping
is vital because of the high potential hazard in collecting, robust, and disposing of
flammable wastes. Such wastes may be liquid, solid or gaseous, but most often, they
are liquids.
Explosives Waste
 Such hazardous wastes are primarily ordnance (artillery)
materials, i.e., the wastes resulting from ordnance
manufacturing & some industrial gases. Similar to
flammables, these wastes also have a high potential for
hazard in storage, disposal, collection; therefore, they
should be regarded separately in addition to being listed as
hazardous chemicals. This waste may exist in liquid,
gaseous, or solid. Figure: Explosives Waste

9. Characteristics of Hazardous Waste
 The regulations specify characteristic hazardous wastes as wastes that exhibit
measurable properties posing enough threats to warrant regulations. A waste is
hazardous is to estimate it against the following 4 hazardous characteristics:
Ignitability
Corrosivity
Toxicity
Reactivity
Figure: Characteristics of hazardous waste

10. Ignitability
 A waste is an ignitable or burnable hazardous waste,
if it has a flashpoint of less than 60C, easily catches
fire & burns so vigorously as to create a hazard or is
an intangible compressed gas or an oxidizer.
Corrosivity
 A liquid waste that has a pH of less than/equal to 2 or
greater than/equal to 12.5 is deemed to be corrosive
hazardous waste. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH), a caustic
solution with a high pH, is often used by many
industries to clean/degrease metal parts.

11. Toxicity
 To know if waste is toxic or not, a representative sample of
the material should be subjected to a test or examination
conducted in a certified or authorized laboratory. The toxic
characteristic recognizes wastes that are likely to seep
dangerous concentrations of toxic chemicals into
groundwater.
Reactivity
 A material is regarded as a reactive hazardous waste if it’s
unstable, reacts aggressively with water, creates toxic
gases when exposed to water/corrosive materials, or if it’s
capable of explosion when exposed to heat or a flame.

12. Toxicity Consideration
 Toxicity
 The quality of being toxic or poisonous.
 The quality of being very harmful or unpleasant in a
pervasive or insidious way.
 Toxicology
 The basic science of poisons.
 The study of the adverse effects of chemical agents on
biological systems.
 The ultimate goal is to increase our understanding of how
chemicals affect human health.

13. Toxicity assessment
 The toxicity assessment portion is where toxicological pathologist is most directly
involved. This stage of risk assessment involves identifying potential hazards &
developing dose-response information for effects of interest.
Classification of toxicity
 There are generally five types of toxic entities;
Chemical
Biological
Physical
Radiation
Behavioral toxicity

14. Chemical
 Chemical toxicity are toxic ingredient.
 Chemical toxicity can be solid, gaseous, vaporous, poisonous and so on.
 Sox, NOx, CO2, CO and so many effects of toxicity can be included with chemical
toxicity.
Biological
 Disease causing microorganisms & parasite are toxic in a broad sense but are
generally called pathogens rather than toxicants. The biological toxicity of pathogens
can be difficult to measure because the “three sold dose” may be a single organism.
 Theoretically one virus, bacterium or worm can reproduce to cause a serious
infection. However in a host with an intact immune system, the inherent toxicity of
the organism is balanced by the host’s ability to fight back; the effective toxicity is
then a combination of both parts of the relationship.

15. Physical
 Physical toxicants are substances that due to their physical nature, interfere with
biological processes. Example include coal dust, asbestos fibers or firely divided
silicon dioxide, all of asphyxiates gases can be considered physical toxicants because
they act by displacing oxygen in the environment but they are inert, not chemically
toxic gases.
Radiation
 Radiation can have a toxic effect on organisms.
 This is harmful for man and environment.
Behavioral toxicity
 Behavioral toxicity refers to the undesirable effects of essentially therapeutic
levels medication clinically indicated for a given disorder (DiMascio, soltys &
shader,1970)
 These undesirable effects may include anticholinergic effects, alpha-
adrenergic blockade & dopaminergic effects among others.

16. Considered toxic waste
 Waste containing dangerous pathogens, such as used syringes, is sometimes considered to be
toxic waste. Poisonous occurs when toxic waste is ingested, inhaled or absorbed by the skin.
Toxic waste results from industrial, chemical & biological processes. Toxins are found in
household, office & commercial coasts.
 Finally, As such waste management in house hold objects:
 Waste management is considered in so many ways but house hold hazardous waste
management is significantly community based.
Figure: Hazardous waste management in home

17. some effects of toxicity
 Headaches or nausea.
 Severe symptoms like coma & convulsions & death.
 Certain dyestuff intermediate can produce bladder cancer.
 Occupational health hazards include byssinosis , chronic bronchitis,
dermatitis & cancer.
 Hazardous waste is waste that can catch fire, react or explode under
certain circumstances or that is corrosive or toxic.
One Hit Mode
 The flows of one side to one side which included with hazardous waste management.
Toxic waste of one point:
Toxic wastes are substances that are poisonous even in very small or trace amounts. Some
may have an acute effect on humans causing death, others may have a chronic or long term
effect, slowly causing irreparable harm to human & other organisms.

18.  Basically, one hit mood refers to one places to other places in selected process. Such as
cupola gas scrubbing. The scrubbing operation has a potential to use JP to 6 kl/day of waste
water in place of fresh water.
Figure: Reduction in generation & disposal of high TDS water.

19.  Again in waste management, The alternative use of founding process residues the fugitive
emissions at the transfer points which included with one hit mood in waste management
process.
Figure: Alternative use of foundry process residues.
 The materials collected from these filters are “Dust Fines” which are non-hazardous
in nature. These fines were disposed off to landfills with associated costs involved.

20. What is Risk?
 Risk is defined as the probability of suffering harm or loss (measurable e.g. person days lost
due to accident)
Identifying the Risks
• Is there a human health risk?
• Is the environment threatened?
• Is the socio-economic stability of the area threatened?
• Is there an immediate health risk?
• Is there long-term risk?
• Are the risks acceptable?
• What is the uncertainty?
 Risk = (Probability) * (Severity of Consequences)
 Consequence is not a quantifiable matter.

21. Hazard VS Risk
Hazard
Hazard is anything which has potential to
cause harm
Ex: Moving machinery, knife, Dust etc
Risk
Risk is a chance or probability of causing
harm from a hazard
Ex: Chance of Fall of person, Chance of cut
from a knife
Note: Risk= hazard + Exposure

22.  Risk characterization is the integration of the hazard identification, hazard characterization,
including dose-response, and exposure assessments to describe the nature and magnitude of the
health risk in a given population.
 At the international level, FAO and WHO have defined risk assessment as consisting of four
steps (FAO/WHO, 1995): 1) Hazard identification; 2) Hazard characterization, including dose-
response assessment; 3) Exposure assessment; 4) Risk characterization.
 Risk management is the Identification, Analysis and Economic Control of those
RISKS which can threaten the Assets (Property, Human) or the earning capacity
of an industry.
Risk Management:
Risk characterization

23. Figure: Risk Management process

24. Response to Risks or Deal with Risk
Response to risks usually takes one of the following forms:
 Avoidance: A business strives to eliminate a particular risk by getting rid of its cause.
 Mitigation: Decreasing the projected financial value associated with a risk by lowering
the possibility of the occurrence of the risk.
 Acceptance: In some cases, a business may be forced to accept a risk. This option is
possible if a business entity develops contingencies to mitigate the impact of the risk,
should it occur.
Importance of Risk Management
 Risk management is an important process because it empowers a business with the
necessary tools so that it can adequately identify and deal with potential risks. Once a risk
has been identified, it is then easy to mitigate it. In addition, risk management provides a
business with a basis upon which it can undertake sound decision-making.
 For a business, assessment and management of risks is the best way to prepare for
eventualities that may come in the way of progress and growth. When a business
evaluates its plan for handling potential threats and then develops structures to address
them, it improves its odds of becoming a successful entity.

25. Transport Regulation
 The transportation of waste is the movement of waste over a specific area by trains,
tankers, trucks, barges, or other vehicles. The types of wastes that may be transported
range from municipal garbage to radioactive or hazardous wastes.
 Hazardous wastes may be transported to be treated, stored, or disposed of. Facilities
that generate hazardous waste are required to prepare a shipping document, or
"manifest," to accompany the waste as it is transported from the site of generation.
Figure Transportation of Waste

26. The regulatory landscape
 Businesses involved with hazardous wastes typically interact with at least three regulatory
regimes over the hazardous waste ‘life cycle’.
 Storage and handling of hazardous substances
 Transport, including transport of dangerous goods
 Environmental protection, including movement of controlled (hazardous)
wastes.
Figure: Hazardous waste movement cycle

27. Figure: Transportation Regulation

28. Hazardous Waste Disposal
 Hazardous waste refers to unwanted or unusable materials that are dangerous or potentially
harmful to the health of humans or the environment. This waste comes in various forms
(liquids, solids, gases, and sludges), and it must be handled very carefully due to its destructive
nature. Examples of hazardous waste include common commercial products like ink, paint,
solvents, as well as by-products of manufacturing and industrial processes. If your company or
facility handles hazardous waste, you must learn how to dispose of it properly to protect the
environment and to protect your business from regulatory scrutiny.
Methods of Disposal
 Although hazardous wastes were thrown in landfills in the past, this caused the
surrounding environment to be contaminated with dangerous substances. These days,
some hazardous wastes can be put into landfills, but only if they are stabilized and
solidified first. Many hazardous wastes can be recycled, such as circuit boards,
batteries, etc. If you’re interested in this safe, effective, and green hazardous waste
disposal solution, follow the EPA’s regulations regarding hazardous waste recycling.
Other methods of hazardous waste disposal include incineration (waste-to-energy),
pyrolysis, and isolated landfills used specifically for hazardous waste.

29. Radioactive Waste Disposal
 Disposal is the final step in the management of radioactive waste. Its aim is to provide safety through
emplacement of waste in facilities designed for appropriate levels of containment and isolation.
 Establishment of disposal programs within the framework of an integrated national radioactive waste
management infrastructure
 .Development of near surface and geological disposal facilities, including borehole disposal for
disused sealed radioactive sources
 Preservation and dissemination of development, operational and post-operational knowledge in waste
disposal
 .Provision of training in the application of waste disposal technologies and enhancing
communications between professionals in radioactive waste disposal through the use of Networks
(DISPONET and URF Network)
 Addressing scientific, technical, institutional and socio-political issues through stakeholder
involvement to support confidence building.

30. Chemical Waste Disposal

31. Biomedical Waste Disposal
 Autoclaving
The process of autoclaving involves steam sterilization. Instead of incineration, which can be
expensive, autoclaving simply introduces very hot steam for a determined amount of time. At the end
of the process, microorganisms have been completely destroyed. This process is particularly effective
because it costs much less than other methods, and doesn’t present any personal health risks. While
some biomedical waste isn’t able to be disposed of via autoclaving, around 90% of materials are
sanitized this way before being sent on to a landfill.
 Incineration
The major benefits of incineration are that it is quick, easy, and simple. It effectively removes the waste
entirely, and safely removes any microorganisms. However, when burning hazardous materials,
emissions can be particularly dangerous. Some states prefer for waste disposal companies to look
towards incineration as their first choice, but materials must be reviewed and determined as safe to
burn.

32.  Chemicals
When it comes to liquid waste, a common biomedical waste disposal method can be chemical
disinfection. Chlorine is a regular choice for this process, and is introduced to the liquid waste in
order to kill microorganisms and pathogens.
 Microwaving
During this process, waste is shredded, mixed with water, and then internally heated to kill
microorganisms and other harmful elements. It can’t be used for all biomedical wastes, it can be
utilized for a good 90% of it, just like autoclaving.
Figure: Biomedical Waste Disposal

33. Medical Waste
 Medical waste is a subset of wastes generated at health care facilities,
such as hospitals, physicians' offices, dental practices, blood banks, and
veterinary hospitals/clinics, as well as medical research facilities and
laboratories. Generally, medical waste is healthcare waste that that may
be contaminated by blood, body fluids or other potentially infectious
materials and is often referred to as regulated medical waste.
 Medical waste, due to its content of hazardous substances, poses serious
threats to environmental health. The hazardous substances include
pathological and infectious material, sharps, and chemical wastes.
 Medical waste may carry germs of diseases such as hepatitis B and AIDS.

34. Treatment and Disposal of Medical Waste
 Improper management of discarded needles and other sharps can pose a health risk to the
public and waste workers. For example, discarded needles may expose waste workers to
potential needle stick injuries and potential infection when containers break open inside
garbage trucks or needles are mistakenly sent to recycling facilities. Janitors and
housekeepers also risk injury if loose sharps poke through plastic garbage bags. Used
needles can transmit serious diseases, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and
hepatitis.
Treatment and Disposal of Other Medical Wastes
Medical Waste Incineration
 More than 90 percent of potentially infectious medical waste was incinerated before
1997. In August of 1997, EPA promulgated regulations creating stringent emission
standards for medical waste incinerators due to significant concerns over detrimental
air quality affecting human health.

35. Alternative Treatment and Disposal Technologies for Medical Waste
 Potential alternatives to incineration of medical waste include the following
 Thermal treatment, such as microwave technologies
 Steam sterilization, such as autoclaving
 Electropyrolysis
 Chemical mechanical systems, among others
Figure: Medical Waste Disposal

36. Medical waste situation in BD
 In Bangladesh, the medical waste generation rate is estimated to be 0.8 to 1.67
kg/bed/day, so that annual medical waste generation rate will be 93,075 tons per
year. About one fifth of this waste would be classified as highly hazardous waste
by World Health Organization’s (WHO) guidelines. As per the situation in Dhaka,
the capital city in Bangladesh, about 840 clinics, hospitals, and diagnostic centers
produce medical waste.
 However, until recently, there has been an improper procedure of medical waste
management in Dhaka City. Besides, and Bangladesh does not have any
particular chemical policy. Due to lack of national chemical policy and law,
management for medical wastes in Bangladesh is fragmented.

37. Waste Management Knowledge and Practice
 Most hospitals and diagnostic centers do not know how to handle and dispose medical
waste. 38.1% of the concerned staffs have not received any training to handle medical
waste. One study shows that among doctors, about 8.0% practiced properly, 32.0 %
improperly, and 60.0% were uncertain of disposal practices. Among nurses it was about
5.0% the proper way, 35.0% the improper way, and 60.0% uncertain.
E-waste
 E-waste is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their
“useful life.”
 Electronic waste or e-waste describes discarded electrical or electronic devices. Used
electronics which are destined for refurbishment, reuse, resale, salvage recycling through
material recovery, or disposal are also considered e-waste.

38. How to recycle mobile phones, computers and other electronics
 Postpone upgrading for as long as you can
 Find opportunities for reuse
 Try returning the item to the manufacturer
 Take them to a dedicated e-waste recycling facility

39. Thank You
Be The Present is Your Best Present